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Humanities eBook Usage on a Global Scale
Charleston ConferenceNovember 7, 2014
Michael Levine-ClarkAssociate Dean for Scholarly Communication & Collections
ServicesUniversity of Denver
https://www.flickr.com/photos/aigle_dore/6365101775. "Books," Moyan Brenn
How do students and scholars in the arts and humanities use ebooks?
https://www.flickr.com/photos/aigle_dore/6365101775. "Books," Moyan Brenn
How are arts and humanities ebooks used?
Ithaka S+R US Faculty Survey 2012, April 8, 2013, p. 34.
Arts/Humanities Social Sciences Science0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Do not want to use ebooks, but some-times there is no other choice.
I use ebooks but I prefer print
Ebooks are ac-ceptable
I prefer ebooks
Deborah Lenares, "Ebooks: Their Use and Acceptance by Undergraduates and Faculty," ER&L 2013. http://proposalspace.com/publishdocs/220/download.
Busi
ness
Eng
Com
putin
g M
ath
Hum
aniti
es
Life
Sci
ence
s
Phys
ical
Sci
ence
s
Soci
al S
cien
ces
Stud
io &
Per
form
art
s
Tota
l
Busi
ness
Eng
Com
putin
g M
ath
Hum
aniti
es
Life
Sci
ence
s
Phys
ical
Sci
ence
s
Soci
al S
cien
ces
Stud
io &
Per
form
art
s
Tota
l
Library print book Library's ebook
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Student Preference/Acceptance by DisciplineStudents were asked: You are in the library doing research for a
paper. You find a book of interest and want to read at least a chap-ter.
preferred acceptable not acceptable
Chart by Deborah LenaresDebbi Dinkins, Anne Cerstvik Nolan, Kathleen Sacco, and Robert Walsh, “Why the Resistance? Trends and Results from a Collaborative Survey on E-Book Usage Across Eight Academic Institutions,” Charleston Conference, November 6, 2014.
ccby Deborah Lenares 2014
Previous Presentations
• Two different data sets– Four years worth of usage– 2013 usage
• ebrary 2013 – didn’t include all of the unused books
• Testing the methodology
http://www.slideshare.net/MichaelLevineClark/presentations
Data Overview
All ebooks from EBL • Usage for 2013• Worldwide• Three library types– Academic– Public– Special
• A focus on arts & humanities
Usage Definitions• Session– Any time that a user interacts with an e-book
• Page View– A count of the number of pages examined
• Download– A download of the entire book
• Usage Time– Minutes spent looking at the book
What can we learn by examining usage on such a large scale?
• Are we collecting the right things?• Are there general patterns by subject?• Can we identify disciplinary preferences?• What are the best ways to measure use?• Can those patterns and preferences help
shape our collections and guide our services?
Academic Library eBooks
• 379,111 titles– Available on average in
72 libraries
• 345,891 titles with LCCN– Available on average in
73 libraries
Academic Public Special0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
Number of Titles Available, by LC Class
H Q P
NO LCCN R T B D L K G J E S N M F U Z C V A
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
Arts & Humanities
Social Sciences Other
STEM
Title Availability: Arts & Humanities
Art (N
)
History
(C, D, E
, F)
Langu
ages (
P-PM)
Literat
ure (PN-PZ)
Music
(M)
Philoso
phy (B-BJ)
Religion (B
L-BX)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
Academic Library eBook Usage – 345,891 titles with LCCN
On average in 2013, at each library, each title:– Was held by 73.3 libraries– Had 0.38 sessions– Had 10.77 page views– Had 0.11 downloads– Was viewed for 5.6 minutes
Academic Library eBook Usage – 108,082 Arts & Humanities Titles
On average in 2013, at each library, each title:– Was held by 68.0 libraries (vs 73.3 for all) – Had 0.30 sessions (0.38)– Had 8.85 page views (10.77)– Had 0.09 downloads (0.11)– Was viewed for 4.87 minutes (5.57)
Average Number of Libraries with Title Available by Discipline
Arts & Humanities Social Sciences STEM0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
68 81 69
Title Availability: By LC Class
H L J G E M Q D Z T B N F C R K P A V S U0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
Average number of academic libraries with title available
73.368.0
Average availability across all subjects Average availability across A&H
Title Availability: Arts & Humanities
Philoso
phy (B-BJ)
Music
(M)
History
(C-F)
Art (N
)
Langu
ages (
P-PM)
Literat
ure (PN-PZ)
Religion (B
L-BX)
55.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
80.00
ARE THESE THE RIGHT BOOKS?
