The purpose of this paper is to review acquisitions and collection development home pages on the World Wide Web (Web) using hypertext transfer protocol (HTML). Pages at 31 institutions were examined and critiqued based on page design, eye appeal, originality, and usefulness. Specific pages are presented here as both good and bad examples. It is hoped that these examples will assist librarians in improving existing home pages and creating new and useful pages.
Home pages on the Web are becoming a very popular medium for acquisitions and collection development departments to present information to library staff both within and outside the department, those outside the library who are involved in selecting library material, and library users. I am aware of 31 such pages, virtually all of them created during the last year. Twenty-seven sites were located through the links provided at the Acquisitions Division home page at the University of Washington Libraries (UWLAD) [ 1 ]. One site was brought to my attention based on a query posted on the ACQNET listserver, and three sites were discovered by searching "libraries" using the Netscape Web browser. All of the pages are for academic libraries.
Many of the institutions designed and implemented their pages in relative haste. Making a presence on the Web as quickly as possible may have taken precedence over going slow and mounting a more thoughfully designed page. Although the theory of page design was being worked out in the late eighties and early nineties and guides for multimedia design were available, it is evident that in some cases these were ignored by those who wanted to act now and ask questions later. Now it is time to examine and improve pages already developed, and for others to learn from those who have forged ahead in this "brave new world" of interactive multimedia.
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This is not the first time humankind has had to deal with a new medium for exchanging information. To provide the reader with the some perspective, I quote here from the Web Style Manual by Patrick J. Lynch [2]:
"Most of our current concepts about structuring information stem from the organization of printed books and periodicals, and the library indexing and catalog systems that grew up around printed information. Every feature of a book, from the table of contents to the index and footnotes has evolved over the centuries, and readers of early books faced some of the same organizational problems facing the users of hypermedia documents today. Gutenberg's Bible of 1456 is often cited as the first modern book, yet even after the explosive growth of publishing that followed Gutenberg it took more than 100 years for page numbering, indexes, tables of contents and even title pages to become routine features of books. World Wide Web (WWW) and hypermedia documents must undergo a similar evolution and standardization of the way information is organized and made available in electronic form."
PAGE DESIGN
Many principles that are useful to the design of works in printed format are also applicable to the design of works disseminated via computer screen. The new media, however, presents a new set of problems based on the way the reader interfaces with the media. The problems relate primarily to the following:
1. Page length 2. Linkages 3. Downloading time 4. Typography
Page Length When reading a printed work, the page length is a standard size, and whatever that size is, the
reader can look at the entire page at once. In contrast, Web pages are more like a scroll: they can vary in length, and individual pages can disappear off the edge of the screen. Scrolling on computer screens has a disorienting affect on the reader, particularly when navigational elements like linkages disappear from the top and are not provided at the bottom of the page. Also, long pages require the user to remember too much information that has scrolled off the screen. For this reason, it is advisable in most circumstances to keep pages no more than two or three computer screens
long.
Linkages When a reader consults more than one printed work, the act of setting down a book, journal
issue, etc. (and maybe closing it) and picking up and opening another one is a very deliberate and physical act. Using HTML, by simply pointing and clicking, a reader can move from one work to another. This has a tendency to confuse and disorient the reader. This effect is exacerbated if the different works are not clearly identified. For this reason, it is advisable to clearly identify each page. Consistent graphic images or styles that run through a set of pages implicitly let the reader know where he is.
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Transfer Time A reader can easily open and page through a printed work. Turning a page takes a fraction of
a second. On the Web, however, large and intricate graphics stow the time it takes for an image to appear on the screen. This can be exacerbated by certain types of modems and lines. Lengthy transfer time is frustrating and will surely reduce the number of readers willing to look at your pages.
Typography Although home page users can print pages, most of the reading will take place directly from the
screen. The relatively low resolution of personal computer displays results in reduced reading speed and comprehension. Some types of characters can be easily read on the printed page, but are difficult to read and cause eye strain when read on the screen. This is the case for italics and small type font. Making all text large, bold, and/or upper case eliminates the important contrast between headings and text and is abrasive to the viewer.
HOME PAGE CHECKLIST
I have developed the following list of questions for use in designing a new page or evaluating an existing page.
