LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF LIVING THINGS

Understand the levels of organization of living systems in terms of

structures and functions.

Living and Non living

Living things carry out activities of life.

Made out of cells.

Get and store energy.

Exchange gases.

Reproduce.

Get rid of wastes.

Repair or fix problems.

Keep temperature. (mammals)

Grow and change.

Adapt to environment.

Life cycle.

Die and decay.

Non living things do not carry out any activity.They just exist.

Made out of atoms.

Atoms make compounds.

May go under physical and chemical changes.

QUESTION

What is the only common feature that living things and nonliving things share?

A. Both are small.

B. Both need energy.

C. Both are made of atoms.

D. Both decompose or get rotten.

To be alive you have to be well organized - or at least your cells do.

The human body is an amazing system made up of more than

75, 000,000,000,000 cells.

Every one of those is a living unit.

How can so many tiny, individual cells in the body work together so efficiently?

The answer is in the way cells are organized to perform different jobs.

Organelles: parts of a cell

• Cells have tiny parts inside.

• These parts are called organelles.

• Each organelle does a special job.

• Cell membrane, mitochondria and the nucleus are some examples.

Organelles within a cell

Endoplasmic reticulum: Transportation of nutrients, wastes and cell products.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum: transports protein, storages synthesized molecules.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: storage area.

Ribosome: synthesized proteins.

Golgi apparatus: sorts, processes, packages, and delivers lipids.

Lysosomes: contains powerful enzymes that digest and destroy large molecules.

Mitochondria: power house of the cell. It generates energy.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEJ5t-_Luso

QUESTION

Where are organelles found exactly?

A. Body

B. Tissue

C. Organ

D. Cell

QUESTION

Why does a cell have different parts inside?

A. Because each part does a special job.

B. Because a cell is a living thing.

C. Because cells are different.

D. Because a cell has different organs.

Some organisms are single celled.

Amoeba Flagellate (Euglena)

Single celled organisms need energyAmoeba engulfing food.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvOz4V699gkParamecium feeding.

Some organisms are single celled.

Paramecium Phytoplankton

Single celled organisms under a microscope.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fI7nEWUjk3A

Euglena

Euglena can inhabit fresh water as well as marine water. However, they are most commonly found in water bodies such as streams, ponds, and lakes.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sn3MTYNe8mM

• Paramecium is most common found in fresh water ponds, streams, riversand and lakes.

Task

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fI7nEWUjk3A

Copy and paste in your browser.Watch again this video

You are a scientist who is studying different forms of life.

You are watching an euglena under a microscope.

How would you describe an euglena?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWItglvTiLc

Copy and paste in your browser.

Watch this video

• One characteristic of all living beings is that they react to stimuli.

• How can you explain the way an amoeba and a paramecium react to stimuli in this video?

QUESTION

What is the name given to the small parts within a cell?

A. Organs

B. Molecules

C. Nucleus

D. Organelles

QUESTION

What is the smallest unit of life that carries out life activities?

A. Organ

B. Cell

C. Molecule

D. Atom

QUESTION

What is the most significant fact about cells?

A. They are the smallest units of life.

B. They are invisible.

C. They have different shapes, colors and sizes.

D. They do not eat.

Human cells under a microscope

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9va0KPrVExs

• Red blood cells are also known as erythrocytes. They are formed in the bone marrow. Red cells are the most numerous of all blood cells in the blood.

• Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen.

• The primary function of red blood cells is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues around your body.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnlULOjUhSQ

• White blood cells play a vital role in your immune system. They are also known as leukocytes.

• White blood cells circulate in your blood stream, attacking invading bacteria, parasites and any other cells that are not meant to be floating around inside your blood.

Be aware of SUGAR!!!

• This video shows the effects of sugar in red blood cell in a person consuming high calories represented by sweet juices, bread, yogurt, soda and other treats.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_xXTKZOrOHs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=40mvty0EM2o

• Watch, listen to and answer the next questions:

1. What does the doctor say about the first sample of blood he watches under a microscope?

2. What does the doctor

say about sugar when it comes to the liver?

Plant cells under a microscope

Humans do not have plant cells.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pFsty-XyLZchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BB5rvjZzgFU

• Plant cells have organelles called chloroplasts .

• Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll.

• Chlorophyll is a green pigment.

• Chlorophyll is an extremely important in photosynthesis, which allows plants to capture energy from sunlight.

Animal Cells

Human cells

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SczOfOXY17U

• A neuron or nerve cell is electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.

QUESTION

Why are there different types of cells?

A. Because there are different animals and plants.

B. Because they have different shapes, color and sizes.

C. Because different cells do different kinds of jobs.

D. Because living beings are made of millions of cells.

QUESTION

True or false.

1. Cells do not look like the same but they do the same basic activities of life.

2. Animals and plants are made out of cells.

3. Animals and plants have the same types of cells.

4. Blood cells are more important than nerve cells.

5. An onion does not have any cell.

Different tissues in an arm

Cells make up tissueTissue is a large number of cells having a similar structure and function.

• Similar cells that work together to perform a particular function in the body make up tissues.

Examples:

• Cells that can shorten, and stretch make up muscle tissue.

• Cells that carry messages from one cell to another make up nerve tissue.

Muscular Tissue

Nerve cellshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NA_o1jOjsQ

A neuron or nerve cell is electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.

When you are thinking and got a new thought your brain has made a new link between a group of neurons.

Videos suggested for learning more

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zLp-edwiGUU

• According to the video what is the most powerful resource to make our brain connections stronger for a better learning and reshaping our brain?

Different tissues in a bird

Different epithelial tissues in human body under a microscope

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ghOEyxv52Zc

• Epithelial tissue covers the whole surface of the body.

• It is made up of cells closely packed and ranged in one or more layers.

• This tissue is specialized to form the covering or lining of all internal and external body surfaces.

Functions of Epithelial Tissue• Protection Epithelial cells from the skin

protect underlying tissue from mechanical injury, harmful chemicals, invading bacteria and from excessive loss of water.

• Sensation Specialized epithelial tissue containing sensory nerve endings is found in the skin, eyes, ears, nose and on the tongue.

• Secretion In glands, epithelial tissue is specialized to secrete specific chemical substances such as enzymes, hormones and lubricating fluids.

• Absorption Certain epithelial cells lining the small intestine absorb nutrients from the digestion of food.

• Excretion Epithelial tissues in the kidney excrete waste products from the body and reabsorb needed materials from the urine. Sweat is also excreted from the body by epithelial cells in the sweat glands.

Plant tissues

Plant tissue under a microscope

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hZC0FLGdt0

• Onion epidermis.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYbg4lQ-iaU xylem

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MxwI63rQubU Phloem

• Different plant tissues.• Xylem transports water and

nutrients.• Phloem transports sugar

(carbohydrates)

QUESTION

An important characteristic of all cells in a tissue is:

A. They all are alike.

B. They are different.

C. They are small units.

D. They are living beings.

QUESTION

What tissue does not belong to a human body?

A. Epithelial tissue.

B. Connective tissue.

C. Xylem tissue.

D. Nerve tissue.

When two or more tissues work together to do a job, they form an organ.

Heart is an organ. Its job is to pump blood.

Kinds of tissues:

Muscular tissue that contracts to allows movement.

Nerve tissue tells muscles when to contract and when to relax.

Connective tissue that supports and connects other tissues.

Epithelial tissue some functions are: secretion, selective absorption and protection.

Organs of the circulatory systemhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QXckE_DlFAMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afYCN3Upy_w

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3oLkV7Sy7c

Arteries, veins, capillaries

Organs of the circulatory system

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgI80Ue-AMo

Watch and listen to this video attentively.

Then answer the questions:

1. What is a capillary?

2. Where does deoxygenate blood goes to after releasing oxygen to all tissues in the body?

3. What is the importance of the pulmonary artery?

• More videos for more learning:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-s5iCoCaofc

QUESTION

What type of tissue is blood?

A. Epithelial tissue.

B. Connective tissue.

C. Xylem tissue.

D. Nerve tissue.

Organs of the digestive system• Mouth: teeth, tongue,

salivary glands.

• Esophagus.

• Stomach

• Liver, pancreas.

• Small intestine.

