LFE Report Sample

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Report on Rural Socity of Bangladesh

Introduction:Everyday, every individual has spent some

time from different households. This helped us

to find some reliability with some situation.

Individual interview was helpful to finddissimilarity in classes and extraction. So

each member of our group had to talk with the

villagers of Koshabhanga village personally.

lso we have !uestioned them group wise.

Origin of the Report:

"hen we think about #angladesh, the very

first thing that comes into our mind is the lush

green fields and the riverside villagers going to

the fields for cultivations. $iving in %haka city

has deprived us from this typical picture of the

real #angladesh and kept us really unaware of


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how is real #angladesh looks like. The $&E

program of I'# enables its students to bridge

some of the gaps and get an overall

understanding of the socio(economic

environment of the real #angladesh by

studying its villages. This report has been

prepared as part of completing the $&E

course. In this report we have analy)ed the

various findings during our survey period and

arrange it such a manner that it gives full flavor

of the study area, which for us was

Koshabhanga village in *anikgan+. The report

consists of several sections these are

-illage mapping

Social hange griculture

Economics and /ender %ivision of $abor

0ealth 1 Environment


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2ural *arket

Each of the part is presenting the picture of the

3ara we have assigned. "ithin 44 days each

of the group members captures an overall

knowledge of the above mentioned topics.

Purpose of the Study:

5ur broad ob+ective of this study is to look and

probe into the rural society, to get various

socio(economic concerns of the study area.

6ow if we break this broad ob+ective into more

specific and detailed ones they are as follows7

To collect !uantitative data as designed in

survey !uestionnaires from Koshabhanga

village in order to measure the level of poverty

and changes that is taking place there.

To involve the local villagers in an interactive

session where they show and talk about

themselves and help us see the situations

through their eyes by using 32 techni!ue.


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To analy)e the problem areas and look for the

critical reasons behind it for recommending

valid solutions in resolving those problems.

Scope of the Study:

The key parameters for the study were7

-illage *apping and 32 transact mapping

Social hange 3rocess 8Time $ine nalysis9

"ealth 2anking with 2esource *apping

Seasonality *apping for apturing 3roduction

ycle and 3ricing of rops

0ousehold and /ender 2oles 8%aily time use

by both women and men9

2ural *arket nalysis

Economic nalysis

ll of the above resulted in outlining the scope

of the report in the following manners7

4.To identify the present socioeconomiccondition of the people of Koshabhanga

village.


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:.To provide an understanding of the day to day

problems of the rural lives.

;.To suggest recommendations to the aboveproblems.


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"hen they get negative answer, sometime

they were reluctant to provide information.

The household were close together so duringour !uestioner survey respondents are

influenced by other people and some case

they are influenced by previous respondents

answer.

*ethodology

32 83articipatory 2ural ppraisal9

32 is particular form of !ualitative and

!uantitative research used to gain and in depth

in understanding of a community or a situation.

Through assessment one can collect

information in a few days.

32 is a form of assessment based on the

participation of a range of different people

including people from the community affected by

the work.


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im of 32

4.To ensure that information, the community

members own analysis and conclusion.

:.To give more power to the community.

*eaning collect information from the people,

and what analysis they give about themselves.

;.To reverse power relations and hierarchies

between communities and those perceived as

being development experts and planners form

outside.

3hilosophy of 32

5utsiders need to learn about situations from

the insiders, and insiders can analy)e their

own problem and give their own solution.

So we have followed the 32 method to know

about our assigned village.

Techni!ue of 32

To gather people 84=(:>9


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To exchange whom we are, where we come

from.

To ask them for information.

4> days were assigned for doing 32 in the

village, because it was a participatory and

!ualitative research. In our 32 we attended

in the interview and discussion as multi(

disciplinary students. The conversant, aged

people gave their ideas. nd other men and

women attended with us with their ideas and

views in the 32. -illagers themselvesexplained their situations, changes, problems

and solutions, which are given in the report.

Individual interview:

Everyday, every individual has spent sometime from different households. This helped us

to find some reliability with some situation.


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Individual interview was helpful to find

dissimilarity in classes and extraction. So

each member of our group had to talk with the

villagers of Koshabhanga village personally.

lso we have !uestioned them group wise.

Village Resource apping and !ransect:

#angladesh is the land of greens with a very

rich heritage of all that makes it complete.

#angladesh consists of sixty eight thousand

villages and a less number of cities. Therefore

ninety percent of the population live in the

villages where agriculture makes up close to

seventy two percent of the /%3 and sixty

percent employment. 'nfortunately this

information cannot show the real picture of the

village until and unless one does not go into

the field and see with one?s own eyes. 5ur


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allotted village was K5S0#06/ and our

para was K5S0#06/(4. Even though it

was a rural area there was a significant sign of

development through the 6/5?s and /5?s that

were present there. Illustrated below are the

areas that very resourceful and we have also

tried to exhibit the image of the village by

drawing maps and proposing their analysis.

O"#ectives:

The main ob+ective of preparing maps is to

portray a mental construct of the village itself

and it also exhibits the geographical image of

the village or para and also to show the

available resources that are found in that

particular village.

Limitations:


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Taking into consideration the fact that we are

not research experts we faced some limitations

while carrying out this research. The reason

are listed below7

@ "e faced time constraint while preparing the

map and also the fact that we had to draw it

the very day we interacted with the

respondents.

@ Some of the !uestions from various topics

where not answered properly which gave us a

vague answer in the end.

Selection of the Village or Para:

5ur para was allocated in K5S0#06/ (4

which is part of the village K5S0#06/.

5ur supervisor along with members of

325S0IK choose the village and para for


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each group. long with our group another

group was also assigned this particular para.

Village mapping:

-illage mapping is done primarily to exhibit a

geographical representation of the village.

"hile doing our survey we came across a

0indu local and after we re!uested him he

drew out a village map for us.

fter he drew it out on the paper we asked him to

draw it out on the ground. "e then asked him to

label the village and identify its components.

Brief Information of the Para:

6ame7

K5S0#06/( 4

;.A.:. $ocation7

ountry B #angladesh.

%ivision B %haka.


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%istrict B *anikgon+.

-illage B K5S0#06/

3ara B K5S0#06/(4

;.A.;. ge7

6ot more than C> years.

$eographical %istri"ution:

6orth B tigram

South B Katigram

"est B

Sonargaon

East( Kosha #hanga(:

Population:

Total population of our 3ara is :=>(:A>

8approximate9.

&um"er of houses:

There were a total of houses present in the

village.


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Other Information:

There was a combination of both *uslim and

0indu residents living in the village. 0owever

there was no mos!ue, school, hospital or

graveyard in the para.

;.D. 2esources of the -illage or 3ara7

The resources of the village are briefly

explained below7

'ouse:

In the village most of the houses that we

visited and also with the information from our

survey paper suggests that they were made of

tin with an earth floor. "e found a minimal

number of houses that had concrete floor but

with tin surroundings.

Latrine:


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6ow that the people of the village are more

aware of their health conditions the state of

their latrine as we observed are illustrated

below7

*ost of the residents use ring slab

"e only found one household that had a septic

tank latrine. There was no presence of any hanging latrine.

!u"e well:

*ost of the people made use of tube well and

most of the household had their own personal

tube well. Those people who did not have any

tube well took water from other?s tube well

near by. They use the tube well water for

cooking and drinking purposes.

!rees and (nimals:


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/reenery and trees is what fills one?s eyes

when you visit a village. The trees that we saw

are listed below7

*ango, coconut, papaya, mehagoni, bamboo,

date, +ackfruit, star fruit, custard apple,

blackberry etc.

