LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION INLIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION INLIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION INLIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION INWASTEWATER TREATMENT &WASTEWATER TREATMENT &WASTEWATER TREATMENT &WASTEWATER TREATMENT &BIOSOLIDS DEWATERINGBIOSOLIDS DEWATERINGBIOSOLIDS DEWATERINGBIOSOLIDS DEWATERING

Chemical ProductsChemical ProductsChemical ProductsChemical Products

Lab TestingLab TestingLab TestingLab Testing

Plant TrialsPlant TrialsPlant TrialsPlant Trials

LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS

� Influent Water ClarificationInfluent Water ClarificationInfluent Water ClarificationInfluent Water Clarification

� Process Water RecyclingProcess Water RecyclingProcess Water RecyclingProcess Water Recycling

� Primary Wastewater Primary Wastewater Primary Wastewater Primary Wastewater ClarificationClarificationClarificationClarification

� Secondary ClarificationSecondary ClarificationSecondary ClarificationSecondary Clarification

� Sludge ThickeningSludge ThickeningSludge ThickeningSludge Thickening

� Sludge DewateringSludge DewateringSludge DewateringSludge Dewatering

LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION UNIT OPERATIONSUNIT OPERATIONSUNIT OPERATIONSUNIT OPERATIONS

� Clarifiers (Many Types)Clarifiers (Many Types)Clarifiers (Many Types)Clarifiers (Many Types)

� Filters (Many Types)Filters (Many Types)Filters (Many Types)Filters (Many Types)

� Dissolved Air Flotation UnitsDissolved Air Flotation UnitsDissolved Air Flotation UnitsDissolved Air Flotation Units

� Induced Air/Gas Flotation UnitsInduced Air/Gas Flotation UnitsInduced Air/Gas Flotation UnitsInduced Air/Gas Flotation Units

� Belt PressesBelt PressesBelt PressesBelt Presses

� CentrifugesCentrifugesCentrifugesCentrifuges

� Screw PressesScrew PressesScrew PressesScrew Presses

� Plate and Frame PressesPlate and Frame PressesPlate and Frame PressesPlate and Frame Presses

� Vacuum Filters (Rotary & Horizontal)Vacuum Filters (Rotary & Horizontal)Vacuum Filters (Rotary & Horizontal)Vacuum Filters (Rotary & Horizontal)

WATEROR

WASTEWATER

SLUDGEDEWATERING

LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION LIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION PRODUCT TYPESPRODUCT TYPESPRODUCT TYPESPRODUCT TYPES

� Coagulants (+) Low Mol WtCoagulants (+) Low Mol WtCoagulants (+) Low Mol WtCoagulants (+) Low Mol Wt� OrganicOrganicOrganicOrganic

� InorganicInorganicInorganicInorganic

� BlendedBlendedBlendedBlended

� Flocculants (+ , Flocculants (+ , Flocculants (+ , Flocculants (+ , ---- , 0 ) High Mol Wt, 0 ) High Mol Wt, 0 ) High Mol Wt, 0 ) High Mol Wt� DryDryDryDry

� EmulsionEmulsionEmulsionEmulsion

� SolutionSolutionSolutionSolution

� OilOilOilOil----Free FlocculantsFree FlocculantsFree FlocculantsFree Flocculants

COAGULANTS AND FLOCCULANTSCOAGULANTS AND FLOCCULANTSCOAGULANTS AND FLOCCULANTSCOAGULANTS AND FLOCCULANTS

Act on Insoluble Particles in WaterOils, Grease, Blood, Insoluble Organics,

Clay, Silicates, Metal Oxides/Hydroxides

Dirt, Dust, Rust & Metal Filings

Can Act on Charged Organic CompoundsAnionic Surfactants, Soaps & Dispersants

Do Not Act on Most Dissolved SolidsSalts, Acids, Nonionic Surfactants, Ammonia or Soluble

Organic Compounds such as Sugar, Alcohols, etc.

SUSPENSION CHEMISTRYSUSPENSION CHEMISTRYSUSPENSION CHEMISTRYSUSPENSION CHEMISTRY

THE KEY TO EFFECTIVETHE KEY TO EFFECTIVETHE KEY TO EFFECTIVETHE KEY TO EFFECTIVELIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATIONLIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATIONLIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATIONLIQUID / SOLIDS SEPARATION

SUSPENDED SOLIDS VARIABLESSUSPENDED SOLIDS VARIABLESSUSPENDED SOLIDS VARIABLESSUSPENDED SOLIDS VARIABLES

� Surface ChargeSurface ChargeSurface ChargeSurface Charge

� Charge DensityCharge DensityCharge DensityCharge Density

� Particle SizeParticle SizeParticle SizeParticle Size

� CompositionCompositionCompositionComposition

� Particle DensityParticle DensityParticle DensityParticle Density

� Particle ShapeParticle ShapeParticle ShapeParticle Shape

IMPORTANCE

LEAST

MOST

MICROSCOPIC FORCESMICROSCOPIC FORCESMICROSCOPIC FORCESMICROSCOPIC FORCES

ELECTROSTATICELECTROSTATICELECTROSTATICELECTROSTATIC

BROWNIANBROWNIANBROWNIANBROWNIAN

VAN DER WAALSVAN DER WAALSVAN DER WAALSVAN DER WAALS

GRAVITYGRAVITYGRAVITYGRAVITY

Colloidal Particle in WaterColloidal Particle in WaterColloidal Particle in WaterColloidal Particle in Water

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++++++

++++

++++

++++++++

++++

++++ ++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++ ++++++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++Almost all Particles of Industrial InterestHave a NegativeSurface Charge.

The Particle is Surrounded by anEqual Number ofPositive Counterions.

