Leveraging the Africa Diaspora, London Business School, Africa Club, Friday 22 nd April 2005 Y.E....

Leveraging the Africa Diaspora, London Business School, Africa Club, Friday 22nd April 2005

Y.E. Amaïzo

MAROC

ALGERIESAHARA OCCIDENTAL

SENEGAL

MAURITANIE

MALIILES DU CAP VERT

NIGER

NIGERIA

GHANATOGO

SIERRA LEONE

LIBERIACOTE D'IVOIRE

BURKINA FASO

BENIN

TUNISIE

LYBIE

TCHAD

CAMEROUNREP. CENTRAFRICAINE

EGYPTE

SOUDAN

ERYTHREE

ETHIOPIE

DJIBOUTI

SOMALIE

KENYAGUINEE EQUATORIALE

GABONCONGO

ANGOLA

NAMIBIE BOSTWANA

ZAMBIE

COMORES

SEYCHELLES

MAURICEMADAGASCAR

TANZANIEREP. DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO

ZIMBABWE

AFRIQUE DU SUD

LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

MOZAMBIQUE

OUGANDA

RWANDA

BURUNDI

MALAWI

SAO TOME ET PRINCIPE

GUINEE

GAMBIE

GUINEE BISSAU

1

Auteur, Strategic Economist, UNIDODirector, Afrology Think Tank Group

Tel. et Fax: 0043 2247 3552 – 0043 1 26026 5102Email : [email protected] – [email protected]

www.menaibuc.com – www.afrology.com

Leveraging the Africa Diaspora

CREATING EFFECTIVENESSOF THE REMITTANCES

Presented by Dr. Yves Ekoué Amaïzo


Y.E. Amaïzo

MAROC


SENEGAL

MAURITANIE


NIGER

NIGERIA

GHANATOGO

SIERRA LEONE


BURKINA FASO

BENIN

TUNISIE

LYBIE

TCHAD


EGYPTE

SOUDAN

ERYTHREE

ETHIOPIE

DJIBOUTI

SOMALIE


GABONCONGO

ANGOLA

NAMIBIE BOSTWANA

ZAMBIE

COMORES

SEYCHELLES

MAURICEMADAGASCAR


ZIMBABWE

AFRIQUE DU SUD

LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

MOZAMBIQUE

OUGANDA

RWANDA

BURUNDI

MALAWI


GUINEE

GAMBIE

GUINEE BISSAU

2

Contents

Introduction: From migration to Diaspora

1. Increasing Workers remittances: a sign of increased Poverty in sub-Saharan Africa?

2. Creating effectiveness of the remittances in Africa

Conclusion: Towards collective efficiency


Y.E. Amaïzo

MAROC


SENEGAL

MAURITANIE


NIGER

NIGERIA

GHANATOGO

SIERRA LEONE


BURKINA FASO

BENIN

TUNISIE

LYBIE

TCHAD


EGYPTE

SOUDAN

ERYTHREE

ETHIOPIE

DJIBOUTI

SOMALIE


GABONCONGO

ANGOLA

NAMIBIE BOSTWANA

ZAMBIE

COMORES

SEYCHELLES

MAURICEMADAGASCAR


ZIMBABWE

AFRIQUE DU SUD

LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

MOZAMBIQUE

OUGANDA

RWANDA

BURUNDI

MALAWI


GUINEE

GAMBIE

GUINEE BISSAU

3

Introduction: From migration to Diaspora


Y.E. Amaïzo

MAROC


SENEGAL

MAURITANIE


NIGER

NIGERIA

GHANATOGO

SIERRA LEONE


BURKINA FASO

BENIN

TUNISIE

LYBIE

TCHAD


EGYPTE

SOUDAN

ERYTHREE

ETHIOPIE

DJIBOUTI

SOMALIE


GABONCONGO

ANGOLA

NAMIBIE BOSTWANA

ZAMBIE

COMORES

SEYCHELLES

MAURICEMADAGASCAR


ZIMBABWE

AFRIQUE DU SUD

LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

MOZAMBIQUE

OUGANDA

RWANDA

BURUNDI

MALAWI


GUINEE

GAMBIE

GUINEE BISSAU

75

175

0 50 100 150 200

Number ofimmigrants

1965 2002Source: Gildas Simon, “International migration trends, Population & Sociétés, n. 382, INED, September 2002; Géodynamique des migrations internationales

dans le monde, PUF, Paris, 1995; OECD, International Migration Trends, SOPEMI, 2001,

Migration in the World : 1965 - 2002, in millions

Immigrants = People living outside • their country of origin, or• their country of primarily citizenship

