Lesson One Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Department of Languages and Literature Pu Dong-mei
Transcript
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Lesson One Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Department
of Languages and Literature Pu Dong-mei
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Text A _ Your College Years
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Contents 1. Teaching Objectives 2. In-class Discussion 3.
Background information: 1) about the author 2) about the text 3)
Ericksons Theory of Developmental Stages 4. Language points 5. Text
analysis: 1) theme; 2) structure 6. Writing devices: developing
paragraphs by examples
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Teaching Objectives 1. To grasp some psychological terms, such
as developmental changes, identity crises, psychological
independence, and internalizing religious faith. 2. To guide
students to think over the real meaning of college life and how to
take advantage of it to serve their bright future. 3. To grasp the
following important language points: 1) the use of anticipatory it;
2) the use of gerund; 3) frequently used words and phrases;
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In-class Discussion Talk about your summer holiday with your
partners. Introduction 1. How old are you when you entered college?
Do you think there are some changes happened to you after one years
study? What are they? 2. Have you experienced any crucial
developmental changes since you entered this university? Have you
gone through any identity crisis? 3. Have you gained psychological
independence from your parents? Can you properly handle relations
with both sexes at this university? 4. What values and beliefs you
have come to internalize in your college years? Any new
insights?
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Background information About the author Dr. Bob Hartman is a
childrens story-teller and part- time pastor. He was born in
Pittsburgh, the United States, and moved to England in the summer
of 2000. He's been using his dynamic and interactive style to
entertain audiences on both sides of the Atlantic - from the
Pittsburgh Children's Museum to schools, bookshops and major
festivals throughout the UK, which in 2005 include Greenbelt,
Edinburgh International Book Festival and the Northern Children's
Book Festival.
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About the text This is a text about what students will
experience in their college years. It is addressed to college
students in the United States. In the article, the author touches
upon the developmental changes experienced by college students,
many important adjustments and decisions concerning young peoples
education, career, values and social responsibilities. To have a
meaningful and rewarding life, we must learn to handle what the
author calls the identity crises, to find out who we are, what are
our strong points and weaknesses, what we should do and where we
should go. Of course, we must learn to be independent or
self-reliant psychologically as well as in other matters.
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About the text In this article, the author also talks quite a
bit about students need to achieve sexual identity in order to form
a healthy and correct world outlook. In addition, as English
majors, students should also think about the realistic questions
concerning the position of English major, be it a tool or a
specialized subject, the future goal of self-development, etc.
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Ericksons Theory of Developmental Stages: Basic Theory Babies
are born with some basic capabilities and distinct temperaments.
But they go through dramatic changes on the way to adulthood and
old age. According to psychologist Erik H. Erickson, each
individual passes through eight developmental stages. Each
developmental stage is characterized by a different psychological
crisis, which must be resolved by the individual before the
individual can move on to the next stage. If the person copes with
a particular crisis in a maladaptive( ) manner, the outcome will be
more struggles with that issue later in life. To Erickson, the
sequence of the stages is set by nature. It is within the set
limits that nurture works its ways.
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Eight developmental stages Stage 1: Infant Trust VS Mistrust
Needs maximum comfort with minimal uncertainty to trust
himself/herself, others, and the environment. Stage 2: Toddler
Autonomy VS Shame and Doubt Works to master physical environment
while maintaining self-esteem. Stage 3: Preschooler Initiative VS
Guilt Begins to initiate, not imitate, activities; develops
conscience and sexual identity. Stage 4: School-age Child Industry
VS Inferiority Tries to develop a sense of self-worth by refining
skills.
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Eight developmental stages contd Stage 5: Adolescent Identity
VS Role Confusion Tries integrating many roles (child, sibling,
student, athlete, worker) into a self-image under role model and
peer pressure. Stage 6: Young Adult Intimacy VS Isolation Learns to
make personal commitment to another as spouse, parent or partner.
Stage 7: Middle-Age Adult Productivity VS Stagnation Seeks
satisfaction through productivity in career, family, and civic
interests. Stage 8: Older Adult Integrity VS Despair Reviews life
accomplishments, deals with loss and prepares for death.