++++

++++

++++

++++ ++++

++++

++++

++++ ++++++++

++++

++++

++++

++++++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++ ++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

PARTICLES IN WATER REPEL EACH OTHERPARTICLES IN WATER REPEL EACH OTHERPARTICLES IN WATER REPEL EACH OTHERPARTICLES IN WATER REPEL EACH OTHER

++++ ++++++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++++++

++++

++++

++++++++

++++

++++

++++ ++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++ ++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++ ++++++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

Colloidal Particle in WaterColloidal Particle in WaterColloidal Particle in WaterColloidal Particle in Water

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++++++

++++

++++

++++++++

++++

++++ ++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++ ++++++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

DISTANCE FROM PARTICLE

EQUALNUMBEROF POSITIVEAND NEGATIVECHARGES

RATIOOF EXCESSCATIONS

ADSORPTION OF CATIONIC POLYMERADSORPTION OF CATIONIC POLYMERADSORPTION OF CATIONIC POLYMERADSORPTION OF CATIONIC POLYMERNEUTRALIZES CHARGES AND COLLAPSES FIELDSNEUTRALIZES CHARGES AND COLLAPSES FIELDSNEUTRALIZES CHARGES AND COLLAPSES FIELDSNEUTRALIZES CHARGES AND COLLAPSES FIELDS

Van der Waals Force of Attraction Now Stronger ThanThe Electrical Force of Repulsion

NEUTRALIZED PARTICLES COAGULATENEUTRALIZED PARTICLES COAGULATENEUTRALIZED PARTICLES COAGULATENEUTRALIZED PARTICLES COAGULATE

STOKE’S LAW:STOKE’S LAW:STOKE’S LAW:STOKE’S LAW: ν ν ν ν = 2Gr2 (ρ − ρρ − ρρ − ρρ − ροοοο) / 9η) / 9η) / 9η) / 9η

ν ν ν ν = SETTLING RATE

G = GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANT

r = RADIUS OF PARTICLE

ρρρρ = DENSITY OF PARTICLE

ρρρρo = DENSITY OF LIQUID

ηηηη = VISCOSITY OF LIQUID

BIGGER SETTLES FASTER

MATERIAL DIAMETER SETTLING TIME(in mm) PER METER

Gravel 10 1 secondCourse sand 1 10 secondsFine sand 0.1 2 minutesSilt 0.01 90 minutesBacteria 0.001 1 weekColloidal particles 0.0001 2 yearsColloidal particles 0.00001 20 yearsColloidal particles 0.000001 200 years

Effect of Decreasing Particle SizeEffect of Decreasing Particle SizeEffect of Decreasing Particle SizeEffect of Decreasing Particle Size

EFFECT OF COAGULATION AND EFFECT OF COAGULATION AND EFFECT OF COAGULATION AND EFFECT OF COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATIONFLOCCULATIONFLOCCULATIONFLOCCULATION

MANY

SMALL

FEWER

LARGE

INFLUENT

EFFLUENT

COAGULANT FLOCCULANT

SETTLING

OF FLOCS

LIQUID

SLUDGE

NO MIXING

BRIDGING

+

FLOC

GROWTH

CHARGE

NEUTRALIZATION

+

INTER-PARTICLE

COLLISIONS

OPTIMUM MIXING FORCLARIFICATION APPLICATIONS

FAST SLOW

STATICMIXER

COAGULATION PROCESSCOAGULATION PROCESSCOAGULATION PROCESSCOAGULATION PROCESS

� Adsorption of Cationic CoagulantAdsorption of Cationic CoagulantAdsorption of Cationic CoagulantAdsorption of Cationic Coagulant

� Neutralizes Negative Surface ChargesNeutralizes Negative Surface ChargesNeutralizes Negative Surface ChargesNeutralizes Negative Surface Charges� Reduces Electrical BarrierReduces Electrical BarrierReduces Electrical BarrierReduces Electrical Barrier

� Allows Van der Waals Forces to PredominateAllows Van der Waals Forces to PredominateAllows Van der Waals Forces to PredominateAllows Van der Waals Forces to Predominate

� Interparticle CollisionsInterparticle CollisionsInterparticle CollisionsInterparticle Collisions� Brownian MotionBrownian MotionBrownian MotionBrownian Motion

� Mixing EnergyMixing EnergyMixing EnergyMixing Energy

� Primary Particles Stick TogetherPrimary Particles Stick TogetherPrimary Particles Stick TogetherPrimary Particles Stick Together

FLOCCULATIONFLOCCULATIONFLOCCULATIONFLOCCULATION

++++ ====

SOLIDSSOLIDSSOLIDSSOLIDS FLOCCULANTFLOCCULANTFLOCCULANTFLOCCULANT FLOCFLOCFLOCFLOC

COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATIONCOAGULATION AND FLOCCULATIONCOAGULATION AND FLOCCULATIONCOAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION

� CoagulationCoagulationCoagulationCoagulation� Charge NeutralizationCharge NeutralizationCharge NeutralizationCharge Neutralization

� Rapid Mixing (High Shear)Rapid Mixing (High Shear)Rapid Mixing (High Shear)Rapid Mixing (High Shear)

� Promotes Interparticle CollisionsPromotes Interparticle CollisionsPromotes Interparticle CollisionsPromotes Interparticle Collisions

� FlocculationFlocculationFlocculationFlocculation� Bridging of MicroflocsBridging of MicroflocsBridging of MicroflocsBridging of Microflocs

� Slow Mixing (Low Shear)Slow Mixing (Low Shear)Slow Mixing (Low Shear)Slow Mixing (Low Shear)

� Builds Floc SizeBuilds Floc SizeBuilds Floc SizeBuilds Floc Size

TYPICAL CLARIFICATION PROGRAMTYPICAL CLARIFICATION PROGRAMTYPICAL CLARIFICATION PROGRAMTYPICAL CLARIFICATION PROGRAM

� Add Cationic Coagulant to Neutralize Add Cationic Coagulant to Neutralize Add Cationic Coagulant to Neutralize Add Cationic Coagulant to Neutralize Anionic Charges on ParticlesAnionic Charges on ParticlesAnionic Charges on ParticlesAnionic Charges on Particles

