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Geographic Information Systems
A geographic information system is a system for management,
analysis, and display of geographic knowledge, which is represented
using a series of information sets such as maps and globes,
geographic data sets, processing and work flow models, datamodels, and metadata.
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GIS engages students and
promotes critical thinking,
integrated learning andanalysis, and multiple
intelligences and sciences.
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IntroductionGeographic Information System (GIS) is a computer basedinformation system used to digitally represent and analyse thegeographic features present on the Earth' surface and the events(non-spatial attributes linked to the geography under study) that
taking place on it. The meaning to represent digitally is to convertanalog (smooth line) into a digital form.
"Every object present on the Earth can be geo-referenced", is thefundamental key of associating any database to GIS. Here, term'database' is a collection of information about things and theirrelationship to each other, and 'geo-referencing' refers to thelocation of a layer or coverage in space defined by the co-ordinatereferencing system.
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GIS-controlled
workflow
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Case studyDecision-support system yields
better pipeline route
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G l d
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Goals and
objectivesIdentifies constraints
Avoid undesirable areasDefine divert
Economic feasibility
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GoalsCross-country petroleum pipeline route selection isgoverned by the following goals:
•
Establish the shortest possible route to connect originating,intermediate, and terminal locations.
• Ensure, as far as practicable, accessibility during operationand maintenance.
• Preserve ecological balance and avoid or minimizeenvironmental damage.
• Avoid populated areas.
• Keep rail, road, river, and canal crossings to a minimum.
• Avoid hilly or rocky terrain.
• Avoid a route parallel to high-voltage transmission lines orDC circuits.
• Use existing right-of-way, if possible.
• Avoid such other obstacles as wells, houses, orchards,
lakes, or ponds.
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Mistakes
• 12 inch, 102 km pipeline losses 120 millonrupees/year against 100 million forrerouting and having one more pump
station
• 1000 million rupees risk for belt areaagainst 60 million rupees
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ProblemConflict between all
these factors
SolutionAnalytical hierarchy
process AHP
A l ti l hi h
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Analytical hierarchy processAHP
The following methodology has been adopted inselecting optimal pipeline routes.
• Identification of alternative routes.
• Preparation of strong database for each route.
• Identification of the factors and subfactors leading topipeline route selection.
• Formulation of risk structure in line with AHPrequirements.
• Pair-wise comparison of factors and subfactors todetermine the importance of factors and subfactors in
selecting the route.• A Pair-wise comparison of alternatives, with respect
to each sub-factor, to determine the benefits of oneroute over another.
• Synthesizing the results across the hierarchy todetermine the optimal route.
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Focus
Elements affectingdecision
Decision options and comparison
matrices
Subjectivity
Experience
knowledge
Prioritize
Weights
and
relative
weights
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Data Processing
slopetopogridsoildrainsrailwaysRoadsutilitiespopulationAirports
reclassreclassreclassreclassreclassreclassreclassreclassreclass
Population civilization Land cover topography
Final layer
50%
30%20%10%
50% 30% 50% 20% 50% 50% 50% 50%
40%
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vandalism
• willful or malicious destruction or defacement of public or private property
• 1 : obstinately and often perversely self-willed
• 2 : done deliberately : INTENTIONAL
• intent to commit an unlawful act or cause harm without legal justification or excuse
• to mar the external appearance of : injure by effacing significant details <deface an inscription>
• archaic a : to inflict serious bodily harm on b : DESTROY
• synonym see INJURE
spoil
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Concl sions
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Conclusions• Route selection should be based on a detailed study of
alternatives that considers all factors. The selection model
presented here has the following advantages:• It allows the incorporation of interactive input by executives
from related functional areas.
• It helps make objective decisions.
• It incorporates both tangible and intangible elements via theAHP hierarchies. Qualitative and subjective judgments, as wellas quantitative data can be included in the priority-settingprocess.
• AHP is effective for conducting group sessions analytically and
systematically. There are multiple ways of including thesubjective judgments of many persons.
• The model allows the collection of more information about thedetailed engineering stage.
• Sensitivity analysis provides decision-makers with aknowledge of the effects of their decisions.
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California line beats
odds, begins movingviscous crude oil
130000bpd
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130000bpd
130 miles
20 inch
Temp ambient
to 180 degF
Pressure 50 -
1460 psiEIS
environmental
impact
statement
EIR report
3000 pages
13 API
17750cst
@60f
1300@100f
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The challenges were met with thefollowing innovations
• Horizontal directional drilling of 10 crossings totaling more than 5 miles under activelandslides, high scour rivers, and some of the busiest highways in the US.
• Thirty three nitrogen-actuated block valve sites (aboveground and buried) foremergency isolation of the system.
• High-speed, fiberoptic communication and control system.• Advanced supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system with integrated
leak detection and dynamic on-line training simulation.
• Variable-frequency drive for efficient pump operations.• High-efficiency electrical pump motors and substation equipment.• Fully functioning backup control center.• Multichannel, peer-to-peer, Ethernet-based communications between facility
programmable logic controllers (PLC)s.• Sump tanks with secondary containment and continuous leak monitoring.• Advanced automation-sequence programming and control algorithms.• Geographic information systems (GIS) mapping and global positioning system (GPS)
data collection.
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• Completion of the pipeline system required clearing numerous permitting,design, and safety hurdles. Some of the more challenging were:
• Intense permitting and agency oversight during design and construction.• Joint federal and state environmental review producing an exhaustive
environmental impact statement (EIS) and environmental impact report(EIR).
•
Difficult alignment consisting of a mix of agricultural lands, ruggedmountains, and very dense urban and industrial areas. The pipelinetraverses the heart of Los Angeles.
• Extraordinary system safety design, including leak-detection capabilitieshigher than industry norm.
• Detailed hazardous operations analyses.• Seismic design to mitigate the risk of crossing more than eight major faults,
including the San Andreas Fault.• Stresses from expansion-contraction of thermal cycles caused by a wide
operating temperature range.
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4080 ft height
900 ft in .5 miles
decent more than
50% slope
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A pipeline 324 mms outside diameter and 160 kilometers long transports crude oil 10 c.st. kinematicviscosity, 0.86 specific gravity and 0.5 kg/cm2 vapor pressure. The pipeline has the followingprofile:X 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90H 50 120 200 250 320 400 250 200 180 210
X 100 110 120 130 140 150 160H 270 325 375 425 450 350 100Where:X = Distance from the first terminal, kms.H = Elevation, Meters.
The pipeline is operated by two pumping stations : one at the first terminal and the second at 70 kmsfrom the first terminal. Each pumping station consists of two identical centrifugal pumping unitsoperating in series. Each pump has the following characteristics:Q 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700H 525 520 510 495 475 450 420 385EFF 0 36 60 74 80 78 70 58Where:Q = Discharge, M3/hr.H = Head, Meters.
EFF = Efficiency, %Find the expected throughput of the line at a utilization factor 91.3% and the absorbed horse-power ateach station.If the capacity has to be increased by 20% by looping the pipeline sections, find the length of loops,the percentage increase in the absorbed horse-power at each station and the safe thickness of thepipeline sections.Consider the pipe roughness 0.06 mms, the acoustic velocity in the crude 1150 m/sec. and the yieldstrength of the pipe material 42 kg/mm2.