There were a number of domestic animals

such as oxen, cow, goat, ducks, chicken etc.. It

was told to us that there are some wild animals

like fox, mongoose, khatash, snake etc.

Land:

$and was to the fullest of resource in the

village and we observed that most of it was

used for farming or agricultural purposes and a

very minimal amount of land was used as

playing ground etc.

ponds:


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"e found : ponds in our para and these ponds

were primarily used for bathing or washing

items. Some villagers, particularly farmers use

the ponds to wash their crops.

Shops:

"e found : small shops that were situated

within the village. 5ne was at the opening

mouth of the village and the other was the

farthest end of the village. The goods that were

available in these shops were soap, chips,

chocolates, tea, drinks or beverage, biscuits

kerosene, etc

$eneral Information:

&rom the very first part of our course we were

given five sets of survey !uestionnaires and

our group consisted of five members, therefore

we had to investigate twenty five households.


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The following tables are the analysis of the

data that we have collected from our survey.

(ge and Se) %istri"ution:

!a"le: *.+. (ge and Se) %istri"ution to

Study Population

(ge $roups ale

&o ,

>(4> 4: D.4C

4>(:> 4= C.FC

:>(;> 4: D.4C

;>( 4C 4>.DC

(=> 4: D.4C


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=>(A> A ;.=F

A>(D> B B

D>(C> ; 4.C>

C>(F> B B

F>(4>>G B B

Source7 &ield Survey Spring

:>>C

Sample Si)e7 := 0ouseholds

ccording to the instruction given to us we

investigated := households. In total there were

4AD people living in that village out of which there

were DC male members and CF female members.

arital Status:

!a"le: *.- arital Statuses


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arital Status ale

&o ,

*arried ;=


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1amily !ype:

!a"le: *.* 1amily !ypes

1amily !ype &o

Extended B

oint >C


&rom the survey we could extract the

information that within these ;= households

only < of them were +oint families and the :=

remaining households were nuclear families.

The number of extended families were >.

Primary Occupation:


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!a"le: *.3 Primary Occupations

Occupation ale

&o

Income Earner ;:

0ouse "ife B

Student :C

'nemployed B

%ependent 8hildren9 :>C



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s we surveyed the household of

Koshabhanga(4, we got thirty two male who

have income source. 2est of them was

students and dependent. 5n the other hand,

we conducted a research on the women of

Koshabhanga(4 as well and there were twenty

five percent female were housewives and rest

of them were still dependent.

1amily Income:

!a"le: *.2 1amily Incomes

Income Range &o

#elow ;>>>> ;

;>>>>(D=>>> 4C

D=>>>(4>>>>>G


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Source7 &ield Survey

:>>C


0ere we can see from above mentioned chart

that different people have their different range

of income. #y seeing the different incomes of

different households we can state that most of

the families of Koshabhanga(4 were middle

class. $ike the families who get more than

;>>>> per year will fall under middle class

family. "e can see from the chart that around

D:J of the people of Koshabhanga(4 have this

range of income. In Koshabhanga(4 most of

the families are middle class.

4ducational Bac5ground of the mem"ers of

6osha"hanga7+


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!a"le: *.8 4ducational Bac5grounds of the

Villagers

Level of 4ducation ale

&o ,

3rimary 4: D.4CJ

Secondary D


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secondary and 4: primary school passed

people.

!ransact ap:

Transact mapping is one of the crucial part of

village mapping. It is a representation, a sketch

of a particular area of the village most

resources were found or abundant. To draw

out a transact map we had to choose a limited

area and within that boundary we had to write

down and describe what it is that we

encountered from the very first foot step to the

very last step. It shows the micro level of land

use and how the people use that land.

Procedure:

The first thing to do is to choose an area from

where we would begin the walk. Then we had

to draw a rough sketch of the walk and the


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walking distance should be within 4(=> steps

where one step is e!ual to 4= inches. while

walking on the road one has to look at both

sides of the road and pick the road that looks

most resourceful. fter choosing the road we

had to observe and note down everything that

we saw and we often asked the villagers if we

did not understand anything. fter we note

down where everything is located and so on

we draw out the final transact map

!ransact 9al5:

The transact walk depicts the organi)ed

diagram of the outline of elements that have

been observed in the study area which is

inclusive of the land use , the type of soil,

vegetation and so on.

(pplication:


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The main purpose of this kind of mapping is to

exemplify the relationship between the

different but important components of the

village.

%escription of the !ransact ap:

&or our transact map we took the west side of

the village. This part was, out of our

observation, considered to be most resourceful

than any other part of the village. 5ur map

begum with bamboo trees followed by some

free landHspaces and then some houses

followed by ponds and then houses again. The

rest of the land was used for cultivation

purposes.

(nalysis of the !ransact ap:

transact map is very helpful because it gives

a mental picture and a clear idea of the place.


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t a glance of the map one may paint a mental

picture of the place, its surroundings and its

condition. $isted below are the issues that had

a ma+or impact on our report7

Steps:

ccording to the instruction given, we took :=>

steps for our transact map.

Land se:

"ithin the transact area most of the land was

used for cultivating purposes and the rest of

the land was occupied by residence, trees and

ponds.

Soil !ype:

The total transact area?s soil was entirely

sandy loam.

;rops:


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In the high land we observed that the main

crop was mustard. The other crops available in

the transact area were paddy, mai)e, tobacco

and cabbage.

!rees:

*any trees could be seen along the transact

road, such as coconut trees, mango trees date

trees, mehegoni, +ack fruit trees, papaya trees

and a large number of bamboo bushes.

'ouse !ype:

"e found that most of the houses were made

of tin. There was only one house that had a

concrete floor but was surrounded by tin.

Pond se:

The people of the village mainly used the

ponds for washing their clothes or household


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items and would rarely catch fishes form those

ponds.

Pro"lems:

The problems that the villagers faced in the

area were of gas and another ma+or problem

that we found was arsenic.

1indings:

"e did not find any primary or high school in

that area.

The total 3ara?s soil is sandy loam.

There was no mos!ue and madrasa in the

3ara.

"e found that the village had electricity

The ma+or problem found in that village was of

gas and arsenic.

Social change is the evolution of culture over

time. 6ot only we change to respond with time


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but also change the entire elements around us.

Everything about us changes with time. &or

example our mindsets, beliefs, norms,

attitudes and etc. s the shift in culture takes

place the society or the community changes as

well. It is slow and gradual in nature and it

causes the modifications in people?s living

patterns. Social change takes place as

humans seek improvement and !uality in living

standards. number of factors influence

Social hange either internal or external.

Social hange literally happens everywhere but

the rate of change differs from place to place. It is

possible that countries with a better access of

technology and information could experience

faster changes. Though Social hange is

sometimes intentional but mostly it is unplanned.


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$ike any other changes it faces controversy as

well. 6ot everyone is willing to accept changes

right away so there are barriers regarding Social

hange.

