Lesson 3 - 208.93.184.5208.93.184.5/~jones/medterm/c3ppt.pdf · 1 Cells, Tissues, and Using...

1

Cells, Tissues, and Using Prefixes in Medical Terms 1. Recognize the relationship of cells, tissues, and organs.

2. Name four main types of tissue.

3. Match or write the meanings of prefixes, and use them to build and analyze

terms.

Lesson 3.1

1

Chapter 3 Organization of the Body

Lesson 3.2Directional Terms, Body Regions, Body Planes, and

Body Positions 4. Write or match combining forms for position and direction with their

meanings.

5. Label the directional terms and planes of the body.

Organizational Scheme of the Body

2

Cell Structure

Fertilized

Human Egg

Types of Tissue

Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3

Gartner LP, Hiatt JL: Color Textbook of Histology, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2007, Saunders

Using Prefixes Most prefixes can be added to a term without change.

Prefix groupings

Number or quantity

Position or direction

Negation

Miscellaneous prefixes


Prefixes: Numbers mono-, uni- one

bi-, di- two

deci- one-tenth

tri- three

quad-, quadri-,tetra- four

centi- one hundred or 1/100

milli- one-thousandth

5

Biceps vs. Triceps

Prefixes: Quantities Ana- excessive, upward, or again

Diplo- double

Hemi-, semi- half or partly

Hyper- excessive, more than normal

Hypo- beneath or below normal

Multi-, poly- many

Nulli- none

Pan- all

Primi- first

Super-, ultra- excessive


Semipermeable Membrane

7

Polydactyly, Syndactyly

Prefixes: Position or Direction

Ab- away from

Ad- toward

Ante-, pre- before in time or place

Circum-, peri- around

Dia- through

Ecto-, ex-,

exo-, extra- out, without, away from

En-, end-,

endo- inside

Epi- above, on

Hypo-, infra-, sub- beneath, under 8

Abduction, Adduction, and

Circumduction

9

What is the prefix in the term “circumference”?

A. Circ(o)

B. Circum-

C. Circumfer(o)

D. -ence

Quick Quiz

Layers of the Skin

10

Prefixes: Position or Direction

Inter- between

Intra- within

Ipsi- same

Meso-, mid-, medio- middle

Para- near, beside, or abnormal

Per- through or by

Post- after, behind

Retro- behind or backward

Super-, supra- above, beyond

Sym-, syn- joined, together

Trans- across

11

Injection Methods

12

Trans-

Other Prefixes: Negation A-, an- no, not or without

In- not or inside

Rule for adding a- versus an-

Use a- before a consonant

Use an- before a vowel or the letter h

13

Quick QuizThe opposite of plastic is

A. anaplastic.

B. inplastic.

C. aplastic.

D. wood.

Other Prefixes: Time and Size Macro-, mega-, megalo- large or great

Micro- small

Ante-, pre-, pro- before

Post- after

14

Microtia

Other Prefixes: Description

Ana- upward or again

Anti-, contra- against

Brady- slow

Tachy- fast

Dys- bad or difficult

Mal- bad

Eu- good or normal

Pro- favoring or supporting

15

Other Prefixes Both dys- and mal- can mean bad.

Pro- can mean before or favoring/supporting.

In-, en-, end-, and endo- can all mean inside.

Anatomic Position

16

Anatomic Planes

Transverse Plane

17

Coronal and Sagittal Planes

Directional Word Parts and Terms Anter(o)—toward the front; ventral

Poster(o)—toward the back, dorsal

Ventr(o)—belly side

Dors(o)—back side

Medi(o)—middle

Later(o)—toward the side

Super(o)—uppermost

Infer(o)—lowermost

Proxim(o)—nearer the origin

Dist(o) and tel(e)—far or distant

Caud(o)—toward the tail

Cephal(o)—toward the head

Anter(o) + medi(o) + -al = anteromedial

Other combinations?