1. Identification
• Is the name of this page displayed prominently to the viewer? Is the name self-explanatory? • What organization or individual is responsible for this page? • Who created this page? • When was it originally created? • Has it been modified, and if so, when? • Does the page provide the name, address, and telephone and facsimile numbers?
2. Page Layout
• Are the graphics appropriate for this page? • Is there a consistent graphic theme or image throughout the page set? • Is the page less than three pages long? • Is there good contrast?
• Is the layout simple and straightforward, or is it so complex that it is difficult to pick out the important information?
• Are the graphics and text in balance?
• Are the headings designed so that they provide an easy-to-understand organization/hierarchy to the page?
• Are headings easily distinguishable from the text? • Is the text easy and comfortable to read? (size, bold, upper/lower case)
3. Navigabil i ty
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• If longer than a computer screen length, is there a link from the bottom of the page back to
the top? • Are links provided from auxiliary pages back to the parent page?
4. Clarity of the Message, Orientation to the Intended Audience
• Is the information tailored to one set of users, or many users with different informational
needs?
5. Data Size
• Are graphics so elaborate that the page takes 15 or more seconds to transfer?
6. Accessibility
• Can potential users locate the page containing the information they are seeking?
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON LIBRARIES
Using this checklist as a guide, let us now examine some existing pages. First is the home page for UWLAD. As mentioned earlier, this is the first acquisitions home page that I became aware of. Peter Stevens, Division Head, first mounted the page in May of 1995. Due to its early appearance on the Web, successful design features, and comprehensive nature, The UWLAD page has become a model in the field. Because Stevens was a pioneer in the field, he mounted his pages directly from the UWLAD, without having to go through a local Web committee or Web master. This has given Stevens an unusually good level of flexibility and responsiveness. Also, the actual HTML coding is done by Steven's assistant, allowing him to concentrate his time on informational and design features without going through the HTML tedium.
In terms of identification, page layout, navigability, clarity of message, and data size, the University of Washington Libraries Acquisitions Division home page [3] is an excellent example. All of the identifying factors appear at the very top, with the exception of the dates when it was created and modified, which appear at the bottom. The graphic is very appropriate, reflecting the indigenous heritage of the region. Also, the graphic is simple enough that it does not significantly increase the data transfer time. Although the totem logo is not carried into auxiliary pages, in all other respects, the graphic style is continued, including the color, font, and size of the headings and text; the gray background; the same style of buttons; and the columnar presentation combined with bullets. Your mind instinctively tells you that you are still at the UWLAD site. The page is of moderate length, and the pale gray background provides adequate contrast to the text and headings. The vertical column, which is flush left with items highlighted by bullets, is straightforward and self-explanatory. The totem graphic provides a good balance to the page; however, some sort of continuation of this on auxiliary pages would be helpful. The hierarchy of information is very clear and the text is easy to read. A button is provided at the bottom of the page to return to the top. Also, the same button choices that are provided at the top are repeated at the bottom, eliminating the necessity of returning to the top in most instances.
The UWLAD home page has three useful features near the top of the page: a statement of purpose for both the department and the page; a link for providing electronic feedback; and buttons linking viewers to frequently sought-after sources of information. The statement of purpose may
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seem elementary, but is very useful in helping viewers determine if they have reached the most appropriate page. The button labeled "about Acquisitions" takes the viewer to a set of pages providing detailed information about the unit, including annual reports, backlog reports, monthly reports, an organization chart, staff work schedules list, and a systems equipment inventory. Providing links to these pages from the page would have made it unwieldy. In like fashion, the "vender information" button takes the viewer to a large subset of categories which would have increased the length of the page considerably. A link to an overall acquisitions index is also provided for viewers who cannot quickly locate the information they are seeking on the main page. Of primary importance are the two buttons labeled "for Book Selectors" and "for Acquisitions Staff." The two buttons dramatically reduced the number of links that would have been necessary on the page. They also lead the viewers in two directions, depending on the type of information they would be interested in. Segregating the information by the audience is extremely effective in presenting the information concisely and unencumbered by irrelevant information. For example, Innovative Interfaces related information for selectors treats such topics as placing online requests, funds, searching methodology, location codes, etc. For library staff it treats some of the same topics, as well as topics more relevant to their work, such as duplication guidelines, electronic ordering information, currency codes, and a guide to selectors by fund. In this way, viewers can avoid having to wade through mountains of irrelevant information.
