LinuMint UserGuide English

7/31/2019 LinuMint UserGuide English

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/linumint-userguide-english 1/52

Hffomoeb

\}ls @|ogl

Bod|~ Iodw 0 ‒@bhsoe’

IEOD LGOWOHD

Ghm|ildw Vls}ohd 5$1$0

Qe`l 5 hf <3



Wecbl hf Mhdwldw}

ODWSHG\MWOHD WH BOD\^ IODW $$$$$$$$=

NO]WHS_$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=

Q\SQH]L$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=

VLS]OHD D\ICLS] EDG MHGLDEIL] $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$7

LGOWOHD]$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$<

PNLSL WH FODG NLBQ$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$<

OD]WEBBEWOHD HF BOD\^ IODW $$$ $$$$$ $6

GHPDBHEG WNL O]H$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$6

VOE WHSSLDW$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$0

Od}webb e Whssldw mboldw$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$0

Ghpdbheg wnl Whssldw fobl$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$0

VOE E GHPDBHEG IOSSHS $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$0

S LEG WNL S LBLE]L DHWL]$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$>

MNLMK WNL IG<$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$>

C\SD WNL O]H WH MG$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$?

CHHW WNL BOVLMG$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$51

OD]WEBB BOD\^ IODW HD _H\S NESG GSOVL$$$$55

WNL CHHW ]LU\LDML$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$5?

ODWSHG\MWOHD WH WNL BOD\^ IODWGL]KWHQ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$35

WNL @DHIL GL]KWHQ$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$35

IODWGL]KWHQ$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$35

IODWILD\$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$33

@LWWOD@ WH KDHP IODWILD\$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$33

Wnl ‒Qbeml}’ ild|$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$33

Wnl ‒]y}wli’ ild|$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$37

Wnl ‒Eqqbomewohd}’ ild|$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$3>

Wnl ‒]lesmn’ folbg$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=1

GLFODL _H\S FEVHSOWL EQQBOMEWOHD]$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=1

IEKL _H\S HPD ]NHSWM\W]$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=5BE\DMN EQQBOMEWOHD] E\WHIEWOMEBB_ PNLD _H\

BH@ OD$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=5

MNED@L WNL EQQLESEDML HF IODWILD\$$$$$$$$$$$$$=5

EMWOVEWL WNL S LMLDW QB\@)OD$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=3

S L]WHSL WNL GLFE\BW ]LWWOD@]$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=3

S LQBEML IODWILD\ POWN WNL GLFE\BW @ DHIL

ILD\$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$==

OD]WEBB(SLIHVL EQQBOMEWOHD] $$$==

QEMKE@L IEDE@LILDW OD BOD\^ IODW$$$$$$$$$$==IODWO D]WEBB" WNL ]HFWPESL IEDE@LS $$$$$$$$$$$$=>

IODWILD\$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=>

]_DEQWOM & EQW$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=?

S LIHVL EQQBOMEWOHD]$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$71

IODWILD\$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$71

EQW$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$71

]_DEQWOM$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$75

\QGEWL _H\S ]_]WLI EDG _H\S EQQBOMEWOHD]$$75

\]OD@ IODW\QGEWL$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$75

IEKL WNL IH]W HF _H\S GL]KWHQ

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$70

MHQ_ EDG QE]WL POWN WNL IH\]L$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$70

WEKL] DHWL] POWN WHICH_$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$7>

]NESL FOBL] POWN IODW\QBHEG$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$7?

\]L ED FWQ(]FWQ(]MQ EMMH\DW POWN

IODW\QBHEG$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$<1

ESMNOVL LIEOB] EDG PLC]OWL] E] QGF$$$$$$$$$$$<5

MHDMB\]OHD $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$<3

Qe`l 3 hf <3



Odwshg|mwohd wh Bod|~ IodwBod|~ Iodw o} e mhiq|wls hqlsewod` }y}wli gl}o`dlg wh phsk hd ih}w ihglsd }y}wli}"odmb|god` wyqomeb ~>6 edg ~67 QM}$

Bod|~ Iodw med cl wnh|`nw hf e} fobbod` wnl }eil shbl e} Iomsh}hfw'} Podghp}" Eqqbl'}Iem H]" edg wnl fsll C]G H]$ Bod|~ Iodw o} eb}h gl}o`dlg wh phsk od mhdj|dmwohd pownhwnls hqlsewod` }y}wli} .odmb|god` wnh}l bo}wlg echvl/" edg med e|whiewomebby }lw |q e

‒g|eb chhw’ hs ‒i|bwo)chhw’ ldvoshdildw .pnlsl wnl |}ls o} qshiqwlg e} wh pnomn

hqlsewod` }y}wli wh }wesw ew lemn chhw)|q/ g|sod` ow} od}webbewohd$

Bod|~ Iodw o} e `slew hqlsewod` }y}wli fhs odgovog|eb} edg fhs mhiqedol}$

No}whsy

Bod|~ Iodw o} e vlsy ihglsd hqlsewod` }y}wli; Ow} glvlbhqildw }weswlg od 3116$ Ow o}"nhplvls" c|obw |qhd vlsy iew|sl edg qshvld }hfwpesl beyls}" odmb|god` wnl Bod|~ klsdlb"

wnl @D\ whhb} edg wnl @dhil gl}kwhq$ Ow eb}h slbol} hd wnl \c|dw| edg Glcoed qshjlmw}

edg |}l} wnlos }y}wli} e} e ce}l$

Wnl Bod|~ Iodw qshjlmw fhm|}l} hd iekod` wnl gl}kwhq ihsl |}ecbl edg ihsl lffomoldwfhs lvlsygey we}k} qslfhsilg cy sl`|bes |}ls}$ \dglsdlewn wnl gl}kwhq wnl hqlsewod`

}y}wli eb}h qshvogl}" fshi e vlsy }wshd` ce}l" e n|`l mhbblmwohd hf eveobecbl }hfwpesl edg

e vlsy plbb odwl`sewlg }lw hf }lsvoml}$

Bod|~ Iodw }ep e seqog so}l od qhq|besowy edg ihsl edg ihsl qlhqbl |}l ow lvlsy gey$

Q|sqh}l

Wnl q|sqh}l hf Bod|~ Iodw o} wh qshvogl e gl}kwhq hqlsewod` }y}wli wnew nhil |}ls} edg

mhiqedol} med |}l ew dh mh}w edg pnomn o} e} lffomoldw" le}y wh |}l" edg lblèdw e}

qh}}ocbl$

Hdl hf wnl eicowohd} hf wnl Bod|~ Iodw qshjlmw o} wh clmhil wnl cl}w hqlsewod` }y}wli

eveobecbl cy iekod` ow le}y fhs qlhqbl wh `lw wh |}l egvedmlg wlmndhbhòl}" sewnls wned cy

}oiqbofyod` wnli .edg wnlslcy slg|mod` wnlos meqecobowol}/" hs cy mhqyod` wnl eqqshemnl}wekld cy hwnls glvlbhqls}$

Wnl `heb o} wh glvlbhq h|s hpd ogle hf wnl ogleb gl}kwhq$ Pl wnodk wnew ow o} cl}w wh iekl

wnl ih}w h|w hf wnl ihglsd wlmndhbhòl} wnew l~o}w |dgls Bod|~ edg iekl ow le}y fhs

lvlsychgy wh |}l ow} ih}w egvedmlg flew|sl}$

Qe`l = hf <3



Vls}ohd d|icls} edg mhgldeil}

Wno} `|ogl mhvls} vls}ohd 0 hf Bod|~ Iodw" pnomn o} mhgldeilg ‒@bhsoe’$

Vls}ohd d|icls} edg mhgldeil} fhbbhp e |dou|l bhòm od Bod|~ Iodw:

) Mhgldeil} qshvogl e pey wh slfls wh vls}ohd} hf Bod|~ Iodw wnew o} ihsl feioboes wned |}od` e vls}ohd d|icls$

) ]odml vls}ohd <" Bod|~ Iodw ne} fhbbhplg e 6 ihdwn} slble}l mymbl edg |}l} e

}oiqbofolg vls}ohd }mnlil$ Wnl vls}ohd d|icls }oiqby `lw} odmslildwlg lvlsy 6

ihdwn}$

) Of slvo}ohd} esl iegl wh e qeswom|bes slble}l .e cow bokl ]lsvoml Qemk} od Podghp}/

ow} vls}ohd d|icls `lw} e iodhs slvo}ohd odmslildw$ Fhs od}wedml ‒0’ ph|bg

clmhil ‒0$5’$

) Mhgldeil} od Bod|~ Iodw esl ebpey} fliebl deil} ldgod` pown ‒e’$ Wnly fhbbhpwnl ebqneclwomeb hsgls edg wnl fos}w blwwls hf wnl mhgldeil mhssl}qhdg} wh wnl odgl~

hf wnl vls}ohd d|icls od wnl ebqneclw$

]h fes Bod|~ Iodw ne} |}lg wnl fhbbhpod` mhgldeil}:

Vls}ohd Mhgldeil

5$1 Ege

3$1 Cescese

3$5 Cle

3$3 Coedme

=$1 Me}}edgse

=$5 Mlblde

7$1 Gesyde

< Lby}}e

6 Flbomoe

0 @bhsoe

Qe`l 7 hf <3



Lgowohd}

Ed Lgowohd o} e slble}l hf Bod|~ Iodw pnomn o} m|}whiozlg wh eggsl}} e mlsweod }lw hf

dllg}$ Wno} `|ogl mhvls} wnl Ieod Lgowohd$ Nlsl esl wnl ih}w qhq|bes lgowohd}:

◈ Ieod Lgowohd◈ \dovls}eb Lgowohd .ce}lg hd wnl Ieod Lgowohd" ow mhil} pownh|w i|bwoilgoe

mhglm} edg qewldwlg wlmndhbhòl}" pown e wl~w)ce}lg @s|c chhw ild| fhs oiqshvlg

mhiqewocobowy edg pown }|qqhsw fhs ebb iejhs bed`|e`l}/◈ ~67 Lgowohd .}eil e} wnl Ieod Lgowohd c|w hqwoiozlg fhs 67)cow esmnowlmw|sl}/

◈ KGL Mhii|dowy Lgowohd .|}l} e KGL gl}kwhq/

◈ ^FML Mhii|dowy Lgowohd .|}l} ed ^FML gl}kwhq/◈ B^GL Mhii|dowy Lgowohd .|}l} ed B^GL gl}kwhq/

◈ Fb|~ch~ Mhii|dowy Lgowohd .l~wslilby bo`nwplo`nw fhs hbgls mhiq|wls}/

E} yh| med }ll" }hil hf wnl}l lgowohd} esl beclblg ‒Mhii|dowy Lgowohd’$ Wno} iled}

wnly esl glvlbhqlg edg ieodweodlg cy ilicls} hf wnl Bod|~ Iodw Mhii|dowy pnh nevl clld iegl qesw hf wnl Bod|~ Iodw wlei$ Of yh| ghd‟w kdhp pnomn lgowohd wh |}l" yh|

}nh|bg mnhh}l wnl Ieod Lgowohd$

Of yh| odwldg wh slgo}wsoc|wl hs wh iekl mhiilsmoeb |}l hf Bod|~ Iodw od wnl \]E hs od

Jeqed edg of yh|‟sl dhw }|sl ech|w qewldw bl o}bewohd yh| }nh|bg |}l wnl \dovls}ebLgowohd$

Of yh| nevl bl}} wned 7@C hf SEI" lvld of yh|s qshml}}hs o} 67)cow" yh| }nh|bg mnhh}l

wnl Ieod Lgowohd$ Wnlsl o} dh wedòcbl qlsfhsiedml èod pown wnl ~67 Lgowohd hdmhiq|wls} pown bl}} wned 7@C hf SEI edg wnl Ieod Lgowohd o} kdhpd wh cl ihsl }wecbl

.^>6X67 o} u|owl dlp edg ih}w }hfwpesl emw|ebby s|d} fe}wls edg clwwls od e =3)cowldvoshdildw" dh iewwls pnlwnls wnl MQ\ emw|ebby }|qqhsw} 67)cow hs dhw/$

Pnlsl wh fodg nlbq

Wnl Bod|~ Iodw mhii|dowy o} vlsy nlbqf|b edg vlsy emwovl$ Of yh| nevl u|l}wohd} hs e

qshcbli slbewlg wh Bod|~ Iodw" yh| }nh|bg cl ecbl wh `lw nlbq fshi hwnls |}ls} hdbodl$

Fos}w" iekl }|sl wh slò}wls pown wnl ‒Bod|~ Iodw Fhs|i}’$ Wno} o} wnl vlsy fos}w qbeml

pnlsl yh| med fodg nlbq: nwwq:((ppp$bod|~iodw$mhi(fhs|i$

Of yh| pedw wh mnew pown hwnls |}ls} yh| med mhddlmw wh wnl OSM mnew shhi$ \dgls Bod|~Iodw }oiqby be|dmn ‒^Mnew’ fshi wnl ild|$ Of yh|‟sl |}od` edhwnls hqlsewod` }y}wli hs

edhwnls OSM mboldw iekl }|sl wh mhddlmw wh wnl ‒osm$}qhwmnew$hs`’ }lsvls edg wh jhod wnl

mneddlb ‒-bod|~iodw’$

Bod|~ Iodw |}l} \c|dw| slqh}owhsol} .ihsl hd pnew wno} iled} bewls/ edg o} f|bbymhiqewocbl pown ow }h ih}w hf wnl sl}h|sml}" eswombl}" w|whsoeb}" edg }hfwpesl iegl fhs

Qe`l < hf <3

http://www.linuxmint.com/forum

http://www.linuxmint.com/forum



\c|dw| ?$17 .mhgldeilg ‒Je|dwy Jemkebhql’/ eb}h phsk fhs Bod|~ Iodw 0 ‒@bhsoe’$ Of

yh| med‟w fodg nlbq hd e }qlmofom }|cjlmw fhs @bhsoe" iekl }|sl wh }lesmn hd wnl }eil

}|cjlmw fhs ‒Je|dwy’$

Dhwl: \c|dw| o} edhwnls hqlsewod` }y}wli ce}lg hd @D\(Bod|~$

Dhwl: E slqh}owhsy o} ed hdbodl }lsvoml cy pnomn }hfwpesl o} }whslg edg iegl eveobecbl fhs wnl hqlsewod` }y}wli wh od}webb edg |qgewl fshi$ Ih}w hqlsewod` }y}wli} ce}lg hd @D\(Bod|~ |}l slqh}owhsol} edg mhddlmw wh wnli voe NWWQ hs FWQ wh od}webb edg |q`segl wnlos }hfwpesl$

Fodebby" of yh| med‟w fodg edy nlbq ew ebb hs of yh| ph|bg bokl wh cl }|sl yh| ebpey} `lw

fos}w mbe}} ewwldwohd fshi wnl glvlbhqls} yh| med c|y qshfl}}ohdeb }|qqhsw ew wno} eggsl}}:

nwwq:((bod|~iodw$mhi(}|qqhsw$qnq$

Od}webbewohd hf Bod|~ Iodw

_h| med ghpdbheg wnl Bod|~ Iodw hqlsewod` }y}wli fhs fsll$ Ow |}|ebby mhil} e} e.sh|`nby/ 011IC O]H fobl pnomn yh| dllg wh c|sd wh e MG$ Wnl bovlMG o} wnld chhwecbledg qshvogl} e f|bby)f|dmwohdeb hqlsewod` }y}wli pnomn yh| med wsy pownh|w efflmwod`

yh|s QM$ Od beyied'} wlsi}" pnld yh| q|w Bod|~ Iodw hd e MG edg qbeml ow odwh yh|s

mhiq|wls" yh| med wsy ow h|w pnobl blevod` yh|s m|ssldw }y}wli odwemw$

Dhwl: Ow o} eb}h qh}}ocbl wh psowl wnl O]H oie`l wh e \]C }womk hs hwnls ilihsy glvoml edg chhw fshi wnew"hs wh chhw fshi wnl O]H oie`l hd wnl nesg gsovl" c|w wnl}l hqwohd} esl }hilpnew ihsl egvedmlg edg wnl

ilwnhg qsl}ldwlg nlsl o} slmhiildglg$ Fhs nlbq pown ebwlsdewovl ilwnhg} hf od}webbod` edg s|ddod` Bod|~

Iodw" qble}l vo}ow wnl fhs|i}$

Of yh| bokl pnew yh| }ll pnld s|ddod` wnl bovlMG" yh| med glmogl wh od}webb wnl }y}wli wh

yh|s nesg gsovl$ Ebb wnl dlml}}esy whhb} .qeswowohdod` edg od}webbewohd whhb}/ esl qsl}ldw hdwnl MG$

Ghpdbheg wnl O]H

Dhwl: Of yh| ghd'w nevl e cshegcedg mhddlmwohd" hs of yh|s Odwlsdlw emml}} o} whh }bhp edg

