Date post: | 01-Nov-2014 |
Category: |
Design |
Upload: | jon-barsanti |
View: | 3,918 times |
Download: | 0 times |
1
LID and Policy: LID and Policy:
Sustainable Sustainable
Development PracticesDevelopment Practices
What is Stopping Us?What is Stopping Us?
Jon Barsanti JrJon Barsanti Jr
Masters in City and Regional PlanningMasters in City and Regional Planning
BA Interdisciplinary Study in Biology and ChemistryBA Interdisciplinary Study in Biology and Chemistry
[email protected]@alumni.unc.edu919.943.1915.919.943.1915.
WhoWho
Developers
Policy Makers Designers
Decision Makers (Municipal/County)
WhyWhy
Competitive Advantage (Others are not Doing it)
It is good for the economy,
good for the community,
and good for the environment
Others are Doing It; Can do It Better
Others are doing it and if I/We don’t adopt/adapt I/We
will lose out to other communities/developers
2
WhyWhy
NotNot
Don’t want to learn new way of doing business
Want to do it;
Have designer to do it;
Have planners on board;
Meeting resistance from elected
officials
Want to do it;
Don’t have a designer to show how
Want to do it; Have a designer who knows how to do it; Having a difficult time getting approved
All Development Occurs All Development Occurs
in a Watershedin a Watershed
Three Parts of a Watershed
Watershed Critical Areas
Watershed Protected Areas
Remainder of the Watershed
Barriers:
• “Highest and Best Use of the Land;”
• One person’s/community’s out-flow is another’s intake
All Development Occurs All Development Occurs
in a Watershedin a Watershed
Wetlands are nature’s filtration system
Wetlands manage volume and sediment load
Wetlands are key to wildlife habitat preservation
Barrier: Wetland is undevelopable; Can fill and replace, although manufactured is not as good as natural
3
All Development Occurs All Development Occurs
in a Watershedin a Watershed
Stream Buffers protect encroachment on ecosystem by
development
Stream Buffers Protect development from
encroachment by ecosystem (e.g. floods.)
Barriers: Inconsistent setbacks between communities; Vertical versus Horizontal Setbacks
All Land Uses have a All Land Uses have a
Water ProfileWater Profile
From Kimberly Brewer’s Presentation to the TJCOG Smart Growth Committee
ftp://ftp.tjcog.org/pub/tjcog/regplan/smrtgrow/devwq.pdf
Volume of water flow
Nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Suspended Solids)
Temperature of water flowing off the land
Toxins (Oil, antifreeze, other chemicals)
Bacteria (Pet Waste, etc.)
All Land Uses have a All Land Uses have a
Water ProfileWater Profile
Data from A Nutrient Credit Trading Framework for the Jordan Lake Watershed: Using Market-Based Mechanisms to Make Watershed Restoration More Cost-Effective
http://www.cfra-nc.org/documents/FinalReport-FullReport_000.pdf
16%7%6%Other
6%9%3%Commercial/ Industrial
15%19%56%Forest
51%36%20%Agriculture
1%Residential (MF)
12%29%14%Residential (SF)
Contribution
to P Load
Contribution
to N Load
Land-UseSources
4
All BMPs have a All BMPs have a
Volume/Pollutant ProfileVolume/Pollutant Profile
STORMWATER FLOW AND QUALITY, AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NON-PROPRIETARY STORMWATER TREATMENT MEASURES — A REVIEW AND GAP ANALYSIS (2004) Monash University (Australia) http://www.catchment.crc.org.au/pdfs/technical200408.pdf
Volume of water flow
Suspended Solids
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
http://www.cwp.org/Resource_Library/Center_Docs/PWP/ELC_PWP36.pdf2.652.65QuartziteQuartzite
2.22.2Concrete PavementConcrete Pavement
1.6 to 2.11.6 to 2.1ROW and Building Pads ROW and Building Pads
(95% Compaction)(95% Compaction)
1.5 to 1.81.5 to 1.8ROW and Building Pads ROW and Building Pads
(85% Compaction)(85% Compaction)
1.8 to 2.01.8 to 2.0Athletic FieldsAthletic Fields
1.8 to 2.01.8 to 2.0Urban Fill SoilsUrban Fill Soils
1.5 to 2.01.5 to 2.0Crushed Rock Parking LotCrushed Rock Parking Lot