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Passage of our life (p1) fertilized egg with DNA code embryo
fetus newborn infant / child Teenager (infml)/ adolescent (p1)
adult (grown-up, infml) / youth / prime middle-aged pensioner
old-aged / elderly / senile senior citizen / the state of
infirmity
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Language points 1. The use of anticipatory it: It occurs to sb.
to that (p.1); it dawns on sb. that; it strikes sb. that / how e.g.
1) Has it ever occurred to you that your professors and other
school personnel have certain goals for your growth and maturity
during your college years? 2) Has it ever dawned on you that
certain developmental changes will occur in your life as you move
from adolescence to young adulthood. 3) It has just dawned on me
that I can do it if I believe I can. 4) It never occurred to me
that Brad Pitt and Jennifer Aniston could get divorced. 5) It never
occurs to him to help the poor and the old.
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Language points contd 2. The use of gerund: e.g. Probably one
of the most stressful matters for young college students is
establishing their sexual identity, which includes relating to the
opposite sex and projecting their future roles as men or women. 3.
During this time, students are going through an identity crisis go
through: experiencing; undergoing 4. The use of perceive: 1) to
think of as e.g. Stress is widely perceived as contributing to
coronary heart disease. 2) to notice; to discover; to observe e.g.
I perceived that I could not make her change her mind. 3) to
understand, to grasp: e.g. A key task is to get pupils to perceive
for themselves the relationship between success and effort.
Word study 1. affection: n. a gentle feeling of love and caring
Examples: Every mother has/feels affection toward her children. He
is held in great affection. c.f. affectionate a. e.g. He looks at
her with affectionate looks. 2. affirm v. to declare (usually
again) positively; strengthen beliefs, ideas, or feelings Examples:
affirm ones judgment/innocence affirm sth. to sb. affirm that it is
true
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Word study contd 3. apply She is applying for a scholarship. We
should apply what we have learned to practice. Not all natural laws
can apply to human society. Apply some of this ointment to the
swollen part, and the pain will soon be gone. 4. capability: the
natural ability, skill, or power that makes you able to do sth.
Examples: He has the capabilities of solving/to solve practical
problems. Its quite above his capabilities.
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Word study 5. contribute: v. a. to join with others in giving
help, money b. to help to cause or produce Examples: contribute
food and clothing for the refugees contribute to the Red Cross
Exercises contribute to ones health. Drinking contributed to his
ruin. 6. counsel: v. (fml.) to advise n. advice; opinion;
suggestion Examples: counsel care in the forthcoming negotiation He
counseled their giving up/to give up the plan.
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Word study 7. distinct: a. clearly different or belonging to a
different type b. easily seen, understood; plain Examples: Silk is
distinct from rayon. They are similar in form but distinct in kind.
There is a distinct improvement in his pronunciation. He is at a
distinct advantage in the competition. 8. endeavor: v. (fml.) to
try very hard n. (fml.) effort; attempt Examples: He endeavored to
calm himself down but in vain. His endeavors to persuade her to go
with him failed.
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Word study 9. endowment n. a. quality or ability that someone
has naturally b. money, property, etc. given to provide an income
Examples: They are men of great endowments. The Oxford and
Cambridge colleges have numerous endowments. endow v. a. to possess
naturally, be born with b. to give a college, hospital, etc. a
large sum of money that will provide it with an income She is
endowed with both beauty and brains. That hospital is privately
endowed.
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Word study 10. ethical: a. connected with principles of what is
right and what is wrong Examples: an ethical principle an ethical
basis for education c.f. ethnic a. a. of race or the races of
mankind b. (colloq.) of a particular cultural group Examples:
ethnic clothes/food/music/restaurants 11. excessive: a. much more
than is reasonable or necessary Examples: excessive rainfall
excessive charges
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Word study 12. handle: to manage, control or cope with
Examples: This box contains delicate china. Please handle with
care. This computer is easy to handle. We have to handle the
relationship between our two countries carefully. This shop does
not handle imported goods. 13. inherit: v. to receive (genetic
characters) from ones parents Examples: inherit money/estate/title
She inherited her mothers good looks and her fathers bad
temper.