Diaspora = People living outside • their country of origin, or• their country of primarily citizenshipSince many years or centuries

1965

2002


Y.E. Amaïzo

MAROC


SENEGAL

MAURITANIE


NIGER

NIGERIA

GHANATOGO

SIERRA LEONE


BURKINA FASO

BENIN

TUNISIE

LYBIE

TCHAD


EGYPTE

SOUDAN

ERYTHREE

ETHIOPIE

DJIBOUTI

SOMALIE


GABONCONGO

ANGOLA

NAMIBIE BOSTWANA

ZAMBIE

COMORES

SEYCHELLES

MAURICEMADAGASCAR


ZIMBABWE

AFRIQUE DU SUD

LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

MOZAMBIQUE

OUGANDA

RWANDA

BURUNDI

MALAWI


GUINEE

GAMBIE

GUINEE BISSAU

5

1. Increasing Workers remittances: a sign of increased Poverty in sub-Saharan

Africa?


Y.E. Amaïzo

MAROC


SENEGAL

MAURITANIE


NIGER

NIGERIA

GHANATOGO

SIERRA LEONE


BURKINA FASO

BENIN

TUNISIE

LYBIE

TCHAD


EGYPTE

SOUDAN

ERYTHREE

ETHIOPIE

DJIBOUTI

SOMALIE


GABONCONGO

ANGOLA

NAMIBIE BOSTWANA

ZAMBIE

COMORES

SEYCHELLES

MAURICEMADAGASCAR


ZIMBABWE

AFRIQUE DU SUD

LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

MOZAMBIQUE

OUGANDA

RWANDA

BURUNDI

MALAWI


GUINEE

GAMBIE

GUINEE BISSAU

6

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

North Africa 3.9 3.7 3.8 2.8 4.7

Central Africa 0 0.2 3.6 4.6 4.4

Western Africa 2.5 2.8 3.7 1.9 4

Eastern Africa 4.4 4.2 5.3 2.1 2.6

Southern Africa 2.1 2.8 2.6 3.6 2.2

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Source: Data from ADfB, African Development Report 2004

1. Real GDP Growth rates in African Sub-regions, 1999-2003 ( in Percentage)

• None of the African sub-regions reached 7 % of GDP as suggested in the MDG

5. Southern Africa

2. Central Africa

1. Northern Africa

4. Eastern Africa

3. Western Africa

Unworkable Millennium Development Goals in 2015 ?


Y.E. Amaïzo

MAROC


SENEGAL

MAURITANIE


NIGER

NIGERIA

GHANATOGO

SIERRA LEONE


BURKINA FASO

BENIN

TUNISIE

LYBIE

TCHAD


EGYPTE

SOUDAN

ERYTHREE

ETHIOPIE

DJIBOUTI

SOMALIE


GABONCONGO

ANGOLA

NAMIBIE BOSTWANA

ZAMBIE

COMORES

SEYCHELLES

MAURICEMADAGASCAR


ZIMBABWE

AFRIQUE DU SUD

LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

MOZAMBIQUE

OUGANDA

RWANDA

BURUNDI

MALAWI


GUINEE

GAMBIE

GUINEE BISSAU

7

0

1

2

3

4

5

Industry 2.4 4.3 3.6 2.6 4.1

Services 3.7 3.4 2.9 3.4 3.6

Agriculture 2.1 1.4 4.7 2.8 3.1

Manufacturing 3.3 4.3 4.1 3.5 2.3

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Source: Data from ADfB, African Development Report 2004

2. Sectoral Growth rates in Africa, 1999-2003 ( in Percentage changes from preceding year)

Lower Commitment to Manufacturing ?From 3.3 % in 1999 to 2.3 % in 2003

Better performance of Africa in Services

4. Manufacturing

2. Services

1. Industry

3. Agriculture


Y.E. Amaïzo

MAROC


SENEGAL

MAURITANIE


NIGER

NIGERIA

GHANATOGO

SIERRA LEONE


BURKINA FASO

BENIN

TUNISIE

LYBIE

TCHAD


EGYPTE

SOUDAN

ERYTHREE

ETHIOPIE

DJIBOUTI

SOMALIE


GABONCONGO

ANGOLA

NAMIBIE BOSTWANA

ZAMBIE

COMORES

SEYCHELLES

MAURICEMADAGASCAR


ZIMBABWE

AFRIQUE DU SUD

LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

MOZAMBIQUE

OUGANDA

RWANDA

BURUNDI

MALAWI


GUINEE

GAMBIE

GUINEE BISSAU

8

Debt generating resources

Non Debt generating resources

(net resource flows)1. Long-term debt

2. Short-term debt

Public and publicly guaranteed

Private non guaranteed

1. Foreign Direct investment (net)

2. Portfolio Equity flows

3. Grants (excluding tech. coop.)

4. Technical Cooperation grants

5. Balance of Exports minus Imports of goods and services

6. Workers Remittances

Source: G. Johnson and K. Sholès, Stratégique, Publi-union, Paris, 2000, see Chapter 11.