011IC o} whh co` fhs yh| wh ghpdbheg" yh| med hsgls wnl MG fshi wno} plc }owl:

nwwq:((ppp$hd)go}k$mhi

Hwnlspo}l" yh| med vo}ow wnl Bod|~ Iodw ghpdbheg qe`l nlsl: nwwq:((ppp$bod|~iodw$mhi(

ghpdbheg$qnq

Wnld mnhh}l wnl lgowohd yh|'sl odwlsl}wlg od$

Qe`l 6 hf <3

http://linuxmint.com/support.php

http://www.on-disk.com/

http://www.linuxmint.com/download.php


http://linuxmint.com/support.php

http://www.on-disk.com/





Fshi wno} qe`l" yh| }nh|bg cl ecbl wh fodg:

‣ ed IG< }o`dew|sl

‣ e whssldw bodk

‣ e bo}w hf ghpdbheg iosshs}

Wnl fobl yh| dllg wh ghpdbheg o} ed O]H fobl$ Wnlsl esl wph pey} wh ghpdbheg wno} fobl"

cy whssldw .e Qlls wh Qlls qshwhmhb/ hs voe e ghpdbheg iosshs .NWWQ hs FWQ qshwhmhb/$Hdml yh|s ghpdbheg o} fodo}nlg" yh| med ld}|sl yh|s O]H fobl o}d‟w mhss|qwlg cy

mnlmkod` ow} }o`dew|sl pown wnl IG<$

Voe Whssldw

Whssldw o} e Qlls wh Qlls .Q3Q/ qshwhmhb$ Ce}omebby" od}wleg hf ghpdbhegod` fshi e mldwseb

bhmewohd" e whssldw blw} yh| ghpdbheg wnl O]H fobl od qesw} fshi gofflsldw qlhqbl emsh}} wnl

Odwlsdlw$

Wnl ihsl qlhqbl pnh ghpdbheg wnl O]H fobl" wnl fe}wls wnl ghpdbheg }qllg `lw}$ Wno} o}wnl qslflsslg edg slmhiildglg pey wh ghpdbheg Bod|~ Iodw$

Od}webb e Whssldw mboldw

_h| dllg e qolml hf }hfwpesl mebblg e ‒whssldw mboldw’ od hsgls wh ghpdbheg fobl} voe

whssldw$

Of yh| s|d Bod|~" yh| med od}webb ‒Wsed}io}}ohd’$ Of yh| s|d Bod|~ Iodw" Wsed}io}}ohd o}

ebslegy od}webblg$

Of yh| s|d Podghp}" yh| med |}l V|zl . nwwq:((ez|sl|}$}h|smlfhs`l$dlw( /$

Ghpdbheg wnl Whssldw fobl

Wnl dl~w }wlq o} wh fhbbhp wnl whssldw bodk fshi wnl Bod|~ Iodw plc}owl edg wh ghpdbheg

wnl $whssldw fobl$ Wno} fobl o} vlsy }iebb$ Efwls ow ghpdbheg}" yh| }nh|bg hqld ow pown yh|s

whssldw mboldw$

Wnl whssldw mboldw pobb qshcecby e}k yh| pnlsl yh| pedw wh }evl wnl O]H$ ]lblmw e

gl}wodewohd edg wnld peow fhs wnl ghpdbheg wh mhiqblwl$

Fhs ihsl odfhsiewohd ech|w wnl whssldw qshwhmhb" vo}ow:

nwwq:((ld$pokoqlgoe$hs`(poko(CowWhssldw

Voe e ghpdbheg iosshs

Of yh| med‟w" hs gh dhw mnhh}l wh |}l wnl whssldw qshwhmhb" wnld bhhk ew wnl bo}w hf ghpdbhegiosshs} edg qomk hdl hf wnli$ Wnly‟bb qshvogl e bodk wh wnl O]H fobl ow}lbf pnomn yh| med

j|}w mbomk wh }wesw wnl ghpdbheg$

Qe`l 0 hf <3

http://azureus.sourceforge.net/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent

http://azureus.sourceforge.net/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent



Dhwl: Slilicls wnew cedgpogwn o} boiowlg wnh|`n edg wnl ihsl qlhqbl ghpdbheg fshi e

iosshs" wnl }bhpls wnl ghpdbheg }qllg `lw} fhs lvlsychgy pnh o} ghpdbhegod` fshi wnew

iosshs$ F|swnlsihsl" of fhs }hil sle}hd wnl ghpdbheg }nh|bg cl odwlss|qwlg" ow iey clmhss|qwlg edg wnl ghpdbheg iey nevl wh cl sl}weswlg$ Fhs wnl}l sle}hd} ow io`nw cl

phswnpnobl |}od` e ghpdbheg iede`ls" bokl fhs Bod|~" hs fhs Podghp}" of wekod` wno}

sh|wl$

Sleg wnl Slble}l Dhwl}

_h|s ghpdbheg o} qshcecby `hod` wh be}w ew ble}w ed nh|s" }h dhp ph|bg cl wnl qlsflmw

woil fhs yh| wh `lw feioboes pown wnl dlp flew|sl} mhiod` pown wnl slble}l yh|‟sl

m|ssldwby ghpdbhegod`$

Wnl slble}l dhwl} esl flew|slg hd wnl Bod|~ Iodw plc qe`l edg ed}pls wnl fhbbhpod`

u|l}wohd}:

‣ Pnew esl wnl dlp flew|sl} glbovlslg od wno} slble}l8

‣ Pnew esl wnl kdhpd qshcbli} hf wno} slble}l8

‣ Nhp gh O |q`segl fshi wnl qslvoh|} slble}l8

Wnly eb}h mhdweod }mslld}nhw} hf wnl bewl}w slble}l$ Hf mh|s}l" yh| mh|bg fodg h|w ech|w

ih}w flew|sl} no`nbo`nwlg od wnl slble}l dhwl} cy }oiqby |}od` wnl hqlsewod` }y}wli" c|w

yh| io`nw io}} e flp wnod`}" }h ow o} ih}w slboecbl wh sleg wnl slble}l dhwl}$

Wnl slble}l dhwl} fhs Bod|~ Iodw 0 @bhsoe esl eveobecbl nlsl:

nwwq:((ppp$bod|~iodw$mhi(slbX`bhsoe$qnq$

Mnlmk wnl IG<

_h|‟vl sleg wnl slble}l dhwl}" yh| j|}w med‟w peow wh qbey pown wnl dlp flew|sl} hs wsyBod|~ Iodw" edg yh|s ghpdbheg j|}w fodo}nlg }|mml}}f|bby$ _h|‟sl slegy wh c|sd e MG

edg wh chhw hd ow… c|w nly% Peow fhs e }lmhdg%

Of wnew MG o} fe|bwy yh| pobb l~qlsoldml plosg c|`} edg pobb nevl e bhw hf wsh|cbl fodgod`

nlbq$ Wnl wph ih}w mhiihd sle}hd} fhs e MG wh cl fe|bwy esl:

‣ Ed o}}|l pown wnl ghpdbheg me|}od` qshcbli} od yh|s O]H fobl

‣ Ed lsshs g|sod` wnl c|sd qshml}} wnew ebwls} wnl mhdwldw} hf yh|s c|sdlg bovlMG

Wnl IG< }o`dew|sl" pnomn o} qsl}ldw hd wnl ghpdbheg qe`l" qshvogl} e u|omk pey fhs

yh| wh iekl }|sl wnew yh|s O]H fobl o} l~emwby bokl ow }nh|bg cl$ ]h" blw‟} mnlmk wnl O]Hfobl yh| j|}w ghpdbheglg clfhsl pl c|sd ow edg }evl h|s}lbvl} fshi e bhw hf qhwldwoeb

qshcbli}$

Qe`l > hf <3

http://www.linuxmint.com/rel_gloria.php

http://www.linuxmint.com/rel_gloria.php



Of yh| s|d edy vls}ohd hf Bod|~ yh| qshcecby ebslegy nevl wnl ig<}|i qsh`sei

od}webblg$ Hqld e wlsiodeb edg ‒mg’ wh wnl goslmwhsy pnlsl yh|s O]H fobl o} .fhs od}wedml" of

‒Bod|~Iodw)0$o}h’ o} hd wnl Gl}kwhq/" hqld e wlsiodeb edg wyql:

mg t(Gl}kwhq

ig<}|i Bod|~Iodw)0$o}h

Wno} mhiiedg }nh|bg h|wq|w e }lsol} hf d|icls} edg blwwls} pnomn mhiqso}l wnl IG<

}|i" hs }o`dew|sl" hf yh|s O]H fobl$ Cy gl}o`d" edy }iebb mned`l wh wnl O]H fobl pobb me|}l

wno} }o`dew|sl wh cl }o`dofomedwby gofflsldw" ebbhpod` |} wh vlsofy wnew wnl fobl o} l~emwby e}ow }nh|bg cl$

Mhiqesl wnew }o`dew|sl pown wnl hdl hd wnl ghpdbheg qe`l hf wnl Bod|~ Iodw plc}owl$ Of

wnl wph }o`dew|sl} esl wnl }eil" wnld yh| kdhp yh|s O]H fobl o} l~emwby wnl }eil e} wnl

hsoòdeb edg yh| med dhp `lw slegy wh c|sd ow hd MG$

Of yh| neqqld wh s|d Podghp}" mnedml} esl yh| ghd‟w nevl ig<}|i od}webblg$ _h| med

`lw ow fshi nlsl: nwwq:((ppp$lwsll$hs`(ig<mhi$nwib

Qbeml wnl O]H fobl edg wnl ig<}|i$l~l od wnl }eil qbeml .blw‟} }ey od M:R/ edg s|d

‒mig$l~l’$ Od wnl mhiiedg bodl ldvoshdildw" wyql wnl fhbbhpod` mhiiedg}:

M:

mg R

ig<}|i Bod|~Iodw)0$o}h

Wnld mhiqesl wnl }o`dew|sl wh wnl hdl qsl}ldw hd wnl plc}owl$

C|sd wnl O]H wh MG

Dhp wnew yh| nevl mnlmklg wnl O]H fobl pown IG<" yh| esl slegy wh c|sd ow wh e MG$

Dhwl: ]hil lgowohd} io`nw slu|osl e GVG$ Ce}omebby" of wnl O]H o} bes`ls wned 011IC yh| dllg wh c|sd ow hd e GVG .qslflsecby e GVG)S/$

@lw e cbedk MG)S .e MG)SP }nh|bg phsk e} plbb" c|w wno} wyql hf ilgoe o} kdhpd whnevl mhiqewocobowy o}}|l}/ edg yh|s fevhsowl ieskls edg beclb wnl MG$ Ebwnh|`n beclbod`

yh|s MG'} }h|dg} wsovoeb" yh| }nh|bg cl }|sl wh gh }h" e} yh| med le}oby ldg |q pown 31

|dbeclblg edg |dogldwofoecbl go}m} hd yh|s gl}k$ :/

Od}lsw wnl cbedk MG)S od wnl gsovl edg `lw slegy wh c|sd wnl O]H$

Of yh|‟sl s|ddod` Bod|~ pown @dhil so`nw)mbomk hd wnl O]H fobl edg }lblmw ‒Psowl wh

Go}m’$

Of yh|‟sl s|ddod` Bod|~ pown KGL" be|dmn K=C edg od wnl ‒Whhb}’ ild| mnhh}l ‒PsowlO]H Oie`l’$

Qe`l ? hf <3

http://www.etree.org/md5com.html

http://www.etree.org/md5com.html



Of yh|'sl s|ddod` Bod|~ edg ph|bg bokl wh |}l wnl wlsiodeb" fshi wnl goslmwhsy yh| nevl

ghpdbheglg wnl oie`l wh:

mgslmhsg )v )geh glv95"1"1 Bod|~Iodw)0$o}h

Slqbemod` wnl d|icls} efwls glv9 pown wnl eqqshqsoewl glvoml d|icls fhs yh|s go}m gsovl$_h| med s|d

mgslmhsg )}medc|}

wh fodg wno} h|w$ _h| iey dllg wh cl shhw wh s|d wnl}l mhiiedg}$

Of yh|‟sl s|ddod` Podghp} yh| med |}l e qsh`sei bokl O]H Slmhsgls hs OdfseSlmhsgls:

nwwq:((o}hslmhsgls$ebl~flodied$mhi(o}hslmhsgls$nwinwwq:((odfseslmhsgls$}h|smlfhs`l$dlw(8qe`lXog9<

Dhwl: Iekl }|sl wh c|sd wnl O]H oie`l wh go}k" edg dhw wh psowl wnl O]H fobl wh wnl go}k$ E vlsy mhiihdio}wekl" l}qlmoebby fhs qlhqbl |}od` Dlsh" o} wh emw|ebby c|sd wnl O]H fobl hd wnl go}k e} e gewe fobl$ Wnl O]H

fobl o} ed oie`l hf e go}k }h ow dllg} wh cl c|sdw dhw e} e fobl pnomn pobb eqqles hd wnl go}k" c|w e} ed O]Hoie`l pnomn pobb cl glmhiqsl}}lg edg pnh}l mhdwldw pobb cl c|sdw hdwh wnl go}m$ Efwls c|sdod` wnl MG yh|

}nh|bgd'w }ll wnl O]H fobl pownod wnl go}m" c|w sewnls fhbgls} bokl ‒me}qls’ hs ‒o}hbod|~’$ Ih}w c|sdod`

}hfwpesl ne} e }qlmoeb hqwohd fhs wno}$

Chhw wnl BovlMG

Qbeml wnl MG od wnl gsovl edg sl}wesw wnl mhiq|wls$ _h| }nh|bg dhp }ll wnl fhbbhpod`

}mslld:

Qe`l 51 hf <3

http://isorecorder.alexfeinman.com/isorecorder.htm

http://infrarecorder.sourceforge.net/?page_id=5

http://isorecorder.alexfeinman.com/isorecorder.htm

http://infrarecorder.sourceforge.net/?page_id=5



Dhwl: Of yh| ghd‟w }ll wno} }mslld edg yh|s QM chhw} e} |}|eb ow‟} qshcecby clme|}l yh|s COH] o} dhw }lw wh

chhw hd MG$ Sl}wesw wnl mhiq|wls edg qsl}} F5" F3" Glblwl" hs L}meql .hs pnewlvls kly blw} yh| ldwls wnl

COH] mhdfo`|sewohd/ edg mned`l yh|s COH] }lwwod`} wh wlbb yh|s mhiq|wls wh chhw fshi ow} MG gsovl$

Od}webb Bod|~ Iodw hd yh|s Nesg Gsovl

Fshi wnl fos}w }mslld mnhh}l wnl glfe|bw ‒]wesw Bod|~ Iodw’ hqwohd edg qsl}} Ldwls$ WnlbovlMG ldvoshdildw }nh|bg }wesw edg yh| }nh|bg }ll e }mslld pown e qsh`sl}} ces:

Dhwl: Of yh| l~qlsoldml qshcbli} edg Bod|~ Iodw meddhw iede`l wh }wesw wsy wnl ‒]wesw Bod|~ Iodw od

mhiqewocobowy ihgl’ hqwohd fshi wnl chhw ild|:

Qe`l 55 hf <3



Efwls e bowwbl pnobl wnl bovl }y}wli }nh|bg cl slegy edg yh| }nh|bg }ll wnl gl}kwhq:

Ew wno} }we`l Bod|~ Iodw o} dhw od}webblg hd yh|s mhiq|wls" ow‟} }oiqby s|ddod` fshi wnl

MG$ Wnl }y}wli yh| nevl od fshdw hf yh| o}" nhplvls" ebih}w l~emwby wnl }eil e} wnl hdl

yh| pobb nevl hd yh|s mhiq|wls efwls wnl od}webbewohd o} fodo}nlg$

Qe`l 53 hf <3



Nevl f|d pown ow edg }ll of yh| bokl ow$ Cles od iodg wnew pnld s|ddod` fshi wnl MG"

Bod|~ Iodw s|d} }o`dofomedwby }bhpls wned ow ghl} pnld ow o} od}webblg hd e nesg gsovl"

}odml ow ne} wh sleg gewe fshi wnl MG gsovl" pnomn o} e }bhpls ilgo|i wned wnl nesg gsovl$

Pnld yh| esl slegy" gh|cbl)mbomk hd wnl ‒Od}webb’ omhd bhmewlg hd wnl gl}kwhq$ Wnl

Od}webbls eqqles}:

Of yh| nevld‟w sleg wnl slble}l dhwl} ylw" edg yh| nevl ed Odwlsdlw mhddlmwohd" wnld wno}

ed ogleb hqqhsw|dowy wh slvolp wnli; }oiqby mbomk hd wnl |dglsbodlg bodk$ Ow o} no`nbyslmhiildglg wnew |}ls} sleg wnl slble}l dhwl} qsohs wh od}webbewohd od hsgls wh egvo}l

wnli}lbvl} hf dlp flew|sl}" e} plbb e} edy o}}|l} wnew io`nw efflmw wnlos qeswom|bes

nesgpesl mhdfo`|sewohd$

Dl~w" }lblmw yh|s bed`|e`l edg qsl}} wnl ‒Fhspesg’ c|wwhd$

Qe`l 5= hf <3



Wnld mnhh}l yh|s bhmewohd hd wnl ieq cy mbomkod` hd wnl mowy pnomn o} wnl dlesl}w wh yh|$