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Word study inheritance: n. the money, property, etc. that you
receive from sb. when they die; the fact of receiving sth. when sb.
dies She spent all her inheritance in a year. n. sth. from the past
or from your family that affects the way you behave, look, etc. our
artistic/cultural inheritance heritage n. the history, traditions
and qualities that a country or society has had for many years and
that are considered an important part of its character
national/cultural heritage
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Word study 14. interpret: v. a. to make clear the meaning of
(either in words or by artistic performance b. to consider to be
the meaning of c. to give an immediate oral translation of
Examples: interpret a difficult passage in a book We interpreted
his silence as a refusal. Will you interpret for the foreign
visitors? 15. inhibition: n. (psych.) a feeling of worry or
embarrassment that stops you doing or saying what you really want
to Example: Wine weakens a persons inhibitions. inhibit v. to
hinder; to restrain inhibit sb. from doing sth.
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Word study 16. involve: v. a. to include as a necessary part or
result b. to affect Examples: All reforms involve certain tasks.
The building of the dam involved relocating almost one million
people. You have to involve every country in the fight against
global warming. He was deeply involved in the scandal. 17. observe:
v. a. to see or notice; watch carefully b. to say by way of comment
Examples: The accused was observed trying to force the lock of the
door. Some scientists observed that global warming is not
necessarily related to human activities.
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Word study 18. occur: v. a. to happen b. to come into ones mind
suddenly Examples: Over the years many floods have occurred in that
area. It occurred to him that there was a better way to do it. I
guess it never occurred to him to put aside some money for a rainy
day. 19. perceive: v. (fml.) to become aware of, esp. through the
eyes or the mind Examples: Musicians can perceive small differences
in sounds. He gradually perceived that language and culture cant be
separated.
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Word study 20. project: v. a. to plan b. to cause a shadow, an
outline, etc. on a surface c. to present sb./sth./yourself to other
people in a particular way, esp. one that gives a good impression
project a dam/a new canal project a picture on a screen project the
future roles as men or women 21. shrink: v. a. to make or become
smaller, esp. through wetting b. to move back; show unwillingness
to do sth. Examples: Will this shirt shrink in the wash? Car sales
have been shrinking recently. A shy man shrinks from meeting
strangers.
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Phrases and Expressions be equal to be equal to dawn on/upon
dawn on/upon drag ones feet drag ones feet for certain for certain
freedom/free from freedom/free from go through go through in turn
in/with relation to in a different light independent from/of stand
back
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Phrases and Expressions 1. be equal to: v. to be just as good
as; have strength, courage, ability etc. for sth. Examples: Many of
our products are equal to the best in the world. It is ridiculous
to think one race is not equal to another because it has a
different skin color. He is equal to doing this task. 2. dawn
on/upon: v. to begin to appear; grow clear to the mind Examples:
The truth began to dawn on him. It suddenly dawned on me that there
was another thing that contributed to their economic success. C.f:
It occurs to sb. that
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Phrases and Expressions 3. drag ones feet: v. (figurative
usage) to delay deliberately Examples: The local authorities are
dragging their feet closing these coal mines. I can understand why
they are dragging their feet over this reform. The reason is that
it will affect their personal interests. 4. for certain: ad.
certainly; definitely; no doubt Examples: He is probably an
accountant. I dont know for certain. I cant say for certain how
much this car will cost. It must be in the neighborhood of two
hundred thousand yuan.
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Phrases and Expressions 5. freedom/free from: no longer having
sth. you do not want Examples: The most important freedom our
people should have is the freedom from hunger. An ideal society is
one free from exploitation and oppression. freedom from taxation
freedom of press/speech We look forward to a world founded upon
essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and
expressioneverywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every
person to worship God in his own way everywhere in the world. The
third is freedom from want everywhere in the world. The fourth is
freedom from fear anywhere in the world. Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Phrases and Expressions 6. go through: experiencing; undergoing
e.g. During this time, New Orleans is going through a turmoil. 7.
in turn: in succession Example: The candidates were summoned in
turn to see the examiner. Put the following sentence into English:
Theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice. 8. in/with
relation to: as regards; concerning Examples: I have a lot to say
in relation to that affair. The project was outlined with relation
to available funds.