"e have tried to analy)e and examine the

Social hange factors of Kartigram village,

Koshabhanga para (4 8*anikgan+9 . 5ur main

ob+ectives of this part of our $&E were to

identify

what changes Koshabhanga para 4 went

through, what socio(economic reasons are

behind this

change and development, when the changes

happened, what impact these changes are

making in

rural 3eoples? life specially our para and how

the villagers are ad+usting or reacting to these


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changes

!a"le 3.+ : !imeline analysis for Social

;hange:

hanges Sheikh *u+ib

period

iaur 2ahman

period

0.*. Ers

period

0ouse 0old

griculture

TractorsTractorsTractors

3esticides5ccupation*ostly farmers*ostly

farmers*ostly farmers, rickshaw

pullers&armers, rickshaw pullers, workers,

service holder&armers, rickshaw pullers,

workers, service holders, business&armers,


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rickshaw pullers, workers, service holders,

business&ood Trees

#lackberry, 6eem, *oss

0ealth

8Toilets95pen field5pen

fieldSanitationSanitation

Sanitation

&3 8&amily 3lanning9Sanitation

&3 8&amily 3lanning9

Education *ale

&emale

%rinking water

3ond3ondTube(wellTube(wellTube(wellTube(

wellIncome

6utrition


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/ender *obility

rime

0ouse structure

*ud and clay*ud and clay*ud, clay and

tin*ud, clay, tin and brick*ud, clay, tin and

brick*ud, clay, tin and brick&estival

*arket %istance

&ar&ar&arloselose-illage grocery"ild life

%owry

lothing

$ungi, gamcha, sari,$ungi, gamcha, sari,

pai+ama, pan+abi$ungi, gamcha, sari, pai+ama,

pan+abi, shirts, trousers

$ungi, gamcha, sari, pai+ama, pan+abi, shirts,

trousers.$ungi, gamcha, sari, pai+ama, pan+abi,

t shirts, shirts, trousers,$ungi, gamcha, sari,


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pai+ama, pan+abi, t shirts, shirts,

trousers,Entertainmentsports

hadudu, danguli

hadudu, danguli

'ouse 'old:

%uring the Sheikh *u+ib period, oint families

were very common. ccording to the villagers

there were more problems in the society as the

children started growing up and got married.

The extended family did not always have a

very good understanding. "ith time, things

started changing in Koshabhanga. &rom the

Ershad period the villagers witnessed the

emergence of Semi 6uclear families but the

ma+ority of the family members lived nearby

and probably cooked inone kitchen. Than

finally they got introduced to complete 6uclear


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families. "e have come across many families

who are living independently.

(griculture:

&rom Sheikh *u+ib period, the farmers of the

village mostly were depended on cows for

agriculture. #ut with the development of

technology and its availability, they started

using tractors more and more from Ershad

period. Since then, a lot of farmers could afford

buying tractors. #ut with time the soil !uality

went down. In the same land, production also

reduced. The farmers even started using more

and more 3esticides.

Occupation:

&rom the beginning the most popular

occupation was that of farmers. "ith little

education, the males had to play the role of


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farmers. Then as population increased and

roads were build, people also started working

as rickshawpullers and drivers of different

vehicles during Ershad period. fter that from

the Khaleda ia period, villagers also started

working as workers of different factories

specially garments factory and different shops.

fter that from the Sheikh 0asina period, the

villagers for attracted to business and started

running it as well. Some of them owned shops

in Kartigram and others also owned grocery

stores in the area.

1ood 'a"its:

Since the early Sheikh *u+ib period, the

villagers were always into fishes and

vegetables. &rom the Ershad period, the red

meat started becoming more common but they


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still went on eating fishes and vegetables at a

large scale.

;ommunication:

There were hardly any roads during Sheikh

*u+ib period so it was almost impossible to

hire or ride any vehicles to travel within the

village. ccording to the villagers, roads

started building up properly from the Ershad

period. Since then the village changed a lot.

&or better communication, factories started

building up nearby so they got the opportunity

to work and all the other marketHbusiness

expanded. /radually commercial vehicles like

trucks and lorries could also move in the area.

The villagers also claim that they first saw

mobile phone in Sheikh 0asina period.

!ree Species:


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Though there were no roads early on during

the Sheikh *u+ib period but there were lot of

trees. &or example, #lackberry, 6eem, *oss

could be found in almost all the houses. #ut

with the increase of population and limited land

trees kept on decreasing. Some trees like

#lackberry are very rare in Koshabhanga para

4.

'ealth:8Toilets9

Early on, during the during the Sheikh *u+ib

period, the villagers were not so much aware

of sanitation. large number of people chose

open field to respond to the call of nature.

&rom the Ershad period, they started taking

sanitation seriously. It was nice to see almost

all the houses have their own toilets and the

ring latrine being the most common. They also


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got introduced about &3 8&amily 3lanning9 in

Sheikh 0asina period specially through 6/5.

4ducation:

The villagers admit that they never had any

serious concerns about male education though

they preferred them to start assisting their

parents in farming soonest. "ith time male

education increased but the best part was the

significant increase of female education. The

villagers identify that this shift in female

education started back in Ershad period. There

are other key issues and developments in this

field which are very prominent as well. Early

marriage was very common in the village and

the females were the main victims. The

villagers now started taking education

seriously. fter in!uiring, we came to know


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they deem certain level of education and age

important before getting their children married.

&or *ales, A>J of villagers think they should

be at least := years old before they get

married. :>J of villagers suggest age :; while

the other :>J say age ;>.

In terms of education F>J of villagers feel

*ales should pass # before getting married

and the rest 4>J suggest 0S.

&or &emales C>J of the villagers want them to

be at least :> years old while 4>J say age 4C

and the rest 4>J argue for age ::.


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!a"le 3.-: $ender o"ility


:>>C


5ne of the greatest pleasure for us during the visit

was to experience the villagers wanting the

&emales to get educated before getting married.

fter we completed our survey it was found F>J

of the villagers want the &emales to pass 0S

asting -ote 4>>J

Shopping D>J

-isiting relatives outside the village F>J

"atching T- =>J

"atching -2 CJ


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before getting married while the rest 4>J still think

SS.

%rin5ing 9ater:

In the first two periods of Sheikh *u+ib and

iaur 2ahman, mostly the villagers used pond

for drinking water but from the Ershad time, the

ma+ority is drinking water from the tube(well.

nd a large number of villagers have their own

tube(wells.

Income:

&or this issue, the villagers responded, though

income has increased but the story is not the

same about their disposable income. &irstly

the only source of earning for the villagers was

local currency but now they are contributing in

foreign exchanges. "e came across certain

families whose members are working abroad


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as labors and regularly sending money. The

villagers express the first time they got the

opportunity of going abroad was back in

Ershad period.

&utrition:

Though the nutrition was on the rise for the

first two periods 8Sheikh *u+ib and iaur

2ahman9 but it kept on declining since then.

$ender o"ility7

Till the Ershad period, the villagers were kind

of conservative in letting the females move

around. #ut since then the mobility of females

are rising at a steady rate. Some of the

activities that the female members of a family

allowed to perform are as follows7

;rime:


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ust after the liberation, crimes were sky high

as there was lack of control and no proper law

enforcement. #ut gradually villagers came up

with innovative ideas to protect themselves like

lathibahini. So overall after the liberation law

and order in the village was improved specially

at the time of Ershad.

'ouse Structure:

In the first two periods, mostly the houses were

build with mud and clay. The villagers started

building houses with tin from the Ershad

period. nd after that from the Khaleda ia

period, they are also making their houses

using bricks.

1estival:

fter the liberation as the population increased

significantly and competition also rose, the


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villagers got very much engaged with work.

"ith the price hike of essentials, they had to

work harder and could not en+oy festivals like

before. So the festivals kept on decreasing in

every periods and are very rare now except

some Lmela?.

ar5et %istance:

The markets were very far before as the village

lacked proper roads to move around. %uring

the Ershad period lot of roads were build. So it

was from the Khaleda ia period that the

villagers got the availability of markets nearby.

nd in the present time we can also see

grocery stores in local areas.

9ild life:

The villagers claim it was the sound of foxes

they heard every evening +ust after the


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liberation. "ith time the population in the

village increased. $ot of roads and houses

were build so wild life got affected. Throughout

all the periods wild life kept on decreasing. &or

example wild cats, fox etc.