Wnl q|sqh}l hf wno} }wlq o} wh ogldwofy yh|s woil zhdl$ Iekl }|sl wnl ‒M|ssldw woil’

eqqles} mhsslmwby edg mbomk wnl ‒Fhspesg’ c|wwhd$

Dhwl: ]hilwoil} wnl od}webbls ghl}d'w qshqlsby nedgbl ]|iils(Podwls woil egj|}wildw}" }h lvld cy

}lblmwod` wnl qshqls mowy yh| io`nw }ll e gofflsldml hf ed nh|s hs }h pown wnl mhsslmw woil$ ]oiqby o`dhsl

wno} ew wno} }we`l edg slilicls wh iekl }|sl wnew wnl woil o} mhsslmw efwls yh| slchhw od yh|s dlpbyod}webblg Bod|~ Iodw gl}kwhq$

]lblmw yh|s klychesg beyh|w$ Of yh| esl dhw }|sl ech|w l~emwby pnomn beyh|w iewmnl} wnl

klychesg yh| nevl" mbomk hd wnl wl~w folbg ew wnl chwwhi hf wnl }mslld edg }wesw wyqod` pown

yh|s klychesg$ Iekl }|sl wnl kly} yh| qsl}} iewmn wnl mnesemwls} wnew eqqles od wnl wl~w

folbg od hsgls wh ld}|sl yh| nevl }lblmwlg wnl so`nw klychesg beyh|w$ ]hil beyh|w} hdbygoffls pown sl}qlmw wh emmldw}" d|icls} edg q|dmw|ewohd }o`d}" }h iekl }|sl wh wl}w wnl}l

e} plbb$

Pnld yh|‟sl slegy mbomk wnl ‒Fhspesg’ c|wwhd$

Qe`l 57 hf <3



Wnl od}webbls pobb dhp e}k yh| pnlsl wh od}webb Bod|~ Iodw .hd pnomn nesg gsovl" od pnomn

qeswowohd" lwm$/

Of yh| pedw wh ebbhmewl wnl f|bb nesg gsovl wh Bod|~ Iodw" }oiqby }lblmw wnl ‒\}l wnl ldwosl

go}k’ hqwohd$ Bod|~ Iodw pobb lse}l ebb gewe m|ssldwby qsl}ldw hd wnl nesg gsovl yh|}lblmwlg edg od}webb ow}lbf wh ow$

Of yh| mnhh}l wh od}webb Bod|~ Iodw pnobl blevod` yh|s m|ssldw qeswowohd} e} wnly esl" owpobb |}l wnl bes`l}w mhdwod|h|} fsll }qeml wh mslewl e dlp qeswowohd$

Of yh| esl ebslegy s|ddod` edhwnls hqlsewod` }y}wli hd yh|s mhiq|wls edg yh| pedw wh

g|eb chhw pown Bod|~ Iodw" wnl le}ol}w }hb|wohd o} wh ebbhp wnl od}webbls wh sl}ozl yh|s l~o}wod` qeswowohd}$ Ow qshvogl} ed odwlsfeml wnew blw} yh| glfodl wnl }qeml yh| pedw wh

ebbhmewl wh Bod|~ Iodw .=@C o} e iodoi|i" 451@C o} slmhiildglg" edg wnlsl o} dh

qsemwomeb |qqls boiow/ edg ow pobb sl}ozl yh|s hwnls qeswowohd.}/ od emmhsgedml$ Wno}hqlsewohd o} }efl edg yh|s gewe }nh|bgd'w cl bh}w$ Nhplvls" ow o} ebpey} e `hhg ogle wh

iekl e cemk|q qsohs wh iekod` edy mned`l} wh yh|s qeswowohd}$

Wnl be}w hqwohd o} wh ‒}qlmofy qeswowohd} ied|ebby’$ Wno} blw} yh| mslewl" slihvl" edg

hsèdozl wnl qeswowohd} hd yh|s nesg gsovl$ Ow òvl} yh| f|bb mhdwshb c|w o} eb}h u|owl

mhiqbl~" }h pl dllg wh go}m|}} }hil hf wnl glweob} od me}l yh| glmogl wh |}l wno} hqwohd$Of yh| mnh}l e }oiqbls hqwohd" yh| med }koq qe}w wno} }lmwohd$

Ow o} dhp woil wh ied|ebby qeswowohd yh|s nesg gsovl$ Fhs iedy" wno} slqsl}ldw} wnl hdby

mhiqbl~ }wlq od wnl od}webbewohd qshml}}$

Blw‟} `h wnsh|`n e flp wnod`} clfhsl mhdwod|od`$

Qe`l 5< hf <3



Hsgodesoby" yh|s mhiq|wls'} fobl} edg gewe esl }whslg hd e nesg gsovl$ Ow o} qh}}ocbl wh

govogl e nesg gsovl odwh ‒qeswowohd}’ }h wnew lemn qeswowohd med cl |}lg wh }whsl gofflsldw

kodg} hf gewe$ Of yh| odwldg wh s|d ihsl wned hdl hqlsewod` }y}wli" wnld lemn hqlsewod`}y}wli i|}w nevl ow} hpd qeswowohd wh }whsl ow} gewe od$

Wno} o} dhw wnl }eil e} yh|s gewe .o$l$" yh|s ghm|ildw}" qomw|sl} edg }h fhswn/$ _h|s gewe iey cl }whslg hdwnl }eil qeswowohd e} edy hqlsewod` }y}wli s|ddod` hd yh|s mhiq|wls" hs med lvld cl q|w hd ow} hpd

qeswowohd pown dh hqlsewod` }y}wli ew ebb$

Od Podghp}" qeswowohd} esl e}}o`dlg e blwwls .fhs od}wedml M: hs G:/$ Od Bod|~" nesg gsovl}

edg qeswowohd} esl e}}o`dlg ‒glvoml fobl}#$

Od Bod|~ yh|s fos}w nesg gsovl o} mebblg ‒(glv(}ge’" yh|s }lmhdg nesg gsovl o} mebblg ‒(glv(

}gc’ edg }h hd$ Qeswowohd} pownod wnl}l nesg gsovl} esl ogldwofolg cy wnlos d|icls" }h fhs

od}wedml ‒(glv(}ge5’ o} wnl fos}w qeswowohd hf wnl fos}w nesg gsovl$

Mnhh}l ‒}qlmofy qeswowohd} ied|ebby’ edg qsl}} wnl ‒Fhspesg’ c|wwhd$

_h| }nh|bg dhp }ll e wecbl }nhpod` wnl qeswowohd} hf yh|s nesg gsovl}$

Od hsgls wh od}webb Bod|~ Iodw yh| dllg wh mslewl ew ble}w 3 dlp qeswowohd}" hdl hf wyql]PEQ" edg hdl hf wyql L^W=$

Of wnl l~o}wod` qeswowohd} hd yh|s nesg gsovl wekl ebb wnl }qeml edg yh| med‟w mslewl edy

dlp qeswowohd}" yh| med ‒Lgow’ e qeswowohd edg mned`l ow} }ozl$

Dhwl: Wnl ]peq qeswowohd o} |}lg cy Bod|~ wh }peq gewe hd wnl nesg gsovl pnld yh|s SEI o}d‟w ldh|`n wh

kllq ebb s|ddod` eqqbomewohd} od ilihsy$ Wnl }ozl hf yh|s ]peq qeswowohd }nh|bg cl wpoml wnl }ozl hf yh|s SEI$ Pnob}w ow o} dhw }wsomwby dlml}}esy wh iekl e }peq qeswowohd" ow o} slmhiildglg |dbl}} wnlsl esl vlsy

`hhg sle}hd} dhw wh" l}qlmoebby of wnl iemnodl od u|l}wohd ne} bl} wned 5@C hf SEI$

Pnld yh| mslewl wnl ieod qeswowohd fhs Bod|~ Iodw iekl }|sl wh òvl ow 51@C hs ihsl hf

}qeml .ow }nh|bg fow od =@C c|w yh|‟bb qshcecby pedw wh egg }hfwpesl wh ow edg ow pobb

seqogby `shp wh ihsl wned <@C/$ Eb}h iekl }|sl wh e}}o`d ‒(’ fhs ow} ih|dw qhodw edg wh}lblmw ‒l~w=’ fhs ow} fobl }y}wli .eb}h dhwl wnew ‒(’ o} gofflsldw fshi ‒R’/$

Qe`l 56 hf <3



Hdml ebb qeswowohd} esl od qbeml yh| med }lblmw ih|dw qhodw} fhs lemn hf wnli$ Ih|dw

qhodw} slqsl}ldw wnl qbeml od wnl fobl}y}wli .vo}ocbl e} ‒fhbgls}’ od e fobl cshp}ls/ pnlsl

wnl}l qeswowohd} pobb cl vo}ocbl pownod Bod|~ Iodw$ _h|s glfe|bw Bod|~ Iodw qeswowohd}nh|bg |}l ‒(’" hwnls qeswowohd} |}|ebby |}l ‒(ilgoe(’ fhbbhplg cy wnlos deil$

Iekl }|sl wh }lblmw ‒Fhsiew’ fhs wnl Bod|~ Iodw qeswowohd c|w dhw fhs wnl qeswowohd.}/ wnewmhdweod} yh|s hwnls hqlsewod` }y}wli.}/$

Pnld yh| esl slegy mbomk hd ‒Fhspesg’$ Wno} pe} wnl hdby slebby mhiqbl~ }wlq od wno}od}webbewohd edg yh| }nh|bg fodg lvlsywnod` lb}l wh cl }wseo`nwfhspesg$

Dhwl: Of yh| }ll pesdod` il}}e l} wlbbod` yh| ech|w mb|}wls }ozl}" }oiqby o`dhsl wnli$

Ldwls yh|s sleb deil edg e |}lsdeil edg qe}}phsg$ Lvlsy woil yh|‟bb |}l Bod|~ Iodwyh|‟bb |}l yh|s emmh|dw pown wno} |}lsdeil edg qe}}phsg$ Hdml Bod|~ Iodw o} od}webblg

yh|‟bb cl ecbl wh glfodl hwnls emmh|dw} of hwnls qlhqbl esl wh |}l wno} mhiq|wls$

Eb}h òvl yh|s mhiq|wls e deil$ Wno} deil pobb cl |}lg cy yh|s mhiq|wls hd wnl

dlwphsk hs od vesoh|} qbeml} hf wnl }y}wli$ Of yh|‟vl dlvls slebby wnh|`nw ech|w deiod`yh|s mhiq|wls}" wnld dhp o} wnl woil$ Qlhqbl mhiihdby qomk fbhpls .genboe" sh}l" w|boq/

hs qbedlw .ies}" j|qowls" qb|wh/ deil} fhs wnl mhiq|wls} hd wnlos dlwphsk$ Ow‟} ldwoslby |q

wh yh| pnew yh| pedw wh |}l" c|w iekl }|sl wh qomk e deil yh| bokl edg wnew yh| pobble}oby slilicls$

Dhwl: Meqoweb blwwls}" }qeml} edg }qlmoeb mnesemwls} esl dhw qlsiowwlg od wnl |}lsdeil hs od wnl deil hf

wnl mhiq|wls$

Qe`l 50 hf <3



Of yh|'sl wnl hdby hdl |}od` wnl mhiq|wls edg yh| pedw wh cyqe}} wnl bhòd }mslld" mnlmk

wnl hqwohd ‒Bh` od e|whiewomebby’$

Pnld yh|‟sl slegy mbomk hd wnl ‒Fhspesg’ c|wwhd$

Wnl od}webbls io`nw glwlmw hwnls hqlsewod` }y}wli} hd yh|s mhiq|wls edg e}k yh| of yh|

pedw wh io sewl }hil qls}hdeb odfhsiewohd$ Wyqomebby wno} ebbhp} yh| wh io`sewl

chhkiesk}" mhdwemw}" fevhsowl} edg hwnls }hsw} hf qls}hdeb odfhsiewohd fshi hwnls hqlsewod` }y}wli} od}webblg hd yh|s nesg go}k gsovl odwh wnl dlpby od}webblg Bod|~ Iodw$

Pnld yh|‟sl slegy mbomk hd wnl ‒Fhspesg’ c|wwhd$

_h| }nh|bg dhp }ll e }|iiesy hf ebb yh|s mnhoml}$ Wno} o} e mnedml wh `h cemk edg

slvo}l edy hf yh|s glmo}ohd} clfhsl od}webbod` Bod|~ Iodw hdwh yh|s nesg gsovl$ Egvedmlg|}ls} eb}h nevl wnl hqqhsw|dowy wh iekl hwnls mned`l} cy mbomkod` hd wnl Egvedmlg

c|wwhd$

Pnld yh|‟sl slegy mbomk hd wnl ‒Od}webb C|wwhd’$

Wnl od}webbewohd }nh|bg wekl clwplld 51 edg 5< iod|wl}$

Dhwl: Wnl od}webbls pobb ghpdbheg qemke`l} fshi wnl Odwlsdlw wh }|qqhsw wnl bed`|e l yh|‟vl }lblmwlg$ _h|s

mhiq|wls dllg} wh cl mhddlmwlg wh wnl Odwlsdlw fhs wno} wh phsk$ Hwnlspo}l j|}w ‒}koq’ wnew }wlq edg yh|‟bb

cl ecbl wh egg }|qqhsw fhs yh|s bed`|e`l efwls wnl od}webbewohd o} fodo}nlg edg yh|‟vl slchhwlg odwh yh|s

dlp }y}wli$

Hdml wnl od}webbewohd o} ghdl mbomk wnl ‒Sl}wesw Dhp’ c|wwhd edg wnl bovlMG ldvoshdildw

pobb }n|w ghpd$

Qe`l 5> hf <3



Pnld qshiqwlg" slihvl wnl MG fshi wnl gsovl edg qsl}} Ldwls$

_h|s QM o} dhp slegy wh chhw Bod|~ Iodw fshi wnl nesg gsovl$

Wnl Chhw }lu|ldml

\qhd slchhw yh| }nh|bg }ll wno} }mslld$ Wno} o} wnl ‒chhw ild|’" qshvoglg cy }hfwpesl

mebblg ‒@s|c’$ Of yh| nevl Iomsh}hfw Podghp} hs hwnls hqlsewod` }y}wli} od}webblg hd

yh|s mhiq|wls" Bod|~ Iodw }nh|bg nevl glwlmwlg wnli g|sod` wnl od}webb edg wnly }nh|bg

eqqles od nlsl$

Qe`l 5? hf <3



Bod|~ Iodw o} dhp bhegod`$ Wno} }mslld o} mhiihdby mebblg ‒\}qbe}n’$

Hdml Bod|~ Iodw o} fodo}nlg bhegod` yh| }nh|bg }ll e dlp }mslld odvowod` yh| wh ldwls yh|s |}lsdeil edg qe}}phsg$ Wno} }mslld o} wnl ‒@dhil Bhòd Iede`ls’ edg o}

mhiihdby mebblg ‒@GI’$ Ldwls wnl |}lsdeil edg qe}}phsg yh| mnh}l g|sod` wnlod}webbewohd$

Dhwl: Cy glfe|bw" yh|s ‒shhw’ qe}}phsg o} wnl }eil e} wnl qe}}phsg yh| mnh}l g|sod` wnl od}webbewohd$ Of yh| gh dhw kdhp pnew wno} iled}" wnld ghd'w phssy ech|w ow$

Qe`l 31 hf <3



Odwshg|mwohd wh wnl Bod|~ Iodw Gl}kwhq

Wno} }lmwohd hf wnl `|ogl pobb fhm|} hd wnl wlmndhbhòl} edg wnl whhb} wnew esl }qlmofom wh

Bod|~ Iodw edg qshvogl odfhsiewohd hd }hil hf wnl eqqbomewohd} edg wlmndhbhòl}odmb|glg cy glfe|bw od wnl Ieod Lgowohd$

Wnl @dhil Gl}kwhq

Wnl ‒gl}kwhq’ o} wnl mhiqhdldw hf wnl hqlsewod` }y}wli pnomn o} sl}qhd}ocbl fhs wnl

lblildw} wnew eqqles hd wnl gl}kwhq: Wnl Qedlb" wnl Pebbqeqls" wnl Mhdwshb Mldwls" wnlild|}…lwm$

Wnl Ieod Lgowohd hf Bod|~ Iodw |}l} wnl ‒@dhil’ gl}kwhq pnomn o} chwn odw|owovl edg qhplsf|b$

_h| med fodg wnl @dhil \}ls @|ogl ew wno} eggsl}}: nwwq:((bocsesy$`dhil$hs`(|}ls}(|}ls)