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Phrases and Expressions 9. in a different light: in a different
way Examples: After I took that course, I began to see the world in
a different light. What he did made us see him in a different
light. 10. independent from/of: not dependent on or controlled by
other persons or things Examples: If you have a car, you are
independent from/of trains and buses. Thats an objective law
independent from/of mans will. Cf: Promotion is dependent on/upon
ones record of success.
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Phrases and Expressions 11. to stand back: 1) to stand to the
rear The child stood back at the sight of the ferocious dog. 2) to
distance oneself mentally in order to understand or judge better
Sometimes an administrator must stand back from day-to-day business
to grasp the wider pattern of events. 3) to withdraw or retreat
from making discussions, influencing events, etc. She ran the
family and her husband stood back. These were vital discussions
from which he couldnt afford to stand back.
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Phrases and Expressions 12. be aware of (para.8): know about He
was well aware of what was undergoing secretly inside the league.
Those swimmers should have been aware of the danger near the shores
of this area. 13. First and foremost Second Last but not least
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Education hierarchy Nursery school Kindergarten Primary /
elementary school Secondary school (age 11 to 18) Middle school
(Am. age 6 to 11) High school (Br. 11 to 18; Am. Age 14 to 18)
Undergraduate: freshman, sophomore, junior, senior, the bachelors
degree in science or art, essay / thesis; thesis defense Graduate /
postgraduate: the graduate school; the masters degree, the doctors
degree; thesis, dissertation
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Nothing + so + adj. / adv Nothing than(p5): to emphasize how
strong or great a particular quality is Youngsters learn nothing so
fast as how to beat the system. Theres nothing better than a good
cup of hot coffee. After all, 15 minutes of exercise is better than
nothing. Either he went through with this thing or he did not: it
was all or nothing. It did nothing but make us ridiculous.
Hollywood is nothing if not creative, especially if someone else
will pick up the bills. Its all rubbish, and theres nothing in/to
it. Not for nothing was the plane called widow-maker Never think
you can get something for nothing.
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Paraphrase 1) identity is determined by genetic endowment,
shaped by environment, and influenced by chance event. (para. 2)
Who we are is determined by three things: First, our genes, or what
our parents have given us, our legacy; second, environment, and
third, luck or opportunities. 2) First, there is functional
independence, which involves the capability of individuals to take
care of practical and personal affairs, such as handling finances,
choosing their own wardrobes, and determining their daily agenda.
(para. 4) First is the ability to solve practical problems, such as
learning how to spend money wisely, how to choose their own clothes
and making a list of what they are going to do every day.
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Paraphrase 3) Fourth is freedom from excessive guilt, anxiety,
mistrust, responsibility, inhibition, resentment, and anger in
relation to the mother and father. (para. 4) Children often feel
very guilty in relation to their parents because they think they
have done something wrong; they are also anxious because they re
eager to please their parents; they sometimes feel unhappy because
they think that their parents have not been fair to them; they feel
that they are responsible to their parents for everything they do;
they are always afraid of not saying the right thing or not
behaving properly; all these may make them angry with their parents
or make them feel resentful. These feelings reflect their emotional
dependence on their parents. When they grow up, they usually strive
for the freedom from these.
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Text Analysis: Theme of the text College is designed to be a
time of changes for students. Threatening the changes may be, they
contribute to young adults growth and maturity. College students
are experiencing a lot. Not only are they being introduced to new
people and new knowledge, but they are also acquiring new ways of
assembling and processing information. They are also proudly
growing in their understanding of themselves, others and the
world.
