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Life in the Cities
IndustrialismMainly starts in England during this time.
why? France focuses on finer goods and farming Germany lacks unity, but has lots of resources Belgium and US become big industrial countries
Inventions Railroads and canals Iron and steel Crystal Palace will be built to symbolize English
technology and progress Factories will be developed and factory cities will
become huge
Population & EconomicsThomas Mathis- wrote ‘Essay on Human
Population’ David Ricardo- wrote ‘Iron Law of Wages’ Population-
In England, within 100 years (1750-1850) population will increase from 10 to 30 million people, mainly in industrial cities like Manchester (20.000-500.000)
Working class miseriesWork faster for longer hours, 14-16
hours @ $5 a dayWomen and children (cheap labor)Engels’ Condition of the Working Class
in England class conflict middle class (business owners) =
murderers and thieves
Social class shiftsUpper middle class (factory owners)
merge with existing aristocracy New money joins the old money
New “labor aristocracy” is formed Skilled workers Supervisors or foremen Represent the “upper working class”
Women New opportunities outside the home No professional careers
Improvements begin about 1820More good “stuff”, less bad
cheaper goods available improved diets laws restrict hours for women, children
Reform Act of 1832 & Factory Act of 1833- Improved representation and helped improve child labor
Railroads changed many aspects of social life did not change class divisions
“Taming the City”Rural vs. Urban livingNew developments improve life for
city dwellers Modern sewer systems Public transportation Widened streets (less crowding) Sanitary Condition of Laboring
Population (1848)- Must improve sewage system
The New ParisNapoleon III believed wider streets
and better design would Allow control of rebellious crowds Improve city life Glorify France Increase economy and employment
“Taming the City”New developments improve life for
city dwellers Louis Pasteur
“Germ” theory Joseph Lister
Sterilization techniques Edwin Chadwick
Death and disease from poor living conditions caused poverty in cities
Organization of laborCombination Acts (1799)
Outlawed unions Repealed 1824
Robert Owen – wealthy but concerned (socialist!) Built “utopia” factory town in Scotland Less use of children Advocated large unions Provided benefits Paid high wages
Chartists – universal male suffrage
SocialismEarly 1800’s starts in France & EnglandUtopian Socialist- Ideal society
Economy shapes history and culture Class struggles haves vs. have nots capitalism
exploits workers Inevitability of a revolution working class will
revolt in bad times Surplus Value (Profits) difference between wage
and price of goods. Contributes to class struggle
Retreat from Laissez FaireEARLY SOCIALISTS Jeremy Bentham- (1748-1832) wrote
‘’Principles of Morals and Legislation’. happiness is the presence of pleasure and absence
of pain. Gov’t should assure happiness for most people by creating a welfare state.
John Stuart Mill- (1806-73) said gov’t should have some control on economy. Labor unions are good to protect workers…also discussed redistribution of wealth
SocialismSocialismGENERAL FEELINGS…Called for state ownership of private
production to protect interest of all peopleTeach people to cooperate, not being
competitiveDIFFERENCE:Robert Owen- In Scotland, was successful
w/o exploiting workersLouis Blanc- In France, wrote Organization
of Work that said use competition to eliminate competition….!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!
Blanc’s steps to SocialismCreate a French republic with universal
suffrage & a workers political partyNationalize trainsCreate social workshops Bankrupt factories taken over by state
‘…from each according to his abilities, to each according to needs.’
MarxismKarl Marx & Friedrich Engles- wrote
Communist Manifesto (1848) about ‘scientific socialism’
Workers should rebelProfit is the theft of the workersProletariat should unite against the
aristocrats and bourgeoisieReligion is the ‘opium for the masses’Das Kapital- criticize capitalism
Socialist ism’sSocialist ism’sRevisionism- socialism through democratic
reformsAnarchism- called for the destruction of the
state with use of violence and assassinations Leaders of Italy, Russia, Austria, France and United
States were assassinated by them
Christian Socialism- reforms due to ‘brotherly love’