LIBRO DE GRAMÁTICA

ESPAÑOLA

Karina Bereszniewicz

7th period

TABLE OF CONTENTS

3. Present (ar,er,ir)

4. Stem Changes

5. Irregular “Yo”

6. Saber vs. Conocer

7. Reflexives

8. “se” Impersonal

9. Dipthongs with „

10. Verbs like .. Uir/guir. Cer/cir.Ger/gir

11. Hace+___+que ___

12. Imperfecto

13. Preterite

14. Irregulars- car gar zar

15. Spock

16. snakey/snakeys

17.Trigger words

PRESENT (AR,ER,IR)

For present tense of a regular verb you change the ar/er/irending with the corresponding conjugation.

Ar

Yo-o

Tu-as

Ud. El/ella- a

Nosotros-amos

Uds.ellos/ellas-an

Ir:

Voy

Vas

Va

Vamos

Van

Estar:

Estoy

Estas

Esta

Estamos

Estan

Ser:

Soy

Eres

Es

Somos

Son

Dar:

Doy

Das

Da

Damos

Dan

Irregular Present

Er/ir

•Yo-o

•Tu-es

•Ud.el/ella-e

•Nosotros-imos

•Uds.ellos/ellas-en

STEM CHANGES

Have a stem change in all forms except for

nosotros.

• Cerrar→ Cierro, Cierras, Cierra, Cerramos, CierranE→IE

• Acoster→ Acuesto, Acuestes, Acueste, Acostimos, AcuestenO→UE

• Pedir→ Pido, Pides, Pide, Pedimos, PidenE→I

IRREGULAR “YO”

go‟ verbs- Caer, decir, oir, poner, hacer, tener.

Ex: pongo

zco‟ verbs(cer/cir)- conocer, producir, conducer

Ex: conozco

Y los demás- ser, estar, ir, ver

Ex: soy

Saber vs. Conocer•Both verbs mean “to know”

Saber•To know a

fact,

information,

or data

Conocer•To be familiar

with, to be

acquainted, with

people,places,

and general

concepts

REFLEXIVES: REFLEXIVES ARE WHAT IS BEING

REFLECTED UPON.

Me

• myself

Te

• yourself

Se

• Himself

• Herself

• itself

Nos

• ourselves

Se

• themselves

Example: Lavarse- to wash

•Me lavo

•Te lavas

•Se lava

•Nos lavamos

•Se lavan

“SE” IMPERSONALThere isn‟t anyone in

specific its referring to, it

means people in general.

• Indicates what happened to the subject of the sentence without saying who or what carried out the action.

Passive Voice-

Se hablaespanol

• Indicate that action is being preformed on one or more subjects. Like people doing something to or with each other.

Recipricalaction- Nos

vemos

DIPHTHONGS WITH ACCENTS:

WHEN A STRONG AND WEAK VOWEL OR TWO WEAK

VOWELS COMBINE TO FORM A SINGLE SYLLABLE.

Esquiar

• Esquio

• Esquias

• Esquia

• Esquiamos

• Esquian

Maspalabras

• Continuar: to continue

• Graduarse: to graduate

MasPalabras

• Puerto

• Siete

• Hay

• Cuidad

• hacia

VERBS LIKE: UIR/GUIR Y CER/CIR Y GER/GIR

Coger• Cojo

• Coges

• coge

• Cogemos

• cogen

Exigir

• Exijo

• Exgiges

• Exige

• Exigimos

• Exigen

Conocer

• Conozco

• Conoces

• Conoce

• Conocemos

• Conocen

Decir

• Digo

• Dices

• Dice

• Decimos

• Dicen

Atribuir

• Atribuyo

• Atribuyes

• Atribuye

• Atribumios

• Atribuyen

Conseguir

• Consigo

• Consigues

• Consigue

• Consigimos

• Consiguen

HACE+ TIME+ QUE + PRESENT TENSE OF THE

VERB:

This formula is used to show how long an action

was happening or the length of time an action took

place.

Hace + dos anos+ que + trabajar a brusters=

Hace dos anos que trabaja a brusters.

IMPERFECT

Ar

Aba

Abas

Aba

Abamos

Aban

Er/ ir

Ia

Ias

Ia

Iamos

ian

PRETERITE

Past tense

Known beginning/and or

ending

Snapshot of time

Trigger words

Ayer

Anoche

Anteayer

La semana pasada

Esto es el preterite

é í

aste iste

ó ío

amos imos

aron ieron

LAS IRREGULARES (PRETERITE)

Only in the you

Car gar zar

Que gue ce

Tocar- toqué

Jugar- jugué

comenzar-comencé

Spock Hacer –ir ser- dar ver

Hacer: hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicieron

Ir/ser: fui fuiste fue fuimos fueron

Dar: di diste dio dimos dieron

Ver: vi viste vio vimos vieron

Car que

Gar gue

Zar ce

CUCARACHA

Only the base of verb changes while preterit endings stay same

Andar anduve

Estar estur

Poder pud

Poner pus

Querer quis

Saber sup

Tener tuv

Venir vin

If verb conjugation ends in a j drop the “I” in the ending if it follows the j.

Conducir conduj

Producir produj

Traducir traduj

Traer traj

Decir dij

e

iste

io

imos

ieron

eron

eron

SNAKE/SNAKEY

Stem changers and y changers

Change the root of the verb in the preterit only in the

usted and ustedes forms.

Dormir leer

dormi dormimos lei leimos

Dormiste leiste

durmio durmiero leyo leyeron

TRIGGER WORDS

Ayer=yesterday

El otro dia=the other day

El dia anterior=the day before

Va a vez=one time

Ayer por la mañana=yesterday morning

El fin de samana passado=last weekend

Entonces=then

En ese memento=in that moment

Hace dos dias=two days ago

COMPARITIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

Mas que .. More than

Menos que..

Less/fewer than

Tan.. Come as..as

Tanto como.. As

much/many as

Are the comparison of

a person or thing to

another thing. (more,

less, or as…as)

•Superlatives indicate that

one person or thing is the

best, most, least, or worst.

•noun + más or menos +

adjective

•Es la ciudad menos

interesante del mundo…It's

the least interesting city in

the world.

EL FUTURO

Infinitive + é ás á emos an

Vivir____

Comer____

Hablar____

Will factor

Just add the endings onto the ending a conjugation

needed

Ir+a+ infinitive

(immediate future)

IRREGULAR FUTURES

Decir-dir- to say

Haber-habr- there to be

Poder-podr- to be able

Poner-pondr- to put,place,set

Querer-querr- to want, love

Saber-sabr- to know a fact,

Salir-saldr- to leave, go out

Tener- tendr- to have

Valer-valdr- to be worth

Venir-vendr-to come

Infinitive + é

ás

á

emos

án

TRIGGER VERBS

Todos los dias

Siempre

A menudo

Cada dia

Generalmente

Por lo general