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Structure of the text Part 1 (para. 1) Many key changes happen
to college students during their college years. Part 2 (para. 2-9)
The key changes involve the following: identity crisis, the
independence/dependence struggle, establishment of sexual identity,
affection giving and receiving, internalization of religious faith,
values and morals, development of new ways to organize and use
knowledge, a new understanding of the world and himself/herself.
Part 3 (para. 10) Conclusion.
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Writing Devices: developing paragraphs by examples A statement
which is very general is seldom impressive or convincing. It is
usually necessary to give examples to prove, to illustrate, or to
clarify a general statement. We may be too used to saying for
instance or for example to realize that we are using a certain
method for developing a topic. Paragraph 6 Paragraph 7 Paragraph 8
Paragraph 9
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Other ways of developing paragraphs Developing by time
Developing by process Developing by space Developing by detail
Developing by generalization Developing by comparison and contrast
Developing by cause and effect Developing by classification
Developing by definition
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Text B_ Preparing for College_ Lincoln Steffens In-class
Discussion 1. You are now already in the second year of university
studies. Can you still recall the days when you prepared yourself
for admission to university? How did you prepare for college
studies? 2. Are you opposed to examination-oriented preparation? 3.
Lincoln Steffens is apparently against the standardized way of
preparation. How did he prepare for his college Berkeley?
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Excerpt from Lincoln Steffens Autobiography Steffens stated
very clearly that there is no limit to knowledge and that no one
seems to know the essential truth. In preparing for college, the
most fundamental & essential task is: to possess immense
knowledge; to have no fear to present ones own view or to be
opposed by others; to be always ready to discuss; to make ones own
view public and to argue for ones own stand; to be ready to be
attacked or to be misunderstood.
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About the author Lincoln Steffens Joseph Lincoln Steffens (Apr.
6, 1866 Aug. 9, 1936) was an American journalist and one of the
most famous and influential practitioners of the journalistic style
called muckraking( )-exposes of public and private corruption -
aroused the American public during the early years of the twentieth
century. His most famous book is his Autobiography (1931), from
which the excerpt is taken. In this excerpt, Steffens makes an
important revelation about learing, a fundamental discovery that
every individual must make if he is to be successful in the world
of ideas.muckraking 19 20 20 20
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About the author Contd Lincoln Steffens Steffens was born and
grew up in San Francisco, California, and studied in France
(Sorbonne ) and Germany (Heidelberg, Leipzig) for several years
after graduating (1889) from the University of California,
Berkeley, where he was first exposed to what were known then as
"radical" political views.San Francisco, CaliforniaUniversity of
California, Berkeley At McClure's magazine, Steffens became part of
a celebrated muckraking trio, along with Ida Tarbell and Ray
Stannard Baker. He specialized in investigating government and
political corruption, and two collections of his articles were
published as The Shame of the Cities (1904) and The Struggle for
Self-Government (1906). He also wrote The Traitor State, which
criticized New Jersey for patronizing incorporation. In 1906, he
left McClure's, along with Tarbell and Baker, to form American
Magazine.McClure'sIda TarbellRay Stannard BakerThe Shame of the
Cities New JerseyincorporationAmerican Magazine
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On The Shame of the Cities In The Shame of the Cities, Steffens
sought to bring about political reform in urban America by
appealing to the emotions of Americans. He tried to make them feel
very outraged and "shamed" by showing examples of corrupt
governments throughout urban America.
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GDP 4.9% 5.1% 4.1% 2002 3.41%; 2003 3.28%; 2004 2.79% 2005 GDP
2.16% 2009 2.4% http://www.infzm.com/content/36918
http://www.infzm.com/content/36918 GDP GDP 11% GDP GDP . 2006 7
5
Unit 6. Preparing for College Lincoln Steffens - Dictionary
Work 1.driving motive: the incentive/encouragement that urges them
on 2. the rudiments: the basics, the fundamentals (The word
rudiments is always in the plural form when used in this sense.) 3.
metaphysics: the branch of philosophy that deals with abstract
concepts, etc. 4. conscious culture: the cultures (i.e., customs,
arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular people
or social group or nation) that is directly perceptible or known to
us 5. fanatic: one who is very enthusiastic about a particular
activity 6. personify: express or represent (a quality in human
form)
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About Culture Definition: Alfred L. Kroeber & Clyde
Cluckhohn (1963: 11) Composition: ( ) Culture comes in layers, like
an onion. To understand it you have to unpeel it layer by layer. On
the outer layer are the explicit, observable products of the
culture such as the language, food, architecture, fashions, social
institutions and art. They are, however, only symbols of deeper
layers of culture.