Despite its many strengths, at the time I reviewed the UWLAD home page, it had two features in need of improvement. First was the horizontal layout. For those who had screens narrower than 12 inches, the third button near the top, "about acquisitions," disappeared off the top of the screen. First-time users will instinctively use the horizontal scroll bar to scroll to the right to see if there is any information "lurking" out there, only to find that there is none. The major drawback was accessibility. Amazingly, there was no link within the University of Washington pages to the acquisitions page. The only way to locate the page was to access it from another Web site outside of the university, such as AcqWeb.
DARTMOUTH COLLEGE, BAKER LIBRARY
The Dartmouth acquisitions home page [4] is a good example of a very simple, yet eye- appealing display. It has a very clean and uncluttered look. The table is one of the most effective ways of providing menu items in as clear a fashion as possible. The raised effect on the table adds eye appeal. The sterile aspect of the table and text are balanced by the pale gray background with scenes of the old clock tower and trees on campus. This is in keeping with Dartmouth tradition and heritage.
The acquisitions services receives high marks in most areas; however, a few improvements could be made. Under identification, no mailing address is provided, although phone and facsimile numbers are provided on the page entitled "Acquisitions Business Hours" [5]. Unfortunately, this page has two major distractions. One is the flashing message at the top, pertaining to non-business hours. Flashing messages are an irritant and should be used very sparingly. For comparison, look at the page for the Acquisitions & Collection Management at Meriam Library California State University, Chico [6]. The flashing message there concerns the deadline for selecting books. I would deem this an important enough warning to warrant a flashing message. However, this is a matter of judgment.
The other distraction are the icons on the left. Their lack of uniformity in size is quite noticeable, and they are incongruent with the very traditional background of coats of arms. Compare these to the Auburn University Acquisitions Department home page [7]. Their linear format and identical
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size make them attractive and easy to follow. Another attractive and professional-looking page is the Serials & Acquisitions Services home page at Northwestern University [8]. Notice the uniformity of the menu graphics and how well the graphics and text go together.
Lack of accessibility is a problem at Dartmouth. A link to Acquisitions Services is provided from the Dartmouth College Library home page. There is a link from the college home page to the Dartmouth College Library via "Academic Support Centers." However, if on the college home page, the viewer opts for "Information About Dartmouth College," he/she is taken to a site labeled "The Dartmouth College Library." This is a dead end, providing no link to the library.
The other major problem in the acquisitions page is lack of consistency in the graphics. For example, the Acquisitions Staff page [9] makes use of Looney Tunes characters. This is clever and light-hearted, but the first question that enters the mind of the viewer is, "have I accidentally left Dartmouth and gone to Warner Brothers?" The quality of the page in-and-of-itself is very good, although it took my personal computer about 10 seconds to download the graphics. The page for Policy and Procedure Documents [10[ has a tropical beach scene, inappropriate for the subject matter. It also disorients the viewer, who might think he has suddenly gone to the Virgin Islands. Before we go on to another set of pages, take a look at the Forms page [11]. I was intrigued with this page because of its usefulness to new library staff outside the acquisitions department. The provision of this information will ultimately save time and prevent confusion to staffers both within and outside the department.
STAFF DIRECTORIES
Returning to Auburn [12] for a minute, they offer a good acquisitions staff directory. It is very clear, easy to use, and combines graphics and text well. Ironically, the clip-art business woman at the top bears a vague resemblance to the unit head, Dottie Marcinko. For contrast, compare this with the page at the Emory University Acquisitions Department [13]. The spreadsheet layout provides a very clean and easy to use format. Like Auburn, it provides E-mail links. Further down on the page is a very useful section identifying service areas and contacts. This is arranged topically and provides E-mail links. This page is worth its weight in gold.
JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
Now let's look at the page for the Johns Hopkins University Acquisitions Department [14]. This appears to be an unsuccessful attempt to make a page more legible. The overuse of bold in the text is irritating and eye-fatiguing. This, combined with the flashing sign, make it a most uncomfortable page to look at. For comparison, look at the page for the Russel Library at Georgia College [15]. The text is easier to read here, even though it is not bold and smaller than the text at Johns Hopkins.
