LIMNOLOGY 101 - UWSP · LIMNOLOGY 101 Part 2: Habitat, Shoreline Development Trends andDevelopment...

LIMNOLOGY 101LIMNOLOGY 101Part 2: Habitat, Shoreline Part 2: Habitat, Shoreline Development Trends andDevelopment Trends andDevelopment Trends, and Development Trends, and Management Challenges & Management Challenges &

OpportunitiesOpportunities

Courtesy of the WI Lakes PartnershipCourtesy of the WI Lakes Partnership

Lake & River Management Coordinator Age 2+

HABITAT AREAS IN LAKESHABITAT AREAS IN LAKESHabitat Habitat

HABITAT AREAS IN LAKESHABITAT AREAS IN LAKES

LAKELAKE LITTORAL ZONELITTORAL ZONEHabitat Habitat

LAKELAKE LITTORAL ZONELITTORAL ZONEIntercepts nutrientsIntercepts nutrientsIntercepts nutrientsIntercepts nutrientsRefuge from predatorsRefuge from predatorsNursery for fishNursery for fishNursery for fishNursery for fish

Oligotrophic Northern Lake Eutrophic Southern Lake

HABITAT FEATURES IN LAKESHABITAT FEATURES IN LAKES

Floating and Emergent Vegetation Submersed Vegetation

Substrate Wood

Habitat Habitat

90% of all lake life is born, raised and fed in the area where land and waterfed in the area where land and water

meet. (Ontario, Ministry of Natural Resources)

Habitat Habitat

FORESTS, WETLANDS & FORESTS, WETLANDS & OTHER CRITICAL AREASOTHER CRITICAL AREAS

About Wisconsin’s wetlandsAbout Wisconsin’s wetlands

Wisconsin has 5 3 million acresWisconsin has 5 3 million acresWisconsin has ~5.3 million acres Wisconsin has ~5.3 million acres of wetlands remaining.of wetlands remaining.75% of WI’s wildlife species75% of WI’s wildlife species75% of WI s wildlife species 75% of WI s wildlife species depend on wetlands during some depend on wetlands during some stage of their life cyclestage of their life cycle1/3 of WI’s endangered and 1/3 of WI’s endangered and threatened plants and animals threatened plants and animals depend on wetlandsdepend on wetlandsdepend on wetlands depend on wetlands 20% of Wisconsin’s wetlands are 20% of Wisconsin’s wetlands are “isolated”“isolated”isolatedisolated

Habitat Habitat

Shoreline Development TrendsShoreline Development Trends

SHORELINE DEVELOPMENT TRENDSSHORELINE DEVELOPMENT TRENDS

Development also affects nutrient uptake & soil stabilityDevelopment also affects nutrient uptake & soil stability

SHORELINE DEVELOPMENT TRENDSSHORELINE DEVELOPMENT TRENDS

What’s Happened to Aquatic Plants?Shoreline Development TrendsShoreline Development Trends

pp q

Submersed

FloatingFloating

Emergent

0 5 10 15 20

% Plant CoverUndevelopedDevelopedUndeveloped

(Radoski and Goeman 2001)

Shifts in aquatic plant communities from shortShifts in aquatic plant communities from short-- to tallto tall--growing species growing species in some lake types in some lake types (Borman 2007)


ypyp ( )

What's Happened to Shoreline Plants?What's Happened to Shoreline Plants?Shoreline Development TrendsShoreline Development Trends

What s Happened to Shoreline Plants?What s Happened to Shoreline Plants?