Sessions Compared to Availability
Social Sciences STEM Arts & Humanities0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
AvailabilitySessions
Sessions are multiplied X100 to fit scale.
Sessions Compared to Availability: Arts & Humanities
(1) Lan
guag
es (P-PM
)
(2) Art
(N)
(3) Philo
sophy (
B-BJ)
(4) Music
(M)
(5) Hist
ory (C-F)
(6)Literat
ure (PN-PZ)
(7) Relig
ion (BL-B
X)0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
Availability
Sessions (x100)
Sessions are multiplied X100 to fit scale.
BROAD DISCIPLINARY DIFFERENCES
The Disciplines
HumanitiesB (Philosophy, Religion) excluding BF (Psychology)C, D, E, F (History)M (Music)N (Fine Arts)P (Language & Literature)
Social Sciences BF (Psychology)H (Social Sciences)J (Political Science)K (Law)L (Education)U, V (Military, Naval Sciences)
STEMQ (Science)R (Medicine)S (Agriculture)T (Technology)
Percentage of Titles Used
Arts &
Humanities
Socia
l Scie
nces
STEM Art
History
Langu
ages
Literat
ureM
usic
Philoso
phy
Religion
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
% of Titles with a Session % of Titles with a View % of Titles Downloaded
Average Usage: Sessions
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Average Usage: Page Views
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Average Usage: Downloads
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Average Usage: Time
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Views Per Session
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Downloads Per Session
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
Time Per Session
Arts &
Humanities
Socia
l Scie
nces
STEM Art
History
Langu
ages
Literat
ureM
usic
Philoso
phy
Religion
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Disciplinary Summary
• Social sciences outperform humanities and STEM in two categories– Percentage of books used– Average amount of use
• STEM outperforms the others in actions per session• Readers in the humanities spend more time in the
book per session
. . . but within the humanities . . .
Arts & Humanities Summary• Art (N), Languages (P-PM), and Philosophy (B-
BJ) are used at a higher percentage and average rate than other A&H subjects, and generally than Social Sciences.
• On a percentage basis, History (C-F) and Music(M) are used at about the same rate as books overall, but the average usage is much lower.
• Religion (BL-BX) and Literature (PN-PZ) show poor use by all measures
Arts & Humanities Actions Per Session
• Views per sessionArt, History, Music Languages, Literature, Philosophy, Religion
• Downloads per sessionArt, Languages, (Religion)History, Literature, Music, (Philosophy)
• Time per sessionHistory, Languages, Music, (Religion)Art, Philosophy, (Literature)
MEASURING PREDICTED USE
Performance Relative to Predicted Use
L N J T H M R D E Z B G S V A C Q P K U F0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
% of Titles Available % of Titles with a Session
H: 20.60% of titles available, 21.46% of titles with a session
percentage difference
Performance Relative to Predicted Use
Art
Philoso
phyM
usic
Langu
ages
History
Religion
Literat
ure0.00%
1.00%
2.00%
3.00%
4.00%
5.00%
6.00%
7.00%
8.00%
9.00%
% of Titles Available% of Titles with a Session
Performance Relative to Predicted Use
L A R H G N J C Z M B D P T K S Q E F U V0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
% of Titles Available % of Sessions
H: 20.60% of titles available26.49% of sessions
Performance Relative to Predicted Use
Philosophy Art Languages Music History LiteratureReligion0.00%
1.00%
2.00%
3.00%
4.00%
5.00%
6.00%
7.00%
8.00%
9.00%
% of Titles Available% of Sessions
CAN WE LEARN ANYTHING BY LOOKING AT THE MOST HIGHLY USED TITLES?