Superficial vs. deep

Posteroanterior, Anteroposterior,

and Lateral

19

Palmar, Plantar

20

Supination, Pronation

Terminology : Thorac(o) Thorac(o): thorax

Thoracic, thoracotomy

Suprathoracic, transthoracic

Thoracodynia, angina pectoris

21

Quick QuizWhich plane divides the body into equal right and left

halves?

A. Midtransverse

B. Frontal

C. Coronal

D. Midsagittal

Body Cavities

22

Combining Forms: Body Regions and

Structures Pelv(i)—pelvis

Thorac(o), steth(o)—thorax

Viscer(o)—viscera (large abdominal organs)

Spin(o)—spine

abdomin(o)—abdomen

cephal(o)—head

crani(o)—cranium

encephal(o)—brain (in the head)

23

Abdominal Quadrants

24

Contents of Abdominal

Quadrants

Abdominal Regions

25

Quick Quiz

Which abdominal region is

located on the upper right of

the abdomen?

A. RLQ

B. Lumbar

C. Epigastric

D. Hypochondriac

Combining Forms: Abdomen

Periton(o)—peritoneum, the extensive membrane that

lines the entire abdominal wall and the viscera

Parietal versus visceral peritoneum

26

Peritoneum

Ascites and Abdominal Paracentesis


From Lewis SM, Heitkemper MM, Dirksen SR, O’Brien PG, Bucher L: Medical-surgical nursing: assessment and management of clinical problems, ed 7, St Louis, 2007, Mosby

Combining Forms: Abdomen

Herni(o)—hernia

Omphal(o), umbilic(o)—umbilicus, omphalus

Som(a), somat(o)—body

28

Terminology: Omphalus Omphalus, umbilicus, omphalic

Omphalocele, omphaloma, omphalitis

Omphalorrhagia, omphalorrhexis

Hernias


Combining Forms: Extremities Acr(o)—extremities

Axill(o)—armpit

Dactyl(o)—digits

Pod(o)—foot


Acrocyanosis (Raynaud phenomenon)

Terms Related to the Body as a Whole Febrile, afebrile, antifebrile

Pyrexia, hyperpyrexia, hyperpyrexial

Pyrogen, antipyretic

Inflammation


Terms Related to the

Body as a Whole (Slide 2 of 2)

Antiinfective

Antimicrobial, microbes

Antibiotic

Antiinflammatory


Cell Development Terms -plasia—formation

Dysplasia

Hyperplasia

Aplasia

Hypoplasia

Anaplasia

-trophy—nutrition

Hypertrophy

33

Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia

Normal vs. Hypoplastic Tissue

Dehiscence and Evisceration

34

Quick QuizWhich term best describes microtia?

A. Anaplasia

B. Aplasia

C. Hypoplasia

D. Hypertrophy

35

Body Fluids and Composition of Blood

9. Recognize general facts about body fluids and analyze associated terms.

10. Recognize the types of body fluid and kinds of metabolic imbalances.

11. Write the meaning of word parts pertaining to body fluids and immunity, and

use them to build and analyze terms.

Lesson 3.3

35

Blood Pathologies, Anemia, and Coagulation

12. Name the functions of the formed elements of the blood, and recognize the

meaning of several signs and symptoms of anemia.

13. Write or match the name of blood pathologies with their descriptions.

14. Write the terms that describe coagulation, or match the terms with their

descriptions.

15. List several body defense mechanisms, and define active versus passive

immunity and natural versus artificial immunity.

Body Fluids Classification

Plasma (liquid part of circulating blood)

Intracellular fluid

Extracellular fluid

Body fluids comprise more than half the body’s weight.

Water is the most important component of body fluids.

36

Fluid Distribution in the Body

Fluid Facts Blood and lymph are the main bodily fluids.

Blood is associated with the cardiovascular system.

Lymph is associated with the lymphatic system.