I was particularly taken with the set of pages for the Resource Services Librarians and Off-Campus Center Librarians. Several of the individual pages contain photographs of the librar- ians. Providing the photograph to the faculty will most certainly create the opportunity for serendipitous encounters in the library between teaching and research faculty and librarians. The page for Maureen Beck, Resources Services Librarian [16], is simple and well balanced. Beck evokes a friendly, open, and approachable image. To improve the page, her subject responsibilities should be stated. Compare Beck's page to the page for William Keller [17]. Keller appears friendly and approachable, but the page is completely out of balance, with his photograph almost com- pletely taking up the content area of the screen. In addition, much of the text is far too large. Now
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compare these two pages to the page for Thomas Izbicki, Resources Services Librarian [18]. Again the photograph is out of proportion, taking up almost the entire content area. Judging from his posture and facial expression, the subject was uncomfortable having his picture taken. It would have been preferable to work on obtaining a more user-friendly photograph, or not including it at all.
SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY
One of my favorite pages is the acquisitions page at San Diego State University [19]. From the first time I saw it, I fell in love with the stylistic, modem teapot. Despite the snazzy graphics, there are some serious problems here. First, what does "TPOT" stand for? If you happen to know this page is located in San Diego, a question is raised in your subconscious: "Does this have anything to do with the Teapot Dome?" If you look in your " G O " menu, you will see it stands for Technical Processing Online Tools. But this is not stated anywhere on the screen. After browsing the site, it becomes obvious that these pages are intended only for technical services staff. Still, it would be useful to viewers who have accessed the pages from other acquisitions sites around the globe to know at least the identify of the university and the library. A prominent feature of the page is the arrangement of menu items in a table, combined with black bullets. Most of the table blocks have several items within them. Although the text is centered, it would be much easier to find and read the information if it were justified left.
UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY
Another site with attractive graphics is the University of Sydney Acquisitions Department [20]. It features a handsome coat of arms, which is presumably part of the university's heritage, combined with a rich, blue band at the top and a corresponding blue band at the bottom containing menu items. The coat of arms and blue band are used as a guidepost throughout the library pages. As constructive criticism, I would shorten the blue banner so that it does not disappear off the side of an 11-inch screen and move the phone and fax numbers farther apart, in order to reduce the number of wrong numbers that might be dialed as a result of their proximity on the screen.
CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, CHICO
The California State University, Chico has a nice set of pages [21] from the standpoint of site design, page layout, and content. The first thing the viewer notices, as mentioned earlier, is the flashing warning message about the ordering deadline. Getting book selectors to meet their deadlines is one of acquisition's librarians biggest headaches. Therefore, I like it. The layout is excellent in its simplicity and contrast. Notice how the columns are even in width and how the double indention places the information in a logical hierarchy. Most items are brief--two words, with just a few having as many as four words. The red bullets contrast nicely with the gray background and black lettering. The shading on the bullets gives them a three-dimensional look. The color combination is simple yet attractive--burnt red on light gray. The color combination and flame logo are repeated throughout the university's pages. The open book is repeated throughout the acquisitions/collection management pages. Some interesting pages at the California State
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University, Chico, include: Deadlines for Ordering [22], Materials Budget Information [23], Weeding [24], and Collection Development Policies Handbook [25].
EXAMPLES OF OTHER PAGES
I have provided below examples of other pages on the Web that could be useful at your own library.
New Acquisitions California State University, Chico. "New Acquisitions" [26]. Should have just used bold or
upper case, both are overkill. University of Miami. "New Acquisitions for August 1995" [27]. Arranged in list form by LC
classification. The arrangement would be clearer to the viewer if the LC classification letters were stated on the page.
University of Miami. "New Acquisitions for August 1995, History (Western Hemisphere)" [28]. Too much use of upper case. Having a separate line for the call number would be clearer.
Georgia College. Russell Library. "Additions to the Collection" [29]. Arranged alphabetically by subject. A vertical list would be easier for the viewer than the centered, cluster of headings.
Georgia College. Russell Library. "New History & Geography Titles" [30]. Two lines (one for the call number and one for the author, title, and imprint), and lower case and non-bold font is relatively easy to read, despite the small size.
Book Request Form Georgia College Library. "Book Request Form" [31].