• Large intestine

Videoclips suggested: Watch and listen to the video. Write some new ideas. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zr4onA2k_LY

The most complete videos about digestion enjoy them:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZeUlh9Cou38http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQz7bxXSYOQ

Organs of respiratory system

• Nose

• Trachea

• Lungs

• Bronchi

• Alveoli

• This systems allows your body to get rid of carbon dioxide and get oxygen.

• This gas exchange is important to release the energy from the food we eat.

• Without oxygen energy can not be released.

Videoclips suggested: Watch and listen to the video. Write some new ideas. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hc1YtXc_84A

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BXO3K55Y_D0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5LjLFrmKTSA

RESPIRATORY SYSTEMorgans and function

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CdEOQUy_FSw

This video shows different animations and explanations about how we breathe and how our respiratory system woks.

Plant organs

• Root: absorbs water and anchors the plant.

• Stem: holds up the plant and transports water and sugar.

• Leaf: makes photosynthesis.

• Flower: produces seeds.

• Fruit: storages energy and protects seeds.

QUESTION

An organ is made out of:

A. Cells.

B. Different types of tissues.

C. Different parts.

D. Different organelles.

QUESTION

What organ in any plant has this job: anchor the plant to the ground?

A. Xylem.

B. Root.

C. Phloem.

D. Stem.

QUESTION

Plants have different organs, in what organ are seeds created?

A. Fruit.

B. Flower.

C. Stem.

D. Root.

QUESTION

Why is oxygen important for living things?

A. Because living beings can die.

B. To release energy from food.

C. Because all living beings breathe.

D. To exchange gases.

Different organ systems work together and depend on each other

• A group of organs that work together to carry out a particular task in a whole structure or body.

• All systems depend on each other.

• A group of systems composes an organism, e.g. the human body.

• Digestive system breaks down food into forms cells can use.

• Circulatory system is in charge of transport of oxygen, nutrients and cell wastes.

• Excretory system removes wastes from the blood.

• Skeletal system provides structural support and protection of soft organs.

Organ systems in our body

Organs systems and their functions

Digestive System

What is digestion?Digestion is the process to get the nutrients and energy that your body needs from the food you eat.

Watch these videos to learn more:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQz7bxXSYOQ

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5TaS0-VaDo

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3O1AdlC8bI

http://kidshealth.org/kid/cancer_center/HTBW/digestive_system.html

• Organs:

• Mouth

• Esophagus

• Stomach

• Liver-pancreas-gall bladder

• Small intestine

• Large intestine

Digestive system and circulatory system work together.

Digestive system breaks food into nutrients (molecules) so they can be used by cells.

Nutrients are absorbed by villi. Then, nutrients: fats, carbohydrates, proteins get into the blood stream.

Blood stream carries nutrients to every single cell in your body.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IxNpXO8gGFM

Respiratory system and circulatory system work together.

Respiratory system takes in oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide.

Gas exchange takes place in the alveoli.

Oxygen passes through capillaries into the blood stream.

Oxygen is taken to all cells over the body.

Cells produce carbon dioxide when energy from food is released.

Carbon dioxide passes through capillaries into the alveoli. Then, carbon dioxide is taken out.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTMYSGXhJ4E

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CdEOQUy_FSw

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CdEOQUy_FSw

QUESTION

In an organ system:

A. All organs have different roles but they work together to carry out particular task.

B. Some organs are more important than others.

C. Organs do not depend on each other.

D. There is a main organ and supporting organs.

QUESTION

What system transports oxygen, nutrients and other substances to cells and carries away wastes?

A. Digestive system.

B. Respiratory system.

C. Circulatory system.

D. Excretory system.

QUESTION

Where exactly the digestive system and the circulatory systems connect or work together in the absorption of nutrients?

A. Stomach

B. Pancreas

C. Large intestine

D. Small intestine

QUESTION

Where exactly gas exchange takes place?

A. Bronchioles.

B. Alveoli.

C. Nose.

D. Lungs.

Organism

A single celled or multicellular living being is able to carry out functions of life such as:

getting and storing energy,

controlling exchanges gases with the environment, reproducing , grow, change,

responding to stimuli,

adapt to environment.

QUESTION

Which one is not an organism?

A. A rose.

B. A bacteria.

C. An algae.

D. A molecule.

Levels of organization:From atoms to human body