1.5 to 1.91.5 to 1.9Urban LawnsUrban Lawns
1.6 to 2.01.6 to 2.0Glacial TillGlacial Till
1.0 to 1.21.0 to 1.2Organic Silts/ClaysOrganic Silts/Clays
1.2 to 1.51.2 to 1.5Silt LoamsSilt Loams
1.3 to 1.41.3 to 1.4SiltSilt
1.41.4SiltySilty sandssands
1.1 to 1.31.1 to 1.3Sandy SoilSandy Soil
1.01.0CompostCompost
0.2 to 0.30.2 to 0.3PeatPeat
Surface Bulk Surface Bulk
Density (g/cc)Density (g/cc)Undisturbed Soil Type or Urban Undisturbed Soil Type or Urban
ConditionCondition
Table 1: Comparison of Bulk Density for undisturbed Table 1: Comparison of Bulk Density for undisturbed
Soils and Common Urban Conditions (Compiled from Soils and Common Urban Conditions (Compiled from
various sources)various sources)
Reversing of Compacted Reversing of Compacted
SoilsSoils
• Soil Amendments
• Compost Amendments
• Reforestation
• Timehttp://www.cwp.org/Resource_Library/Center_Docs/PWP/ELC_PWP37.pdf
5
Benefits and Consequences Benefits and Consequences
of Compost Amendmentsof Compost Amendments
Compost Amendments Can:
• Increase Porosity
• Reduce Peak Flows
• Produce Thicker lawns
• Reduce Fertilizer Applications and Watering Needs
• Create better lawns, faster
http://www.epa.gov/ednnrmrl/publications/reports/epa600r00016/epa600r00016.pdf EPA/600/R-00/016
Benefits and Consequences Benefits and Consequences
of Compost Amendmentsof Compost AmendmentsCompost Amendments May:• Increase Concentrations of N and P (Decrease Total Amounts)• May lose benefits over time
• Amendments can be tilled or applied directly and reseeded.• 2:1 ratio soil to compost tilled to at least 12 inches• Construction compaction can reach 24 inches
http://www.epa.gov/ednnrmrl/publications/reports/epa600r00016/epa600r00016.pdf EPA/600/R-00/016
All Land Uses have a All Land Uses have a
Water ProfileWater Profile
Barriers: It takes time and money to measure predevelopment conditions and
post-development conditions
Cost to amend soil decreases, per lot, as area amended increases
6
LID Can Improve Water LID Can Improve Water
Quality & Water QuantityQuality & Water Quantity
How we develop
Where we develop (and where we do not)
What we do with the Run-off (Pipe or Percolate)
LID Can Improve Water LID Can Improve Water
Quality & Water QuantityQuality & Water Quantity
http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/water_resource.htm http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/water_density.htm
LID Can Improve Water LID Can Improve Water
Quality & Water QuantityQuality & Water Quantity
http://www.jordancove.uconn.edu/jordan_cove/publications/final_report.pdf
• Impacts on Land Start At the Grading Stage
• Fertilizers can have an impact on water quality, even in LID Neighborhoods
• Volume and Peak Flows were kept at predevelopment levels.
• Need to Control Compaction, Minimize Soil Disturbance, and have on-site supervision.
7
LID Can Improve Water LID Can Improve Water
Quality & Water QuantityQuality & Water Quantity
http://www.nahb.org/fileUpload_details.aspx?contentID=112936
Development Impacts Water Quality
• Alters Stormwater and Wastewater Flows
• Negatively Impacts water-related ecosystems
• Impacts water Quality through
• Creation of Impervious Surfaces
• Spatial Position of Development relative to natural features
• Introduction of Contaminants
• Impacts Wastewater through consumption of water and the Stormwater it generates
LID Can Improve Water LID Can Improve Water
Quality & Water QuantityQuality & Water Quantity
http://www.nahb.org/fileUpload_details.aspx?contentID=112936
National Association of Home-Builders has a large amount of information regarding costs and benefits of Low Impact Development
Perceived Barrier: It costs more and does not provide a benefit to the builder
Actual Barrier: Educating the entire community to the value versus costs of LID (Lower Stormwater Costs, more land can be developed; cost savings to the community, etc.)