Canopy

UndevelopedDeveloped

Understoryp

Shrub

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Shrub

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

% Plant Cover ( Elias and Meyer 2003)

Impacts of Development on Tree-fallsShoreline Development TrendsShoreline Development Trends

16001800 Tree-falls

Impacts of Development on Tree-falls

120014001600

r M

ile

Log. (Tree-falls)

8001000

alls

Per

200400600

Tree

fa

0200

0 10 20 30 40 50

Christensen et al. 1996

Homes Per Mile

TREETREE LOGICLOGIC


TREETREE LOGICLOGIC

Trees in riparian areas grow mature andTrees in riparian areas grow mature andTrees in riparian areas grow, mature and Trees in riparian areas grow, mature and fall into lakesfall into lakesSeedlings replace older treesSeedlings replace older treesSeedlings replace older treesSeedlings replace older treesTwo types of disruption of cycleTwo types of disruption of cycle

Natural periodic i e windstorm or fireNatural periodic i e windstorm or fireNatural periodic, i.e. windstorm or fireNatural periodic, i.e. windstorm or fireHuman induced, i.e. logging or shoreline Human induced, i.e. logging or shoreline developmentdevelopmentpp

Submerged wood is resilient, it bounces Submerged wood is resilient, it bounces back!back!

M. BozekM. Bozek

Study of 16 northern WI lakes (Jennings et al.Study of 16 northern WI lakes (Jennings et al.


Study of 16 northern WI lakes (Jennings et al. Study of 16 northern WI lakes (Jennings et al. 1999)1999)

Undeveloped shoreline on developed lakes Undeveloped shoreline on developed lakes p pp paveraged 610 logs/mile of shorelineaveraged 610 logs/mile of shorelineDeveloped shoreline on same set of lakes Developed shoreline on same set of lakes ppaveraged 92 logs/mile of shorelineaveraged 92 logs/mile of shoreline

Study of 45 lakes in Vilas County (MarburgStudy of 45 lakes in Vilas County (Marburg


Study of 45 lakes in Vilas County (Marburg Study of 45 lakes in Vilas County (Marburg et al. 2006)et al. 2006)

Best predictor of submerged wood was the Best predictor of submerged wood was the p gp gdensity of riparian coarse wooddensity of riparian coarse woodThe concentration of residential development The concentration of residential development

h li t d th fl fh li t d th fl fon shorelines appears to reduce the flow of on shorelines appears to reduce the flow of course wood from forests to lakescourse wood from forests to lakes

Fish grow ~3X faster in lakes Shoreline Development TrendsShoreline Development Trends

gwith lots of woody habitat

UndevelopedUndeveloped

logGrowth

Low Development Low Development

Rate(mm/yr)

High DevelopmentHigh Development

Woody Habitat (no./km)From Schindler et al. 2000

What's Happened to Fish?What's Happened to Fish?

Cowdry Lake

Undeveloped Intensely Developed

Shoreline Development Effects on Nest Site Selection by Largemouth Bass and Shoreline Development Effects on Nest Site Selection by Largemouth Bass and

Black CrappieBlack Crappie

Jeffrey Reed, MnDNRJeffrey Reed, MnDNR

What’s Happened to Green Frogs?Shoreline Development TrendsShoreline Development Trends

What s Happened to Green Frogs?120

80

100

Mile Frogs/mile

(Woodford and Meyer 2003)

60

80

per

M Frogs/milePoly. (Frogs/mile)

40

Frog

s p

0

20

F

00 10 20 30 40

Homes per Mile 24 Lakes


MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES & MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIESOPPORTUNITIESOPPORTUNITIESOPPORTUNITIES

Shoreline developmentShoreline developmentppRecreational use, including transporting aquatic Recreational use, including transporting aquatic invasive species and motorboat impactsinvasive species and motorboat impactsEutrophicationEutrophicationGlobal climate changeGlobal climate change

Management Challenges & OpportunitiesManagement Challenges & Opportunities

Present state and plausible conditions of the Northern Highland and Yahara River lake districts if present trends continue.