� Add Anionic Flocculant to Bridge Add Anionic Flocculant to Bridge Add Anionic Flocculant to Bridge Add Anionic Flocculant to Bridge Neutralized ParticlesNeutralized ParticlesNeutralized ParticlesNeutralized Particles

NOTES: (1) Coagulants should be be pre-diluted in water for best results(2) Flocculants MUST be pre-diluted in water for any results(3) Add cationic coagulant as far back in the line as possible(4) Do not add anionic flocculant too close to cationic coagulant

Primary / SecondaryPrimary / SecondaryPrimary / SecondaryPrimary / SecondaryWastewater Treatment SystemWastewater Treatment SystemWastewater Treatment SystemWastewater Treatment System

AERATIONBASIN

MIXED LIQUOR

FINAL OR2’ EFFLUENT

WASTE ACTIVATED SLUDGE (WAS)

RETURN ACTIVATEDSLUDGE (RAS)

WASTE

WATER

PRIMARY SLUDGE SLUDGEDIGESTER orHOLDING TANK

1’ EFF

LIQUID PHASE

FILTRATE, CENTRATE, PRESSATE

SLUDGECAKE

PRIMARYCLARIFIER

SECONDARYCLARIFIER

SLUDGE DEWATERING

POLYMER CHEMISTRYPOLYMER CHEMISTRYPOLYMER CHEMISTRYPOLYMER CHEMISTRY

VERSATILITY IS A MUSTVERSATILITY IS A MUSTVERSATILITY IS A MUSTVERSATILITY IS A MUST

COAGULANTSCOAGULANTSCOAGULANTSCOAGULANTS

EPI / DMA POLYMEREPI / DMA POLYMEREPI / DMA POLYMEREPI / DMA POLYMERAKA EPICHLOROHYDRIN AKA EPICHLOROHYDRIN AKA EPICHLOROHYDRIN AKA EPICHLOROHYDRIN ---- DIMETHYLAMINEDIMETHYLAMINEDIMETHYLAMINEDIMETHYLAMINE

-------------------------------- CHCHCHCH2222 ---- CH CH CH CH ---- CHCHCHCH2222 ---- NNNN++++ ----------------------------------------------------------------

OHOHOHOH CHCHCHCH3333

CHCHCHCH3333 ClClClCl----

[ ]n

CAS NUMBER: 42751-79-1

POLY [DADMAC] POLYMERPOLY [DADMAC] POLYMERPOLY [DADMAC] POLYMERPOLY [DADMAC] POLYMERAKA POLY DIALLYLDIMETHYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDEAKA POLY DIALLYLDIMETHYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDEAKA POLY DIALLYLDIMETHYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDEAKA POLY DIALLYLDIMETHYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE

AKA POLY [DMDAAC]AKA POLY [DMDAAC]AKA POLY [DMDAAC]AKA POLY [DMDAAC]

-------------------------------- CHCHCHCH2222 ---- CH CH CH CH ---------------- CH CH CH CH ---- CHCHCHCH2222 ------------------------------------

HHHH3333CCCC CHCHCHCH3333

ClClClCl----

[ ]n

NNNN++++

CHCHCHCH2222HHHH2222CCCC

. . . . . .

CAS NUMBER: 26062-79-3

INORGANIC COAGULANTSINORGANIC COAGULANTSINORGANIC COAGULANTSINORGANIC COAGULANTS

� Aluminum Sulfate: AlAluminum Sulfate: AlAluminum Sulfate: AlAluminum Sulfate: Al2222(SO(SO(SO(SO4444))))3333� Aluminum Chloride: AlClAluminum Chloride: AlClAluminum Chloride: AlClAluminum Chloride: AlCl3333� Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC)Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC)Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC)Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC)

� Aluminum Chlorohydrate (ACH)Aluminum Chlorohydrate (ACH)Aluminum Chlorohydrate (ACH)Aluminum Chlorohydrate (ACH)

� Ferric Chloride: FeClFerric Chloride: FeClFerric Chloride: FeClFerric Chloride: FeCl3333� Ferric Sulfate: FeFerric Sulfate: FeFerric Sulfate: FeFerric Sulfate: Fe2222(SO(SO(SO(SO4444))))3333� Ferrous Sulfate: FeSOFerrous Sulfate: FeSOFerrous Sulfate: FeSOFerrous Sulfate: FeSO4444

� Sodium Aluminate: NaSodium Aluminate: NaSodium Aluminate: NaSodium Aluminate: Na2222AlAlAlAl2222OOOO4444

HYDROLYSIS OF ALUMINUM (III)

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 112

Log S

olu

ble

[A

l] 1,01,1

1,2

1,3

1,4

System pH

HYDROLYSIS OF IRON (III)

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 112

Log S

olu

ble

[A

l]

1,01,1

1,2

1,3

1,4

System pH

DEPRESSION OF SYSTEM pHWITH ALUMINUM or FERRIC SALTS

DOSAGE OF CALCULATED28% ACTIVE FINAL pH

1 ppm

10 ppm

100 ppm

1000 ppm

ASSUMES UNBUFFERED WATER STARTING AT pH = 7.0

5.2

4.2

3.2

2.2

ORGANIC COAGULANTSORGANIC COAGULANTSORGANIC COAGULANTSORGANIC COAGULANTSADVANTAGES OVER INORGANICSADVANTAGES OVER INORGANICSADVANTAGES OVER INORGANICSADVANTAGES OVER INORGANICS

� Sludge Volume ReductionSludge Volume ReductionSludge Volume ReductionSludge Volume Reduction