Guide to Locating Vendor~Publisher E-mail Addresses UNC-Chapel Hill Academic Affairs Library. Acquisitions Department [32].
Out of Print and Back Issue Dealers Penn State University. Acquisitions Services [33].
Donations California State University, Chico. Meriam Library "Gifts" [34]. The information on this page
has a negative sound. Compare it with the more user-friendly page at the University of Miami. University of Miami. "Donating Books to the University of Miami Library" [35]. This page has
a positive sound and is directed at potential donors, rather than being a cut-and-dried policy statement. Useful information is provided concerning income tax donations, gift pick up, and book plates, including an example of a donor plate. Although it provides a Web link to the Internal Revenue Service, unfortunately, it does not link the viewer to the appropriate page concerning deductions for charitable donations ("Retrieve Publications") [36]. Because no link is provided from the library's home page, it is assumed the potential donor knows to proceed to the acquisitions page.
Tulane University [37]. This page is an excellent example. Unfortunately, there is no easy way for potential donors to access the page.
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Book Sales
Northwestern University Library. "Book Sale" [38]. The dollar bill graphic cleverly conveys the message that you can purchase books very inexpensively.
Clemson University Libraries. "Book Fair" [39]. This page is directed at the potential customer, providing location, date and time, prices, etc.
Personal Pages I am aware of only two personal pages, both at the University of Miami. The department head' s
page [40] leaves the viewer mystified, providing no information about the author. Instead, it features a frieze at an ancient Minoan palace and provides links to a course in design taught at Tulane University. Although the page is "under construction," information connecting the person and the subject matter should have been provided.
The graduate assistant's page [41] is very well designed, providing brief biographical informa- tion and links to quite lengthy pages on his personal interests. The author's political preferences are quite evident, and several links are provided to a national political party. I would advise anyone considering the provision of political or religious beliefs in a working environment to carefully consider the possibility of creating negative feelings which could harm working relationships.
CONCLUSION
The pages reviewed have served to demonstrate both good examples and pitfalls in acquisitions Web page design. Even though "Web presence" is considered prestigious, mounting poorly designed pages can have the opposite effect. When designing pages or reviewing existing pages, keep the "Home Page Checklist" in mind. Above all else, keep your pages as simple and straightforward as possible.
NOTES
1. Stevens, Peter. "University of Washington Libraries. Acquisitions Division. Information for Acquisitions Staff." http:// staffweb.lib.washington.edu/acq/acqstaff.html (1 May 1996).
2. Lynch, Patrick J. "Web Style Manual." http://info.med.yale.edu/caim/StyleManual_Top.HTML (1 May 1996). 3. Stevens, Peter. "University of Washington Libraries. Acquisitions Division." http://staffweh.lib.washington.edu/acq/(1 May
library/libacq/hours.html (1 May 1996). 6. California State University, Chico. Meriam Library. "Acquisitions & Collection Management at Meriam Library." http://
www.csuchico.edu/library/acq/acq.htm (1 May 1996). 7. Auburn University Libraries. "Acquisitions Department." http://www.lib.auburn.edu/acq/index.html (1 May 1996). 8. Northwestern University. "Serials & Acquisitions Services." http://www.library.nwu.edu/sas/(1 May 1996). 9. Dartmouth College. Baker Library. "Acquisitions Staff." http://www.dartmouth.edu/acad-support/library/libacq/staff.html (1
May 1996). 10. Dartmouth College. Baker Library. "Policy and Procedure Documents." http://www.dartmouth.edu/acad-support/library/
libacq/documentation.html (1 May 1996). 11. Dartmouth College. Baker Library. "Forms." http://www.dartmouth.edu/acad-support/library/libacq/forms.html (1 May
1996). 12. Auburn University. "Acquisitions Department Personnel." http://www.lib.auburn.edu/acq/docs/personnel.html (1 May
1996).