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Culture Values and norms are the middle layer of culture and
more difficult to identify. Norms are the mutual sense a group has
of what is "right" and "wrong." Norms are reflected in laws and
rules of conduct. Values determine the definition of "good" and
"bad." Norms address how a person should behave, whereas values
deal with how a person aspires to behave. What is taken for
granted, unquestioned reality, core assumptions - is at the core of
culture. These are the things, that when questioned, cannot be
answered and provoke confusion and irritation. In the US, asking
someone why he or she believes all people are equal only brings
frustration. In the East, asking someone why he or she believes in
arranged marriages would bring the same frustration.
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Dictionary Work Contd 7. sedentary: inactive; done while
sitting down 8. underline: indicate the importance of 9. balked:
(here) baffled; frustrated 10. a maddening lot: a wild,
uncontrollable group 11. righteous sects: morally justifiable
groups of people whose religious beliefs are considered different
from those of a larger group 12. relish: something such as a pickle
or a sauce eaten with a meal or a drink; great enjoyment
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Unit 6. Preparing for College - Library Work Homer was A Greek
poet, to whom are attributed the great epics, the Iliad, the story
of the siege of Troy (an ancient city in Asia Minor), and the
Odyssey, the tale of wanderings of Ulysses, a Greek leader in the
Trojan War. The place of Homers birth is doubtful, probably a Greek
colony on the coast of Asia Minor. Arguments have long raged over
whether his works are in fact by the same hand, or have their
origins in the lays of Homer and his followers (Homeridae), and
there seems little doubt that the works were originally based on
current ballads which were much modified and extended. Of the true
Homer, nothing is positively known. The so-called Homeric hymns are
certainly of a later age.
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Library Work Contd - Iliad & Odyssey Both epics deal with
legendary events that were believed to have occurred many centuries
before their composition. The Iliad is set in the final year of the
Trojan War, fought between the Greeks and the inhabitants of the
city of Troy. The legendary conflict forms the background for the
central plot of the story: the wrath of the Greek hero Achilles.
Insulted by his commander in chief, Agamemnon, the young warrior
Achilles withdraws from the war, leaving his fellow Greeks to
suffer terrible defeats at the hands of the Trojans. Achilles
rejects the Greeks' attempts at reconciliation but finally relents
to some extent, allowing his companion Patroclus to lead his troops
in his place. Patroclus is slain, and Achilles, filled with fury
and remorse, turns his wrath against the Trojans, whose leader,
Hector (son of King Priam), he kills in single combat. The poem
closes as Achilles surrenders the corpse of Hector to Priam for
burial, recognizing a certain kinship with the Trojan king as they
both face the tragedies of mortality and bereavement.
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Odyssey The Odyssey describes the return of the Greek hero
Odysseus from the Trojan War. The opening scenes depict the
disorder that has arisen in Odysseus's household during his long
absence: A band of suitors is living off of his wealth as they woo
his wife, Penelope. The epic then tells of Odysseus's ten years of
traveling, during which he has to face such dangers as the
man-eating giant Polyphemus and such subtler threats as the goddess
Calypso, who offers him immortality if he will abandon his quest
for home. The second half of the poem begins with Odysseus's
arrival at his home island of Ithaca. Here, exercising infinite
patience and self-control, Odysseus tests the loyalty of his
servants; plots and carries out a bloody revenge on Penelope's
suitors; and is reunited with his son, his wife, and his aged
father.
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Library Work Contd Dante( ) Alighieri (1265-1321) The greatest
Italian poet and one of the most important writers of European
literature. Dante is best known for the epic poem COMMEDIA, c.