� Larger, More Stable FlocLarger, More Stable FlocLarger, More Stable FlocLarger, More Stable Floc

� Less Pinfloc and CarryoverLess Pinfloc and CarryoverLess Pinfloc and CarryoverLess Pinfloc and Carryover

� Lower Flocculant RequirementsLower Flocculant RequirementsLower Flocculant RequirementsLower Flocculant Requirements

� Work Over Wide pH Range (2Work Over Wide pH Range (2Work Over Wide pH Range (2Work Over Wide pH Range (2----12)12)12)12)

� Do Not Change System pHDo Not Change System pHDo Not Change System pHDo Not Change System pH

� Lower Caustic RequirementsLower Caustic RequirementsLower Caustic RequirementsLower Caustic Requirements

INORGANIC COAGULANTSINORGANIC COAGULANTSINORGANIC COAGULANTSINORGANIC COAGULANTSADVANTAGES OVER ORGANICSADVANTAGES OVER ORGANICSADVANTAGES OVER ORGANICSADVANTAGES OVER ORGANICS

� Inorganics Can Produce Very Inorganics Can Produce Very Inorganics Can Produce Very Inorganics Can Produce Very Low Turbidity Waters Because Low Turbidity Waters Because Low Turbidity Waters Because Low Turbidity Waters Because the Metal Hydroxides Can Sweep the Metal Hydroxides Can Sweep the Metal Hydroxides Can Sweep the Metal Hydroxides Can Sweep Fine Particles from SuspensionFine Particles from SuspensionFine Particles from SuspensionFine Particles from Suspension

� Low Price per Pound Looks Very Low Price per Pound Looks Very Low Price per Pound Looks Very Low Price per Pound Looks Very Attractive to Purchasing AgentsAttractive to Purchasing AgentsAttractive to Purchasing AgentsAttractive to Purchasing Agents

FLOCCULANTSFLOCCULANTSFLOCCULANTSFLOCCULANTS

NONIONIC MONOMERNONIONIC MONOMERNONIONIC MONOMERNONIONIC MONOMERACRYLAMIDEACRYLAMIDEACRYLAMIDEACRYLAMIDE

CH2 = CH - C - NH2

O

AM

ANIONIC MONOMERANIONIC MONOMERANIONIC MONOMERANIONIC MONOMERACRYLIC ACIDACRYLIC ACIDACRYLIC ACIDACRYLIC ACID

CH2 = CH - C – O

O

……H+

_

AA

CATIONIC MONOMERSCATIONIC MONOMERSCATIONIC MONOMERSCATIONIC MONOMERSAETACAETACAETACAETAC

ADAME.MeClADAME.MeClADAME.MeClADAME.MeClQQQQ----9999

+

POLYACRYLAMIDEPOLYACRYLAMIDEPOLYACRYLAMIDEPOLYACRYLAMIDE

CHCHCHCH2222 ---- CHCHCHCH ---- CHCHCHCH2222 ---- CH CH CH CH ---- CHCHCHCH2222 ---- CHCHCHCH

C=O C=O C=OC=O C=O C=OC=O C=O C=OC=O C=O C=O

NHNHNHNH2222 NHNHNHNH2 2 2 2 NHNHNHNH2222

POLYMER SHORTHANDPOLYMER SHORTHANDPOLYMER SHORTHANDPOLYMER SHORTHANDPOLYACRYLAMIDEPOLYACRYLAMIDEPOLYACRYLAMIDEPOLYACRYLAMIDE

CHCHCHCH2222 –––– CCCC

C=OC=OC=OC=O

NHNHNHNH2222 n

HHHH

n is about 282,000 @ 20 million Molecular Weight

HOMOPOLYMERIZATIONHOMOPOLYMERIZATIONHOMOPOLYMERIZATIONHOMOPOLYMERIZATIONYELLOW = ACRYLAMIDEYELLOW = ACRYLAMIDEYELLOW = ACRYLAMIDEYELLOW = ACRYLAMIDE

FLOCCULANTS ARE TYPICALLY 200,000+ MONOMERSFLOCCULANTS ARE TYPICALLY 200,000+ MONOMERSFLOCCULANTS ARE TYPICALLY 200,000+ MONOMERSFLOCCULANTS ARE TYPICALLY 200,000+ MONOMERS

ANIONICANIONICANIONICANIONICPOLYACRYLAMIDEPOLYACRYLAMIDEPOLYACRYLAMIDEPOLYACRYLAMIDE

COPOLYMERCOPOLYMERCOPOLYMERCOPOLYMERaka AM/SAaka AM/SAaka AM/SAaka AM/SA

ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDEANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDEANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDEANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE

CHCHCHCH2222 –––– C C C C CHCHCHCH2222 ---- CCCC

C=O C=OC=O C=OC=O C=OC=O C=O

NHNHNHNH2222 OOOO

NaNaNaNa

m

n

RANDOM COPOLYMERm + n = 1

HHHH

+

HHHH

COPOLYMERIZATIONCOPOLYMERIZATIONCOPOLYMERIZATIONCOPOLYMERIZATIONYELLOW = ACRYLAMIDE; RED = ACRYLATEYELLOW = ACRYLAMIDE; RED = ACRYLATEYELLOW = ACRYLAMIDE; RED = ACRYLATEYELLOW = ACRYLAMIDE; RED = ACRYLATE

25% ANIONIC CHARGE25% ANIONIC CHARGE25% ANIONIC CHARGE25% ANIONIC CHARGE

COPOLYMERIZATIONCOPOLYMERIZATIONCOPOLYMERIZATIONCOPOLYMERIZATIONYELLOW = ACRYLAMIDE; RED = ACRYLATEYELLOW = ACRYLAMIDE; RED = ACRYLATEYELLOW = ACRYLAMIDE; RED = ACRYLATEYELLOW = ACRYLAMIDE; RED = ACRYLATE

