A paradigm shift is on-going from high impact development to low impact development. There are proponents and opponents to these established building practices. 'Nobody' is asking to prove that conventional development isn't 'bad' for the environment. "Everybody' wants to prove that LEED and LID are 'good' for the environment.
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LID and Policy: Sustainable Development Practices What is Stopping Us? Jon Barsanti Jr Masters in City and Regional Planning BA Interdisciplinary Study in Biology and Chemistry [email protected]919.943.1915 http://mithun.com/projects/project_detail/kitsap_seed/ February 24, 2011
Transcript
1. LID and Policy: SustainableDevelopment PracticesWhat is
Stopping Us?Jon Barsanti JrMasters in City and Regional PlanningBA
Interdisciplinary Study in Biology and
[email protected]
http://mithun.com/projects/project_detail/kitsap_seed/February 24,
2011
2. Goals ofPresentationIdentifyProblemsProvide
PossibleSolutionsBe a ReferenceGuide
3. Who is holding us back B N N A I O N M My A B D N Y A
4. Who is holding us back Build Not Not Almost In OnNothing My
My Almost Back- DimeNowhere YardAnytime
5. Who Why Why NotDevelopers Others Arent Cost Designers Right
Thing ResistanceDepartments Reduces Costs Ordinances Decision Good
All Fear of Loss Makers Around
6. Law of Unintended Consequences:As average house size
increasesimpervious surface area increases
7. All Development Occurs in a Watershed Wetlands are more than
Undevelopable LandStream Buffers Impact Development and
Developments Impact Stream Buffers All Land Uses have a
Pollutant/Volume Profile
8. Undeveloped Land can be valuable LID & LEED can improve
Water Quality and Quantity; Cost LessNeed to view Run-off as a
Resource Net Density versus Gross Density
9. All Development Occurs in a WatershedWatershed Critical
AreasWatershedProtected Areas Barriers:Remainder Highest and Best
Use of the Land of the One persons/communitys out-flow is anothers
intakeWatershed
10. Wetlands are more than Undevelopable Land Nutrient
filtration systems Manage volume and sediment load Wildlife habitat
preservation Barriers: Wetlands have been filled and built upon,
leaving areas flood proneNeed to be seen from environmental,
aesthetic, and water quality perspectives
11. Stream Buffers Impact Development Developments Impact
Stream Buffers Stream Buffers protect encroachment on ecosystem by
development Stream Buffers Protect development from encroachment by
ecosystem (e.g. floods.) Barriers: Inconsistent setbacks between
communities; Vertical versus Horizontal Setbacks
13. All Land Uses have aPollutant/Volume Profile Volume of
water flow NutrientsTemperature of water flowing off the land
Toxins Bacteria From Kimberly Brewers Presentation to the TJCOG
Smart Growth Committee
ftp://ftp.tjcog.org/pub/tjcog/regplan/smrtgrow/devwq.pdf
14. All Land Uses have a Pollutant/Volume Profile Sources
Land-Use Contribution Contribution to N Load to P Load Residential
(SF) 29% 12% Residential (MF) Agriculture 36% 51% Forest 19% 15%
Commercial/ 9% 6% Industrial Other 7% 16% Non Point Source
Pollution OnlyData from A Nutrient Credit Trading Framework for the
Jordan Lake Watershed: Using Market-Based Mechanisms to Make
Watershed Restoration More Cost-Effective
http://www.cfra-nc.org/documents/FinalReport-FullReport_000.pdf
15. All Land Uses have a Pollutant/Volume Profile Sources
Land-Use Contribution Contribution to N Load to P Load Residential
(SF) 14% 29% 12% Residential (MF) 1% Agriculture 20% 36% 51% Forest
56% 19% 15% Commercial/ 3% 9% 6% Industrial Other 6% 7% 16%Data
from A Nutrient Credit Trading Framework for the Jordan Lake
Watershed: Using Market-Based Mechanisms to Make Watershed
Restoration More Cost-Effective
http://www.cfra-nc.org/documents/FinalReport-FullReport_000.pdf
16. Nitrogen in the soilMicrobes are part of the answer It is
estimated that 40% of all chemical nitrogen fertilizer additions
are never used by plants. Some bacteria convert nitrogen into
ammonia by the process called nitrogen fixation; Other bacteria
bring about transformations of ammonia to nitrate, and of nitrate
to nitrogen and other nitrogen gases; Many bacteria and fungi
degrade organic matter, releasing nitrogen for reuse by other
organisms. http://www.greatbigplants.com/Nitrogen/
17. Nitrogen absorbing Plants are part of the answerIn the warm
season, water convolvulus showed moreactivity than mint, jute or
water hyacinth (a plant widely usedagainst eutrophication).In the
cold season, calla lily showed the highest level ofactivity. Thus,
the plant species need to be selecteddepending on the season.Both
plants can be effectively used to improve water qualityand as
useful resources after harvest. (author abst.) Evaluation of Plants
for Absorbing Nitrogen and Phosphorus to Purify Eutrophic Water
http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200319/000020031903A0621438.php
18. SoilCompactionOccurs inalmost allsituationsHow much
isreversible?