Availability Overall Compared to Presence in Top 10,000
Social Sciences STEM Arts & Humanities0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
50.00%
Percentage of Titles Available% of Titles with a Session in Top 10,000
Availability Overall Compared to Presence in Top 100,000
Social Sciences STEM Arts & Humanities0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
50.00%
Percentage of Titles Available% of Titles with a Session in Top 100,000
Availability Overall Compared to Presence in Top 10,000 (A&H)
Langu
ages
Art
History
Music
Literat
ure
Philoso
phy
Religion
0.00%
1.00%
2.00%
3.00%
4.00%
5.00%
6.00%
7.00%
8.00%
9.00%
Percentage of Titles Available% of Titles with a Session in the top 10,000
Availability Overall Compared to Presence in Top 100,000 (A&H)
ArtM
usic
Langu
ages
History
Literat
ure
Religion
Philoso
phy0.00%
1.00%
2.00%
3.00%
4.00%
5.00%
6.00%
7.00%
8.00%
9.00%
Percentage of Titles Available% of Titles with a Session in the top 100,000
INTENSIVE / EXTENSIVE USE
Breadth vs Depth
PERCENTAGE OF TITLES USED
AVER
AGE
AMO
UN
T O
F U
SE
EBL Sessions – Avg and % Narrow (low %) but Deep (more usage of each title)
Broad (high %) andDeep (more usage of each title)
Narrow (low %) andShallow (low usage of each title)
Broad (high % and Shallow (low usage of each title)
EBL Sessions – Avg and % (A&H)Narrow (low %) but Deep (more usage of each title)
Broad (high %) andDeep (more usage of each title)
Narrow (low %) andShallow (low usage of each title)
Broad (high % and Shallow (low usage of each title)
EBL Page Views – Avg and % Narrow (low %) but Deep (more usage of each title)
Broad (high %) andDeep (more usage of each title)
Narrow (low %) andShallow (low usage of each title)
Broad (high % and Shallow (low usage of each title)
EBL Page Views – Avg and % (A&H)Narrow (low %) but Deep (more usage of each title)
Broad (high %) andDeep (more usage of each title)
Narrow (low %) andShallow (low usage of each title)
Broad (high % and Shallow (low usage of each title)
EBL Downloaded – Avg and % Narrow (low %) but Deep (more usage of each title)
Broad (high %) andDeep (more usage of each title)
Narrow (low %) andShallow (low usage of each title)
Broad (high % and Shallow (low usage of each title)
EBL Downloaded – Avg and % Narrow (low %) but Deep (more usage of each title)
Broad (high %) andDeep (more usage of each title)
Narrow (low %) andShallow (low usage of each title)
Broad (high % and Shallow (low usage of each title)
CAN WE DETERMINE LEVEL OF IMMERSION IN A BOOK?
Page Views Per Session
F N V M T E R Q G A D C H S P J K B Z U L0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
20.59
Page Views Per Session: A&H
Art Music History Literature Languages Philosophy Religion17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
20.59
Minutes Per Session (Time in the Book)
F E D J M C V G A K U R H P Q B T N S L Z0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
10.03
Minutes Per Session: A&H
History Music Languages Religion Literature Philosophy Art0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
10.03
Summary: Level of Immersion
• Users spend the most time in music (M) and history books (C, D, E, F)
• Users examine a lot of pages in art books (N) but spend a relatively small amount of time(a lot like technology (T))
CONCLUSIONS
There are many ways to measure use
• Difference from predicted use• Depth vs breadth– Books used a lot vs a lot of books used
• Type of use (session, view, download)• Amount of use per session
Page Views Per Session: A&H
Art Music History Literature Languages Philosophy Religion17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
20.59
Minutes Per Session: A&H
History Music Languages Religion Literature Philosophy Art0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
10.03
How do we use these observations to build better collections and
better serve our users?
Thank You
Michael Levine-ClarkAssociate Dean for Scholarly Communication and
Collections ServicesUniversity of Denver [email protected]
http://www.slideshare.net/MichaelLevineClark