%owry:

This has always been a very unfortunate issue

for the villagers. $ot of females were being

tortured for dowry. Though it is a good sign,

dowry has been decreasing with time

throughout all the periods but the males still

accept it in the form of gifts. &or ;lothing:

In the first period after the liberation war, the

villagers usually wore Llungi?, Lgamcha? and

Lsari?. In the second period, the Lpan+abi? and

Lpai+ama? was introduced. &rom the Ershad


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period, the villagers started wearing trousers

and shirts more.

4ntertainment:

The villagers stated in the first two periods of

Sheikh *u+ib and iaur 2ahman, they used to

entertain themselves through a lot of ways.

Some of the popular events included Lhadudu?,

Ldanguli?. #ut the entertainment sources like

the festivals kept on decreasing as well. The

villagers said now the main source of

entertainment for them is 2adio. T- and also

Satellite hannels.

The key changes that occurred in Koshabhanga

para(4 of Kartigram village after the liberation are

as follows7

3ositive changes

*ore health conscious


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3rogress in education

ommunication development

Scientific irrigation system Sanitation system

6egative changes

'nemployment

%rug abuse

3opulation increase

2educing social values

Encroachment of cultivable land

!a"le 2.-: Profession of income earning

mem"ers

Profession Location of the respondent

-illage

Koshabhanga*anikgang


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sador5ther

%istricts5utside The ountrygriculture4C

8=>J9Mattle

2earing:: 8CCJ9M3etty #usinessHShop;

8::J9M-endor(4 8


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professional works all the households 84>>J9

are involved in poultry rearing.

=.


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The people of our village mostly take loans

from the 6/5s. They also take loans from the

local money lenders and from their relatives.

!a"le 2.*: Sources of loan

Sources >(mount Borrowed


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:>>C Sample Si)e7 := 0ouseholds

The 6/5s that provide loans for the villagers

are 3roshika, #2, #uratangail etc. nd the

villagers also take loans from these 6/5s.

The hardly take loans from #anks. nd for

small amounts they take loans from their

relatives and friends with no interests. The

local money lenders also provide loans but

they charge very high amount of interest.

5.4.5.1 Interest Rates

The interest charged by different sources is

different from one another. In the following

graph different interest rates charged by

various sources are shown

$raph 2.3: Interest Rates on the Loans


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&rom the table, we can see that most 6/5s

are charging high interest rates compared to

other sources loans. $ocal money lenders also

charge high interest rate but lower than most

of the 6/5s. 2elatives don?t charge any

interest rate, but they usually are able to

provide very low amount of loan.

%omestic (nimals:

%omestic animals are also a good indicator of

evaluating economic conditions of the people.

&amilies with more domestic animals are

considered more economically capable. The

following table shows the number of different

animals owned by different families.

Table =.


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;ow --

$oat +-

Poultry Birds -2

Pigeon +

Source7 &ield Survey Spring :>>C


In our village survey of := households we found

that almost all of them have domestic animals as

we found :: households with cows and 4:

households with goats. s most of the families fall

into middle class but according to their earnings

they are able to afford domestic animals. nd we

also found that all the families have poultry birds in

the village koshabhanga. Even the poor families

have at least :H; poultry birds.


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'ouse !ype:

In our village survey we saw different types of

houses, which are a good indicator of the

economic condition of the family. "e saw that

most of houses are very simple except some

house of some high level income groups. "e

hardly found any house that is made of

concrete. The following table will figure

percentage of different types of houses of

different income groups

Table 5.5 : House Type

!ype Roof

6o. J

Tin :: CCJ

Bamboo ; 4:J

Wood ( (


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Earth

Concrete ( (


:>>C


As can be seen from the table- , most of the roofs in

koshabhanga are made of tin . This can be a sign of

economic status of the society. According to the

survey there is no use of wood either in roof purpose

or in making the walls or flooring. Concrete is used tobuild only 8% of the house walls, !% of the house

flooring purpose. The middle class families are the

owner of those houses made by tin overall. Almost all

the floors of the houses are made up with earth ormud. The upper class peoples" houses are made up

with concrete and tin. The walls are in concrete and


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the roofs are made by tin. #nly the lower income

group people live in bamboo made houses.

"ealth and possessions has alway

'pper lass.

*iddle lass.

$ower lass.

The features of these classes have been

described next7

pper ;lass:

3eople of Koshabhanga with the income range

of above TK D=,>>>H( yearly, we classified as

the 'pper lass. %ifferent attributes of this

group are given below7

Occupation: *ost of the people in this

segment are land owners and some are

service holders works in the city or outside the

country.


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(mount of Land Owned:3eople of this

segment usually have around :> B A> #igha of

$and.

Pattern of 'ouse:Tin(shed, Tin build houses

with concrete floor are the typical of the

families of this segment.

(ssets:#ecause of their high income

compared to the other households they usually

own more assets than others. This class has

electricity in their houses so they also own

electronic goods like T-, -2, and assette

3layer etc. They also possess dining tables,

chairs, Study tables, show cases etc.

(nimal and Poultry:This segment owns :(=

ows and 4=(:> 3oultry birds. The meat and

eggs of the poultry birds and the milk from the

cows are consumed domestically.


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!oilet:lmost all the families of this segment

own slab latrines or semi pacca latrine.

Savings: This particular segment has yearly

savings between TK 4>,>>> B :=,>>>. Such

high amount is earmarked for wedding

expenditures, further investment in paddy

cultivation and education of the children.

1ood:3eople from this segment eat meat or

fish everyday. They have different types of

vegetables in all their meals. #esides, milk

from their cows and eggs from their poultry

birds are also consumed by them.

iddle ;lass:

The middle class families have annual family

income ranging between Tk.;>,>>>(D=,>>>.

%ifferent attributes of this class are given

below.


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Occupation:The main occupation of this

segment is agriculture along with petty

business. nd also some service holder

working in the city falls in this segment.

(mount of Land owned:3eople of this

segment have land of :(; #igha.

Pattern of 'ouse:The ma+ority of the houses

of this class are tin(shed with wall made up of

tin and floors of earth.

(ssets:In our village families from the middle

class also have electricity in their houses. The

have electric bulbs and fans but they usually

don?t have T- or -2s. s for furniture, this

class of families has bed, a few chairs, tables

and almira.

!oilet:*ost of the families of this segment

have slab latrines and a few have pit


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latrines Savings: This segment has yearly

savings ranging between Tk.=,>>>(4=,>>>.

These families are mostly members of various

6/5s working in the village and maintain their

saving with the 6/5s so that they can obtain

micro(loans later on to invest in livestock and

poultry.

1ood:This class of people has vegetables

with their meals of rice everyday. They have

fish or meat twice or thrice a week.

Lower ;lass:

This segment of 3eople with their yearly

income below TK ;>,>>>H( portrays the unfold

sufferings of poverty. This segment of people

has somehow managed to find a small space

to build their dwelling hut in this village. They

cannot sustain throughout the year. Some


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times of the year, they only have one meal in a

day. The features of this class have been

unfolded below.

Occupation:The occupation of this segment

of people are agri labor, who do cultivation on

others lands and get a payment for that. Some

of them are transportation workers and labors

in the districts.

(mount of Land owned:The homestead

area is less than five decimals. It would be

redundant to mention that they have no arable

land.

Pattern of 'ouse: The wall is made up of

bamboo thatch, or tin, or both. The floor is

earth and the roof is made up of bamboo

thatch.


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(ssets:They don?t have any electricity in their

houses its only because they can not afford it.

They have hardly any furniture except a bed.

few were found to have small wooden seats

like tools.

!oilet:Some families of this class have pit

latrines and some families have hanging

latrines.