http://www.cwp.org/Resource_Library/Center_Docs/PWP/ELC_PWP36.pdf
19. Table 1: Comparison of Bulk Density for undisturbedSoils
and Common Urban Conditions (Compiled fromvarious
sources)Undisturbed Soil Type or Urban Surface BulkCondition
Density (g/cc)Peat 0.2 to 0.3Compost 1.0Sandy Soil 1.1 to 1.3Silty
sands 1.4Silt 1.3 to 1.4Silt Loams 1.2 to 1.5Organic Silts/Clays
1.0 to 1.2Glacial Till 1.6 to 2.0Urban Lawns 1.5 to 1.9Crushed Rock
Parking Lot 1.5 to 2.0Urban Fill Soils 1.8 to 2.0Athletic Fields
1.8 to 2.0ROW and Building Pads 1.5 to 1.8(85% Compaction)ROW and
Building Pads 1.6 to 2.1(95% Compaction)Concrete Pavement
2.2Quartzite 2.65
http://www.cwp.org/Resource_Library/Center_Docs/PWP/ELC_PWP36.pdf
21. Benefits of Compost Amendments Compost Amendments Can:
Increase Porosity Reduce Peak Flows Produce Thicker lawns Reduce
Fertilizer Applications and Watering Needs Create better lawns,
fasterhttp://www.epa.gov/ednnrmrl/publications/reports/epa600r00016/epa600r00016.pdf
EPA/600/R-00/016
22. FAQ regarding Compost Amendments Increase Concentrations of
N and P Decreases Volume of Run-off Decrease Total N & P Can be
tilled or applied directly 2:1 ratio soil to compost tilled to at
least 12 inches
EPA/600/R-00/016http://www.epa.gov/ednnrmrl/publications/reports/ep
Construction compaction can reacha600r00016/epa600r00016.pdf 24
inches
23. Other perspectives on Compost Amendments Barriers: It takes
time and money tomeasure predevelopment conditions and
post-development conditionsCost to amend soil decreases, per lot,
as area amended increases
24. LID Can Improve Water Quality & Water Quantity How we
develop/redevelop Where we develop (and where we do not) What we do
with the Run-off (Pipe or Percolate) What is disturbed What is
conserved?http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/water_resource.htm
25. LID Can Improve Water Quality & Water
QuantityIncreasing density increases run-off for thewatershed and
decreases the run-off per household
http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/water_density.htm
26. LID Can Improve Water Quality & Water Quantity Impacts
on Land Start At the Grading Stage Fertilizers can have an impact
on water quality, even in LID Neighborhoods Volume and Peak Flows
were kept at predevelopment levels. Need to Control Compaction,
Minimize Soil Disturbance, and have on-site
supervision.http://www.jordancove.uconn.edu/jordan_cove/publications/final_report.pdf
27. LID Can Improve Water Quality & Water Quantity NAHB
reports that conventional development negatively impacts
water-related ecosystems through Impervious Surfaces (Volume and
quality) Introduction of Contaminants Site Location of Development
relative to natural
featureshttp://www.nahb.org/fileUpload_details.aspx?contentID=112936
28. LID Can Improve Water Quality & Water Quantity
Perceived Barrier: It costs more and does not provide a benefit to
the builder Actual Barrier: Educating the entire community to the
value versus costs of LID (Almost always costs
lesshttp://www.nahb.org/fileUpload_details.aspx?contentID=112936
than conventional)
29. LID Can Improve Water Quality & Water Quantity (In) the
vast majority of cases, significant savings were realized due to:
reduced costs for site grading and preparation; stormwater
