LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS

INDONESIA PART 1B: TSUNAMIS

Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,

Virginia, USA 

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE INDONESIA’S NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE INDONESIA’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK COMMUNITIES AT RISK

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE INDONESIA’S NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE INDONESIA’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK COMMUNITIES AT RISK

EARTHQUAKES

TSUNAMIS

FLOODS

CYCLONES

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE

ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE

GOAL: DISASTER GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE

GOAL: DISASTER GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE

TSUNAMIS

TSUNAMIS CAN ACCOMPANY LARGE SUBDUCTION ZONE EARTHQUAKES

GENERATED AS A RESULT OF COMPLEX INTERACTION OF THE INDO-AUSTRALIA

AND EURASIATECTONIC PLATES

TECTONIC PLATESTECTONIC PLATES

INDONESIA

REGIONAL TECTONICS

• The Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates meet in Indonesia, creating a tectonic setting that generates earthquakes and volcanoes.

REGIONAL TECTONICS

• The Indo-Australian plate is moving northward while being subducted under the Eurasian plate creating a zone marked by a submarine trench that can be traced from the northern tip of Sumatra to the Lesser Islands.

SUBDUCTION ZONE SUBDUCTION ZONE

INDONESIA’S SEISMICITY

INDONESIA’SINDONESIA’S

COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES

INDONESIA’SINDONESIA’S

COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIESDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION

HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

•TSUNAMI HAZARDS •PEOPLE & BLDGS. •VULNERABILITY•LOCATION

TSUNAMI RISK TSUNAMI RISK

RISK

ACCEPTABLE RISK

UNACCEPTABLE RISK

GOAL: TSUNAMI GOAL: TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCEDISASTER RESILIENCE

• PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•EARLY WARNING•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION

POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING

EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES

SOIL AMPLIFICATION

PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND

FAILURE)

IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN

TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP

POOR DETAILING AND WEAK CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

FRAGILITY OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES

TSUNAMIS TSUNAMIS

INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP

VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP

INADEQUATE WARNING SYSTEM

FLOODING

INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION

PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI

CAUSES OF LOSS

CAUSES OF LOSS

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

• ALL TSUNAMIS.

• DISASTER-INTELLIGENT COMMUNITIES USE TIMELY EARLY WARNING BASED ON CRITICAL INFORM-ATION TO EVACUATE PEOPLE AND PREPARE.

INDONESIA’S MOST NOTABLE TSUNAMI DISASTER

The Great Sumatra

Earthquake -Indian Ocean Tsunami Disaster

December 26, 2004

LOCATION

BEFORE AND AFTER THE DISASTER

• SOURCE OF IMAGES: SPACE IMAGING/CRISP-SINGAPORE

• NOTE: A TSUNAMI TRAVELS AT SPEEDS OF ABOUT 800 KM/HR IN THE DEEP OCEAN

BEFORE DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

AFTER DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

BEFORE DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

AFTER DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

BEFORE DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

AFTER DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

BEFORE DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

AFTER DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

THE TSUNAMI

•THE EXISTING INDIAN OCEAN WARNING SYSTEM WAS INADEQUATE; SO EVACUATION DID NOT HAPPEN.

THE TSUNAMI

• TSUNAMI WAVES WITH WAVE HEIGHTS OF 4 TO 10 M AND INLAND RUNUP OF 3.3 KM OR MORE REACHED THE COASTS OF ALL INDIAN OCEAN NATIONS- - -

• WHOSE PEOPLE WERE UNEVACUATED AND UNPREPARED

IMPACTS OF THE DISASTER

• AS MANY AS 220,000 PEOPLE KILLED (120,000 IN INDONESIA)

• --- AND 500,000 INJURED

IMPACTS OF THE DISASTER

• URGENT NEED FOR FOOD, WATER, AND HEALTH CARE SERVICES TO PREVENT “A HEALTH-CARE DISASTER AFTER THE TSUNAMI DISASTER”

IMPACTS OF THE DISASTER

• MILLIONS DISPLACED FROM HOMES

IMPACTS OF THE DISASTER

•BILLIONS OF DOLLARS NEEDED FOR RESPONSE, RECOVERY, AND RECONSTRUCTION

IMPACTS OF THE DISASTER

•INTERNATIONAL AID WAS COORDINATED BY UN, USA, INDIA, AUSTRALIA, & JAPAN

POLICY POLICY ADOPTIONADOPTION

POLICY POLICY ADOPTIONADOPTION

RISK ASSESSMENT

• VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY

• EXPOSUREEXPOSURE

• EVENTEVENT

POLICY ASSESSMENT

• COSTCOST

• BENEFITBENEFIT

•CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES

TOWARDS DISASTER RISK REDUCTION TOWARDS DISASTER RISK REDUCTION FOR TSUNAMISFOR TSUNAMIS

TSUNAMISTSUNAMISTSUNAMISTSUNAMIS EXPECTED EXPECTED LOSSLOSS

EXPECTED EXPECTED LOSSLOSS