Savings: *ost of them have no savings at the

end of the month. Some of them maintain

savings with the 6/5s through weekly

subscription and those are very small

amounts.

1ood: Their meals mainly consist of

vegetables and rice. They occasionally have

fish, meat and fruits.


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The village of Koshabhanga, our assigned

village during $&E, is a typical bangladeshi

village with its economy getting shaped by the

contribution of agriculture. Seventy percent of

their earning solely comes from the sector of

agriculture. It is true that with the improvement

of technology the yield of crops from the land

will also increase but the impact on

environment should also be taken into account

for the well(being of villagers. It has been

proved that chemical fertili)ers and

insecticides have harmful impact on the

environment and the living beings. In this

:4stcentury along with the economy, green

accounting is also being given importance in

many countries of the world. &ollowing in the

footsteps of developed communities,


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importance on education and health care

should be given to improve the village?s

economy. 5n the other hand, as the number of

educated people grows, the tendency to

migrate to the cities will also increase. This is

because, agricultural lands are being

divided among the increasing family

members from small portions to even smaller

parts and small portions of land received by

the members are not enough to suffice the

need of the members. s, a result many

people are going for other options like doing

small businesses, going to big cities and

abroad for +obs. "ith the increase of the

number of educated people in the village ,

the door of new opportunities is being

opened and people are trying their luck in


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different professions other than agriculture .

lthough, agriculture is loosing its

effectiveness in the economy of Koshabhanga

village, this sector can recover its position with

the use of more moderni)ed technology and a

well planed financial support from the

government.

0ealth and Environment

A.> Introduction

0ealth and environment are probably two of

the most important sections from where we

can visuali)e the view of the village. 0ealth is

basically dependent into environment and

some basic health related condition. "e know,

Environments means surrounding, especially

the material and spiritual influence, which

affect growth, development and existence of a


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living being. There have two types of health,

one is physical health and another is mental

health. 0ealth is much more inter related with

the environment, water, sanitation, food,

nutrition state, hygiene practices, socio(

economic and demographic characteristics,

living standard and health care facility and

many other factors influence and affect the

total health status. So, health and environment

are interrelated to each other and increasingly

central to our lives. The awareness about

health and environment are increasing day by

day. $ike other countries, #angladesh has a

strong commitment to address the health and

environment issues.

3eople are become more conscious about

their health. 6ow days, there are a lot of


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government, non(government organi)ations

which really help villagers very much. They

inform villagers about diseases, vaccination,

and family planning etc. *ost of the villages of

#angladesh do not have hospitals or clinics.

s a result poor people do not get the proper

services from the /ovt. hospital. few lucky

persons get the better treatment from the

private sector because they can effort. Some

of them go to abroad to get the best health

treatment.

Sanitation can contribute a lot to preventing

spread of disease through transmission of

micro organism. proper sanitation system

involves arrangement to store, collect, process

and deliver human wastes and other forms of

wastes back to nature in a safe manner.


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#angladesh has committed herself to

improve the health and environment condition.

In 4FCF, a new *inistry of Environment and

&orest was created. In *ay 4FF:, a national

environmental policy was formulated and a

national environmental action plan developed.

In 4FF=, the #angladesh Environment

3rotection 5rdinance was enacted. The

government efforts provide protection of health

and environment issues.

long with global initiatives, due to publicity

and awareness building, there is a declining

trend of health and environment problems in

#angladesh. #ut still there exists many such

problems which impediment national progress.

Same scenario is applicable for village Kosha

vanga(4.


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A.4 5b+ectives

To know the health conditions in our studied

NKosha vangaO

To know the health facilities the villagers

usually get.

To find out the medical facilities available in

this village.

To find out the drug abuser?s problem.

To know the /5 and 6/5?s affect(activities on

medical condition of this village.

To reali)e the vaccination situation of the

village.

To know the health overall consciousness of

the villagers.

To know about the present environmental

condition of the village.

To know the use of insecticides and natural

and chemical fertili)er and the effect of theseon environment.

A.: *a+or 3rocedure

#y doing 32 in the first step.


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ollecting data by using !uestionnaire survey.

#y doing the cross check.

&inding the inside story of health andenvironment condition.

Summari)ing the data.

A.; 3resent 0ealth ondition In #angladesh

%uring the nineties, considerable progress

has been achieved in #angladesh in the fields

of 0ealth. The Immuni)ation 3rogram, which

has been acclaimed worldwide, now covers

D>J of children compared to ==J in 4FF>(F4.

3rimary 0ealth(care facilities have been

expanded throughout the country. Infant and

maternal mortality rates have come down

dramatically. ontraceptive 3revalence 2ate

has increased to around => percent, as a

result of which population growth rate is now

below : percent.


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The /overnment is actively involved in

providing primary health care facilities though

'nion and Thana 0ealth omplexes,

secondary health care facilities through %istrict

level hospitals, and tertiary health(care

facilities through *edical ollege 0ospitals,

3ost(graduate Institutes and speciali)ed

hospitals at divisional and national levels.

part from /overnment initiatives, a good

number of 6/5s and private organi)ations are

playing an important role in the health sector.

linic facilities, health care services on

immuni)ation, *0(&3, 6utrition, 0ealth(

education, provision of safe drinking water,

sanitation, control of epidemics and endemic

diseases, supply of essential drugs, etc.

A.< The Environment s #lessing


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The environment can be easily defined. It

consists of the air, water, and land around us.

These elements can be considered as

blessings, including ecosystem in which we

can spend our lives easily and natural

resources with which we can produce

essentials to live in *other 6ature.

*anufacturing units and household

units use the blessings of the environment as

they engage in activities of various kinds.

*anufacturing units lay heavy claims on the

environmental resources, but they may also

make use of its creations and their

characteristics for the well being of their own.

s manufacturing units engage in the process

of altering raw and half(finished materials into

usable goods and services that will satisfy


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human wants, there are at least three ways

found in which the environment can be

disturbed and lose its beauty.

&irstly to say, some of the

environmental stocks of exhaustible properties

may be reduced. These include coal, oil, gas

and many mineral resources. Secondly, it is

called upon for replaceable resources like

timber, grassland, oxygen, nitrogen and many

other natural gases. It is a matter of time but

soon we will see the use of these invaluable

gases around us. Thirdly and worst, it is used

as a place to dispose of the wastes of the

production and utili)ation processesM as a

massive waste removal.

A.= 3resent Environment ondition 5f

#anglades


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Environmental degradation and

depletion of natural resources are often

observed in #angladesh due to poverty, over(

population and lack of awareness on the

sub+ect. It is manifested by deforestation,

destruction of wetlands, depletion of soil

nutrients, etc. 6atural calamities like floods,

cyclones and tidal(bores also result in severe

socio(economic and environmental damage.

/rowth rate of


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exist in only


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environment with development in a policy

framework.

A.A Effects of 3opulation in 0ealth and

Environment

The link between population growth and the

environment, health is not simple. 3opulation

growth contributes to the depletion of natural

resources and degrades environmental !uality,

which induces poverty and reduces human

welfare. In #angladesh, both rapid population

growth and a degraded environment create

serious threats to the economic development,

and in health sectors. This leads to other

serious problems such as poverty, malnutrition

and illiteracy. 5n the other hand the

environment is extremely vulnerable to

damage and degradation as a result of factors


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such as increasing population outstripping the

carrying capacity of the local resources. Since

the ma+ority of people in #angladesh derive

their livelihoods from the use and extraction of

natural resources the living condition in

#angladesh, especially of the poor, becomes

extremely vulnerable to environmental

damage. 3opulation control, migration and

poverty reduction are therefore suggested to

improve environmental !uality. 0owever, these

measures can solve the problem only partially

and temporarily as the root of these problems

lies in unfavorable policies. This emphasi)es

the need for an integrated policy, which could

control population growth, health problems and

reduce poverty as well as lead to sustainable

natural resource management.