3. Main financial resources transferred to Africa


Y.E. Amaïzo

MAROC


SENEGAL

MAURITANIE


NIGER

NIGERIA

GHANATOGO

SIERRA LEONE


BURKINA FASO

BENIN

TUNISIE

LYBIE

TCHAD


EGYPTE

SOUDAN

ERYTHREE

ETHIOPIE

DJIBOUTI

SOMALIE


GABONCONGO

ANGOLA

NAMIBIE BOSTWANA

ZAMBIE

COMORES

SEYCHELLES

MAURICEMADAGASCAR


ZIMBABWE

AFRIQUE DU SUD

LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

MOZAMBIQUE

OUGANDA

RWANDA

BURUNDI

MALAWI


GUINEE

GAMBIE

GUINEE BISSAU

Sub-Saharan Africa

5%

All Developing Countries

95%

Source: World Bank, Global Development Finance, 2004, pp. 2 and 26.

Share of Africa from the net resource flows and transfersall Developing Countries (in Billion dollars and percentage)

$ US 4,000 millions

$ US 80 millions


Y.E. Amaïzo

MAROC


SENEGAL

MAURITANIE


NIGER

NIGERIA

GHANATOGO

SIERRA LEONE


BURKINA FASO

BENIN

TUNISIE

LYBIE

TCHAD


EGYPTE

SOUDAN

ERYTHREE

ETHIOPIE

DJIBOUTI

SOMALIE


GABONCONGO

ANGOLA

NAMIBIE BOSTWANA

ZAMBIE

COMORES

SEYCHELLES

MAURICEMADAGASCAR


ZIMBABWE

AFRIQUE DU SUD

LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

MOZAMBIQUE

OUGANDA

RWANDA

BURUNDI

MALAWI


GUINEE

GAMBIE

GUINEE BISSAU

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

1970 1980 1990 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Source: Global Development Finance 2003

Net resource flows and transfers (selected regions), 1970-2002 (in US $ million)

Europe and Central Asia

East Asia and Pacific

Sub-Saharan Africa

Latin America and Caribbean

Middle East and North Africa


Y.E. Amaïzo

MAROC


SENEGAL

MAURITANIE


NIGER

NIGERIA

GHANATOGO

SIERRA LEONE


BURKINA FASO

BENIN

TUNISIE

LYBIE

TCHAD


EGYPTE

SOUDAN

ERYTHREE

ETHIOPIE

DJIBOUTI

SOMALIE


GABONCONGO

ANGOLA

NAMIBIE BOSTWANA

ZAMBIE

COMORES

SEYCHELLES

MAURICEMADAGASCAR


ZIMBABWE

AFRIQUE DU SUD

LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

MOZAMBIQUE

OUGANDA

RWANDA

BURUNDI

MALAWI


GUINEE

GAMBIE

GUINEE BISSAU

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

500000

550000

1970 1980 1990 2000 2002

Source: Data from Global Development Finance 2004.

Debt generating resources versus Non debt generating resources, in Sub-Saharan Africa 1970-2002 (in US $ million)

Debt generating resources

Non Debt generating resources


Y.E. Amaïzo

MAROC


SENEGAL

MAURITANIE


NIGER

NIGERIA

GHANATOGO

SIERRA LEONE


BURKINA FASO

BENIN

TUNISIE

LYBIE

TCHAD


EGYPTE

SOUDAN

ERYTHREE

ETHIOPIE

DJIBOUTI

SOMALIE


GABONCONGO

ANGOLA

NAMIBIE BOSTWANA

ZAMBIE

COMORES

SEYCHELLES

MAURICEMADAGASCAR


ZIMBABWE

AFRIQUE DU SUD

LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

MOZAMBIQUE

OUGANDA

RWANDA

BURUNDI

MALAWI


GUINEE

GAMBIE

GUINEE BISSAU

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

1970 1980 1990 2000 2002

Source: Global Development Finance 2003

Benchmarking Workers remittances in selected regions1970-2002 (in US $ million)