1310-14, later named LA DIVINA COMMEDIA. It has profoundly affected
not only the religious imagination but all subsequent allegorical
creation of imaginary worlds in literature. Dante spent much of his
life traveling from one city to another. This had perhaps more to
do with the restless times than his wandering character or fixation
on the Odyssey. However, his Commedia can also be called a
spiritual travel book.
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Library Work Contd Julius Caesar (100BC - 44BC) Caesar was a
politician and general of the late Roman republic, who greatly
extended the Roman empire before seizing power and making himself
dictator of Rome, paving the way for the imperial system. Julius
Caesar was born in Rome on 12 July 100 BC into the prestigious
Julian clan. His family were closely connected with the Marian
faction in Roman politics. Caesar himself progressed within the
Roman political system, becoming in succession quaestor (69),
aedile (65) and praetor (62). In 61-60 he served as governor of the
Roman province of Spain. Back in Rome in 60, Caesar made a pact
with Pompey and Crassus, who helped him to get elected as consul
for 59 BC. The following year he was appointed governor of Roman
Gaul where he stayed for eight years, adding the whole of modern
France and Belgium to the Roman empire, and making Rome safe from
the possibility of Gallic invasions. He made two expeditions to
Britain, in 55 BC and 54 BC.
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Caesar Contd Caesar then returned to Italy, disregarding the
authority of the senate and famously crossing the Rubicon river
without disbanding his army. In the ensuing civil war Caesar
defeated the republican forces. Pompey, their leader, fled to Egypt
where he was assassinated. Caesar followed him and became involved
with the Egyptian queen, Cleopatra. Caesar was now master of Rome
and made himself consul and dictator. He used his power to carry
out much-needed reform, relieving debt, enlarging the senate,
building the Forum Iulium and revising the calendar. Dictatorship
was always regarded a temporary position but in 44 BC, Caesar took
it for life. His success and ambition alienated the strongly
republican senators. A group of these, led by Cassius and Brutus,
assassinated Caesar on the Ides (15) of March 44 BC. This sparked
the final round of civil wars that ended the Republic and brought
about the elevation of Caesars great nephew and designated heir,
Octavian , as Augustus, the first emperor.
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Robert Owen, 1771-1858 A "doer" more than a "talker", utopian
socialist Robert Owen founded the famous New Lanark Mills in
Scotland as an example of the viability of co-operative factory
communities. Many industrialists actually visited these "model
factories" and some even adopted parts of Owen's system. Owen
attempted to extend these into agriculture - advocating collective
farming, as in New Harmony, Indiana. Although most of these efforts
failed, he continued on his social work - becoming the head of one
of the largest trade union federations in Britain in 1843.utopian
socialist
Slide 63
Tories ( ) ToryTory n. pl. {Tories} (Eng. Politics) A member of
the conservative party, as opposed to the progressive party which
was formerly called the Whig , and is now called the Liberal,
party; an earnest supporter of existing royal and ecclesiastical
authority.nplToriesEngPolitics Note: The word Tory first occurs in
English history in 1679, during the struggle in Parliament
occasioned by the introduction of the bill for the exclusion of the
duke of York from the line of succession, and was applied by the
advocates of the bill to its opponents as a title of obloquy or
contempt. The Tories subsequently took a broader ground, and their
leading principle became the maintenance of things as they were.
The political successors of the Tories are now commonly known as
Conservatives.
Slide 64
Roman Catholic A qualification of the name Catholic commonly
used in English- speaking countries by those unwilling to recognize
the claims of the One True Church. Out of condescension for these
dissidents, the members of that Church are wont in official
documents to be styled Roman Catholics as if the term Catholic
represented a genus of which those who owned allegiance to the pope
formed a particular species. It is in fact a prevalent conception
among Anglicans to regard the whole Catholic Church as made up of
three principal branches, the Roman Catholic, the Anglo- Catholic
and the Greek Catholic. One True
ChurchChurchCatholicsCatholicpopespecies
AnglicansCatholicChurchCatholic