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Explore the population(environment(health

relationship in order to examine how

environmental degradation affects the

population and how the people are the agents

of degradation in the context of #angladesh.

Suggest a set of policies which will solve both

population and environmental, health problems

in #angladesh

Existing literature on population growth

in #angladesh reveals that despite the

successful lowering of total fertility and growth

rates over the past few years, the population

has shot up from CF.F million in 4FC4 to 444.F in 4FC4 to D=A in

4FF4. The population pro+ection shows that the


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absolute number of population will increase

even if the replacement level fertility rate is

achieved and that a stable growth of

population in the country remains a distant

goal to be achieved.

The degraded environment in

#angladesh is being manifested mainly in land

degradation, water pollution, water and

sanitation problem, soil erosion, air pollution,

deforestation, wetland loss, loss of biodiversity

and degradation of the coastal environment.

Increasing population, industrial and vehicular

pollution, intensive agriculture, excessive use

of chemical fertili)er and unsustainable

commercial exploitation of resources coupled

with market, institutional and policy failures are

the ma+or causes of environmental


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degradation. 3overty leads to population

growth as more family members mean more

labor to perform household activities, more

economic opportunities and higher income.

Thereby, it increases the burden of

dependency, illiteracy and health problems.

3opulation growth creates pressure on the

availability of natural resources like land,

forests, fisheries and natural gas.

%eforestation and lack of drinking water can

increase the time cost to fuel wood gathering,

livestock pasturing and water logging.

A.D The health and environment condition of

Kosha -anga

Kosha -anga (4 is not a very developed

village though its health and environment


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condition is average. Though the disease

caused death rate is decreasing, the average

lifetime of people is also decreasing. The most

surprising matter is that there is no doctor in

this village. &or the medical treatment, the sick

people have to go to *anikgan+ general

hospital for better treatment. &or critical

treatment they usually go to %haka. 6ormally

they go to the local pharmacy for treatment.

0ealth workers come to this village. There are

tables below related those topics to

understand the health and environment

condition of Kosha -anga(4.

A.D.4 Sources of "ater for %omestic 'se

"ater is the common name for the li!uid

state of the hydrogen(oxygen compound 0:5.

3ure water is odorless and tasteless, and at


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greater depths has a blue tint. &or domestic

use, water is needed every time. So it is

important to be careful that what the sources of

water for domestic use are. "e surveyed

Kosha -anga village to know the sources of

water for domestic use. In the table below

sources of water for domestic use are shown7

!a"le 8.+ : Sources of 9ater for %omestic se


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J ;oo5ing>>:>4>Others>>>>>>>>>>

Source7 &ield Survey, anuary :>>C

lmost every house has its own tube well.

#ut we have found tow family which use one

tube well. The villagers use the water from the

tube well for drinking and domestic purposes.

*ost villagers, irrespective of their social

classes, educational backgrounds, occupation,

gender, age, and the like use tube(well as the

main source of drinking water as it has been

long known and said that ground water is the

purest source of drinking water. "e have

found that 4>>J of the households use tube

well water for drinking, which is a very good


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sign for country like #angladesh where people

hardly have access to clean drinking water.

#ut the problem of arsenic pollution

in #angladesh?s ground water has turned into

a crisis. *illions of people in rural #angladesh

have been exposed to the risk. #ut luckily our

assigned para have no arsenic have no

problem. The villagers appeared to be well

aware of this threat, yet helpless and

continued to consume the tube well water. nd

this inevitably leads them to slow poisoning.

3roshika marked the tube(well ten years ago.

5ne of the 6/5 workers told us that as it is

near the river, it is free from arsenic. #y drilling

of thousands of tube(well both for irrigation and

safe drinking, the authorities unwillingly

exposed millions of rural people to the


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naturally occurring poisons in the ground

water. 6ow the authorities should act

decisively to save millions of people from this

king of poison.

"e have seen the villagers use tree(stand

bamboo filter to free the arsenic from the tube

well water. &or that villagers use tree(bamboo

stand, up there is a NmotkaO, which contain

water. In side the NmotkaO they put breaking

break 8Ita or Surki9, NchalaO and send to filter

the water properly.

!oilet 1acility of the 'ouse:

The sanitation system has an important

aspect on health and environment. To know

about the health and environmental condition

of the village, we surveyed the toilet facilities.

There are typically two type?s toilet facilities in


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our studied Kosha -anga village. These are

safety tank and pit latrine 8ring(slab9. There is

no hanging latrine in the village. ouples of

families use septic tank facilities.

The data about the toilet facilities of Kosh

-anga village are shown below7

!a"le 8.- : !oilet 1acility

!ype

Safety !an5

Pit Latrine

'anging Latrine

!otal

&rom the above table it is clear that only < J of

the households use septic tank and FAJ of them

use ring slab or pit latrine, which means more than

FCJ have access to good toilet.


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The 6/5?s encouraged but not mandate to

install latrines in the households. %uring that

time, the 6/5 supported the villagers to install

the latrines with only =>>H==> taka and

promised to pay some amount of commissions

to those who encourage the local people to

install. In this way *ankgan+ is in a better

position when it comes to the point of

installation of the pit(latrines 8ring(slab9.

The local 6/5 N325S0IKO helped people

very much to increase there understanding

about health and hygiene. They provide

several free pit latrines 8ring(slab9. This could

possible by the intense help provided by

3roshika. They took all basic measures to

educate people about their health and hygiene.

The whole sanitary system of Kosha -anga


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village is really good. 3eople are very much

aware of proper sanitation.

;oo5ing place:

ooking place should be neat and clean for

better health. Irrespective of all the classes

and general knowledge about health and

environment, the villagers happen to have a

specific place or kitchen to cook. 0ere the

table shows the position of cooking places of

this village7

;oo5ing place

In the 5itchen

Inside the living room

Outside

Others

!otal


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The health awareness of the village people is

visible from the above table as DAJ of the

households cook in the kitchen,


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the living room, smokes will affect other people

like children. They especially cook outside the

kitchen during winter season and in rainy season

they cook in front of living room called NbarandaO

8uthan9.

9aste disposal system of 6osha Vanga 7+

"aste disposal place is impotent for

environment because from this place diseases

can spread out. The wastes those are

disposed right outside the household may

pollute the near atmosphere and may result in

infectious diseases around the area. In

*alutia, the villagers do not have wastage,

which cannot be easily disposable. The

people of Kosha -anga (4 are also

environment conscious. *ost of them dispose

all of their waste in a selective place. The data


95/156

about the waste disposal system are shown

here

9aste disposal system

In the hole "eside house

&ear "y ditch

In a specific place

&o specific place

$ive domestic animals as food

!otal

Source: 1ield Survey@ Aanuary -00/


96/156

The above table clearly reflects that

ACJ of households use a hole to dump waste,

:>J of households use nearby ditch, CJ of

households use a specific place to dump

waste, but the fact is that


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health and environment. In a under developing

country like #angladesh, C>J of the total

population lives in the villages where there are

lack of natural but the people are still uses

these for cooking. This is really harmful both

for health and environment. In our studied

8Kosha -anga (49 village unfortunately people

are not very much aware of that. The bellowed

table shows the uses of different fuels in

percentage7

1uel !ype

6erosene

1irewood

Leaves

$as


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;ow dung

Straw

!otal

The figures are showed in percentage. 5f their

use, :>.A;J is firewood, :A.FCJis leaves and

twigs, ::.:.4=J is cow

dung.