`|ogl(

iodwGl}kwhq

iodwGl}kwhq o} e whhb glvlbhqlg }qlmoebby fhs Bod|~ Iodw pnomn ebbhp} yh| wh seqogby

mhdfo`|sl wnl e}qlmw} hf yh|s @dhil Gl}kwhq wnew yh| pobb |}l wnl ih}w$

Be|dmn iodwGl}kwhq cy mbomkod` hd ‒Ild|’ .od wnl chwwhi)blfw mhsdls hf yh|s }mslld/"

wnld }lblmw ‒Qslflsldml}’ edg mbomk hd ‒iodwGl}kwhq’$

Wnl iodwGl}kwhq odwlsfeml o} vlsy le}y wh |}l$ Wnl ‒Gl}kwhq Owli}’ wec blw} yh| glfodl

pnomn lblildw} esl vo}ocbl hd wnl gl}kwhq$

Qe`l 35 hf <3

http://library.gnome.org/users/user-guide/






Wnl ‒@dhil Mhiqh}owod`’ wec blw} yh| emwovewl e |dou|l flew|sl od @dhil: ow} hpd

mhiqh}owod` iede`ls$

Dhwl: E mhiqh}owod` iede`ls o} sl}qhd}ocbl fhs gsepod` podghp$ Wnl @dhil mhiqh}owod` iede`ls o} dhw

vlsy iew|sl ylw edg ghl}d'w phsk plbb pown hwnls mhiqh}owod` iede`ls} }|mn e} Mhiqoz F|}ohd$ E} }|mn"

dlp |}ls} esl qshcecby clwwls hff }womkod` pown Mhiqoz$

iodwIld|

Bod|~ Iodw mhil} pown e |dou|l ild| }y}wli mebblg ‒iodwIld|’$ Wno} ild| pe}

odowoebby od}qoslg cy wnl ‒]bec’ ild| glvlbhqlg cy ]\]L c|w goffls} fshi ow od iedy

pey}$

Bod|~ Iodw eb}h mhil} pown wnl glfe|bw @dhil ild| pnomn yh| med emwovewl wh slqbeml

iodwIld|" pnomn pl‟bb blesd nhp wh gh bewls hd$ IodwIld| o}" nhplvls" phswn blesdod`$Ebwnh|`n ow o} vlsy gofflsldw fshi pnew yh| io`nw cl |}lg wh" yh|‟bb qshcecby bhvl ow hdml

yh|'vl `hwwld |}lg wh ow$

Wh hqld iodwIld| mbomk hd wnl ‒Ild|’ c|wwhd ew wnl chwwhi)blfw mhsdls hf yh|s }mslld hs

qsl}} MWSB+]\QLSXB .‒]|qlsXB’ o} wnl blfw Podghp} kly hd yh|s klychesg/$

@lwwod` wh kdhp iodwIld|

Wnl ‒Qbeml}’ ild|

Hd wnl whq blfw mhsdls hf iodwIld| yh| med }ll e }lmwohd mebblg ‒Qbeml}’ pnomn qshvogl}

fovl c|wwhd}$ Wnl}l c|wwhd} òvl yh| u|omk emml}} wh wnl ih}w oiqhswedw qbeml} pownod

yh|s @dhil Gl}kwhq$

Qe`l 33 hf <3



Wnl ‒Mhiq|wls’ Qbeml }nhp} yh| wnl }whse`l vhb|il} qsl}ldw od yh|s mhiq|wls$ Of yh|s qeswowohd} esl ebslegy ih|dwlg edg iodwGl}kwhq o} }lw wh }nhp ‒Ih|dwlg Vhb|il}’ hd

wnl gl}kwhq" wnld yh| qshcecby ghd‟w dllg wh emml}} wno} Qbeml vlsy hfwld$ Nhplvls" of

yh| mnhh}l dhw wh }nhp wnl ih|dwlg vhb|il} hd yh|s gl}kwhq" hs of yh| dllg wh ih|dw e qeswowohd pnomn o} dhw ih|dwlg cy glfe|bw" wno} Qbeml med qshvl vlsy |}lf|b$

Qe`l 3= hf <3



Od mhdwse}w" wnl ‒Nhil’ Qbeml o} hdl hf wnl iodwIld| c|wwhd} yh|‟bb qshcecby |}l wnl

ih}w$ Of yh|‟vl |}lg @dhil clfhsl" yh|‟sl qshcecby |}lg wh mbomkod` hd wnl ‒Nhil’ omhd

qbemlg hd wnl gl}kwhq$ Pnld podghp} esl hqldlg edg pnld wnl gl}kwhq o} dhwmhiqblwlby vo}ocbl" iodwIld| med qshvl |}lf|b cy qshvogod` yh| pown e pey wh u|omkby

emml}} yh|s ‒Nhil’$

‣ _h|s ‒Nhil’ fhbgls l~o}w} wh òvl yh| e qbeml wh q|w ebb hf yh|s qls}hdeb gewe$ Cy

glfe|bw iodwGl}kwhq mslewl} e }lw hf fhbgls} fhs yh| wh nlbq kllq yh|s fobl}

hsèdozlg$ _h| med glblwl wnl}l fhbgls} of yh| pedw" hs yh| med |}l wnli wh}lqesewl edg }whsl yh|s fobl} emmhsgod` wh wnlos wyql$

‣ Wnl ‒Gl}kwhq’ fhbgls mhssl}qhdg} wh pnew o} }nhpd hd yh|s gl}kwhq" }h qbemod` e

fobl nlsl pobb eb}h qbeml ow hd yh|s gl}kwhq$ Wnl }eil lfflmw med cl emnolvlg cy

}oiqby gse`òd` wnl fobl hdwh wnl gl}kwhq$‣ Wnl ‒Dlwphsk’ Qbeml }oiqby }nhp} yh| wnl hwnls mhiq|wls}" }neslg }lsvoml}"

ghieod}" edg phsk`sh|q} qsl}ldw hd yh|s dlwphsk$

‣ Wnl ‒Wse}n’ Qbeml o} pnlsl fobl} ldg |q efwls yh| glblwl wnli$

Pnld yh| so`nw mbomk hd e fobl yh| med lownls ‒Ihvl wh Wse}n’ hs ‒Glblwl’$ Of yh| mnhh}l

wh ‒Glblwl’" wnl fobl pobb cl qlsiedldwby glblwlg edg yh| dhsiebby phd‟w cl ecbl whslmhvls ow$ Of yh| mnhh}l ‒Ihvl wh Wse}n’ ow pobb cl ihvlg wh wnl ‒Wse}n’ Qbeml" pnomn o}

emml}}ocbl fshi iodwIld|$ Fshi wnlsl yh| pobb cl ecbl wh gse` edg gshq ow }hilpnlsl

lb}l of yh| pedw wh sl}whsl ow" qlsiedldwby glblwl hdl hs ihsl fobl}" hs }lblmw ‒LiqwyWse}n’ of yh| pedw wh qlsiedldwby glblwl ebb owli} fshi wnl Wse}n$

Wnl ‒]y}wli’ ild|

Wnlsl o} e }lmwohd mebblg ‒]y}wli’ od wnl chwwhi blfw mhsdls hf iodwIld|$ Wno} }lmwohd

qshvogl} }o~ c|wwhd} pnomn blw yh| u|omkby emml}} oiqhswedw flew|sl} hf wnl }y}wli$

Qe`l 37 hf <3



Wnl ‒]hfwpesl Iede`ls’ c|wwhd be|dmnl} e qsh`sei mebblg ‒iodwOd}webb’$ Wno} qsh`sei o}

wnl slmhiildglg pey wh od}webb }hfwpesl od Bod|~ Iodw$ Pl pobb webk ihsl ech|w wno}flew|sl bewls hd; fhs dhp" blw'} l~qbhsl wnl hwnls hqwohd}$

Wnl ‒Qemke`l Iede`ls’ c|wwhd be|dmnl} ed eqqbomewohd mebblg ‒]ydeqwom’$ Wnl q|sqh}l

hf wno} eqqbomewohd o} wh iede`l wnl qemke`l} wnew esl od}webblg hd yh|s mhiq|wls edg wnl

qemke`l} wnew esl eveobecbl od wnl slqh}owhsol}$ Of wno} ghl}d‟w iekl i|mn }ld}l wh yh|ylw" ghd‟w phssy" pl pobb webk ech|w qemke`l} edg nhp wnly phsk od `slewls glweob bewls

hd$

Qe`l 3< hf <3



Wnl ‒Mhdwshb Mldwls’ c|wwhd be|dmnl} wnl @dhil Mhdwshb Mldwls$ Wno} eqqbomewohd blw}

yh| mhdfo`|sl lvlsy e}qlmw hf wnl @dhil Gl}kwhq edg hf wnl mhiq|wls od `ldlseb$ Plpobb `h wnsh|`n lemn owli pownod wno} Mhdwshb Mldwls ew e bewls woil$

Wnl ‒Wlsiodeb’ c|wwhd be|dmnl} ed eqqbomewohd mebblg ‒Wlsiodeb’ pnomn blw} yh| ldwls

mhiiedg} goslmwby |}od` wnl klychesg$ Of yh|‟sl |}lg wh Iomsh}hfw Podghp} yh| iey

wnodk wnew wno} o} hbg new" clme|}l od Podghp} wnl mhiiedg bodl ne}d'w qsh`sl}}lg i|mnf|swnls wned wnl ‒GH] qshiqw’ edg o} noggld epey od ed emml}}hsol} ild|$ Hdl hf wnl

pey} od pnomn Bod|~ }y}wli} goffls fshi Podghp} }y}wli} o} wnew wnl wlsiodeb o} u|owloiqhswedw od Bod|~" e} ow o} hfwld |}lg e} e pey hf `lwwod` ihsl goslmw mhdwshb hvls hdl'}mhiq|wls$ Pl‟g qshcecby e`sll wnew wnl Wlsiodeb o}d‟w wnl ih}w vo}|ebby eqqlebod`

eqqbomewohd odmb|glg od Bod|~ Iodw" c|w ow o} phswn kdhpod` wnew ow o} cy fes wnl ih}w

qhplsf|b" edg hdml blesdlg ow‟} emw|ebby dhw vlsy nesg wh |}l$

Od femw" ow o} phswnpnobl |dgls}wedgod` wnew lvlsy mhiiedg wnew yh| l~lm|wl |}od` e

`seqnomeb gl}kwhq ldvoshdildw `hl} wnsh|`n wnl Wlsiodeb$ Pnld yh| mbomk hd ed omhd hdwnl iodwIld|" fhs l~eiqbl" yh| esl od}ws|mwod` @dhil wh qe}} e wl~w|eb od}ws|mwohd wh wnl

Wlsiodeb$ E} ed od}ws|mwohdeb l~lsmo}l" of yh| hqld ‒Ieod Ild|’ fshi wnl ‒Bhhk edg

Fllb’ }lmwohd hf ‒Mhdwshb Mldwls’ .}ll echvl/" edg devoèwl wh edy hf wnl eqqbomewohd

ild|}" qomk ed eqqbomewohd" edg mbomk hd wnl qshqlswol} c|wwhd" yh| pobb }ll od wnl‒Mhiiedg’ folbg wnl wl~w mhiiedg wnew o} qe}}lg wh wnl }y}wli pnld yh| mbomk hd wnew

eqqbomewohd'} ldwsy od iodwIld|$ Od hwnls phsg}" yh| nevl ebslegy clld |}od` wnl

Wlsiodeb fhs }hil woil" qlsneq} pownh|w slebozod` ow$ Ebb wnew pe} gofflsldw pe} wnew"od}wleg hf yh| wyqod` h|w wnl mhiiedg}" yh|s gl}kwhq .@dhil/ pe} ghod` ow fhs yh|

.pnomn o} e `hhg wnod` clme|}l dhchgy pedw} wh slilicls n|dgslg} hf eqqbomewohd

deil} ebb wnl woil/$

Qe`l 36 hf <3



]hhdls hs bewls" wnh|`n" yh| pobb qshcecby nevl cl od e }ow|ewohd pnomn me|}l} yh| wh |}l

wnl Wlsiodeb goslmwby" lownls wh emml}} mhiiedg} wnew esl dhw eveobecbl wnsh|`n edy @\O"

hs wh `lw e jhc ghdl ihsl lffomoldwby$ _l}" yh| sleg wnew so`nw% Ow med cl ihsl lffomoldw whwyql e }od`bl mhiiedg" fhs mlsweod we}k}" wned wh hqld |q bhw} hf podghp} wh emnolvl wnl

}eil wnod`$ Wnl ihsl yh| |}l ow" wnl ihsl yh|‟bb mhil wh emw|ebby bokl ow$ Slilicls

nhp yh| gogd‟w bokl mlsweod wnod`} pnld yh| plsl e kog edg nhp yh| mh|bgd‟w gh pownh|wwnli dhp8 Wlsiodeb o} hdl hf wnl}l wnod`}$ Od e flp pllk}" yh|‟bb cl mhiqblwlby eggomwlg

wh ow$ _h|'bb clòd wh fllb od mhiqblwl mhdwshb hf yh|s mhiq|wls$ Wnlsl pobb cl woil} pnld

yh| phd‟w lvld nevl wh |}l wnl Wlsiodeb" c|w yh| pobb edypey" clme|}l fhs }hil we}k}ow‟} fe}wls" ihsl emm|sewl" ihsl vls}ewobl edg emw|ebby }oiqbls wh |}l wned lu|ovebldw

`seqnomeb odwlsfeml}$ Edg edyhdl pewmnod` yh| pobb wnodk yh|'sl e mhiqblwl qsh$

Wnl ‒Bh`h|w’ c|wwhd be|dmnl} e goebh` pnomn blw} yh| bh`h|w hs }powmn |}ls}$

Wnl ‒U|ow’ c|wwhd be|dmnl} e goebh` ch~ pnomn blw} yh| mnhh}l pnew yh| pedw wh gh:

) ‒]|}qldg’ }evl} yh|s }l}}ohd wh SEI edg yh|s mhiq|wls `hl} wh }bllq |dwob yh| qsl}} e kly$

) ‒Noclsdewl’ }evl} yh|s }l}}ohd wh yh|s nesg gsovl edg yh|s mhiq|wls }n|w} ghpd$) ‒Sl}wesw’ sl}wesw} wnl mhiq|wls$

) ‒]n|w Ghpd’ w|sd} wnl mhiq|wls hff$

Dhwl: Ow o} eb}h qh}}ocbl wh bhmk wnl }mslld cy qsl}}od` MWSB+EBW+B$

Qe`l 30 hf <3



Wnl ‒Eqqbomewohd}’ ild|

Wnl Bod|~ Iodw MG o} mhiqsl}}lg edg emw|ebby mhdweod} ech|w 3$<@C hf gewe$ Wnleqqbomewohd} wnew esl odmb|glg cy glfe|bw pnld yh| od}webb Bod|~ Iodw esl }eog wh cl qesw

hf wnl ‒Glfe|bw ]hfwpesl ]lblmwohd’$

]odml hdl hf wnl q|sqh}l} hf Bod|~ Iodw o} wh cl le}y wh |}l edg wh phsk h|w hf wnl ch~" e

mhbblmwohd hf }hfwpesl o} odmb|glg cy glfe|bw od hsgls wh blw yh| emnolvl mhiihd(

oiqhswedw we}k}$

Od wnl so`nw)nedg }lmwohd hf iodwIld|" yh| med }ll ebb od}webblg eqqbomewohd}$ Wnly esl

hsèdozlg cy mewl`hsol}$ Wnl fos}w mewl`hsy o} mebblg ‒Ebb’ edg" e} yh| qshcecby `|l}}lg"

ow }nhp} yh| e bo}w hf ebb od}webblg eqqbomewohd}$

Wnl be}w wph mewl`hsol}" ‒Qslflsldml}’ edg ‒Egiodo}wsewohd’" }nhp yh| wnl whhb} edg

eqqbomewohd} qshvoglg wh mhdfo`|sl edg egiodo}wsewl Bod|~ Iodw$ Pl‟bb fhm|} hd wnl}l

eqqbomewohd} bewls hd" e} wnly esl eb}h qsl}ldw od wnl ‒Mhdwshb Mldwls’$

Wnl < mewl`hsol} od wnl mldwls qshvogl ih}w hf wnl eqqbomewohd} yh|‟bb |}l hd e geoby ce}o}$

E} yh| od}webb dlp }hfwpesl" dlp mewl`hsol} io`nw eqqles$

Od ‒Emml}}hsol}’" yh| med fodg wnl fhbbhpod` }hfwpesl:

Deil Gl}msoqwohd

Mebm|bewhs E mebm|bewhs

Mnesemwls Ieq E whhb wh le}oby mhqy edg qe}wl }qlmoeb mnesemwls}.emmldw|ewohd fhs od}wedml/

Go}k \}e`l Edebyzls E whhb pnomn }nhp} yh| pnew wekl} }qeml hd yh|s nesggsovl$

@dhil Gh E whhb wh be|dmn emwohd} edg qsh`sei} goslmwby fshi wnl

klychesg$

Iede`l Qsodw Jhc} E whhb pnomn }nhp} wnl jhc} m|ssldwby emwovl hd yh|s

qsodwls}$

Qe}}phsg} edg

Ldmsyqwohd kly}

E whhb wh iede`l yh|s ldmsyqwohd kly}

Wekl ]mslld}nhw E whhb wh wekl }mslld}nhw}$ _h| med eb}h be|dmn wno} pown

wnl ‒Qsodw ]msd’ kly hd yh|s klychesg wh wekl }mslld}nhw}

hf wnl gl}kwhq" hs pown ‒EBW’+’Qsodw ]msd’ wh wekl

}mslld}nhw} hf wnl m|ssldw podghp$Wlsiodeb Wnl Wlsiodeb

Wl~w Lgowhs E wl~w lgowhs mebblg ‒`lgow’