East Asia and Pacific

Sub-Saharan Africa

Latin America and Caribbean

Middle East and North Africa


Y.E. Amaïzo

MAROC


SENEGAL

MAURITANIE


NIGER

NIGERIA

GHANATOGO

SIERRA LEONE


BURKINA FASO

BENIN

TUNISIE

LYBIE

TCHAD


EGYPTE

SOUDAN

ERYTHREE

ETHIOPIE

DJIBOUTI

SOMALIE


GABONCONGO

ANGOLA

NAMIBIE BOSTWANA

ZAMBIE

COMORES

SEYCHELLES

MAURICEMADAGASCAR


ZIMBABWE

AFRIQUE DU SUD

LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

MOZAMBIQUE

OUGANDA

RWANDA

BURUNDI

MALAWI


GUINEE

GAMBIE

GUINEE BISSAU

0

5

10

15

20

25

1970 1980 1990 2000 2002

Source: Data from Global Development Finance 2004.

Benchmarking NDGR/DGR in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1970-2002 (in %)The Poverty Paradox: something wrong with the present African governance on producing value

added and sharing wealth

Share of Non debt generating resources in Debt generating resources

Share of Workers Remittances in Non debt generating resources


Y.E. Amaïzo

MAROC


SENEGAL

MAURITANIE


NIGER

NIGERIA

GHANATOGO

SIERRA LEONE


BURKINA FASO

BENIN

TUNISIE

LYBIE

TCHAD


EGYPTE

SOUDAN

ERYTHREE

ETHIOPIE

DJIBOUTI

SOMALIE


GABONCONGO

ANGOLA

NAMIBIE BOSTWANA

ZAMBIE

COMORES

SEYCHELLES

MAURICEMADAGASCAR


ZIMBABWE

AFRIQUE DU SUD

LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

MOZAMBIQUE

OUGANDA

RWANDA

BURUNDI

MALAWI


GUINEE

GAMBIE

GUINEE BISSAU

14

2. Creating effectiveness ofthe remittances in Africa


Y.E. Amaïzo

MAROC


SENEGAL

MAURITANIE


NIGER

NIGERIA

GHANATOGO

SIERRA LEONE


BURKINA FASO

BENIN

TUNISIE

LYBIE

TCHAD


EGYPTE

SOUDAN

ERYTHREE

ETHIOPIE

DJIBOUTI

SOMALIE


GABONCONGO

ANGOLA

NAMIBIE BOSTWANA

ZAMBIE

COMORES

SEYCHELLES

MAURICEMADAGASCAR


ZIMBABWE

AFRIQUE DU SUD

LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

MOZAMBIQUE

OUGANDA

RWANDA

BURUNDI

MALAWI


GUINEE

GAMBIE

GUINEE BISSAU

15

Management of projects and

funds

Gradual Changes

Major Changes

Proactive Decision making

1. Adjustment through direct

influence on the context

2. Planning and implementing changes while making use of

present conditions

Reactive Decision making

3. Non-linear introduction of

changes due to pressures from the

environment

4. Conversion due to external pressures

Source: G. Johnson and K. Sholès, Stratégique, Publi-union, Paris, 2000, see Chapter 11.

Dynamic strategic changes required


Y.E. Amaïzo

MAROC


SENEGAL

MAURITANIE


NIGER

NIGERIA

GHANATOGO

SIERRA LEONE


BURKINA FASO

BENIN

TUNISIE

LYBIE

TCHAD


EGYPTE

SOUDAN

ERYTHREE

ETHIOPIE

DJIBOUTI

SOMALIE


GABONCONGO

ANGOLA

NAMIBIE BOSTWANA

ZAMBIE

COMORES

SEYCHELLES

MAURICEMADAGASCAR


ZIMBABWE

AFRIQUE DU SUD

LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

MOZAMBIQUE

OUGANDA

RWANDA

BURUNDI

MALAWI


GUINEE

GAMBIE

GUINEE BISSAU

16

Despite hostile business environment in Africa:

Strengthening States and improving its performance as a regulatory and enabling body

Building on private sector development including public-private partnerships

Investing Workers Remittances into:1. Securing land ownership especially for women2. “Proximity” credit facility institutions3. Promoting cross-border free trade4. Linkages with regional and global production

networks5. Identifying “appropriate technology and know-how

and structuring its diffusion locally6. Building on performance, quality and timely delivery7. Self employment activities8. Promotion of value added products and services

based on systemic up-grading and innovation approaches (at all stages)