*ost of the respondents collect fuels from

natural resources like fire woods, leaves, cow

dung and straw for which they do not have to

spend money. s they have many trees in their

village, it is easy for them to get firewood from

those trees. They get leaves and twigs from

those also. They store them for rainy season.

#ut since they are using firewood, there

would be a risk of deportation of forest. It can


99/156

effect environment. . lmost every people

have Nmud chullasO in their houses. So, they

use firewood, leaves and twigs, straw and cow

dung. They have another source of energy that

produce from wood. This is known as Ntush?.

In our studied := families we have not found

any use of kerosene or gas. There is also no

use of biogas plant. 'sing biogas is

comparatively less harmful to health and

environment. biogas plant is built with simple

technology and uses raw material easily

available with the rural households.

/overnment or 6/5?s should take proper

steps to install the bio(gas plants in the studied

village. 'sing fire(wood., leaves and twigs,

straw, cow(dung is very much ha)ardous to

health. It causes asma, cough, eye(problems


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etc. various diseases to the villagers. ooking

and heating with straw, cow(dung, leaves on

open fires or traditional stoves 8mud stoves9

results in high levels of indoor air pollution.

Indoor smoke contains a range of health(

damaging pollutants, such as small particles

and carbon monoxide, and particulate pollution

levels may be :> times higher than accepted

guideline values. Indoor cooking and heating

with dung, straw, wood or coal produces high

levels of indoor smoke that contains a variety

of health(damaging pollutants. There is

consistent evidence that exposure to indoor air

pollution can lead to acute lower respiratory

infections in children under five, and chronic

obstructive pulmonary disease and lung

cancer in adults.


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Vaccination of ;hildren at 6osha Vanga:

%isease prevention is the key to public

health. It is always better to prevent a disease

than to treat it. -accines prevent disease in the

people who receive them and protect those

who come into contact with unvaccinated

individuals. -accines help prevent infectious

diseases and save lives. -accines can control

many infectious diseases that were once

common in this country, including polio,

measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, measles

and tetanus. -accination program of the

children against six ma+or deadly diseases are

highly successful in the village. 3reviously

people were not very much conscious about

their health in a sense that there are not so

much diseases. #ut as the literacy rate is


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increasing the people are getting more and

more aware of the situation. 6ow the villagers

are much concern about the health of their

children. Talking with the people we found that

most of the children in Kosha -anda village

were vaccinated on the time after birth.

-illagers know the time and purpose to contact

the health centers for vaccination. This

became possible because of mass T- 1 2adio

advertising, and for the dedicated workers of

the health centers. The /5 workers motivated

them to vaccinate their children. 'nfortunately

there are some families who started the

vaccination program but did not complete the

whole course.

Vaccination of ;hildren


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2esponse 6o

Pes =>

6o 6I$$

Source7 &ield Survey anuary :>>C

The table shows that the 4>>J of children

are vaccinated in Kosha -anga (4. This

happens only because for awareness of it. &or

education, media awareness /5 and 6/5

worker?s motivational activity parents become

so conscious regarding immuni)ation program

in our country. *edia played a great roll for

awareness of vaccination. The drama

encouraged families to go to and use the

services for vaccination. This table shows that

the government is successful in respect of

immuni)ation program.


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"e surveyed around := families? village

NKosha -anga (4O in *anikgan+. &rom the

above table we can notice that 4>>J of

children are vaccinated. Some families have

no children, so we did not count them. *ost of

the villagers did not have I%?s 8or card9 as

proof that they have been vaccinated. The

data F>J is given according to the information

gathered. In this F>J, FFJ children are fully

vaccinated and some are not.

'ealth ;are facilities:

0ealth care facilities have very important

role regarding the health issue of human

health. It is mandatory for all human being to

remove the diseases and all sort of sickness.

Kosha -anga a does not have any health care

facilities because there are no hospitals in the


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village or nearby the village. The villagers go to

public health care centre, local pharmacy,

dispensary and N0atureO doctor for their

treatment of &ever, cough, etc. The

/overnment hospitals, 3rivate hospitals and

the other health care centers are situated in

the *anikgan+ town. "henever the villagers

need any ma+or medical treatment they go to

*anikgan+ town which is not close to the

village. "aiting hours of *anikgan+ Sador

hospital are too long.

!a"le 8./: %istri"ution of the Respondents

according to the category of health care center

they visit.

%estinations

*anikgan+Sador0ospital


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3ublic health care centre

$ocal 6/5 0ealth "orker

$ocal 3harmacy8 Koita #a)ar9

$ocal 3riest

0erbal Treatment

0omeopath

3rivate %octor In Town


:>>C



107/156

&rom the survey among := families, we have that

most of the people 8;>J9 go to the

*anikgan+Sador0ospital when they are suffering

from a ma+or disease. They also go to the hospital

to perform any test necessary for them. They go to

the public 0ealth centre only for routine checkup.

bout :>J people go to the public health care

centre. The people do not get the expected

services from *anikgan+Sador0ospital.

good number of respondents 8:>J9 go to

local pharmacy at Koitta #a)ar. They prefer

going there because the place is familiar to

them as it is their haat. lmost every day they

go there for their daily necessities.

Immuniation schedule

Vaccine Schedule Vaccine Schedul


108/156

#/ birth

%Tw3 A, 4>, 4< weeks

0ep# A, 4>, 4, 4


109/156

chieving high routine coverage with at least

three doses of oral poliovirus vaccine 853-;9

among infants aged less than 4: months.

onducting national immuni)ation days to

interrupt widespread circulation of polio.

Establishing sensitive systems for surveillance

of polio cases.

arrying out Nmopping(upO campaigns to

eliminate the last foci of poliovirus

transmission.

%uring our research it has been noticed that the

un(vaccination fraction mainly consists of children7

"hose fathers are mainly in a low status

occupation, like(day laborersQ

*others having a low educational status orilliterate.

areless mentality.


110/156

IndifferenceHignorance parents unaware of the

factors about of these preventable diseases.

The study proves that the govt. initiatives are

totally successful in respect of immuni)ation.

A.F 3roblem related to /overnment 0ealth

are enter according to respondents

5ne of the most important problems in

rural area is the health care facility. To identify

the health and environment condition of Kosha

-anga(4 we gather information related to govt.

health care center which are given below7

3roblems related to government health care

services


111/156

Pro"lems related to $overnment health

6ot close to the home

Transport facilities are not available

Timing of the clinic is not suitable

StaffHservices are not good

&acility is not clean

"aiting hours are too long

*edicine are not available

*edicine cost is high

5ffers no privacy


112/156

&rom our available finding and analysis we found

that the people of the villager are not satisfy with

the facility of govt. health care center.

*aximum villager?s main problem is the

distance 8:DJ9. #oth Thana 0ealth omplex

and *anikgan+/overnment0ospital is far away

from the village.

*ost people told that the government

health care center does not provide free

medicine. It is because shortage of medicines

as corrupts officials often steal and sell them

outside instead of giving it to their patients. So,

inade!uate funding, inefficiency and corruption

are the barrier for getting free medical services

and free medicine. *ost of them told us the

transport facilities are not good 8CJ9. The


113/156

government health care center does not have

any ambulance. So any critical situation the

poor people cannot get any facility. The poor

villagers cannot effort the communication cost.

Some of them told us waiting hours are too

long 84;J9. nd second one is /overnment

0ealth care center don?t provide any medicine.

In /overnment 0ealth care center patient wait

long time. Some times, villagers went there

with their illness mother, sisters, and wife or

daughters. It is really harmful for the women to

wait there long time. There have no any sitting

arrangement for the ill people. "e also found

that the /overnment 0ealth care centers

stuffsH service providers are not friendly 844J9.