37

Blood vs. Lymph Circulation

Word Parts: Body Fluids Angi(o), vascul(o) vessel

Cellul(o), cyt(o), -cyte cell

Home(o) sameness; constant

Hydr(o) water

38

Hydrocelphalus/Hydrocephaly

Fluid Balance

39

Word Parts: Selected Electrolytes Calc(i)—calcium

Kal(i)—potassium

Natr(o)—sodium

Practice combining these three with hyper- or hypo- and –emia

Hem(a), hem(o), hemat(o), -emia—blood or blood condition

Hidr(o)—sweat or perspiration

Muc(o)—mucus

Py(o)—pus

Sial(o)—saliva or salivary glands

Ur(o)—urine or urinary tract

40

Abscess

41

Quick Quiz

What does sial(o) mean?

A. Sodium

B. Saliva or salivary gland

C. Sweat

D. Cell

Composition of Blood Hematology, hematologic

Hematopoiesis, hematopoietic

Word parts

-poiesis production

-poietin that which causes production

-cidal killing

-ant that which causes

-ate to cause an action or the result of an action

42

Blood

Word Parts and Terms: Blood Word parts

Coagul(o)

Thromb(o)

Nucle(o), kary(o)—nucleus

Phil(o)—attraction

Terms

Coagulation, anticoagulant

Coagulant, coagulate

Coagulopathy

Transfusion, reaction

In vitro, in vivo

Thrombus

43

Blood Cells

Thrombocyte = blood platelet

Erythrocyte = red cell or corpuscle

Leukocyte = white cell or corpuscle

Leukocytes

44

Terminology: Blood Thrombogenesis, thrombus (pl., thrombi)

Thrombolysis, thrombolytic

Thrombosis, thrombectomy

Embolus, embolism

Hemolysis, hemolysin

Hemolyze, hemolytic

Hemostasis

Leukocytosis, infectious mononucleosis

Leukemia

Leukocytopenia, leukopenia

45

Quick Quiz Which term means a substance that causes hemolysis?

A. Hemolyze

B. Leukocytosis

C. Hemostasis

D. Hemolysin

46

Terminology: Blood Anemia

Erythrocytosis, polycythemia

Erythrocytopenia, erythropenia

Thrombocytopenia, thrombopenia

Thrombocytosis

Hemophilia, antihemophilic factor (AHF)

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Erythroblasts, erythroblastosis fetalis

47

Anemias Microcyte, microcytosis

Macrocyte, macrocytosis

Megalocyte

Aplastic anemia, dyscrasias

48

Signs and Symptoms of Anemia Tachycardia

Dyspnea

Pallor

Syncope

Tinnitus

Two Classifications of Anemia Morphologic (based on appearance)

Normocytic normochromic

Macrocytic normochromic

Microcytic hypochromic

Etiology (based on cause)

Increased loss or destruction of RBCs

Decreased or defective production of RBCs

Terminology: Blood Chrom(o)

Hypochromia, hypochromic

Hyperchromia, hyperchromic

Hemoglobin(o)

Hemoglobin (Hb or Hgb)

Hemoglobinopathy

Hemoglobin electrophoresis

49

Blood Coagulation Fibrinogen, fibrin

Fibrinolysin, fibrinolysis

Prothrombin time (PT)

Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

50

Which of the following means “large cell”?

A. Microcyte

B. Thrombocyte

C. Macrocyte

D. Microscopy

Quick Quiz

Terminology: Transfusion Transfusion, transfusion reaction

Autologous, homologous

Allograft, isograft

Allogeneic, allogenic

Disease transmission

Hepatitis, CMV, HIV, syphilis, and others

51

Body Defenses and Immunity Immunity: the body’s ability to counteract or resist invasion by infectious

organisms; immunity can be divided into nonspecific and specific types

Susceptibility: lack of resistance or protection

Resistance: the body’s natural ability to counteract microorganisms or

toxins

52

Specific Immunity Cell-mediated: by T lymphocytes (T cells)

Antibody-mediated: by B lymphocytes (B cells)