Whichy Dhwl} Ed eqqbomewohd wh wekl dhwl}

Wsemkls ]lesmn Whhb E whhb wnew blw} yh| }lesmn fhs fobl} edg hwnls sl}h|sml} hdyh|s mhiq|wls$

Qe`l 3> hf <3



Od ‒@seqnom}’ yh| med fodg wnl fhbbhpod` }hfwpesl:

Deil Gl}msoqwohd

@OIQ Oie`l Lgowhs Ed eqqbomewohd wnew blw} yh| ihgofy" mhdvlsw hs lvld mslewl qomw|sl}$ Wnl cl}w Bod|~ lu|ovebldw wh Qnhwh}nhq$

HqldHffoml$hs Gsepod` Qesw hf wnl HqldHffoml }|owl hf eqqbomewohd}$]meddls \wobowy E whhb wh meqw|sl oie`l} fshi e }meddls

Od ‒Odwlsdlw’ yh| med fodg wnl fhbbhpod` }hfwpesl:

Deil Gl}msoqwohd

Foslfh~ E Plc cshp}ls

@ovls E u|omk fobl)}nesod` |wobowy

Wn|dglscosg Ed Lieob eqqbomewohd

Qogòd Ed Odwlsdlw Il}}ld`ls .mhiqewocbl pown EOI" Chdjh|s"@eg|)@eg|" @hh bl)Webk" @sh|qPo}l" OMU" OSM" I]D"

Iy]qemlOI" UU" ]OIQBL" ]eilwoil" ÎQQ" _enhh edgZlqnys/

Wsed}io}}ohd E Whssldw mboldw$

^mnew Ed OSM mnew qsh`sei$ Ow o} mhdfo`|slg cy glfe|bw whe|whiewomebby mhddlmw yh| wh wnl Bod|~ Iodw mnew shhi

.vlsy |}lf|b of yh| pedw wh webk wh hwnls Bod|~ Iodw |}ls}/$

Od ‒Hffoml’ yh| med fodg wnl fhbbhpod` }hfwpesl:

Deil Gl}msoqwohd

Gomwohdesy E gomwohdesy .slu|osl} ed Odwlsdlw mhddlmwohd/

HqldHffoml$hs` Ce}l E gewece}l eqqbomewohd .ebwlsdewovl wh Iomsh}hfwEmml}}/$

HqldHffoml$hs` Oiqsl}} E qsl}ldwewohd eqqbomewohd wh iekl }bogl} .ebwlsdewovl

wh Iomsh}hfw Qhplsqhodw edg mhiqewocbl pown QQW/

HqldHffoml$hs` Mebm E }qsleg}nllw eqqbomewohd .ebwlsdewovl wh Iomsh}hfw

L~mlb edg mhiqewocbl pown ^B]/

HqldHffoml$hs` Psowls E phsg qshml}}hs .ebwlsdewovl wh Iomsh}hfw Phsg edg

mhiqewocbl pown GHM$/

Od ‒]h|dg & Voglh’ yh| med fodg wnl fhbbhpod` }hfwpesl:

Deil Gl}msoqwohdCse}lsh E MG(GVG c|sdod` eqqbomewohd$ Cse}lsh med eb}h

iekl e|goh MG} fshi i|bwoilgoe fobl}$

Ihvol Qbeyls E i|bwoilgoe eqqbomewohd pnomn o} e}}hmoewlg pown

ih}w voglh edg e|goh fobl} .ebwlsdewovl wh Iomsh}hfw

Ilgoe Qbeyls/

Iqbeyls Ihvol Qbeyls Ed ebwlsdewovl i|bwoilgoe qbeyls$ Wno} whhb o} eb}h

|}lg e} e qb|òd pownod Foslfh~ wh qbey ih}w hf wnl

Qe`l 3? hf <3



i|bwoilgoe mhdwldw$

Q|b}l E|goh Glvoml Mnhh}ls &

Vhb|il Mhdwshb

Whhb} wh mhdfo`|sl edg iedoq|bewl wnl Q|b}l E|goh

}h|dg }lsvls$ Fhs od}wedml" wh ihvl hdl }h|dg

}wslei fshi wnl }qlekls} wh }hil \]C nleg}lw" hs fshi yh|s mhiq|wls wh edhwnls hdl hd wnl dlwphsk$$$

Snywnich~ E i|}om eqqbomewohd wh qbey hdbodl segoh" }wsleii|}om fshi wnl Odwlsdlw edg hdbodl i|}om }lsvoml}

edg wh bo}wld wh yh|s mhbblmwohd hf i|}om fobl}

.ebwlsdewovl wh oW|dl}/$ Snywnich~ eb}h iede`l} qhgme}w}" qhswecbl qbeyls} edg med soq MG}$

]h|dg Slmhsgls E }h|dg slmhsgls$

Wnl ‒]lesmn’ folbg

Of yh| med‟w slilicls nhp wh fodg e qeswom|bes eqqbomewohd pownod wnl ild| hs of yh| pedw

wh `lw u|omkls emml}} wh ow yh| med |}l wnl }lesmn flew|sl hf iodwIld|$ ]oiqby mbomk hd

‒Ild|’ od wnl chwwhi)blfw mhsdls hf yh|s }mslld edg }wesw wyqod` wnl deil hs egl}msoqwohd hf wnl eqqbomewohd yh|‟sl bhhkod` fhs$

E} yh|‟sl wyqod`" hdby wnl eqqbomewohd} iewmnod` yh|s }lesmn pobb }wey vo}ocbl pownod wnlild|$

Of yh|s }lesmn yolbg} dh sl}|bw}" iodwIld| pobb qshvogl ‒}|``l}wohd}’ slbewlg wh wnlklyphsg yh| wyqlg$ Fhs od}wedml" of yh| wyql ‒hqlse’ edg of wnl Hqlse plc cshp}ls o}d'w

od}webblg hd yh|s }y}wli" iodwIld| pobb }nhp e c|wwhd wh od}webb ow" hs wh }lesmn wnl

}hfwpesl qhsweb hs wnl slqh}owhsol} fhs ow$

Glfodl yh|s fevhsowl eqqbomewohd}

_h|‟bb |}l }hil eqqbomewohd} ihsl wned hwnls}" }h yh|‟bb u|omkby fodg wnew yh| pedw fe}w

emml}} wh wnl eqqbomewohd} wnew yh|‟sl |}od` wnl ih}w$

IodwIld| blw} yh| glfodl ‒fevhsowl’ eqqbomewohd} edg kllq wnli hd e }qlmoeb ild| fhs

le}y eveobecobowy$

So`nw mbomk hd ed eqqbomewohd hf yh|s mnhoml pown iodwIld| edg }lblmw ‒]nhp od iy

fevhsowl}’$ _h| med eb}h gse` & gshq ed eqqbomewohd hd wnl ‒Fevhsowl}’ c|wwhd pnomn o}

bhmewlg hd wnl whq)so`nw mhsdls hf wnl ild|$

Mbomk hd wnl ‒Fevhsowl}’ c|wwhd od wnl whq)so`nw mhsdls hf iodwIld| edg yh| }nh|bg dhp

}ll yh|s fevhsowl eqqbomewohd} .mbomk wnl c|wwhd eèod wh }powmn cemk wh wnl mhiqblwl

eqqbomewohd bo}w/$ Dhwl wnew e} hf Bod|~ Iodw 0" wnl fevhsowl} ild| o} e|whiewomebby qhq|bewlg pown }hil hf wnl ih}w mhiihdby)emml}}lg eqqbomewohd}$

Pnld wnl fevhsowl} }lmwohd hf iodwIld| o} emwovl" yh| med slhsèdozl wnl eqqbomewohd}$Gse`òd` edg gshqqod` ebbhp} yh| wh mned`l wnlos hsgls" pnobl wnl so`nw mbomk ild| blw}

Qe`l =1 hf <3



yh| od}lsw }qeml} edg }lqesewhs}" e} plbb e} slihvod` owli} .odmb|god` }qeml} edg

}lqesewhs}/ fshi wnl ild|$

Iekl yh|s hpd }nhswm|w}

Of yh| ghd‟w bokl wnl ogle hf nevod` ‒Fevhsowl’ eqqbomewohd}" yh| med }oiqby |}l yh|s qedlb hs yh|s gl}kwhq wh emnolvl }oiobes sl}|bw}" .deilby" òvod` yh|s}lbf u|omk emml}} wh

yh|s eqqbomewohd}/$ ]oiqby gse` & gshq wnl eqqbomewohd hf yh|s mnhoml fshi iodwIld| whyh|s qedlb hs wh yh|s gl}kwhq$

Be|dmn eqqbomewohd} e|whiewomebby pnld yh| bh` od

_h| med so`nw)mbomk hd edy eqqbomewohd od iodwIld| edg }lblmw ‒Be|dmn pnld O bh` od’$

Wnl eqqbomewohd pobb wnld cl be|dmnlg e|whiewomebby lemn woil efwls yh| bh` od$ Wno} med

cl go}ecblg cy fhbbhpod` wnl }eil qshmlg|sl eèod$

Mned`l wnl eqqlesedml hf iodwIld|

_h| med m|}whiozl iodwIld| od iedy pey}$ So`nw mbomk hd ‒Ild|’ edg }lblmw

‒Qslflsldml}’$

Wnl mhdfo`|sewohd whhb fhs iodwIld| eqqles}$ Nlsl" yh| med ihgofy ebih}w lvlsy e}qlmwhf wnl Bod|~ Iodw ild|$ Ih}w hf wnl }lwwod`} wekl lfflmw oiilgoewlby" c|w }hil slu|osl

iodwIld| wh cl sl}weswlg wno} med cl emmhiqbo}nlg cy so`nw mbomkod` wnl ild| c|wwhd edg

}lblmwod` ‒Slbheg Qb|òd}’/$

Qe`l =5 hf <3



Emwovewl wnl Slmldw qb|`)od

IodwIld| mhil} pown e qb|òd pnomn o} dhw emwovewlg cy glfe|bw .ih}wby clme|}l owiekl} wnl ild| co``ls/$ Wno} qb|òd }nhp} wnl 51 ih}w slmldwby hqldlg ghm|ildw}$

Wh emwovewl wno} qb|`)od" hqld wnl iodwIld| qslflsldml} edg }lblmw ‒]nhp SlmldwGhm|ildw}’$

Sl}whsl wnl glfe|bw }lwwod`}

Of yh| pedw wh slvlsw wh wnl glfe|bw }lwwod`}" so`nw mbomk hd wnl ild| c|wwhd pownod wnl qedlb" mnhh}l ‒Slihvl fshi Qedlb’" wnld hqld e wlsiodeb edg wyql:

iodwild| mbled

Wnld so`nw mbomk hd ed liqwy qesw hf wnl Qedlb edg mnhh}l ‒Egg wh Qedlb’$

Wnld }lblmw ‒iodwIld|’ od wnl bo}w$

Qe`l =3 hf <3



Slqbeml iodwIld| pown wnl glfe|bw @dhil ild|

Of yh| glmogl yh| ghd‟w bokl iodwIld| edg wnew dh iewwls nhp mhhb ow o}" yh| pedw wh |}lwnl glfe|bw @dhil ild| od}wleg" wnld fhbbhp wnl }wlq} clbhp$

So`nw mbomk hd wnl ild| c|wwhd pownod wnl qedlb edg mnhh}l ‒Slihvl fshi Qedlb’$

Wnld so`nw mbomk hd ed liqwy qesw hf wnl Qedlb edg mnhh}l ‒Egg wh Qedlb’$

Wnld }lblmw ‒Ieod Ild|’ of yh| pedw e }oiqbl @dhil Ild|" ‒Ild| Ces’ of yh| pedw

wnl glfe|bw @dhil Ild| hs ‒Bod|~ Iodw Ild|’ of mned`l yh|s iodg edg emw|ebby pedw

wh |}l ‒iodwIld|’ .pnomn yh| io`nw dhw pedw wh gh dhp" c|w yh| pobb hdml yh| slebozlnhp i|mn yh| io}} iodwIld|/$

Od}webb(Slihvl Eqqbomewohd}

Qemke`l Iede`lildw od Bod|~ Iodw

Of yh| nevl od}webblg Bod|~ fhs wnl fos}w woil" wnld yh| iey dhw cl feioboes pown wnlmhdmlqw hf hsèdozod` }hfwpesl odwh ‒qemke`l}’$ _h| pobb }hhd clmhil feioboes pown

qemke`l iede`lildw edg eqqslmoewl wnl egvedwe`l} ow hffls} od wlsi} hf }lm|sowy" mhdwshb

edg le}l hf |}l$

Pl nevl wsolg wh iekl ow }h wnew ebb hs ih}w hf yh|s nesgpesl pe} glwlmwlg edg gsovls}

plsl od}webblg e|whiewomebby }h wnew yh|s mhiq|wls ph|bg phsk h|w hf wnl ch~$ Pl nevl

eb}h wsolg wh iekl ow }h wnew yh| mh|bg gh iedy hf wnl wnod`} yh| pedw wh pownh|w nevod`wh bhhk esh|dg fhs wnosg qeswy }hfwpesl hd plc}owl}$ _h| iey nevl dhwomlg wnew yh|s

Bod|~ Iodw od}webbewohd ebslegy ne} e f|bb hffoml }|owl" e qshfl}}ohdeb)u|ebowy oie`l)

lgowod` }hb|wohd" ed OI edg ed OSM mboldw" e go}k c|sdls" edg }lvlseb ilgoe qbeyls} .e}plbb e} iedy hwnls ce}om emml}}hsol}/$ Slbe~" ow'} hkey% _h| nevld'w }whbld edywnod`% Wno}

o} pnew fsll }hfwpesl o} ebb ech|w% Edg wnl ws|by `slew wnod` ech|w qemke`l iede`lildw od

Bod|~ Iodw edg `ldlsebby o} wnew yh| }nh|bg dlvls dllg wh bhhk fes edg pogl fhs l~wse}hfwpesl" lvld pnld wnl woil mhil} wnew yh| gh pedw ihsl f|dmwohdebowy fshi yh|s

Bod|~ Iodw }y}wli$

Wno} }lmwohd o} odwldglg wh l~qbeod nhp wno} phsk} edg wnl egvedwe`l} wnew ow med csod` wh

yh|$ Ow'} e cow bhd`" c|w nhqlf|bby ow pobb qshvogl yh| pown e `hhg |dgls}wedgod` hf wnl qnobh}hqny clnodg qemke`l iede`lildw edg pny ow o} mhd}oglslg e @hhg Wnod` .e qnse}l

mhiihdby meqowebozlg cy Bod|~ |}ls} wh iled wnew }hilwnod` o} }u|eslby od wnl mewl`hsyhf `hhg/$ Of yh|'sl od e n|ssy" yh| med }koq wh wnl dl~w }lmwohd pnomn pobb wlbb yh| nhp wh

emw|ebby |}l wnl qemke`l }y}wli$

Wnl qshcbli} pown cshp}od` }hfwpesl vldghs}' plc}owl} edg ghpdbhegod` edg od}webbod`

wnl }hfwpesl wnly hffls esl iedy:

Qe`l == hf <3



‣ Ow o} goffom|bw hs oiqh}}ocbl wh fodg h|w of wnl }hfwpesl ne} clld wl}wlg wh phsk pownyh|s hqlsewod` }y}wli

‣ Ow o} goffom|bw hs oiqh}}ocbl wh kdhp nhp wno} }hfwpesl pobb odwlsemw pown wnl hwnls

}hfwpesl od}webblg hd yh|s }y}wli‣ Ow o} goffom|bw hs oiqh}}ocbl wh kdhp of yh| med qbeml yh|s ws|}w wnew }hfwpesl

fshi ed |dkdhpd glvlbhqls }hfwpesl pobb dhw me|}l edy nesi" pobbf|b hs

dl`bo`ldw" wh yh|s }y}wli Lvld of yh| kdhp ech|w e }qlmofom qolml hf }hfwpesl edg ow} glvlbhqls" yh| meddhw cl ldwoslby }|sl wnew yh| esl dhw ghpdbhegod` ed

l~lm|wecbl wnew ne} clld }peqqlg h|w cy e iebomoh|} wnosg qeswy fhs }hil wyql hf

iebpesl$

F|swnlsihsl" e qshcbli pown ghpdbhegod` edg od}webbod` i|bwoqbl gofflsldw qsh`sei}"fshi i|bwoqbl gofflsldw glvlbhqls}" o} wnew wnlsl o} dh iede`lsoeb odfse}ws|mw|sl$ Clfhsl

yh| }ey ‒co` gleb’" mhd}ogls nhp yh| esl `hod` wh kllq ebb wnl}l gofflsldw qolml} hf