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13. Emory University. General Libraries. "Acquisitions Department." http://www.emory.edu/LIB/ACQ/(1 May 1996). 14. Johns Hopkins University. Milton S. Eisenhower Library. "The Acquisitions Department." http:l/milton.mse.jhu.edu:8001/
library/acq/acqdept.html (1 May 1996). 15. Georgia College. Russel Library. "Russel Library." http://peacock.GAC.PeachNet.EDU/(1 May 1996). 16. Johns Hopkins University. Milton S. Eisenhower Library. "Maureen Beck." http://milton.mse.jhu.edu:8001/people/Beck-
.Maureen.html (1 May 1996). 17. Johns Hopkins University. Milton S. Eisenhower Library. "William Keller, Resources Services Librarian." http://milton.m-
se.jhn.edu:8001/people/Keller.William.html (1 May 1996). 18. Johns Hopkins University. Milton S. Eisenhower Library. "Thomas Izbicki." http://milton.mse.jhn.edu:8001/people/izbick-
i.html (1 May 1996). 19. San Diego State University. "TPOT: Acquisitions." http://tpot.ucsd.edu/Acquisitions/index.html (1 May 1996). 20. University of Sydney. "Acquisitions Department." http://www.library.usyd.edu.au/Services/Acquisitions/(1 May 1996). 21. California State University, Chico. Meriam Library "Acquisitions & Collection Management at Meriam Library." http://
www.csuchico.edu/library/acq/acq.htm (1 May 1996). 22. California State University, Chico. Meriam Library. "Deadlines for Ordering." http://www.csuchico.edu/library/acq/
dead.htm (1 May 1996). 23. California State University, Chico. Meriam Library. "Meriam Library--Materials Budget." http://www.csuchico.edu/
library/acq/acqbudge.htm (1 May 1996). 24. California State University, Chico. Meriam Library. "Meriam Library~Weeding." http://www.csuchico.edu/library/acq/
weeding.htm (1 May 1996). 25. California State University, Chico. Mefiam Library. "Collection Development Policies Handbook." http://www.csuchi-
co.edu/lbib/collection_development/cdtoc.html (1 May 1996). 26. California State University, Chico. Meriam Library. "New Acquisitions." http://www.csuchico.edu/library/acq/newacq.htm
(1 May 1996). 27. University of Miami, Otto G. Richter Library. "New Acquisitions for August 1995." http://www.library.miami.edu/newacq/
aug95/acq.html (1 May 1996). 28. Ibid. 29. Georgia College. Russell Library. "Additions to the Collection." http://Peacock.GAC.PeachNet.EDU/~techserv/newaccs.h-
tml (1 May 1996). 30. Georgia College. Russell Library. "New History & Geography Titles." http://Peacock.GAC.PeachNet.EDU/~techserv/
newhistory.html (1 May 1996). 31. Georgia College Library. "Book Request Form." http://Peacock.GAC.PeachNet.EDU/~techserv/book-order.html (1 May
1996). 32. University of Noah Carolina at Chapel Hill. Academic Affairs Library. Acquisitions Department. "Locating Vendor/
Publisher Emall Addresses." http://www.unc.edu/~acqdept/search.html (1 May 1996). 33. Pennsylvania State University. Libraries. Acquisitions Services. "Out of Print & Back Issue Dealers." http://www.librarie-
s.psu.edu/iasweb/acq/op&back.htm (1 May 1996). 34. California State University, Chico. Meriam Library. "Meriam Library~if ts ." http://www.csuchico.edu/library/acq/gift-
s.litml (1 May 1996). 35. University of Miami. Libraries. Otto G. Richter Library. Acquisitions Department. "Donating Books to the University of
Miami Library." http://www.library.miami.edu/acqui/donate.html (1 May 1996). 36. United States Department of the Treasury. Internal Revenue Service. "Retrieve Publications." http://www.irs.ustreas.gov/
prod/forms_pubs/pubs.html (1 May 1996). 37. Tulane University. Howard-Tilton Memorial Library. Special Collections Division. "A Gift of Knowledge." http://www.tu-
lane.edu/~lmiller/Donation.html (1 May 1996). 38. Northwestern University. "Book Sale." http://www.library.nwu.edu/sas/booksale.html (1 May 1996). 39. Clemson University Libraries. "Book Sale." http://www.lib.clemson.edu/About/BookSale.html (1 May 1996). 40. University of Miami. Libraries. Otto G. Richter Library. Acquisitions Department. "Susie Seiler's Homepage." littp://
www.library.miami.edu/acqui/seiler.html (1 May 1996). 41. University of Miami. Libraries. Otto G. Richter Library. Acquisitions Department. "Robert Lane." http://www.miami.edu/