Antigen: any substance capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a

specific immune response

53

Terminology: Immunity Antibodies

Immunoglobulins

Vaccination

Immunization

Prophylaxis

Immunocompromised

Immunosuppressant, immunosuppressive

Immunodeficiency

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

54

Terminology: Immunity Hypersensitivity

Allergy, allergen

Anaphylaxis, anaphylactic reactions

Histamine, antihistamine

Transplant rejection

Toxoid, toxin

Toxicity

Cytotoxin, cytotoxicity


Autoimmune Diseases Characterized by production of antibodies against one’s own cells

Auto- means self

56

Quick Quiz

Which term means any substance capable, under appropriate

conditions, of inducing a specific immune response?

A. Antibody

B. B-cell

C. Cytotoxicity

D. Antigen

Review

16. Recognize or use abbreviations presented in this chapter.

17. Spell medical terms accurately.

18. Pronounce medical terms correctly.

19. Categorize terms as anatomy, diagnostic test or procedure, pathology, surgery,

or nonsurgical therapy.

20. Recognize the meanings of general pharmacology terms used in this chapter as

well as the drug classes and their uses.

Lesson 3.4

57

Pharmaceutics Antihistamines

Antiinfectives/antimicrobials

Antibiotics

Antibacterials

Antifungals

Antihelmintics

Antiprotozoals

Antitubercular agents

Antivirals

58

Antiinflammatory drugs

Corticosteroids

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Antineoplastic/cytotoxic

chemotherapeutic agents

Antipyretics

Immunosuppressants

In vivo anticoagulants

Selected Abbreviations:

History and Examinations Hx history

A&O alert and oriented

L&W living and well

ROM range of motion

HEENT head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat

WD, WN well developed, well nourished

Dx diagnosis



Units of Measure cm centimeter

dL deciliter

g gram

kg kilogram

L liter

mcg microgram

mg milligram

mL milliliter

60


Medications h hour (hora)

IV intravenously

min minutes

Abbreviations: General AP

DNA

EEG

PA

LLQ

LUQ

RLQ

RUQ


HIV

AIDS

AHF

CMV

DIC

EBV

INR

RPR

Abbreviations: WBCs

WBC white blood cell, white blood count

baso Basophil

eos eosinophil

lymph lymphocyte

mono monocyte

neut neutrophil


Abbreviations: Blood

RBC

Hb, Hgb

HCT, Hct

CBC, cbc

Rh

PT

PTT

HDN

INR


Caution Be careful with these!

In- (not) vs. in- (inside)

Infra- (under) vs. intra- (within)

64

Careful With These! Hidr(o) vs. hydr(o)

Autologous vs. homologous

Excretion vs. secretion

Mucus vs. mucous

Opposites Ab- (away from) vs. ad- (toward)

Afebrile vs. febrile

Ante-, pre- (before) vs. post- (after)

En-, end-, endo- (inside) vs. ecto-, exo-, extra-

(outside)

Hypoplasia vs. hyperplasia

Hyper- (more than normal) vs. hypo- (less than normal)

Macro- (large) vs. micro- (small)

Nulli- (none) vs. pan- (all)

Super-, supra- (above) vs. hypo- infra-, sub- (below

65

Careful With These Opposites Anter(o) vs. poster(o)

Infer(o) vs. super(o)

Medi(o) vs. later(o)

Prone vs. supine, pronation vs. supination

Proxim(o) vs. dist(o) or tel(e)

Ventr(o) vs. dors(o)


Quick QuizWhat is the difference between ecto- and endo-?

A. Ecto- means inside and endo- means outside.

B. Ecto- means between and endo- means within.

C. Ecto- means outside and endo- means between.

D. Ecto- means outside and endo- means inside.

67

Date post:	27-Feb-2020
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	2 times
Download:	0 times

Lesson 3 - 208.93.184.5208.93.184.5/~jones/medterm/c3ppt.pdf · 1 Cells, Tissues, and Using...

Documents