50% ANIONIC CHARGE50% ANIONIC CHARGE50% ANIONIC CHARGE50% ANIONIC CHARGE

CATIONICCATIONICCATIONICCATIONICPOLYACRYLAMIDEPOLYACRYLAMIDEPOLYACRYLAMIDEPOLYACRYLAMIDE

COPOLYMERCOPOLYMERCOPOLYMERCOPOLYMERaka AM/Q9aka AM/Q9aka AM/Q9aka AM/Q9

CATIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDECATIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDECATIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDECATIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE

CHCHCHCH2222 –––– C C C C CHCHCHCH2222 ---- CCCC

C=O C=OC=O C=OC=O C=OC=O C=O

NNNN

NHNHNHNH2222 OOOO

R’R’R’R’

m

n

RANDOM COPOLYMERm + n = 1

HHHH

(CH(CH(CH(CH2222))))2222

CHCHCHCH3333

CHCHCHCH3333HHHH3C+

Cl

COPOLYMERIZATIONCOPOLYMERIZATIONCOPOLYMERIZATIONCOPOLYMERIZATIONYELLOW = ACRYLAMIDE; BLUE = CATYELLOW = ACRYLAMIDE; BLUE = CATYELLOW = ACRYLAMIDE; BLUE = CATYELLOW = ACRYLAMIDE; BLUE = CAT

10% CATIONIC CHARGE10% CATIONIC CHARGE10% CATIONIC CHARGE10% CATIONIC CHARGE

COPOLYMERIZATIONCOPOLYMERIZATIONCOPOLYMERIZATIONCOPOLYMERIZATIONYELLOW = ACRYLAMIDE; BLUE = CATYELLOW = ACRYLAMIDE; BLUE = CATYELLOW = ACRYLAMIDE; BLUE = CATYELLOW = ACRYLAMIDE; BLUE = CAT

25% CATIONIC CHARGE25% CATIONIC CHARGE25% CATIONIC CHARGE25% CATIONIC CHARGE

COPOLYMERIZATIONCOPOLYMERIZATIONCOPOLYMERIZATIONCOPOLYMERIZATIONYELLOW = ACRYLAMIDE; BLUE = CATYELLOW = ACRYLAMIDE; BLUE = CATYELLOW = ACRYLAMIDE; BLUE = CATYELLOW = ACRYLAMIDE; BLUE = CAT

50% CATIONIC CHARGE50% CATIONIC CHARGE50% CATIONIC CHARGE50% CATIONIC CHARGE

TYPICAL MOL-WT DISTRIBUTION

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

MOLECULAR WEIGHT IN MILLIONS

RESIDUALMONOMER

0

THIS PRODUCT WOULDHAVE AN AVG MOL-WT

OF ~7 MILLION

NU

MB

ER

OF

MO

LE

CU

LE

S

TYPICAL MOL-WT DISTRIBUTIONS

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

MOLECULAR WEIGHT IN MILLIONS

0

NU

MB

ER

OF

MO

LE

CU

LE

S

CATIONICSCATIONICSCATIONICSCATIONICS ANIONICSANIONICSANIONICSANIONICS

LINEAR POLYMER STRUCTURE LINEAR POLYMER STRUCTURE LINEAR POLYMER STRUCTURE LINEAR POLYMER STRUCTURE

LIGHTLY BRANCHEDLIGHTLY BRANCHEDLIGHTLY BRANCHEDLIGHTLY BRANCHEDPOLYMER STRUCTURE POLYMER STRUCTURE POLYMER STRUCTURE POLYMER STRUCTURE

HIGHLY BRANCHED HIGHLY BRANCHED HIGHLY BRANCHED HIGHLY BRANCHED POLYMER STRUCTUREPOLYMER STRUCTUREPOLYMER STRUCTUREPOLYMER STRUCTURE

CROSSCROSSCROSSCROSS----LINKED POLYMER STRUCTURELINKED POLYMER STRUCTURELINKED POLYMER STRUCTURELINKED POLYMER STRUCTURE

ASHLAND WATER TECHNOLOGIESEMULSION POLYMER PRODUCT LINE

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 +10 +20 +30 +40 +50 +60 +70 +80

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

RELATIVE POLYMER CHARGE

RE

LA

TIV

E M

OL

EC

UL

AR

WE

IGH

T

GENERAL INDUSTRIAL COAGULANT AIDS

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 +10 +20 +30 +40 +50 +60 +70 +80

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

RELATIVE POLYMER CHARGE

RE

LA

TIV

E M

OL

EC

UL

AR

WE

IGH

T

MINING FLOCCULANTS

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 +10 +20 +30 +40 +50 +60 +70 +80

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

RELATIVE POLYMER CHARGE

RE

LA

TIV

E M

OL

EC

UL

AR

WE

IGH

T

LOW pH SYSTEM FLOCCULANTS

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 +10 +20 +30 +40 +50 +60 +70 +80

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

RELATIVE POLYMER CHARGE

RE

LA

TIV

E M

OL

EC

UL

AR

WE

IGH

T

BIOSOLIDS DEWATERING FLOCCULANTS

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 +10 +20 +30 +40 +50 +60 +70 +80

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

RELATIVE POLYMER CHARGE

RE

LA

TIV

E M

OL

EC

UL

AR

WE

IGH

T

DEWATERING VERY YOUNGHIGH F/M PURE BIOSLUDGES

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 +10 +20 +30 +40 +50 +60 +70 +80

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

RELATIVE POLYMER CHARGE

RE

LA

TIV

E M

OL

EC

UL

AR

WE

IGH

T

MIXED PRIMARY/SECONDARYDEWATERING FLOCCULANTS

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 +10 +20 +30 +40 +50 +60 +70 +80