infrastructure, site paving, and landscaping; Total capital cost
savings ranged from 15 to 80 percent when LID methods were
used...http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/lid/costs07/documents/reducingstormwatercosts.pdf
30. LID Can Improve WaterQuality & Water Quantity
http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/lid/costs07/documents/reducingstormwatercosts.pdf
31. LID Can Improve Water Quality & Water Quantity Site
Design was 103 Lots on 24 Acres Conventional Site Design required
270,000 Cu Ft of Stormwater Facilities LID Required 55,000 cu ft of
stormwater facilities 62% of land was saved as open space Cost
Savings of 20% to the Developer 10% More units were able to be
built than conventional design would have allowed.Managing
stormwater in Pierce County: Kensington Estates case study sheds
light on low impact
developmenthttp://www.djc.com/news/en/11135654.html
32. LID: How do we define conservation/disturbedType of
Residential Disturbed Open Space Conserved SpaceDevelopment
SpaceLow Density Could be entire Yes may be yard No(e.g. 1 unit/2a)
siteCluster Could Be entire Fragmented No siteOpen Space 50% or
less 50% or More Open Space can be undevelopableConservation Less
than 50% More than 50% Undevelopable area excludedBarrier(s): How
each is defined varies by community/county
33. What is being
conserved?http://www.stormwaterpa.org/assets/media/
http://www.swircd.org/pdf/conservation%20resources/CnsrvDsgn-overview_NLT.pdf
subdivision%20design%20handbook.pdf
34. What is being conserved? Belvedere Subdivision
Charlottesville, VA http://www.belvedereneighborhood.com
35. What is being conserved? 2008 Green Project of the Year
NAHB Green Building Award Hidden Lakes Preserve Wake Forest, NC
http://www.hiddenlake-crescent.com
36. What is being conserved? Area of Future Development Hidden
Lakes Preserve Wake Forest, NC
http://www.hiddenlake-crescent.com
37. What is being conserved? Pleasant Green Farms Hillsborough,
NC Durham County
http://www.pleasantgreenfarms.com/PropertyMap.aspx
38. What is being conserved? Bundoran Farm -- North Garden, VA
http://www.bundoranfarm.com/
39. What is being conserved? Green/Dark Blue Active Forestry
Wildlife Habitat Pale Yellow Public Viewshed Pale Peach Productive
Farmland Aqua Stream Corridor & Wetlands Bundoran Farm -- North
Garden, VA http://www.bundoranfarm.com/
40. Need to change thinking from stormwater as waste to
stormwater as resource. Impervious surface coverage impacts the
micro-climate at water basin and larger areas Withdrawing just a
little more than recharge rate impacts
everyonehttp://waterparadigm.org/indexen.php?web=./
http://www.onthecommons.org/media/pdf/original/home/homeen.html
OurWaterComonsOctober2008English.pdf
41. Need to change thinking from stormwater as waste to
stormwater as resource. 1) Utilization of Opportunistic Available
Water 2) Storage and Conveyance 3) Water Treatment Technologies 4)
Non-Point Source Pollution Control 5)Closed Loop Water Management
of Water Supply,http://www.clemson.edu/restoration/events/pas
http://www.coe.neu.edu/environment/DOCUM Stormwater,
andt_events/sc_water_resources/t4_proceedings_presentations/t4_zip/zimmer.pdf
ENTS/Wingspread%20Final%20Report.pdf Wastewater.