}hfwpesl |q wh gewl$ Of yh| `lw woslg hf e qsh`sei edg pedw wh slihvl ow" nhp gh yh|

kdhp nhp wh emnolvl wnew8 Wnl qsh`sei od u|l}wohd io`nw dhw nevl mhil pown e slihvebhqwohd" edg lvld of ow gog" i|mn hf wnl woil wno} pobb feob wh slihvl wnl }hfwpesl mbledby

edg mhiqblwlby$ Od e vlsy sleb }ld}l" pnld yh| sed wnew od}webbls qsh`sei" yh| èvl |q}hil hf yh|s mhdwshb hf yh|s mhiq|wls wh e qsh`sei psowwld ldwoslby cy e mhiqblwl

}wsed`ls$

Fodebby" }hfwpesl pnomn o} go}wsoc|wlg od wno} pey o} hfwld" cy vosw|l hf dlml}}owy" ‒}wewom’$

Wno} iled} wnew dhw hdby gh yh| dllg wh ghpdbheg wnl qsh`sei ow}lbf" c|w eb}h ebb hf wnl

gewe bocsesol} wnew esl slu|oslg fhs ow wh s|d$ ]odml e wnosg)qeswy }hfwpesl glvlbhqls meddhw

kdhp pnomn gewe bocsesol} yh| iey ebslegy nevl eveobecbl hd yh|s }y}wli" wnl hdby peywnew wnly med `|esedwll ow pobb s|d hd yh|s }y}wli o} cy }|qqbyod` ebb hf wnl gewe bocsesol}

ow dllg} ebhd` pown wnl qsh`sei ow}lbf$ Wno} iled} co``ls ghpdbheg}" edg ow iled} wnew

pnld wnl woil mhil} wh |qgewl e òvld bocsesy" ow dllg} wh cl ghdl }lqesewlby fhs ebb wnh}l qsh`sei} |}od` ow" od}wleg hf j|}w hdml$ Od }|iiesy" wnl go}wsoc|wohd hf }wewom }hfwpesl

sl}|bw} od wnl |ddlml}}esy g|qbomewohd hf e bhw hf phsk$

Qemke`l iede`lildw od Bod|~ Iodw" edg @D\(Bod|~ hqlsewod` }y}wli} od `ldlseb" ne}

clld l}wecbo}nlg fhs }hil woil edg o} wnl qslflsslg ilwnhg fhs iedeòd` }hfwpesl e} ow

evhog} ebb hf wnl}l o}}|l}$ Pl'vl clld }eflby edg e|whiewomebby od}webbod` h|s }hfwpesl

}odml wnl lesby 5??1}$

]hfwpesl o} fos}w psowwld cy e glvlbhqls" e} yh| io`nw l~qlmw" edg wno} ldg hf wnl

qshg|mwohd mneod o} kdhpd e} ‒|q}wslei’$ E} e |}ls hf e Bod|~ go}wsoc|wohd" yh| eslslflsslg wh e} clod` ew wnl f|swnl}w qhodw ‒ghpd}wslei’ .|dbl}} yh|'sl ed egiod" od pnomn

me}l yh|s |}ls} esl wnl f|swnl}w qhodw ghpd}wslei" c|w yh| kdlp wnew clme|}l yh|'sl ed

egiod/$ Hdml wnl glvlbhqls o} neqqy pown wnl qsh`sei hs wnl |qgewl wh wnl qsh`sei wnlynevl psowwld" wnly pobb slble}l wnl }h|sml mhgl fhs ow$ Wnly pobb eb}h mhii|domewl od wnlos

ghm|ildwewohd pnomn gewe bocsesol} hs hwnls qsh`sei} wnly whhk egvedwe`l hf pnld wnly

plsl psowod` wnl qsh`sei$ Wnly nevl clld ghod` wno} fhs }hil woil edg wnlsl esl

}wedgesgozlg edg vldlsecbl pey} fhs wnli wh gh wno}$ Dhwl wnew" pown e flp l~mlqwohd}

Qe`l =7 hf <3



.|}|ebby lownls nesgpesl ied|femw|sls} pnh slble}l gsovls} fhs Bod|~" bokl dVogoe hs EWO"

hs mlsweod iejhs mhiqedol} bokl Eghcl" pnh pl med ws|}w/ wnly slble}l wnl emw|eb }h|sml

mhgl fhs wnl qsh`sei" wnew o}" wnl bo}w hf od}ws|mwohd} od wnew qsh`sei od e n|ied slegecblfhsi$ Wno} ne} e d|icls hf oiqbomewohd}" c|w ih}w oiqhswedwby fhs wno} go}m|}}ohd ow

iled} wnew wnly esl pobbod` wh nevl wnlos }hfwpesl qlls slvolplg cy edyhdl edg lvlsyhdl

pown ed Odwlsdlw mhddlmwohd$ Ow'} epf|bby goffom|bw wh }dlek }qypesl odwh yh|s qsh`seipnld yh|'sl blwwod` lvlsyhdl }ll pnew yh|'vl psowwld%

Wnl }hfwpesl dhp ihvl} ghpd wnl }wslei wh qemke`l ieodweodls}" pnh esl lownls vhb|dwlls} hs qeog liqbhyll} phskod` fhs e Bod|~ go}wsoc|wohd$ Ow o} wnlos sl}qhd}ocobowy wh

mhiqobl wnl }h|sml mhgl fhs wnl }hfwpesl" wl}w ow hd wnl go}wsoc|wohd wh iekl }|sl wnew ow

phsk}" sl}hbvl edy qshcbli} wnew wnly ldmh|dwls edg fodebby qemke`l wnl mhiqoblg .o$l$"

iemnodl)slegecbl/ }hfwpesl od e mhdvldoldw fhsiew$ Wno} qemke`l mhdweod} wnl l~lm|wecbl qsh`sei.}/" wnlos mhdfo`|sewohd fobl}" edg wnl od}ws|mwohd} wnl qemke`l iede`lildw

}hfwpesl dllg} wh }|mml}}f|bby od}webb ow$ Dhwl wnew ow phd'w hsgodesoby mhdweod edy }wewom

bocsesol}" }odml ow ghl}d'w dllg wh ” wnl bocsesol} esl qshvoglg cy hwnls qemke`l}" edg esl

wnlslfhsl kdhpd e} }neslg bocsesol}$ _h|s qemke`l iede`lildw }hfwpesl pobb kdhp of wnew e qeswom|bes qemke`l slu|osl} edhwnls qemke`l wh cl od}webblg fos}w .bokl e }neslg

bocsesy/" clme|}l" e} yh| pobb slilicls" wnl gewe bocsesol} edg slbewlg qemke`l} dllglgfhs wnl }hfwpesl wh phsk plsl glmbeslg f|swnls |q}wslei edg wnew odfhsiewohd o} odmb|glg

od wnl qemke`l$ Wnl od}ws|mwohd} esl }|ffomoldwby glweoblg wnew lvld }qlmofom vls}ohd} hf

hwnls qemke`l} med cl slu|l}wlg wh ld}|sl odwlshqlsecobowy$ Wnl fodo}nlg qemke`l o} wnld|qbheglg wh e }qlmoeb fobl }lsvls" pnomn o} mebblg e }hfwpesl slqh}owhsy$

Ow o} fshi wnew }od`bl bhmewohd wnew yh| esl ecbl wh ghpdbheg edg od}webb wnl }hfwpesl yh|

dllg$ _h| pobb kdhp wnew wnl bhmewohd o} chde fogl" clme|}l ow o} }o`dlg pown e mlswofomewlwnew yh|s qemke`l iede`ls pobb mnlmk$ _h| pobb eb}h kdhp wnew lemn odgovog|eb qemke`l

wnew yh| od}webb o} }lm|sl" clme|}l lemn qemke`l o} ow}lbf }o`dlg cy e @Q@ kly" pnomn yh|s

qemke`l iede`ls pobb eb}h mnlmk$ _h|s qemke`l iede`ls pobb lvld s|d ed IG< }|i hdlemn qemke`l wh iekl }|sl wnew dhwnod` pldw pshd` pnld ow pe} ghpdbhegod`" j|}w bokl

pl gog clfhsl pown wnl BovlMG o}h$ Dhwoml nhp ow'} ghod` ebb hf wno} fhs yh|$ _h|'sl j|}w

}owwod` cemk" }oqqod` e ieswodo" edg mnewwod` od -bod|~iodw hd ~mnew$ Wnl qemke`l iede`ls ne} ghpdbheglg wnl qemke`l} yh| nevl }lblmwlg" ow pobb fhbbhp" wh wnl blwwls .mhiq|wls}

esl fe}wogoh|} od fhbbhpod` od}ws|mwohd}/" wnl od}ws|mwohd} od wnl qemke`l wh qlsflmwby od}webb

yh|s }hfwpesl" edg ebb hf ow} glqldgldmol}" od wnl so`nw hsgls$ Wnlsl o} dh }qeml fhs n|ied

lsshs ” of wnl qemke`l phsklg hd wnl ieodweodls'} mhiq|wls" wnld ow h|`nw wh hd yh|s} clme|}l wnl qemke`l iede`ls pobb fhbbhp l~emwby wnl }eil qshmlg|sl$

Pnld ow mhil} woil wh mnlmk fhs }hfwpesl |qgewl}" yh|s qemke`l iede`ls pobbe|whiewomebby mhiqesl wnl }hfwpesl vls}ohd wnew yh| nevl eèod}w pnew o} eveobecbl od wnl

slqh}owhsy" edg gh ebb wnl dlml}}esy phsk wh kllq yh|s }y}wli s|ddod` }ihhwnby edg

}lm|slby$ ]h" of vls}ohd 3$7 hf Cl}w]hfw o} |qbheglg wh wnl slqh}owhsy" edg yh| nevlvls}ohd 3$=" wnl qemke`l iede`ls pobb mhiqesl wnh}l vls}ohd d|icls}" edg hffls wh od}webb

wnl bewl}w vls}ohd" wekod` mesl" hf mh|s}l" hf ebb wnl glqldgldmol} fhs wnl dlpls vls}ohd hf

wnl }hfwpesl$

Qe`l =< hf <3



]h|dgod` `hhg ylw8 Ow `lw} clwwls$

N|ied} lss pnlsl mhiq|wls} ghd'w edg fshi woil wh woil }hilwnod` iey `h pshd` odwno} qshml}}$ Qlsneq} yh| pobb" cy emmogldw" od}webb nesgpesl gsovls} fhs wnl pshd` qolml

hf nesgpesl edg wno} io`nw cslek }hilwnod`$ Pl'vl ebb ghdl wnew$ Hs qlsneq} wnlsl'} e

c|` hs yh|s fevhsowl flew|sl pe} slihvlg cy wnl qsh`sei'} glvlbhqls fhs }hil sle}hd$Wnl}l qshcbli} glihd}wsewl" qesegh~omebby" wnl }wsld`wn edg }lm|sowy hf qemke`l

iede`lildw$ Clme|}l yh|s qemke`l iede`ls kllq} fe}wogoh|} slmhsg} hf lvlsywnod` ow

lvls ghl}" ow o} ecbl wh slvls}l od}webbewohd}" mbledby edg mhiqblwlby$ Ow pobb iekl }|sl wnewslihvod` hdl qemke`l ghl}d'w cslek edy hwnls}" edg yh| med lvld wlbb ow }qlmofomebby wh gh

wnod`} bokl dhw e|whiewomebby |q`segl mlsweod qemke`l}" clme|}l yh| bokl wnli wnl pey

wnly esl" hs wh slvlsw wh ed lesbols vls}ohd$ Fodebby" wnl pnhbl qshml}} o} vlsy nlevoby qlls)

slvolplg$ Clme|}l yh| esl qesw hf e bes`l mhii|dowy hf Bod|~ |}ls}" ebb |}od` wnl }eilslqh}owhsol} wh hcweod wnlos }hfwpesl" of edywnod` `hl} pshd` yh| med cl ec}hb|wlby }|sl

wnlsl pobb cl e co` f|}} ech|w ow" edg wnew wnl qshcbli pobb cl sl}hbvlg u|omkby% Od wno}

pey" }hfwpesl go}wsoc|wohd od @D\(Bod|~ go}wsoc|wohd} o} vlsy i|mn ce}lg hd ws|}w" fshi

wnl ihildw wnl hsoòdeb glvlbhqls go}qbey} wnlos }h|sml mhgl fhs ebb wh }ll" wh wnl hqldgo}m|}}ohd hd wnl go}wsoc|wohd'} plc}owl$ _h| med cl mhdfogldw od wnl }hfwpesl yh| hcweod"

dhw hdby clme|}l hf wnl }lm|sowy qshwhmhb} ebslegy ildwohdlg" c|w clme|}l of edywnod`ghl} `h pshd` lvlsyhdl pobb cl webkod` ech|w ow%

Blw'} bhhk eèod ew h|s bo}w hf qshcbli} edg }ll pnew pl nevl }hbvlg:

‣ Ow o} goffom|bw hs oiqh}}ocbl wh fodg h|w of wnl }hfwpesl ne} clld wl}wlg wh phsk pown

yh|s hqlsewod` }y}wli

◦ _h| kdhp wnew wnl }hfwpesl eveobecbl wh yh| wnsh|`n wnl slqh}owhsy ne} clldwnhsh|`nby wl}wlg cy wnl qemke`l ieodweodls edg wnl wl}wod` wlei wh phsk pown

yh|s hqlsewod` }y}wli$ Wnly phd'w pedw wh `lw ow pshd`" ih}wby hd qsodmoqbl"

c|w eb}h clme|}l of wnly gh wnly'bb }hhd cl `lwwod` bhw} hf lieob}$‣ Ow o} goffom|bw hs oiqh}}ocbl wh kdhp nhp wno} }hfwpesl pobb odwlsemw pown wnl hwnls

}hfwpesl od}webblg hd yh|s }y}wli

◦ ]oiobesby" qemke`l ieodweodls} wsy wnlos |wih}w wh ld}|sl wnew qemke`l} phd'wmhdfbomw pown hwnls qemke`l} hfflslg cy wnlos go}wsoc|wohd$ Hf mh|s}l" wnly

io`nw dhw nevl lvlsy be}w qemke`l od}webblg hd wnlos wl}wod` iemnodl} .od femw"

|}|ebby qemke`l ieodweodls} c|obg wnlos qemke`l} hd mbled od}webbewohd} wh

ld}|sl wnew wnly esl }wedgesg/" c|w of e ilicls hf wnl |}ls mhii|dowy fodg}h|w wnew wnlsl o} e qshcbli" wnly pobb dh gh|cw blw wnl go}wsoc|wohd wlei kdhp"

edg wnl qshcbli pobb cl fo~lg" hs ew ble}w phsklg hd$ \dbl}} yh| esl e clwe

wl}wls" wnld yh| esl |dboklby wh lvls }ll }|mn e mhdfbomw" clme|}l wnew'} pnew clwe wl}wod` o} fhs$

‣ Ow o} goffom|bw hs oiqh}}ocbl wh kdhp of yh| med qbeml yh|s ws|}w od wnl glvlbhqls

wnew wnlos }hfwpesl pobb dhw me|}l edy nesi" pobbf|b hs dl`bo`ldw" wh yh|s }y}wli

◦ Qemke`l ieodweodls} esl nesgby boklby wh qemke`l }hfwpesl wnly kdhp pobb

nesi qlhqbl'} mhiq|wls} .odmb|god` wnlos hpd/% Hdby }hfwpesl pnomn o}

kdhpd edg ws|}wlg pobb lvls iekl ow wh wnl slqh}owhsy$

Qe`l =6 hf <3



‣ Lvld of yh| kdhp ech|w e }qlmofom qolml hf }hfwpesl edg ow} glvlbhqls" yh| meddhw

cl ldwoslby }|sl wnew yh| esl dhw ghpdbhegod` ed l~lm|wecbl wnew ne} clld

}peqqlg h|w cy e iebomoh|} wnosg qeswy fhs }hil wyql hf iebpesl$◦ Od eggowohd wh wnl |}|eb }lm|sowy ile}|sl} q|w od qbeml cy wnl od}wow|wohd} pnh

hpd wnl }lsvls} .|}|ebby qsl}woòh|} emegliom hs sl}lesmn od}wow|wohd}" hs bes`l

mhiqedol}/" wnl slqh}owhsy edg qemke`l} wnli}lbvl} esl }lm|slg cymlswofomewl} edg @Q@ kly}$ Of }hilwnod`'} `hdl pshd`" yh|s qemke`l iede`ls

pobb wlbb yh| ech|w ow$ Wnl qsl}ldw e|wnhs" od wld yles} hf |}od` Bod|~" ne}

dlvls hdml kdhpd edywnod` wh `h pshd` od wno} sl}qlmw$

‣ Ow o} goffom|bw wh slihvl .ebb wseml} hf/ od}webblg qsh`sei}

◦ Clme|}l wnl qemke`l iede`lildw }hfwpesl kllq} e mhiqblwl slmhsg hf ebb hf

ow} emwohd}" ow o} u|owl meqecbl hf slvls}od` edy }wlq} wnew ow whhk od wnl qe}w"

pnobl ld}|sod` wnew slihvod` hdl qemke`l pobb dhw me|}l edy hwnls qemke`l whfeob$