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

RELATIVE POLYMER CHARGE

RE

LA

TIV

E M

OL

EC

UL

AR

WE

IGH

T

PAPER MILL SLUDGEDEWATERING FLOCCULANTS

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 +10 +20 +30 +40 +50 +60 +70 +80

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

RELATIVE POLYMER CHARGE

RE

LA

TIV

E M

OL

EC

UL

AR

WE

IGH

T

PAPER MILL PRIMARY TREATMENT

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 +10 +20 +30 +40 +50 +60 +70 +80

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

RELATIVE POLYMER CHARGE

RE

LA

TIV

E M

OL

EC

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T

WATER & WASTEWATER WATER & WASTEWATER WATER & WASTEWATER WATER & WASTEWATER TREATMENT LAB TESTSTREATMENT LAB TESTSTREATMENT LAB TESTSTREATMENT LAB TESTS

PREPARING SOLUTIONSPREPARING SOLUTIONSPREPARING SOLUTIONSPREPARING SOLUTIONS

� Organic, Inorganic & Blended CoagulantsOrganic, Inorganic & Blended CoagulantsOrganic, Inorganic & Blended CoagulantsOrganic, Inorganic & Blended Coagulants� Recommended Concentration: 1 Recommended Concentration: 1 Recommended Concentration: 1 Recommended Concentration: 1 ---- 10%10%10%10%

� Use Correction Due to High DensityUse Correction Due to High DensityUse Correction Due to High DensityUse Correction Due to High Density

� Emulsion FlocculantsEmulsion FlocculantsEmulsion FlocculantsEmulsion Flocculants� Recommended Concentration: 0.50 Recommended Concentration: 0.50 Recommended Concentration: 0.50 Recommended Concentration: 0.50 ---- 1.50%1.50%1.50%1.50%

� Density Correction UnnecessaryDensity Correction UnnecessaryDensity Correction UnnecessaryDensity Correction Unnecessary

� Dry FlocculantsDry FlocculantsDry FlocculantsDry Flocculants� Recommended Concentration: 0.10 Recommended Concentration: 0.10 Recommended Concentration: 0.10 Recommended Concentration: 0.10 ---- 0.50%0.50%0.50%0.50%

� Requires Accurate Balance ( +/Requires Accurate Balance ( +/Requires Accurate Balance ( +/Requires Accurate Balance ( +/---- 0.01 g Minimum)0.01 g Minimum)0.01 g Minimum)0.01 g Minimum)

PROCEDURE FOR 1% PROCEDURE FOR 1% PROCEDURE FOR 1% PROCEDURE FOR 1% COAGULANT SOLUTIONSCOAGULANT SOLUTIONSCOAGULANT SOLUTIONSCOAGULANT SOLUTIONS

� Fill a 4 oz Bottle with 99 mls of WaterFill a 4 oz Bottle with 99 mls of WaterFill a 4 oz Bottle with 99 mls of WaterFill a 4 oz Bottle with 99 mls of Water

� Determine Volume of Coagulant = 1.0 gramDetermine Volume of Coagulant = 1.0 gramDetermine Volume of Coagulant = 1.0 gramDetermine Volume of Coagulant = 1.0 gram� VOL = 1 / VOL = 1 / VOL = 1 / VOL = 1 / ρ ;ρ ;ρ ;ρ ; Where Where Where Where ρ = ρ = ρ = ρ = Specific GravitySpecific GravitySpecific GravitySpecific Gravity

� Specific Gravity; Specific Gravity; Specific Gravity; Specific Gravity; ρ ρ ρ ρ = D / 8.34 ; Where D = lbs/gal= D / 8.34 ; Where D = lbs/gal= D / 8.34 ; Where D = lbs/gal= D / 8.34 ; Where D = lbs/gal

� Add Coagulant to the Water and Cap BottleAdd Coagulant to the Water and Cap BottleAdd Coagulant to the Water and Cap BottleAdd Coagulant to the Water and Cap Bottle

� Shake Well Until Dissolved (~30 sec)Shake Well Until Dissolved (~30 sec)Shake Well Until Dissolved (~30 sec)Shake Well Until Dissolved (~30 sec)

PROCEDURE FOR 0.5%PROCEDURE FOR 0.5%PROCEDURE FOR 0.5%PROCEDURE FOR 0.5%EMULSION POLYMERSEMULSION POLYMERSEMULSION POLYMERSEMULSION POLYMERS

� Shake Neat Emulsion Polymer Sample Very WellShake Neat Emulsion Polymer Sample Very WellShake Neat Emulsion Polymer Sample Very WellShake Neat Emulsion Polymer Sample Very Well

� Fill an 8 oz Bottle with 99.5 mls of Tap WaterFill an 8 oz Bottle with 99.5 mls of Tap WaterFill an 8 oz Bottle with 99.5 mls of Tap WaterFill an 8 oz Bottle with 99.5 mls of Tap Water

� Inject 0.5 mls into the Water and Cap QuicklyInject 0.5 mls into the Water and Cap QuicklyInject 0.5 mls into the Water and Cap QuicklyInject 0.5 mls into the Water and Cap Quickly

� Shake Vigorously for at Least 2 minShake Vigorously for at Least 2 minShake Vigorously for at Least 2 minShake Vigorously for at Least 2 min

� Let Stand for 30 min; Shaking 1 min every 10 minLet Stand for 30 min; Shaking 1 min every 10 minLet Stand for 30 min; Shaking 1 min every 10 minLet Stand for 30 min; Shaking 1 min every 10 min

� PostPostPostPost----Dilute to any Convenient ConcentrationDilute to any Convenient ConcentrationDilute to any Convenient ConcentrationDilute to any Convenient Concentration

PROCEDURE FOR 0.25%PROCEDURE FOR 0.25%PROCEDURE FOR 0.25%PROCEDURE FOR 0.25%DRY POLYMERSDRY POLYMERSDRY POLYMERSDRY POLYMERS