Y.E. Amaïzo

MAROC


SENEGAL

MAURITANIE


NIGER

NIGERIA

GHANATOGO

SIERRA LEONE


BURKINA FASO

BENIN

TUNISIE

LYBIE

TCHAD


EGYPTE

SOUDAN

ERYTHREE

ETHIOPIE

DJIBOUTI

SOMALIE


GABONCONGO

ANGOLA

NAMIBIE BOSTWANA

ZAMBIE

COMORES

SEYCHELLES

MAURICEMADAGASCAR


ZIMBABWE

AFRIQUE DU SUD

LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

MOZAMBIQUE

OUGANDA

RWANDA

BURUNDI

MALAWI


GUINEE

GAMBIE

GUINEE BISSAU

17

The way forward: Focusing on technology upgrading

1. Moving from Transfer of People to Transfer and diffusion of knowledge, skills and technology (using video conference facilities and wireless technologies)

2. Transforming selected Universities into Social Responsibility knowledge centres

3. Promoting national and sub-regional reverse Brain Drain through incentives for countries pursuing a predictable and conducive environment

4. Tax free regimes for equipment and technology imports within Diaspora’s new geographical borders (intra-pan-African countries)

5. Database for Diaspora’s competencies including Business and subcontracting matchmaking partnership with local private sector and knowledge centres

6. Creation of a post of Commissioner for African Diaspora’s at the level of the African Union and/or NEPAD and a Ministry for Diaspora at national and regional levels

7. Building Cross-border networks at the sectoral and financial levels


Y.E. Amaïzo

MAROC


SENEGAL

MAURITANIE


NIGER

NIGERIA

GHANATOGO

SIERRA LEONE


BURKINA FASO

BENIN

TUNISIE

LYBIE

TCHAD


EGYPTE

SOUDAN

ERYTHREE

ETHIOPIE

DJIBOUTI

SOMALIE


GABONCONGO

ANGOLA

NAMIBIE BOSTWANA

ZAMBIE

COMORES

SEYCHELLES

MAURICEMADAGASCAR


ZIMBABWE

AFRIQUE DU SUD

LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

MOZAMBIQUE

OUGANDA

RWANDA

BURUNDI

MALAWI


GUINEE

GAMBIE

GUINEE BISSAU

18

Conclusion: towards collective efficiency


Y.E. Amaïzo

MAROC


SENEGAL

MAURITANIE


NIGER

NIGERIA

GHANATOGO

SIERRA LEONE


BURKINA FASO

BENIN

TUNISIE

LYBIE

TCHAD


EGYPTE

SOUDAN

ERYTHREE

ETHIOPIE

DJIBOUTI

SOMALIE


GABONCONGO

ANGOLA

NAMIBIE BOSTWANA

ZAMBIE

COMORES

SEYCHELLES

MAURICEMADAGASCAR


ZIMBABWE

AFRIQUE DU SUD

LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

MOZAMBIQUE

OUGANDA

RWANDA

BURUNDI

MALAWI


GUINEE

GAMBIE

GUINEE BISSAU

19

1. Do not work in isolation2. Build interdependence among the

Diaspora as well as with Africa and3. Build on

Collective efficiencyin Africa


Y.E. Amaïzo

MAROC


SENEGAL

MAURITANIE


NIGER

NIGERIA

GHANATOGO

SIERRA LEONE


BURKINA FASO

BENIN

TUNISIE

LYBIE

TCHAD


EGYPTE

SOUDAN

ERYTHREE

ETHIOPIE

DJIBOUTI

SOMALIE


GABONCONGO

ANGOLA

NAMIBIE BOSTWANA

ZAMBIE

COMORES

SEYCHELLES

MAURICEMADAGASCAR


ZIMBABWE

AFRIQUE DU SUD

LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

MOZAMBIQUE

OUGANDA

RWANDA

BURUNDI

MALAWI


GUINEE

GAMBIE

GUINEE BISSAU

MAROC


SENEGAL

MAURITANIE


NIGER

NIGERIA

GHANATOGO

SIERRA LEONE


BURKINA FASO

BENIN

TUNISIE

LYBIE

TCHAD


EGYPTE

SOUDAN

ERYTHREE

ETHIOPIE

DJIBOUTI

SOMALIE


GABONCONGO

ANGOLA

NAMIBIE BOSTWANA

ZAMBIE

COMORES

SEYCHELLES

MAURICEMADAGASCAR


ZIMBABWE

AFRIQUE DU SUD

LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

MOZAMBIQUE

OUGANDA

RWANDA

BURUNDI

MALAWI


GUINEE

GAMBIE

GUINEE BISSAU

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