They 8staffs9 think that the 0ealth care service

is free. So if they 8patients9 need it, they


114/156

8patient9 will be waiting. They told us that they

do not get privacy from the government health

care center. ctually the female respondent

has informed this data to us because the

religious women do not like to meet with men.

A.4> &amily 3lanning

"e found in Kosha vanga (4 most of family

has < to = members. So it seems to us that

they take family planning program seriously

which affect the social economy also.

Poverty and 4nvironmental Ris5s:

3overty also influences health because it

largely determines an individual?s

environmental risks, as well as access to

resources to deal with those risks. Throughout

the developing world, the greatest

environmental health threats tend to be those


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closest to home. *any people in our villages

live without ade!uate shelter or in

unacceptable housing, many of them are in

lack access to safe water, and many people

have no access to ade!uate sanitation M all of

which are essential for good hygiene. 'nable

to afford clean fuels, the poor rely instead on

biomass fuels for cooking and heating. Inside

the smoky home in rural area, air pollution is

often higher than it is outdoors in the world?s

most congested cities. mong the poor in rural

area, certain groups are more at risk than

others.

"hy poor kosha -anga people become

poorerQ

The main reasons are health why poor

people become poorer. 'sually rural people in


116/156

our country are poor. They suffer a lot for

getting crops and from that they get little

amount of money. So they have to spend

these amounts for maintaining their family.

Even some times they get so little amount,

which cannot be mentionable. So they cannot

save for any unexpected situation. Income gap

increases, the health gap is also likely to grow.

So the poor rural people never get the wealth

full life.

'ow its effects of Pesticides and Insecticides

on 'ealth and 4nvironmentC

The effect of pesticides and insecticides

can cause acute or chronic effects on health.

cute 8or short(term9 effects generally occur

immediately after heavy exposure to pesticides

and insecticides. chronic effect develops


117/156

over a long period of time, and may last for

several years after initial exposure. The effect

may be related to long(term or repeated

exposure to a pesticide at a low dosage,

chronic health effects typically include cancer,

disruption of the reproductive. In Kosha

-anga(4, peasants use insecticides and

pesticides without aware, what will effect it on

environment. %uring rainy seasons these

insecticides and pesticides goes to near pond

and ditch. *any villagers use these pond and

ditch for much purpose like they wash their

domestic animal and use this water for drinking

to their cows, goats, etc. nother important

matter is there many fishes get pestilence. #ut

peasants have no other choice except use


118/156

insecticides and pesticide to save their

precious crops from the insects.

Tree 3lantation at Kosha -anga

"e found surprisingly most of the villagers

are not conscious about tree plantation. They

spend their time by gossiping and they are

very easing loving. They mainly purchase

vegetable and fruits from NKati /ram #a)aarO.

They do not use their untilled land for kitchen

gardening. They cut their trees mainly for

cooking purpose, which will bad for

environment.

D.; %efinition of *arket in a village

perspective7

Baaar: In village, villagers tell market as

#a)aar. #a)aar can be defined as a rural

market where the present and potential buyers


119/156

and sellers meet through creating and

exchanging values In order to satisfy the daily

needs and wants of the villagers.

'aat: 0aat is little bit different from the ba)aar.

In village, ba)aar stands for everyday but hut

stands for one or two days in a week. The

concept of hut is a bit different from market.

0ut is also a type of market but it is different in

a sense that it is not permanent. 0ut is specific

place where people gather once or twice in a

week to buy and sell their desired goods and

services, usually in a larger !uantity. 0aat is

located by the side of the big roads, under old

trees or by the bank of the river. These places

seem to be convenient for people to come.

/enerally price in the hut fixed through

bargaining.


120/156

!a"le .+ %ifference "etween ar5et and

'aat

ar5et

It is a fixed or established place.

It provides or contains fewer amounts of 3roducts

services.

0ere price is relatively high.

It held for everyday.

It has less buyers and sellers.


121/156

In market most of the sellers and buyers came from the s

village.

*arket is mainly for different kinds of products.

*arket is smaller than a hut.

6o. of 2etailers is more here.

In the market maximum time farmer buy the product form

retail shops.

D.< *arket and 0ut that we found in the

village7

"e were in 3rashikha which is in the village

called Koittagram. 5ur working area Katigram

#a)aar was a bit far away from that area. It


122/156

took usually 4= to :> minutes to get there by

Tempo. There weren?t any other markets

except some general stores, so villagers have

to go to Katigram to buy things. #ut the

villagers don?t face any problem for having no

market in the village. 2ather, they think that

there should be some particular places for

particular product where those products would

be available and convenient. They believe that,

in this case, place plays a vital role, distance

doesn?t matter.

s there were only one market and ba)aar and

hut were held at the same place in Katigram

we didn?t have to look for another markets. "e

went there on *onday and "ednesday. I'#

and 3rashikha authority wanted to take us in

that very day when hut takes place. 'sually


123/156

hut takes place twice a week which is on

*onday and "ednesday.

Products of the village:

"hat is productQ

product could be a good or service which is

tangible and provides benefit to its consumers.

&rom our fieldwork of $&E, we found that in

Katigram each and every kind of products

essential and needed for life is obtainable. It?s

because of easy transportation and allocation and

ongoing marketing practice. "e found that some

products are produced within the villages which

are distributed to other villages and rests of the

products come from different villages or area to

Katigram. "e saw different kinds of products in

Katigram #a)aar and hut like rice, soybean oil,

lentils, tomatoes, fruits 8specially grapes9, fish,


124/156

meat, chicken, fertili)er, different types of cloths,

furnitures, watch and coffin clothes.

Services of the village:

"hat is ServiceQ

Service is a benefit that a party can offer

another party. It?s intangible and doesn?t result

in any ownership.

%octor Service:

There are two drugs store at Katigram #a)ar.

-illagers usually buy their necessary drugs

from these shops. In one drug store an *. #.

#. S passed doctor offers his service to the

local people all days except *onday. -isit fee

for every patient is Tk. =>H(

!ransportation


125/156

D(C to carry 4< mon on average distance and

for long distance is 4=(4A taka.

Truck is used for carrying goods from %haka

and other districts of #angladesh. The price is

Tk 4=> per L%hop?.

Product ;lassification


126/156

In Katigram ba)aar we saw different kinds of

products which falls under this classification.

;onvenience $oods: onvenience goods are

the goods which people buy in minimum

shopping efforts. In Katigram ba)aar we saw

many convenience goods such as rice 8irrie9

8price7 ;>tkHlitre9, lentils

C>tkHkg, tomatoes 84:tkHkg9, lungi 8(C>tkHpc9

and fruits specially grapes 84>>tkHkg9.

Shopping $oods:Shopping goods are the goods

which are not fre!uently bought by the buyers.

There were some shopping goods in Katigram

ba)aar. -illage people don?t buy these products

fre!uently as they are a bit expensive in price.

3roducts are7 &ish 8rui9 84;>tkHkg9, meat

84=>tkHkg9, chicken 8A=tkHpc9, fertili)er

84=>>tkHbag9.


127/156

Specialty $oods:In Katigram #a)aar we saw

some specialty goods which are expensive

and the villagers have to put a lot of shopping

efforts to buy these products. "e saw some

furniture shops over there which was filled with

different types of furniture like beds each of

those are worth of C>>>tkR There were some

expensive clothes as well which are

expensive. "e asked the seller about the

reason behind it. They said they all are bought

from %haka. The !uality of cloths was really

good, specially the T(Shirts 84A=tkHpc9.

nsought $oods: The products which are not

bought usually by

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