� Place 399 mls Water in a 600 ml BeakerPlace 399 mls Water in a 600 ml BeakerPlace 399 mls Water in a 600 ml BeakerPlace 399 mls Water in a 600 ml Beaker

� Clamp Beaker to Keep from MovingClamp Beaker to Keep from MovingClamp Beaker to Keep from MovingClamp Beaker to Keep from Moving

� Set Mechanical Stirrer Speed to 400 rpmSet Mechanical Stirrer Speed to 400 rpmSet Mechanical Stirrer Speed to 400 rpmSet Mechanical Stirrer Speed to 400 rpm

� Sift 1.00 grams of Dry Polymer into Vortex Sift 1.00 grams of Dry Polymer into Vortex Sift 1.00 grams of Dry Polymer into Vortex Sift 1.00 grams of Dry Polymer into Vortex Over a 20 sec Period to Avoid FisheyesOver a 20 sec Period to Avoid FisheyesOver a 20 sec Period to Avoid FisheyesOver a 20 sec Period to Avoid Fisheyes

� Mix for at Least 1 hour at 400 rpmMix for at Least 1 hour at 400 rpmMix for at Least 1 hour at 400 rpmMix for at Least 1 hour at 400 rpm� If Mixing on a Jar Tester or Magnetic Stirrer, Check If Mixing on a Jar Tester or Magnetic Stirrer, Check If Mixing on a Jar Tester or Magnetic Stirrer, Check If Mixing on a Jar Tester or Magnetic Stirrer, Check for Fisheyes or Lumps by Pouring Out Solution and for Fisheyes or Lumps by Pouring Out Solution and for Fisheyes or Lumps by Pouring Out Solution and for Fisheyes or Lumps by Pouring Out Solution and Mix Longer, If NecessaryMix Longer, If NecessaryMix Longer, If NecessaryMix Longer, If Necessary

REMEMBER ONLY ONE FORMULAREMEMBER ONLY ONE FORMULAREMEMBER ONLY ONE FORMULAREMEMBER ONLY ONE FORMULA

1 cc Of a

1 % Product Solution in a

1000 ml Test Volume is a

10 ppm Dosage

THE REST CAN BE OBTAINED

BY SIMPLE RATIO

CLARIFICATION & CLARIFICATION & CLARIFICATION & CLARIFICATION & SETTLING TESTSSETTLING TESTSSETTLING TESTSSETTLING TESTS

JAR TEST APPARATUSJAR TEST APPARATUSJAR TEST APPARATUSJAR TEST APPARATUS

LIGHT BOX

GANG STIRRER

BEAKERS

RPM GAUGE

LAB / FIELD DAF UNITLAB / FIELD DAF UNITLAB / FIELD DAF UNITLAB / FIELD DAF UNIT

2000 mlPLEXIGLASCYLINDER SEARS

WATERFILTER150 psi

NEEDLEVALVE

GAUGE

MIXER

AIRPUMP

SAMPLEPORT

120 VAC

OTHER LIQUIDOTHER LIQUIDOTHER LIQUIDOTHER LIQUID----SOLIDS SEPARATION SOLIDS SEPARATION SOLIDS SEPARATION SOLIDS SEPARATION LAB EQUIPMENTLAB EQUIPMENTLAB EQUIPMENTLAB EQUIPMENT

CYLINDER

SETTLINGSETTLEOMETER IMHOFF

CONE

WHICH THICKENING TESTWHICH THICKENING TESTWHICH THICKENING TESTWHICH THICKENING TESTMETHOD TO USEMETHOD TO USEMETHOD TO USEMETHOD TO USE

� CYLINDER SETTLING:CYLINDER SETTLING:CYLINDER SETTLING:CYLINDER SETTLING: Good for the Accurate Good for the Accurate Good for the Accurate Good for the Accurate Measurement of the Initial Settling Rate of Slurries with a Measurement of the Initial Settling Rate of Slurries with a Measurement of the Initial Settling Rate of Slurries with a Measurement of the Initial Settling Rate of Slurries with a High Enough Concentration to Observe an InterfaceHigh Enough Concentration to Observe an InterfaceHigh Enough Concentration to Observe an InterfaceHigh Enough Concentration to Observe an Interface

� SETTLEOMETER:SETTLEOMETER:SETTLEOMETER:SETTLEOMETER: Good for the Determination of Sludge Good for the Determination of Sludge Good for the Determination of Sludge Good for the Determination of Sludge Volume Index (SVI) in Activated Sludge Plants (aka Volume Index (SVI) in Activated Sludge Plants (aka Volume Index (SVI) in Activated Sludge Plants (aka Volume Index (SVI) in Activated Sludge Plants (aka Biological Oxidation Systems)Biological Oxidation Systems)Biological Oxidation Systems)Biological Oxidation Systems)

� IMHOFF CONE:IMHOFF CONE:IMHOFF CONE:IMHOFF CONE: Good for Determining the Final Sludge Good for Determining the Final Sludge Good for Determining the Final Sludge Good for Determining the Final Sludge Volume of Systems Where the Final Sludge Volume is Volume of Systems Where the Final Sludge Volume is Volume of Systems Where the Final Sludge Volume is Volume of Systems Where the Final Sludge Volume is Less Than 10% of the Initial Volume.Less Than 10% of the Initial Volume.Less Than 10% of the Initial Volume.Less Than 10% of the Initial Volume.