(Carpenter et al. 2007)

Suburbanization of Lake Shores

Courtesy of MN DNR

SHORELINE DEVELOPMENTSHORELINE DEVELOPMENTManagement Challenges & OpportunitiesManagement Challenges & Opportunities

Opportunities:Opportunities:ordinance/planning updates ordinance/planning updates p g pp g ppermanent land protection/conservationpermanent land protection/conservationstorm water diversion and infiltrationstorm water diversion and infiltrationshoreline and inshoreline and in lake restorationlake restorationshoreline and inshoreline and in--lake restorationlake restoration

RECREATIONAL USERECREATIONAL USE –– AquaticAquaticManagement Challenges & OpportunitiesManagement Challenges & Opportunities

Displace native plants and animals

RECREATIONAL USE RECREATIONAL USE Aquatic Aquatic Invasive SpeciesInvasive Species

Displace native plants and animals

Interfere with boating and swimming

Expensive to control


AISAIS

C l l f

Spiny water fleaAISAIS

Curly-leafPondweed

Zebra Mussels R C fi hEurasianWatermilfoil

Zebra Mussels Rusty Crayfish

Watermilfoil

PurpleRainbow Smelt

PurpleLoosestrife


Eurasian watermilfoil

20052005--2006 Research Results2006 Research ResultsManagement Challenges & OpportunitiesManagement Challenges & Opportunities

100 Heavy Management

100 lakes in survey100 lakes in survey

60

80

quen

cy o

f (%

)

Light ManagementNo Management

40

60

ttor

al F

req

ccur

renc

e

0

20

EWM

Lit Oc

00 10 20 30 40 50

Years Since Initial Detection(H ll t l 2008)

Any management approach can result in wide variation in current EWM

(Hauxwell et al. 2008)

RECREATIONAL USE RECREATIONAL USE –– Aquatic Invasive Aquatic Invasive SpeciesSpeciesppOpportunities:Opportunities:good boater hygienegood boater hygiene

liti l t (i t d ll )liti l t (i t d ll )political support (i.e. grant dollars) political support (i.e. grant dollars) partnerships (e.g. county illegalpartnerships (e.g. county illegal--toto--transport ordinance)transport ordinance)

Thank you watercraft inspection volunteers and employees!

RECREATIONAL USERECREATIONAL USERECREATIONAL USE RECREATIONAL USE ––Motorboat ImpactsMotorboat Impactspp


BOATINGBOATING


0.45

BOATINGBOATING

0 30.350.4

TU

)

0.20.250.3

Shallow lakesDeep lakesty

(NT

0.10.15

Deep lakes

urbi

dit

00.05

Mid-lake Near-shore

Tu

Mid lake Near shore

Weekday to Weekend Turbidity Change

Plant Growth Plant Growth -- Boating ImpactsBoating Impacts200


g pg p

160

200/m

)2 Exposed to Boat traffic

Enclosed (Mesh walls)

Enclosed (Solid walls)

120

160

ass

(g/

80

120

Bio

ma

40

80

Tota

l

0

0

Plan

t

North South North South East North West South

Plot(Asplund and Cook 1997)


Chara Beds with Prop TracksChara Beds with Prop Tracks

RECREATIONAL USE RECREATIONAL USE –– Motorboat ImpactsMotorboat Impacts

Opportunities: Opportunities: personal boating choicespersonal boating choicesrecreational use ordinances recreational use ordinances critical habitat designationscritical habitat designations

EUTROPHICATIONEUTROPHICATIONManagement Challenges & OpportunitiesManagement Challenges & Opportunities

EUTROPHICATION EUTROPHICATION

Al blAl blAlgae blooms Algae blooms

Murky waterMurky wateryy

Toxic algaeToxic algae

Fish killsFish kills

Y k k!Y k k!Yucky muck!Yucky muck!

BlueBlue--Green ScumGreen Scum


Wapogassett Lake, Polk Co.