42. Need to change from Environment or Economy to Environment
& Economy The concept of the Cities of the Future, the fifth
paradigm of urbanization is a paradigm of integration Future, and
existing, urban developments will accommodate landscape, drainage,
transportation and habitat infrastructure systems Cities will be
resilient to extreme hydrological events and pollution There will
be an optimal balance between recreation, navigation and other
economic uses of
water.http://www.coe.neu.edu/environment/DOCUMENTS/Wingspread%20Final%20Report.pdf
43. Water is Water Paradigm Shift All Development Impacts Water
Quality Highest use versus the best use of the land Wetlands and
stream buffers are undervalued One communitys outflow is another
communitys intakeReducing usage of drinking water for irrigation
and toilets
44. Barriers to Implementing LEED Across the Region Report
questions weighting of Indoor Air Quality And how a project COULD
be LEED Platinum and get no points for
IAQ.http://www.ehhi.org/reports/leed/LEED_report_0510.pdf
45. Barriers to Implementing LEED Across the Region
Formaldehyde Second Hand Tobacco Smoke Particulates Pesticides
Flame Retardants PBDEs Drinking Water Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs) Artificial
Turfhttp://www.ehhi.org/reports/leed/LEED_report_0510.pdf
46. Barriers to Implementing LEED Across the Region September
2010 EPA Draft Report: Opportunities for Green Building (GB) Rating
Systems to Improve Indoor Air Quality Certain LEED options are heat
and humidity related and cannot be used in all regions of the
countryhttp://www.epa.gov/iaq/pdfs/jelena_draft_paper_11-4-10.pdf
47. Barriers to Implementing LEED Across the Region The main
idea of LEED was to reduce environmental impacts of buildings on
their surrounding environment. Nevertheless, new research studies
are emerging, so it will be possible to understand more detailed
building impacts on its environment as well as to develop new
strategies for addressing intermittent environmental impacts on the
building itself due to extreme weather conditions and increased
outdoor air
pollution.http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pdfs/jelena_draft_paper_11-4-10.pdf
48. Barriers to Implementing LEED Across the Region Moderately
high temperatures and humidity in buildings have been associated
with: Increased occupant discomfort, perceptions of poor indoor air
Unsolicited occupant complaints Reduced productivity Adverse
respiratory health
symptomshttp://www.epa.gov/iaq/pdfs/mudarri.pdf
49. LEED is
Evolvinghttp://www.epa.gov/iaq/pdfs/jelena_draft_paper_11-4-10.pdf
51. Barriers to Implementing LEED Across the Region Similar to
Implementing LID Everybody knows. it costs
more.http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=2908
52. Barriers to Implementing LEED Across the Region Its is not
about the costs/price It is about playing up the benefits Cost is a
Negative
Termhttp://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=2908
53. Barriers to Implementing LEED Across the Region Pricing
premiums ranging from ZERO to 6.27% Energy Savings from 23% to 50%
Water Savings from Zero to 78%
54. Case Study: Residential Development 73 Projects Range Under
5 Acres to Over 100 Acres Utilization of LEED techniques depend on
points awarded and cost to develop Gold and Platinum Certified
Utilize Green Technologies and Green Construction Platinum tend to
include affordable housing
andhttp://pdfserve.informaworld.com/316990__914017852.pdf
Habitat/wetland restoration
55. November 19, 2010 San Diego South Orange County
Restrictions on Lawn Irrigation Run-off Restrictions on Car Wash
Run-offhttp://www.danapointtimes.com/view/full_story/10385460/article-Keep-Your-Water--New-Regional-Water-Quality-Control-Board-Water-Quality-Regulations-?
56. Toxic, Carcinogenic Pollutant in Common Surface sealer
December 6, 2010 40 lakes in residential and commercial areas PAH
in the H20 Coal-tar-based sealants contribute 50% Vehicles account
for 25% Coal combustion 20%Science of The Total Environment Volume
409, Issue 2, 15 December 2010, Pages
334-344http://www.newsobserver.com/2010/12/05/845591/pavement-sealant-identified-as.html#storylink=misearch
57. Potential to Modify Clearing, Grading, and Landscaping
Practices Project (2001) Value placed on landscapes that are
Natural, Attract Wildlife Provide Privacy and screen noise, Minimal
Lawn Dissatisfied group bought homes over 250,000 without/preferred
landscaping Dissatisfied group most likely to have planted shrubs,
trees, native plants after moving into new house.
http://www.greenbeltconsulting.com/ctp/pdf/Potential
ToModify.pdf
58. Our Floating Future? Research by NC State University and
Bill Hunt Being Tested in City of Durham Hillendale Golf Course and
Museum of Life and Science Originated in Montana (2000) Costs:
$30/sq ft"When all the plants have grown up, youdont actually see
any of the green plastic. Benefit: naturalIts just a lush green
environment on top of removal of Phosphorus andthe pond, so in
theory theres a habitat for Nitrogen usingfish, frogs, wildlife as
well." Ryan Winston wetland/bog plantsNews and Observer
4/14/2010
59. Barriers to Implementing LID Across the RegionNeed to look
at Decentralized solution for a Decentralized problem Our
ordinances hold us back Everybody knows. Maintaining it after it is
built
60. Conclusion We have a new resource We can sing from the same
songbook. We can customize our solutions to meet the requirements
of our communities and our region. We can have a Win-Win-Win for
the consumer, the developer, and the community. If we only apply to
new construction, existing conditions will only not get worse.