LID Can Improve Water LID Can Improve Water
Quality & Water QuantityQuality & Water Quantity
http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/lid/costs07/documents/reducingstormwatercosts.pdf
… (In) the vast majority of cases,significant savings were realized due to:
• reduced costs for site grading and preparation,
• stormwater infrastructure, site paving, and landscaping.
• Total capital cost savings ranged from 15to 80 percent when LID methods were used...
8
LID Can Improve Water LID Can Improve Water
Quality & Water QuantityQuality & Water Quantity
http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/lid/costs07/documents/reducingstormwatercosts.pdf
LID Can Improve Water LID Can Improve Water
Quality & Water QuantityQuality & Water Quantity
http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/lid/costs07/documents/reducingstormwatercosts.pdf
LID Can Improve Water LID Can Improve Water
Quality & Water QuantityQuality & Water Quantity
Managing stormwater in Pierce County: Kensington Estates case study sheds light on low impact development
http://www.djc.com/news/en/11135654.html
• Site Design was 103 Lots on 24 Acres
• Conventional Site Design required 270,000 Cu Ft of Stormwater Facilities
• LID Required 55,000 cu ft of stormwater facilities
• 62% of land was saved as open space
• Cost Savings of 20% to the Developer
• 10% More units were able to be built than conventional design would have allowed.
9
LID Can Improve Water LID Can Improve Water
Quality & Water QuantityQuality & Water Quantity
Undevelopable Undevelopable
area excludedarea excludedMore than 50% More than 50% Less than 50%Less than 50%ConservationConservation
Open Space can Open Space can
be undevelopablebe undevelopable50% or More50% or More50% or less50% or lessOpen SpaceOpen Space
NoNoFragmentedFragmentedCould Be entire Could Be entire
sitesiteClusterCluster
NoNoYes Yes –– may be may be
yardyardCould be entire Could be entire
sitesiteLow Density Low Density
(e.g. 1 unit/2a)(e.g. 1 unit/2a)
Conserved SpaceConserved SpaceOpen SpaceOpen SpaceDisturbed Disturbed
SpaceSpaceType of Residential Type of Residential
DevelopmentDevelopment
Barrier(s): How each is defined varies by community/county
LIDLID
All Development Occurs in a Watershed
Need to change thinking from
Water as Waste to Water as Resource
All Land Uses Have a Water
Profile
Water Quality and Water Quantity will improve
Need to Change thinking from Need to Change thinking from
stormwater as waste to stormwater as waste to
stormwater as resource.stormwater as resource.
http://waterparadigm.org/indexen.php?web=./home/homeen.html http://www.onthecommons.org/media/pdf/original/OurWaterComonsOctober2008English.pdf
Barrier: Need to change the way we think about water
10
Need to Change thinking from Need to Change thinking from
stormwater as waste to stormwater as waste to
stormwater as resource.stormwater as resource.
http://www.clemson.edu/restoration/events/past_events/sc_water_resources/t4_proceedings_presentations/t4_zip/zimmer.pdf
http://www.coe.neu.edu/environment/DOCUMENTS/Wingspread%20Final%20Report.pdf
Barrier: We cannot solve our problems at the same level of thinking that created them
We need a new way of looking at our water quality and water quantity problems
Need to Change thinking from Need to Change thinking from
stormwater as waste to stormwater as waste to
stormwater as resource.stormwater as resource.
http://www.coe.neu.edu/environment/DOCUMENTS/Wingspread%20Final%20Report.pdf
“An urban area is an ecological system wherein humans, habitat, transportation and water infrastructure, and terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna exist in symbiosis and interdependence. Urban fresh waters are the lifeline for ecological and economical sustainability, yet the fresh water resources are being impaired to a point that the integrity of urban waters has been damaged by excessive development and overuse….”
Need to Change thinking from Need to Change thinking from
stormwater as waste to stormwater as waste to
stormwater as resource.stormwater as resource.
http://www.coe.neu.edu/environment/DOCUMENTS/Wingspread%20Final%20Report.pdf
The concept of the Cities of the Future, the fifth paradigm of urbanization… is a paradigm of integration• Future, and existing, urban developments will accommodate landscape, drainage, transportation and habitat infrastructure systems • Cities will be resilient to extremehydrological events and pollution• There will be adequate amounts of clean water for sustaining healthy human, terrestrial and aquatic lives• There will be an optimal balance between recreation, navigation and other economic uses of water.