EUTROPHICATION EUTROPHICATION

Opportunities: Opportunities: Watershed ProtectionWatershed Protection

conservation easements and land acquisitionconservation easements and land acquisitionWatershed ManagementWatershed Management

ordinance/planning updatesordinance/planning updatesordinance/planning updatesordinance/planning updatesno fertilizer or P fertilizer bans, no fertilizer or P fertilizer bans, construction site erosion controlconstruction site erosion control

f (f (onon--site infiltration practices (e.g. rain gardens and barrels, site infiltration practices (e.g. rain gardens and barrels, infiltration trenches and pits) construction site erosion control infiltration trenches and pits) construction site erosion control

Available from Burnett County LWCD.


DIVERSION & DIVERSION & INFILTRATIONINFILTRATIONINFILTRATIONINFILTRATION

Photo courtesy of Chuck Brookshaw, Rivers North Contracting and Cheryl Clemens, Harmony Environmental

CLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGEManagement Challenges & OpportunitiesManagement Challenges & Opportunities

CLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE

Going to Arkansas?g

UCS/ESA 2003

Variation in Earth Surface TemperaturesVariation in Earth Surface Temperatures

Northern Hemisphere - last 1000 years

C°

)ag

eer

atur

e (C

990

aver

ain

Tem

pe96

1 to

19

epar

ture

om

the

19D fro

IPCC 2007

Climate Change & Lakes?Climate Change & Lakes?Climate Change & Lakes?Climate Change & Lakes?

Ice coverIce coverIce coverIce cover

S i S i Species rangeSpecies range

Water levelsWater levels

Water qualityWater quality

Northern Wisconsin seepage lake 2007

S l k l tSame lake one year later

Meanwhile impounded Lake Delton overflowed

CLIMATE CHANGE and WATERCLIMATE CHANGE and WATER

Opportunities: Opportunities: emission reductionsemission reductionsminimizing pressure on the environment minimizing pressure on the environment (i.e. water use, land use)(i.e. water use, land use)

adaptation to a changing hydrologic regimeadaptation to a changing hydrologic regime

Lake Monona, Dane Co (Aug 31, 2007)

CITIZENS LEAD CITIZENS LEAD ANDAND GOVERNMENT FOLLOWSGOVERNMENT FOLLOWSShare lakeShare lake--friendly living tips with friends, family, and friendly living tips with friends, family, and neighborsneighborsLead by example even if it means redefining trendsLead by example even if it means redefining trendsLead by example even if it means redefining trendsLead by example even if it means redefining trendsParticipate in local government (e.g. Participate in local government (e.g. BOABOA, municipal , municipal committees) including simply attending meetingscommittees) including simply attending meetingsRun for elected officeRun for elected office

Future Lake & River Management Coordinators????

Do what you can, with what you have, where you are.Theodore Roosevelt

LEAVING ALEAVING ALEAVING A LEAVING A LEGACYLEGACYLEGACYLEGACY

Help Protect Wisconsin’s…Help Protect Wisconsin’s…WATERWATERWATER WATER

RESOURCESRESOURCESESOU CESESOU CES

Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia i (VHS )i (VHS )virus (VHSv)virus (VHSv)

Newly discovered in Newly discovered in yy20072007Ability to infect and kill Ability to infect and kill

ddseveral different fish several different fish species at oncespecies at onceConfined to WinnebagoConfined to WinnebagoConfined to Winnebago Confined to Winnebago pool system and Lake pool system and Lake MichiganMichiganEmergency RulesEmergency Rules

Which one is the future?Which one is the future?Which one is the future?Which one is the future?

M b b th!Maybe both!

Tools for protecting shoreland wetland Tools for protecting shoreland wetland h bi d l k lih bi d l k lihabitat and lake qualityhabitat and lake quality

- Regulation of wetland fill

- Shoreland zoning

- Invasive species controlp

- Slow/no-wake zones

- Restoration

- Preservation

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LIMNOLOGY 101 - UWSP · LIMNOLOGY 101 Part 2: Habitat, Shoreline Development Trends andDevelopment...

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