1. What is blue, 27 kilometres in circumference, is colder than outer space and can make a black hole? Riddle time 2. THE BIG BANG MACHINE! The Large Hadron Collider, and CERN 3. How the LHC works Past accelerators And best of all About the god particle. What we will learn 4. IS IT JUST ONE ACCELERATOR? The LHC 5. Linac2 is actually bigger in size than the LHC! The LHC is only about 50Cm in width, but Linac2 is over 1.5 meters! And, it starts withwater. CERN, a French acronym, gets water and takes the hydrogen from it. The hydrogen is then put into a tank and delivered to Linac2. The source chamber is where the electrons of this these hydrogen atoms are stripped off, to leave protons they are then accelerated down this 25 meter long tube and reach 100,000 kilometres per second in speed. They are then channelled into the second part of the LHC. The booster. Click here for CERN home Linac 2 6. After the protons leave Linac2, they fly along the tube at 100,000 KM/s or 1/3 the speed of light. The booster is 157 meters in circumference and is divided into four rings. Because the booster is circular, the accelerating method changes to pulsating electric fields. The booster accelerates the protons up to 91.6% of light speed. These protons are now channelled into stage 3 of the LHC. The proton Synchrotron. The Booster 7. The PS is 628Meters in circumference and accelerates the protons up to 99.9% of light speed. However, here, the cosmic speed limit is reached and the electric pulses are still going. Why dont the protons go faster? It is because of a phenomenon called the Point of Transition. This phase of the collider makes the protons increase in mass, as they cannot break the speed of light, the added is not speed, but mass. In short, the protons cant go fasterso they get heavier in mass. The total energy of each proton is measured in units called Electron Volts and now the energy of each packet of protons is 25 GIGA electron volts. Known as GeV at CERN Now, the protons are put into the SPS, the super proton synchrotron, stage 4 of the giant donut. The Proton Synchrotron 8. This is the 2nd to last part of the LHC. It is 7 kilometres in circumference and makes the rest of the accelerators seem puny and small. It accelerates the protons up to 450GeV! And the protons stay in this ring for at least half an hour! Whereas the Proton synchrotron keeps the protons for 1.2 seconds and squeeze the protons closer together. This half an hour injects protons into the orbit of the gigantic Large Hadron Collider. Straddling both France, and Switzerland. It has a circumference of 27 kilometres. The SPS 9. ---------------------------------------------------------- Welcome to The Large Hadron Collider, or LHC! 10. This ring takes the protons from the SPS and increases the protons to 7TeV or Terra electron Volts. The magnetic force needed to keep the protons bending to the ring is so enormous, that nearly 12000 amps must flow through its electromagnets. How? By making the LHC colder than outer space, at -2 Kelvin! Zero Kelvin being absolute zero or -273 Celsius. The protons are now ready to collide in the detectors, LHCb, ALICE, CMS, and ATLAS. Particle tracks are analysed by supercomputers and it is hoped that these mini car crashes will find the Higgs Boson, and give us knowledge about our universe! Click here for CERN home as you cannot go anywhere else! The Large Hadron Collider 11. Click on one of these buttons to go to different places in the CERNs HQ Video The Accelerators CERN History wall, different PPP (not finishedyet) Gallery Higgs boson My Collider and End of show Welcome to CERN 12. Linac2 Part 1 2 Booster part 1 2 PS part 1 2 SPS part 1 2 LHC part 1 2 Other accelerators Linac 1 3 4 Antiproton decelerator The accelerators HQ 13. Linear accelerator 2 (Linac 2) is the starting point for the protons used in experiments at CERN. Linear accelerators use radiofrequency cavities to charge cylindrical conductors. The protons pass through the conductors, which are alternately charged positive or negative. The conductors behind them push the particles and the conductors ahead of them pull, causing the particles to accelerate. Small quadrupole magnets ensure that the protons remain in a tight beam. The proton source is a bottle of hydrogen gas at one end of Linac 2. The hydrogen is passed through an electric field to strip off its electrons, leaving only