‣ ]wewom qemke`l} esl co` edg mb|dky

◦ Clme|}l yh|'sl |}od` qemke`l iede`lildw" yh| pobb hdby lvls ghpdbheg

}wewom bocsesol} pnld wnlsl o} dh }neslg ebwlsdewovl$ Of yh| dllg dlp }neslggewe bocsesol} wh od}webb e òvld qsh`sei" yh|s qemke`l iede`ls pobb kdhp wno}

edg od}webb wnli fhs yh| e|whiewomebby$ _h| pobb hdby lvls nevl wh ghpdbheg e}neslg bocsesy hdml clme|}l" plbb" ow'} }neslg cy ebb wnl qsh`sei} wnew dllg ow$

Of yh| ldg |q slihvod` wnl be}w qemke`l wnew dllg} e }neslg bocsesy" wnld wnl

qemke`l iede`lildw }hfwpesl pobb slihvl wnew whh$ C|w " of yh| glmogl wnewyh| gh pedw wh kllq wnl }neslg hcjlmw edypey" qlsneq} clme|}l yh| j|}w kdhp

yh|'bb dllg ow bewls" wnld yh| med wlbb wnl qemke`l iede`lildw }hfwpesl wh gh

wnew" whh$

‣ O'i }wobb dhw mhdvodmlg ◦ @hhg% Qh}w e il}}e`l hd wnl fhs|i} ech|w ow of yh| nevl e `ld|odl mhdmlsd

ech|w qemke`l iede`lildw" hs wh e}k ech|w hwnls qlhqbl'} l~qlsoldml}$ Ow

cles} slqlewod` wnew wnl qemke`l ilwnhg hf go}wsoc|wohd od @D\(Bod|~ slbol}hd ws|}w" }h of wnlsl'} e qshcbli" pl pedw wh nles ech|w ow%

E fodeb phsg$ _h| iey nevl clld }|cjlmwlg wh s|ihs} wh wnl lfflmw wnew Bod|~ o}d'wfodo}nlg ylw" hs wnew of yh| |}l Bod|~ wnld yh| esl e clwe)wl}wls" hs wnew Bod|~ }hfwpesl o}

|d}wecbl$ Wnl}l esl ebb nebf ws|wn}$ ‒Bod|~’ pobb dlvls cl ‒fodo}nlg’" edy ihsl wned edy

hwnls iejhs hqlsewod` }y}wli med cl mhd}oglslg ‒fodo}nlg’$ Fshi wnl Bod|~ klsdlb wh wnl

eswphsk hd yh|s }mslld" ebb wnl lblildw} hf yh|s hqlsewod` }y}wli pobb ebpey} cl |dgls }hil kodg hf glvlbhqildw$ Wno} o} clme|}l qsh`seiils} esl phskod` nesg wh kllq |} |q

wh gewl pown wnl bewl}w glvlbhqildw} od qsh`seiiod` edg nesgpesl wlmndhbh`y$ Wno} ghl}

dhw iled wnew wnl }hfwpesl eveobecbl fhs yh| wh |}l o} hf ceg u|ebowy$ Wnl ce}l }y}wli ewwnl mhsl hf Bod|~ Iodw ne} clld |dgls nlevy glvlbhqildw fhs ech|w wph glmegl} dhp"

edg o} vlsy iew|sl" }wecbl" edg qshvld$ Pnobl wnlsl esl glfodowlby |d}wecbl vls}ohd} hf

ih}w hf wnl }hfwpesl hd yh|s hqlsewod` }y}wli" yh| phd'w cl |}od` wnli clme|}l yh|'sldhw e clwe wl}wls$ _h| kdhp yh|'sl dhw e clwe wl}wls" clme|}l yh|'sl slegod` wno}$ Wnl

}hfwpesl eveobecbl wh yh| hd wnl slqh}owhsol} yh| |}l pobb ebpey} cl }wecbl edg plbb

wl}wlg" |dbl}} yh| mned`l wnh}l slqh}owhsol} wh wnl hdl} |}lg cy wnl wl}wls} .od pnomn me}l

mhd`sew|bewohd}" yh|'vl j|}w clmhil e wl}wls/$ Ow'} e cow hf e dh)cseodls" slebby$

Qe`l =0 hf <3



]h" wh }|iiesozl pown ed l~eiqbl" pnld yh| od}webb Hqlse" Sleb Qbeyls hs @hh`bl Leswn

od Bod|~ Iodw" wnl}l eqqbomewohd} gh dhw mhil fshi wnlos hsoòdeb glvlbhqls} .Hqlse"Sleb edg @hh`bl/$ Hf mh|s}l wnl |q}wslei eqqbomewohd mhil} fshi wnl}l glvlbhqls}" c|w

hdby efwls wnly‟vl clld qshqlsby qemke`lg edg wl}wlg gh wnly clmhil eveobecbl fhs yh|$

]h" od hwnls phsg}" yh| }nh|bg dlvls dllg wh `h edg cshp}l wnl Odwlsdlw wh bhhk fhs }hfwpesl" e} lvlsywnod` yh| dllg o} eveobecbl edg ebslegy wl}wlg fhs yh| edg fhs yh|s

}y}wli cy wnl Bod|~ Iodw edg \c|dw| wlei}$ Ebb yh| dllg wh gh o} mnhh}l pnew yh| pedw

wh gh$

Bod|~ Iodw pobb |qgewl ow}lbf e|whiewomebby wnsh|`n e whhb mebblg iodw\qgewl" pnomn pobb

|qgewl dhw hdby wnl ce}l hqlsewod` }y}wli" c|w ebb wnl }hfwpesl od}webblg hd yh|s iemnodl

e} plbb$

Ow'} wnew }oiqbl$ Pnlp%

]hil hf wnl ih}w qhq|bes eqqbomewohd} wnew esl dhw od}webblg cy glfe|bw od Bod|~ Iodw eslHqlse" ]kyql" Emshcew Slegls" @hh`bl Leswn edg Sleb Qbeyls$ _h| io`nw eb}h pedw wh

egg èil} .e bhw hf doml fsll èil} esl eveobecbl fhs Bod|~$$$ wsy od}webbod` `dhil)èil}wh }wesw h|w pown/$

IodwOd}webb" wnl ]hfwpesl Iede`ls

Wnl le}ol}w pey wh od}webb }hfwpesl od Bod|~ Iodw o} wh |}l iodwOd}webb" wnl ]hfwpesl

Iede`ls$ Ow o} c|obw hd whq hf wnl qemke`l wlmndhbh`y pl go}m|}}lg lesbols" c|w iekl}wnod`} le}ols wh |dgls}wedg" e} ow ebbhp} yh| wh od}webb qsh`sei} sewnls wned qemke`l}

.wnh|`n" slilicls" ow o} }wobb |}od` wnl qemke`l }y}wli od wnl cemk`sh|dg" }h ow }wobb ne}

wnl }eil cldlfow}/$

Hqld iodwIld| edg }lblmw ‒]hfwpesl Iede`ls’$

Wnl ]hfwpesl Iede`ls blw} yh| cshp}l wnl }hfwpesl iegl eveobecbl fhs Bod|~ Iodw$ _h|

med cshp}l cy mewl`hsy" }lesmn cy klyphsg hs }hsw wnl }hfwpesl cy sewod` edg qhq|besowy$

Wnl ]hfwpesl Iede`ls }ydmnshdozl} ow}lbf pown ed hdbodl qhsweb mebblg wnl Bod|~ Iodw

]hfwpesl Qhsweb$ Cy bh`òd` odwh wnl ]hfwpesl Qhsweb yh| med slvolp edg sewl }hfwpesleqqbomewohd}$

Od iodwOd}webb mbomk hd wnl ‒Flew|slg eqqbomewohd}’ c|wwhd wh }ll e bo}w hf wnl ih}w qhq|bes

}hfwpesl pnomn o} dhw od}webblg hd yh|s }y}wli$

_h| med vo}ow wnl Bod|~ Iodw ]hfwpesl Qhsweb ew nwwq:((ppp$bod|~iodw$mhi(}hfwpesl

iodwIld|

Of yh| kdhp pnew yh|'sl bhhkod` fhs" yh| ghd'w dllg wh be|dmn edywnod`$ J|}w }wesw wyqod`

wnl eqqbomewohd'} deil od iodwIld| edg nevl ow od}webblg fshi wnlsl$

Qe`l => hf <3

http://www.linuxmint.com/software

http://www.linuxmint.com/software



Fhs od}wedml" wh od}webb wnl ‒`fwq’ qemke`l:

‣ Qsl}} MWSB+]|qlsXB wh hqld iodwIld|

‣

wyql ‒`fwq’‣ qsl}} wnl ‒\q’ esshp wh no`nbo`nw wnl ‒Od}webb `fwq’ c|wwhd

‣ qsl}} Ldwls

Gog pl ildwohd nhp `slew qemke`l iede`lildw o} ylw8

]ydeqwom & EQW

Of yh| pedw wh od}webb ihsl wned hdl eqqbomewohd hs of yh|‟sl bhhkod` fhs }hilwnod` pnomn

o} dhw od wnl ]hfwpesl Qhsweb hs od wnl ]hfwpesl Iede`ls" Bod|~ Iodw qshvogl} wph hwnls pey} wh od}webb }hfwpesl$ Hdl o} e `seqnomeb whhb mebblg ‒]ydeqwom’ edg wnl hwnls o} e

mhiiedg bodl whhb mebblg ‒EQW’$

Blw‟} }ll nhp pl med od}webb Hqlse .ed ebwlsdewovl wh wnl Foslfh~ Plc Cshp}ls/ pown

wnl}l whhb} od}wleg:

Hqld iodwIld| edg }lblmw ‒Qemke`l Iede`ls’$

Mbomk hd wnl ‒]lesmn’ c|wwhd edg wyql ‒hqlse’$ Wnld `h wnsh|`n wnl bo}w hf qemke`l} edg

fodg wnl hdl mhssl}qhdgod` wh wnl Hqlse Plc Cshp}ls$ Womk wnl ch~ edg }lblmw ‒Iesk fhs Od}webbewohd’ wnld mbomk hd wnl ‒Eqqby’ c|wwhd$

Dhp blw‟} }ll nhp pl mh|bg nevl od}webblg Hqlse |}od` wnl EQW mhiiedg bodl whhb$

Hqld iodwIld| edg }lblmw ‒Wlsiodeb’$ Wnld wyql wnl fhbbhpod` mhiiedg:

eqw od}webb hqlse

Dhwl: Iekl }|sl }ydeqwom o} mbh}lg clfhsl |}od` EQW$ ]ydeqwom o} |}od` EQW od wnl cemk`sh|dg }h chwn

med‟w s|d ew wnl }eil woil$ Wnl }eil `hl} fhs iodwOd}webb$

E} yh| med }ll EQW o} l~wslilby le}y wh |}l c|w ow‟} dhw `seqnomeb$ Ow‟} HK$ Of yh|‟sl}weswod` pown Bod|~ yh| qshcecby qslfls wh gleb pown e `seqnomeb odwlsfeml .wnew'} pny

wnly'sl wnlsl/ c|w e} woil `hl} hd yh|‟bb qslfls wnod`} wh cl fe}w edg lffomoldw edg e} yh|med }ll wnl fe}wl}w pey wh od}webb Hqlse o} wh wyql ‒eqw od}webb hqlse’$ Ow med‟w cl }oiqbls wned wnew$

Wnlsl o} hdl oiqhswedw gofflsldml clwplld wnl ]hfwpesl Iede`ls edg ]ydeqwom(EQW

wnh|`n$ Pown ]ydeqwom edg EQW yh| ce}omebby gleb pown qemke`l}$ Od h|s l~eiqbl wnlHqlse eqqbomewohd pe} vlsy }oiqbl edg pe} hdby iegl hf hdl qemke`l pnomn deil pe}

eb}h ‒hqlse’" c|w wno} pobb dhw ebpey} cl wnl me}l" edg }hilwoil} yh| io`nw dhw kdhp

Qe`l =? hf <3



pnew wnl deil hf wnl qemke`l o}$ ]hilwoil} yh| io`nw dhw lvld nevl emml}} wh wnl

qemke`l} fhs e qeswom|bes eqqbomewohd$

Wnl ]hfwpesl Iede`ls o} gofflsldw clme|}l ow blw} yh| od}webb ‒eqqbomewohd}’ cy `lwwod` wnl

so`nw ‒qemke`l}’ fhs yh|" dhw hdby fshi wnl slqh}owhsol} .qemke`l} gewece}l}/ wnew

]ydeqwom edg EQW nevl emml}} wh" c|w eb}h fshi hwnls qbeml} hd wnl Odwlsdlw$

]h yh| io`nw |}l wnl ]hfwpesl Iede`ls fhs wph gofflsldw sle}hd}:

) Clme|}l yh|‟sl dhw |}lg wh EQW(]ydeqwom) Clme|}l ow med emw|ebby od}webb eqqbomewohd} yh| ghd‟w nevl emml}} wh |}od` hwnls

whhb}$

Slihvl eqqbomewohd}

iodwIld|

Slihvod` ed eqqbomewohd o} u|owl le}y od Bod|~ Iodw$ ]oiqby no`nbo`nw wnl eqqbomewohd odiodwIld|" so`nw mbomk hd ow edg }lblmw ‒\dod}webb’$

IodwIld| fodg} wnl qemke`l} edg glqldgldmol} slbewlg wh wnl eqqbomewohd yh| }lblmwlg$

Mbomk ‒Slihvl’ edg wnl eqqbomewohd pobb cl |dod}webblg$

EQW

Edhwnls pey wh slihvl eqqbomewohd} o} cy |}od` EQW$ Eèod" pl‟sl webkod` mhiiedg)

bodl |wobowy nlsl" c|w }ll nhp }|sqso}od`by le}y wno} o}:

Hqld iodwIld| edg }lblmw ‒Wlsiodeb’$ Wnld wyql wnl fhbbhpod` mhiiedg:

Qe`l 71 hf <3



eqw slihvl hqlse

Dhwl: Iekl }|sl }ydeqwom o} mbh}lg clfhsl |}od` EQW$ ]ydeqwom o} |}od` EQW od wnl cemk`sh|dg }h chwn

med‟w s|d ew wnl }eil woil$

Edg wnew‟} ow$ Pown hdl }od`bl mhiiedg yh|‟vl slihvlg Hqlse fshi yh|s mhiq|wls$

]ydeqwom

_h| med eb}h |}l ]ydeqwom wh slihvl qemke`l}$$$ Bod|~ o} ebb ech|w mnhoml }h blw‟} }ll

nhp wh gh wno}$

Hqld iodwIld| edg }lblmw ‒Qemke`l Iede`ls’$

Mbomk hd wnl ‒]lesmn’ c|wwhd edg }lblmw ‒hqlse’$ Wnld `h wnsh|`n wnl bo}w hf qemke`l} edg

fodg wnl hdl mhssl}qhdgod` wh wnl Hqlse Plc Cshp}ls$ Womk wnl ch~ edg }lblmw ‒Iesk fhs Slihveb’ wnld mbomk hd wnl ‒Eqqby’ c|wwhd$

\qgewl yh|s }y}wli edg yh|s eqqbomewohd}Of e dlp vls}ohd hf edy qemke`l od}webblg hd yh|s mhiq|wls o} iegl eveobecbl yh| med

|q`segl wh ow$ Ow iey cl e }lm|sowy |qgewl fhs }hil mhiqhdldw hf wnl hqlsewod` }y}wli" owiey cl ed hqwoiozewohd od hdl }qlmofom bocsesy hs ow iey lvld cl e dlpls vls}ohd hf

Foslfh~$ Ce}omebby" yh|s }y}wli o} iegl hf qemke`l} edg edy qesw hf ow med cl |qgewlg cy

|qgewod` }hil hf wnh}l qemke`l}$ Wno} iled} slqbemod` wnl m|ssldw qemke`l pown e dlpls vls}ohd$

Wnlsl esl iedy pey} wh gh wno} c|w hdby hdl hf wnli o} slmhiildglg$

_h| mh|bg |}l EQW wh |q`segl ebb yh|s qemke`l} pown hdl }oiqbl mhiiedg .‒eqw|q`segl’/ hs yh| mh|bg |}l ]ydeqwom edg mbomk wnl ‒Iesk Ebb \q`segl}’ c|wwhd c|w pl

}wshd`by slmhiildg yh| ghd‟w gh }h$ Wnl sle}hd o} wnew wnl}l whhb} ghd‟w iekl edygo}wodmwohd} od }lblmwod` pnomn |qgewl} wh eqqby edg e}}|il wnew yh| pedw ebb hf wnli$

]hil qesw} hf wnl }y}wli esl }efl wh |qgewl edg }hil hwnls} esld‟w$ Fhs od}wedml" cy|qgewod` yh|s klsdlb .wnl qesw pnomn o} sl}qhd}ocbl eihd` hwnls wnod`} fhs nesgpesl

slmh`dowohd/ yh| io`nw cslek yh|s }h|dg }|qqhsw" yh|s poslbl}} mesg }|qqhsw hs lvld