11
Need to Change thinking from Need to Change thinking from
stormwater as waste to stormwater as waste to
stormwater as resource.stormwater as resource.
SESSION LAW 2009-243HOUSE BILL 749
AN ACT TO AUTHORIZE THE STATE BUILDING CODE TO PERMIT THE USE OFCISTERNS TO PROVIDE WATER FOR FLUSHING TOILETS AND FOR OUTDOORIRRIGATION IN THE CONSTRUCTION OR RENOVATION OF RESIDENTIAL ORCOMMERCIAL BUILDINGS OR STRUCTURES AND TO PROHIBIT ANY STATE,COUNTY, OR LOCAL BUILDING CODE OR REGULATION FROM PROHIBITINGTHE USE OF CISTERNS FOR THESE USES, AND TO CLARIFY MINORITYBUSINESS PURPOSES FOR PUBLIC CONTRACTS.
• All Development Impacts Water Quality (Discharge, Consumption, Compaction of Soil) (Includes 10% Impervious Surface and above – as well as 10% Compacted Surfaces and above.
• Highest Use of the land versus the Best Use of the land
• Need to Change the way we think (Paradigm Shift)
• Water is Water
• Wetlands and streams are undervalued
• One Community’s Outflow is another Community’s Intake
Barriers to Implementing Barriers to Implementing
LID Across the RegionLID Across the Region
Barriers to Implementing Barriers to Implementing
LEED Across the RegionLEED Across the Region•“Everybody knows….” it costs more.
http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=2908
12
Barriers to Implementing Barriers to Implementing
LEED Across the RegionLEED Across the Region•Sometimes, its is not about the costs (price,) rather it is really playing up the benefits
http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=2908
Barriers to Implementing Barriers to Implementing
LEED Across the RegionLEED Across the Region
Cost premiums ranging from ZERO% to 6.27%
Energy Savings from 23% to 50%
Water Savings from Zero to 78%
http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=2908
Case Study: Residential Case Study: Residential
DevelopmentDevelopment
http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/316990__914017852.pdf
• 73 Projects
• Range Under 5 Acres to Over 100 Acres
• Utilization of LEED techniques depend on points awarded and cost to develop
•Gold and Platinum Certified Utilize Green Technologies and Green Construction
•Platinum tend to include affordable housing and Habitat/wetland restoration
13
Photograph: Chuck Burton AP May 5, 2010 News and Observer
Halted construction fills N.C. waterways with silt
BY PAGE IVEY - The Associated Press
"When all the plants have grown up, you don't actually see any of the green plastic. It's just a lush green environment on top of the pond, so in theory there's a habitat for fish, frogs, wildlife as well." Ryan Winston
Our Floating Future?Our Floating Future?• Research by NC State University and Bill Hunt
• Being Tested in City of Durham – Hillendale Golf Course and Museum of Life and Science
• Originated in Montana (2000)
• Costs: $30/sq ft
• Benefit: “natural”removal of Phosphorus and Nitrogen using wetland/bog plants
News and Observer – 4/14/2010
Barriers to Implementing Barriers to Implementing
LID Across the RegionLID Across the Region• Need to look at Decentralized solution for a decentralized problem
• Our ordinances hold us back (e.g. State law now requires communities to allow the use of cisterns and to not prohibit their use; Definitions of Conservation Subdivisions; Transfer of Development Rights)
• “Everybody knows….”
14
Post Construction Post Construction
MaintenanceMaintenance
• Fertilizer
• Animal Waste
• Drought Tolerant Plants
• Native Plants
• Over-watering
ConclusionConclusionWe have a new resource
We can ‘sing from the same songbook.’
We can customize our solutions to meet the requirements of our communities and our region.
We can have a Win-Win-Win for the consumer, the developer, and the community.
If we ‘only’ apply to new construction, existing conditions will ‘only’ not get worse.
15
Jon Barsanti Jr.Jon Barsanti Jr.
[email protected]@alumni.unc.edu
919.943.1915919.943.1915
Presentation available atPresentation available athttp://http://www.slideshare.net/JonBarsantiJrwww.slideshare.net/JonBarsantiJr