protons to enter the accelerator. By the time they reach the other end, the protons have reached the energy of 50 MeV and gained 5% in mass. They then enter the Proton Synchrotron Booster, the next step in CERN's accelerator chain, which takes them to a higher energy. The proton beams are pulsed from the hydrogen bottle for up to 100 microseconds per pulse. The pulses are repeated again and again until enough protons are produced. Linac 2 started up in 1978, when it replaced Linac 1. It was originally built to allow higher intensity beams for the accelerators that follow it in CERN's accelerator complex. Linac 2 will be replaced by Linac 4 in 2017 or 2018. Linac2 part 2 note, all from CERNs website 14. The Proton Synchrotron Booster is made up of four superimposed synchrotron rings that receive beams of protons from the linear accelerator Linac 2 at 50 MeV and accelerate them to 1.4 GeV for injection into the Proton Synchrotron (PS). Before the Booster received its first beams on 26 May 1972, protons were injected directly from the Linac into the PS, where they were accelerated to 26 GeV. The low injection energy of 50 MeV limited the number of protons the PS could accept. The Booster allows the PS to accept over 100 times more protons, which greatly enhances the beam's use for experiments. (From CERN) Click here to return to the Colliding home The Booster part 2 15. The Proton Synchrotron (PS) is a key component in CERNs accelerator complex, where it usually accelerates either protons delivered by the Proton Synchrotron Booster or heavy ions from the Low Energy Ion Ring(LEIR). In the course of its history it has juggled many different kinds of particles, feeding them directly to experiments or to more powerful accelerators. The PS first accelerated protons on 24 November 1959, becoming for a brief period the worlds highest energy particle accelerator. The PS was CERNs first synchrotron. It was initially CERN's flagship accelerator, but when the laboratory built new accelerators in the 1970s, the PSs principal role became to supply particles to the new machines. Over the years, it has undergone many modifications and the intensity of its proton beam has increased a thousandfold. With a circumference of 628 metres, the PS has 277 conventional (room- temperature) electromagnets, including 100 dipoles to bend the beams round the ring. The accelerator operates at up to 25 GeV. In addition to protons, it has accelerated alpha particles (helium nuclei), oxygen and sulphur nuclei, electrons, positrons and antiprotons. From CERNs website The Proton Synchrotron part 2 16. The Super Proton Synchrotron (link is external) (SPS) is the second-largest machine in CERNs accelerator complex. Measuring nearly 7 kilometres in circumference, it takes particles from the Proton Synchrotron and accelerates them to provide beams for the Large Hadron Collider, the NA61/SHINE and NA62 experiments, the COMPASS experiment and the CNGS project. The SPS became the workhorse of CERNs particle physics programme when it switched on in 1976. Research using SPS beams has probed the inner structure of protons, investigated natures preference for matter over antimatter, looked for matter as it might have been in the first instants of the universe and searched for exotic forms of matter. A major highlight came in 1983 with the Nobel-prize-winning discovery of W and Z particles, with the SPS running as a proton-antiproton collider. The SPS operates at up to 450 GeV. It has 1317 conventional (room-temperature) electromagnets, including 744 dipoles to bend the beams round the ring. The accelerator has handled many different kinds of particles: sulphur and oxygen nuclei, electrons, positrons, protons and antiprotons. The Super Proton Synchrotron part 2 17. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the worlds largest and most powerful particle accelerator. It first started up on 10 September 2008, and remains the latest addition to CERNs accelerator complex. The LHC consists of a 27-kilometre ring of superconducting magnets with a number of accelerating structures to boost the energy of the particles along the way. Inside the accelerator, two high-energy particle beams travel at close to the speed of light before they are made to collide. The beams travel in opposite directions in separate beam pipes two tubes kept at ultrahigh vacuum. They are guided around the accelerator ring by a strong magnetic field maintained by superconducting electromagnets. The electromagnets are built from coils of special electric cable that operates in a superconducting state, efficiently conducting electricity without resistance or loss of energy. This requires chilling the magnets to -271.3C a temperature colder than outer space. For this reason, much of the accelerator is connected to a distribution system of liquid helium, which cools the magnets, as well as to other supply services. The Large Hadron Collider part 2 18. The Large Hadron Collider is the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator (Image: CERN) The large Hadron Collider 19. Thousands of magnets of different varieties and sizes are used to direct the beams around the accelerator. These include 1232 dipole magnets 15 metres in length which bend the beams, and 392 quadrupole magnets, each 57 metres long, which focus the beams. Just prior to collision, another type of magnet is used to "squeeze" the particles closer together to increase the chances of collisions. The particles are so tiny that the task of making them collide is akin to firing two needles 10 kilometres apart with such precision that they meet halfway. All the controls for the accelerator, its services and technical infrastructure are housed under one roof at the CERN Control Centre. From here, the beams inside the LHC are made to collide at four locations around the accelerator ring, corresponding to the positions of four particle detectors ATLAS, CMS, ALICE and LHCb. LHC part 2 20. THE LHC GALLERY Gallery 21. Linac 2 22. Booster 23. Proton Synchrotron 24. Super Proton Synchrotron 25. The flashes are the protons LHC 26. CERN HQ Antiproton Decelerator 27. AND PETER HIGGS The God Particle 28. The Higgs Boson was suggested by Peter Higgs and, after some thinking, he said he would drive to CERN and suggest the Higgs. But on the way, there was a snag. He contemplated how CERN would take the suggestion. Peter even started slowing down, think of a two steps forward one step back type motion until he stopped. He was in great fear. He drove the rest of the way to CERN and got a shock. CERN accepted the proposition, though some were sceptical. They built the LHC and Higgs was astonished at what he found. To find the higgs boson, Click on this button. The Higgs Boson The LHC switch. Press to Collide! 29. When Peter Higgs saw what had happened, he must have yelled EUREKA!!! After that, he said, God knows what this is so the name, The God Particle stuck. This particle is virtually a ghost as we do not know much about it. CERN HQ The EUREKA!!! Moment 30. WHAT? BUT AN ANTIPROTON DOES NOT MOVE ANYWAY! The Antiproton Decelerator 31. Antiprotons are the opposite of protons. They are virtually unknown and most of my info is from CERN. After the LHC was discovered, the Antiproton Decelerator was commissioned and built onto the PS. The accelerator slows down moving antiprotons for scientists to study them. What would you do if you had a pink hamster you wanted to study. Now imagine that hamster is running all over the place. Can you catch it? The antiproton decelerator is squarish and slows down this hamster. Click here for CERN HQ Think again 32. THE PAST ACCELERATORS AND THE FUTURE ONES Linac, 1 3 4 33. This is simple to explain. Linac1 was just a particle accelerator which broke on the first try. That is literally it! Nothing more to say! Linac 1 34. This is more interesting. This accelerator is running now and shoots Pb, or Lead particles into the booster. This is a very small accelerator only half the size of Linac2 Linac 3 35. Another very uninteresting accelerator, just a backup for linac2 CERN HQ Linac 4 36. FROM A SERVER My Collider 37. It is hard to build something precise on a game, but on minecraft, it is different. I have built an LHC on a server and launched the first protons around it on the 29 of March 2015. It worked! The two protons collided with a bang and if you click on the gold button, you too can see the bang! The Large Hadron Collider revisited 38. What did we learn Quiz How many packets of protons are in the LHC? 2808 What does the booster do Accelerates the protons to 91.6% of light speed How many accelerators are there 8 What are the four detectors called ATLAS, ALICE, CMS, LHCb 39. Thanks for coming 40. BACK TO CERN HOME FOR QUESTIONS CERN HQ 41. How the LHC works CERN HQ On Off