}hil eqqbomewohd} .}|mn e} VIPesl edg Vosw|ebch~/ pnomn esl mbh}lby bodklg wh wnl

klsdlb$

\}od` iodw\qgewl

Bod|~ Iodw mhil} pown e whhb mebblg iodw\qgewl$ Ow òvl} ihsl odfhsiewohd ech|w

|qgewl} edg blw} yh| glfodl nhp }efl ed |qgewl i|}w cl clfhsl yh| pedw wh eqqby ow$ Ow

bhhk} bokl e bhmk edg }ow} hd wnl chwwhi)so`nw mhsdls hf yh|s }mslld$

Of yh| qbeml yh|s ih|}l qhodwls hd whq hf ow" ow pobb wlbb yh| lownls wnew yh|s }y}wli o} |q

wh gewl hs" of ow o}d'w" nhp iedy |qgewl} esl eveobecbl$

Qe`l 75 hf <3



Of yh| mbomk hd wnl bhmk omhd" iodw\qgewl hqld} edg }nhp} yh| wnl |qgewl} wnew esl

eveobecbl$ Wnl odwlsfeml o} vlsy le}y wh |}l$ Fhs lemn qemke`l |qgewl yh| med sleg wnlgl}msoqwohd" wnl mned`lbh` .wno} o} pnlsl glvlbhqls} l~qbeod wnlos mned`l} pnld wnly

ihgofy wnl qemke`l/" edg lvldw|ebby of Bod|~ Iodw e}}o dlg pesdod`} hs l~wseodfhsiewohd ech|w wnl |qgewl}$ _h| med eb}h }ll pnomn vls}ohd o} m|ssldwby od}webblg hd

yh|s mhiq|wls edg pnomn vls}ohd o} eveobecbl fhs yh| wh |qgewl wh$ Fodebby" yh| med }ll

wnl }wecobowy blvlb e}}o`dlg wh wnl qemke`l |qgewl$ Lemn qemke`l |qgewl csod`}

oiqshvlildw} hs fo~l} }lm|sowy o}}|l} c|w wnew ghl}d‟w iled wnly‟sl so}k)fsll edg med‟wodwshg|ml dlp c|`}$ Wnl }wecobowy blvlb o} e}}o`dlg wh lemn qemke`l cy Bod|~ Iodw edg

òvl} yh| ed odgomewohd hf nhp }efl ow o} fhs yh| wh eqqby ed |qgewl$

Hf mh|s}l yh| med mbomk hd wnl mhb|id} wh }hsw cy }wecobowy blvlb" }wew|}" qemke`l deil hs

cy vls}ohd$ _h| med }lblmw ebb |qgewl} hs |d}lblmw ebb hf wnli cy |}od` wnl ‒Mbles’ edg‒]lblmw Ebb’ c|wwhd}$

Blvlb 5 edg Blvlb 3 |qgewl} esl so}k)fsll edg yh| }nh|bg ebpey} eqqby wnli$ Blvlb =

|qgewl} ‒}nh|bg cl }efl’ c|w" ebwnh|`n pl slmhiildg yh| wekl wnli" iekl }|sl yh|

bhhk hvls wnli hd wnl bo}w hf |qgewl}$ Of yh| l~qlsoldml e qshcbli pown e qeswom|bes Blvlb= |qgewl" wlbb wnl Bod|~ Iodw glvlbhqildw wlei }h wnly med wekl ile}|sl} wh iekl wnew

|qgewl e Blvlb 7 hs e Blvlb < }h e} wh pesd hs lvld go}mh|se`l hwnls} eèod}w eqqbyod` ow$

Qe`l 73 hf <3



Of yh| mbomk hd wnl ‒Qslflsldml}’ c|wwhd yh| }nh|bg }ll wnl }mslld echvl$ Cy glfe|bw

iodw\qgewl wlbb} yh| ech|w Blvlb 5" 3 edg = |qgewl}$ _h| med glmogl wh iekl Blvlb 7edg < ‒vo}ocbl’$ Wno} pobb iekl ihsl |qgewl} eqqles od wnl bo}w$ Of yh| pedw wh yh| med

lvld iekl Blvlb 7 edg < |qgewl} ‒}efl’ .ebwnh|`n wno} o} dhw slmhiildglglg/$ Wno} pobb

me|}l wnli wh cl }lblmwlg cy glfe|bw pownod iodw\qgewl$

iodw\qgewl hdby mh|dw} ‒}efl’ |qgewl}$ ]h pnld ow wlbb} yh| yh|s }y}wli o} |q wh gewl" ow

iled} wnlsl esl dh |qgewl} eveobecbl e}}o`dlg pown e blvlb wnew yh| glfodlg e} clod`

‒}efl’$

iodw\qgewl hdby }nhp} ‒vo}ocbl’ |qgewl} od wnl bo}w$

Fhs l~eiqbl" of yh| iegl ebb blvlb} ‒vo}ocbl’ edg hdby Blvlb 5 edg 3 ‒}efl’" yh| ph|bg

}ll e bhw hf |qgewl} od wnl bo}w" c|w iodw\qgewl ph|bg qshcecby wlbb yh| wnew yh|s }y}wli

pe} |q wh gewl$

Qe`l 7= hf <3



Wnl ‒E|wh)Slfsl}n’ wec ebbhp} yh| wh glfodl nhp hfwld iodw\qgewl mnlmk} fhs |qgewl}$

Wnl ‒\qgewl Ilwnhg’ wec blw} yh| glfodl nhp iodw\qgewl mnlmk} fhs dlp |qgewl}$

Wnl ‒]wesw|q glbey’ o} wnl eih|dw hf woil iodw\qgewl peow} clfhsl mnlmkod` fhs ed

Odwlsdlw mhddlmwohd$ Wno} glbey o} |}lg wh òvl wnl Dlwphsk Iede`ls ed hqqhsw|dowy wh

l}wecbo}n e mhddlmwohd pnld wnl mhiq|wls }wesw}$

_h| med eb}h glfodl pnomn ghieod deil o} |}lg cy iodw\qgewl wh mnlmk wnl mhddlmwohd

wh wnl Odwlsdlw$ iodw\qgewl pobb wsy wh qod` wno} ghieod clfhsl bhhkod` fhs |qgewl}$

Wnl ‒Odmb|gl go}w)|q`segl qemke`l}’ hqwohd ebbhp} yh| wh glfodl pnlwnls iodw\qgewl

}nh|bg od}webb dlp glqldgldmol} hs dhw$ Fhs od}wedml of qemke`l E vls}ohd 5 pe} od}webblghd yh|s mhiq|wls edg qemke`l E vls}ohd 3 clmeil eveobecbl" c|w vls}ohd 3 neg e dlp

glqldgldmy hd qemke`l C pnomn o}d‟w od}webblg hd yh|s mhiq|wls… pnew ph|bg neqqld8

Of yh| blfw wno} mnlmkch~ |dmnlmklg" vls}ohd 3 ph|bg dhw eqqles e} ed |qgewl od wnl bo}w hf |qgewl}$

Of yh| mnlmklg wno} mnlmkch~" ow ph|bg" edg of }lblmwlg ow ph|bg od}webb qemke`lC e} eglqldgldmy$

Cl meslf|b pown wno} hqwohd e} glqldgldmy med od}webb dlp qemke`l} hd yh|s clnebf c|w

wnly med eb}h }hilwoil} slihvl qemke`l} yh| ebslegy nevl od}webblg$

Qe`l 77 hf <3



Wnl ‒Qsh~y’ wec blw} yh| glfodl qsh~y }lwwod`}$

Wnl be}w wec blw} yh| mned`l wnl omhd} |}lg cy iodw\qgewl od wnl }y}wli wsey$

Of yh| `lw lsshs} pown iodw\qgewl .‒Med‟w slfsl}n bo}w hf qemke`l}’ fhs od}wedml/" yh| med

mnlmk wnl bh`} fhs iodw\qgewl$ So`nw mbomk hd wnl bhmk omhd od wnl }y}wli wsey edg }lblmw

‒Odfhsiewohd’$ Wnl fhbbhpod` }mslld eqqles}:

Qe`l 7< hf <3



Od wno} }mslld yh| med }ll wnl qshml}} OG hf iodw\qgewl" pnlwnls ow'} s|ddod` pown |}ls hs

shhw qlsio}}ohd}" edg wnl mhdwldw hf ow} bh` fobl$

_h| med eb}h slvolp wnl |qgewl} wnew plsl eqqbolg hd yh|s }y}wli .qshvoglg wnly plsl

eqqbolg voe iodw\qgewl/ cy mbomkod` hd ‒Volp)4No}whsy hf \qgewl}’$

Qe`l 76 hf <3







Of yh| lvldw|ebby glmogl wnew yh| dh bhd`ls dllg wh kllq e qeswom|bes dhwl" yh| med hqld

wnew dhwl edg mbomk hd wnl ‒Glblwl’ c|wwhd$

Of yh| psowl ghpd wnl deil hf edhwnls dhwl'} wowbl pownod yh|s dhwl" Whichy pobbe|whiewomebby mslewl e bodk wh wnew hwnls dhwl edg yh|'bb cl ecbl wh mbomk wnew bodk wh hqld

wnl hwnls dhwl$

_h| med eb}h |}l gofflsldw fhsiewwod` hqwohd} pownod yh|s dhwl edg |}l wnl iedy flew|sl}

qshvoglg cy Whichy Dhwl} .}ydmnshdozewohd" }lesmn flew|sl}" l~qhsw dhwl} whQGF(NWIB$$$lwm/$

]nesl fobl} pown iodw\qbheg

Ow'} le}y wh }ldg e }qsleg}nllw hs e ghm|ildw wh }hilhdl$ _h| j|}w hqld wnl ieob

eqqbomewohd edg }ldg ow e} ed ewwemnildw$ C|w pnew of yh| pedw wh }ldg wnl qomw|sl} fshi

yh|s be}w nhbogey}8 Hs e voglh8 Pobb wnew fow od ed lieob8 Ew pnew qhodw pobb wnl }ozl hf wnl fobl} cl e qshcbli8 Hf mh|s}l" lieob} edg ewwemnildw} esl fodl e} bhd` e} wnl ewwemnlg

fobl} esl bo`nw" c|w" `ldlsebby" of yh| pedw wh }ldg bes`l fobl}" co``ls wned 5IC wnld yh|

dllg wh fodg edhwnls pey$

Ih}w qlhqbl |}l glgomewlg hdbodl }lsvoml} fhs wno} q|sqh}l" }|mn e} qome}e$dlw fhs wnlos qomw|sl} edg yh|w|cl$mhi fhs wnlos voglh}" c|w of ebb yh| pedw o} wh }ldg fobl} edg dhw

dlml}}esoby q|cbo}n wnli hdbodl" wno} }hb|wohd o}d'w ogleb$ ]hil qlhqbl |}l |qbheg

}lsvoml}" pnomn esl `ldlsebby f|bb hf egvlswo}lildw} edg sl}wsomwohd}" dhw le}y wh |}l fhs lownls yh| hs wnl qls}hd} yh| pedw wh }ldg wnl fobl} wh .dllg wh bhòd" lwm$$/ edg eb}h dhw

odwl`sewlg pown yh|s gl}kwhq$

Od Bod|~ Iodw" wnl qshml}} hf }nesod` bes`l fobl} pe} iegl le}y$ _h| med so`nw mbomk hd

edy fobl edg }lblmw ‒\qbheg’$ Wno} pobb be|dmn ed eqqbomewohd mebblg iodw\qbheg$

Iodw\qbheg phsk} pown ed hdbodl }lsvoml iede`lg cy bod|~iodw$mhi pnomn ghl}d'wslu|osl edy bhòd hs edy slò}wsewohd$ Pownod iodw\qbheg" wno} }lsvoml o} mebblg ‒Glfe|bw’$

So`nw)mbomk hd e fobl" }lblmw ‒\qbheg’ edg pnld iodw\qbheg eqqles} }lblmw wnl ‒Glfe|bw’

}lsvoml$

Qe`l 7? hf <3



Iodw\qbheg pobb e}k wnl }lsvoml of wnlsl o} ldh|`n }qeml hdbodl wh }whsl yh|s fobl$ Of wnlsl

o}" yh| pobb cl ecbl wh mbomk hd wnl ‒\qbheg’ c|wwhd$

E qsh`sl}} ces }nh|bg wlbb yh| ech|w wnl |qbheg qsh`sl}} edg pnld wnl fobl o} f|bby|qbheglg ed eggsl}} }nh|bg eqqles od wnl ‒\SB’ wl~w folbg$ Wno} eggsl}} o} wnl bhmewohd

fshi pnlsl qlhqbl med ghpdbheg yh|s fobl$ Gh dhw bh}l wno} \SB$

Wnl Glfe|bw }lsvoml emmlqw} fobl} }iebbls wned 51IC edg fhs e g|sewohd e 3 gey} .efwls

wno} g|sewohd wnl fobl} esl `ldlsebby glblwlg wh fsll |q }qeml hd wnl }lsvls/$

\}l ed FWQ(]FWQ(]MQ emmh|dw pown iodw\qbheg

Of yh|'vl `hw emml}} wh ed FWQ }lsvls .hs ]FWQ hs ]MQ/ yh| med mhdfo`|sl iodw\qbheg whiekl |}l hf ow$ Mbomk hd wnl ‒Lgow’ ild| wnld mnhh}l ‒]lsvoml}’$

Fshi wnlsl ‒egg’ e dlp }lsvoml" òvl ow e deil edg fobb od wnl odfhsiewohd$

Qe`l <1 hf <3



Dhwl: ‒qewn’ o} hqwohdeb$ Of yh| hiow wno} bodl iodw\qbheg pobb |qbheg fobl} goslmwby od wnl

shhw fhbgls hf yh|s FWQ emmh|dw$

Esmnovl lieob} edg plc}owl} e} QGF

Gh yh| chhkiesk plc qe`l} pnld yh| pedw wh sleg wnli bewls8 Gh yh| kllq hbg lieob}od yh|s odch~ pnld wnly mhdweod }hil odfhsiewohd yh| io`nw dllg wh slilicls8 Esl

yh|s odch~ edg yh|s chhkiesk} mb|wwlslg pown wnod`} yh| ghd'w dllg c|w ghd'w pedw wh

so}k bhh}od`8 ]nh|bgd'w yh| }whsl wno} kodg hf odfhsiewohd }hilpnlsl lb}l8 Hf mh|s}l yh|mh|bg |}l Whichy Dhwl} fhs wno} c|w qe}wod` ed ldwosl eswombl fshi wnl Plc wh e dhwl o}

dhw l~emwby ogleb" yh|'g bhh}l wnl qomw|sl}" wnl beyh|w edg e bhw hf odfhsiewohd$ Pny dhw

j|}w qsodw wnl mhdwldw od}wleg8 Dhw hd qeqls" c|w e} e QGF fobl$$$

Bod|~ Iodw mhil} pown e QGF qsodwls od}webblg cy glfe|bw$ Wno} qsodwls wekl} wnl h|wq|w hf

wnl eqqbomewohd yh|'sl |}od` edg }ldg} ow} mhdwldw wh cl }whslg pownod e QGF fobl$ ]h" fhs od}wedml" of yh|'vl j|}w chhklg e fbo`nw hd wnl Plc edg yh| plsl òvld e fbo`nw slflsldml

}nllw edg e slò}wsewohd OG" j|}w now wnl fobl ild| edg }lblmw qsodw$

Mnhh}l wnl ‒QsodwXwhXQGF’ qsodwls edg mbomk hd wnl ‒Qsodw’ c|wwhd$

Wnl qe`l yh| plsl bhhkod` ew pobb cl qsodwlg pownod e QGF ghm|ildw }whslg od yh|s

Nhil fhbgls$

]oiobesby yh| med qsodw lieob} fshi Wn|dglscosg hs edy kodg hf mhdwldw fshi edy

eqqbomewohd edg nevl wnl mhdwldw }whslg od e `ldlsewlg QGF fobl pownod yh|s Nhil fhbgls$

Qe`l <5 hf <3



Mhdmb|}ohdWnlsl'} e bhw ihsl wh blesd ech|w Bod|~ Iodw edg ech|w Bod|~ od `ldlseb$ Wno} `|ogl pe}

j|}w ed hvlsvolp hf }hil hf wnl e}qlmw} slbewlg wh yh|s gl}kwhq$ Cy dhp yh| }nh|bg fllb

ihsl mhifhswecbl pown |}od` ow edg yh| }nh|bg nevl e clwwls |dgls}wedgod` hf }hil hf ow}mhiqhdldw}$ Pnlsl esl yh| `hod` wh `h dl~w8 Pobb yh| blesd nhp wh |}l wnl wlsiode8

Pobb yh| òvl hwnls gl}kwhq} e wsy .KGL" ^FML" lwm$/8 Ow'} ldwoslby |q wh yh|$ Slilicls"Bod|~ o} ech|w f|d edg wnl mhii|dowy o} wnlsl wh nlbq$ Wekl yh|s woil edg blesd e bowwbl

cow lvlsy gey$ Wnlsl'} ebpey} }hilwnod` dlp dh iewwls nhp i|mn yh| kdhp ebslegy$

Ldjhy Bod|~ edg wnedk yh| fhs mnhh}od` Bod|~ Iodw$

Date post:	05-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	xosan
View:	231 times
Download:	0 times

LinuMint UserGuide English

Documents