SLUDGE THICKENING SLUDGE THICKENING SLUDGE THICKENING SLUDGE THICKENING AND DEWATERINGAND DEWATERINGAND DEWATERINGAND DEWATERING

DEWATERING METHODSDEWATERING METHODSDEWATERING METHODSDEWATERING METHODS

� BELT PRESSBELT PRESSBELT PRESSBELT PRESS

� CENTRIFUGECENTRIFUGECENTRIFUGECENTRIFUGE

� PLATE AND FRAME PRESSPLATE AND FRAME PRESSPLATE AND FRAME PRESSPLATE AND FRAME PRESS

� VACUUM FILTERVACUUM FILTERVACUUM FILTERVACUUM FILTER� ROTARYROTARYROTARYROTARY

� HORIZONTALHORIZONTALHORIZONTALHORIZONTAL

� SCREW PRESSSCREW PRESSSCREW PRESSSCREW PRESS

� DRYING BEDSDRYING BEDSDRYING BEDSDRYING BEDS

BELT FILTER PRESSBELT FILTER PRESSBELT FILTER PRESSBELT FILTER PRESS

HEADBOX

FILTRATE COLLECTION

BELTWASH

FREE DRAINAGE SECTION

PRESS SECTION

FILTRATE

FILTRATE

DRYCAKE

POLYMER

TOP OF BELT FILTER PRESSTOP OF BELT FILTER PRESSTOP OF BELT FILTER PRESSTOP OF BELT FILTER PRESS

HEADBOX

ROTARY SCREEN THICKENERROTARY SCREEN THICKENERROTARY SCREEN THICKENERROTARY SCREEN THICKENER

INCOMINGSLUDGE

POLYMER

THICKENEDSLUDGE

CENTRIFUGE LINE DIAGRAMCENTRIFUGE LINE DIAGRAMCENTRIFUGE LINE DIAGRAMCENTRIFUGE LINE DIAGRAM

MOTOR

LIQUIDSLUDGE IN

CENTRATESLUDGECAKEOUT

POLYMER

SCROLL

BEACH

PLATE AND FRAME FILTER PRESSPLATE AND FRAME FILTER PRESSPLATE AND FRAME FILTER PRESSPLATE AND FRAME FILTER PRESS

SLUDGE

HYDRAULICS

FILTRATE

FILTRATE

ROTARY VACUUM FILTERROTARY VACUUM FILTERROTARY VACUUM FILTERROTARY VACUUM FILTER

LIQUIDSLUDGE

POLYMER

DRYCAKE DISCHARGE

VACUUM DRUM

FILTRATERECEIVER

TRAP

ROCKER ARM (10-30 reps/min)

VAT

Screw PressScrew PressScrew PressScrew PressOUTSIDE VIEWOUTSIDE VIEWOUTSIDE VIEWOUTSIDE VIEW

PRESSATE COLLECTION

SCREWMOTOR

WETSLUDGE

IN

PRESSUREPLATE

DRY CAKE OUT

PERFORATED CYLINDRICALSCREEN w/ 1-4 mm HOLES

HEADBOX

Screw PressScrew PressScrew PressScrew PressINSIDE VIEWINSIDE VIEWINSIDE VIEWINSIDE VIEW

SCREWMOTOR

WETSLUDGE

IN

PRESSUREPLATE

DRY CAKE OUT

SCREW GETS WIDER IN DIAMETERTO PUSH SLUDGE AGAINST SCREEN

PRESSATE COLLECTION

SCREWMOTOR

POLYMER

FILTRATECOLLECTION

ROTARY SCREENTHICKENERSLUDGE

SCREW PRESS

PRESSATECAKE

SCREW PRESSWITH ROTARYSCREEN THICKENER

LAB TESTS FOR LAB TESTS FOR LAB TESTS FOR LAB TESTS FOR DEWATERINGDEWATERINGDEWATERINGDEWATERING

FREE DRAINAGE TESTSFREE DRAINAGE TESTSFREE DRAINAGE TESTSFREE DRAINAGE TESTS

BUCHNERFUNNEL

FILTERSCREEN

4” PIPENIPPLE

GRADUATEDCYLINDER

COMPUTERIZED FREE DRAINAGE TESTS

BALANCE

RS-232SERIAL

SLUDGE DEWATERING MIXINGSLUDGE DEWATERING MIXINGSLUDGE DEWATERING MIXINGSLUDGE DEWATERING MIXINGFOR R&D PROJECTSFOR R&D PROJECTSFOR R&D PROJECTSFOR R&D PROJECTS

200-250 RPM

¼” SHAFT

1.5” DIAMETERIMPELLERS

¾” APART

dd should be as small as possible

THE DREWPRESS

- YIELDS FREE DRAINAGE RATE- CAN BE COMPUTERIZED

- YIELDS FILTRATE QUALITY- CAKE COMPRESSABILITY

- SOLIDS EXTRUSION POTENTIAL- CAKE RELEASE DATA- FINAL CAKE SOLIDS

ORIGINALLY DEVELOPED BYBELT PRESS MANUFACTURERSFOR SELECTION OF FILTER MEDIA. WE ADAPTED FOR POLYMER SELECTION

Capillary Suction Test (CST)Capillary Suction Test (CST)Capillary Suction Test (CST)Capillary Suction Test (CST)

TIMERBOX

STAINLESSSTEEL

CYLINDER

CSTPAPER

SENSORBLOCK

CST CST CST CST ---- SENSOR BLOCK FROM TOPSENSOR BLOCK FROM TOPSENSOR BLOCK FROM TOPSENSOR BLOCK FROM TOP

TOTIMER

INNERRING

OUTERRINGCST

PAPER

SLUDGE

VACUUM BUCHNER FUNNEL TESTSVACUUM BUCHNER FUNNEL TESTSVACUUM BUCHNER FUNNEL TESTSVACUUM BUCHNER FUNNEL TESTS

GRADUATEDCYLINDER

W/ SIDEARM

FILTER PAPER

RUBBER STOPPER

VACUUMPUMP

GAUGEBUCHNERFUNNEL

TRAP

FILTER LEAF TESTSFILTER LEAF TESTSFILTER LEAF TESTSFILTER LEAF TESTS

VACUUMPUMP

VACUUMGAUGEFILTER

LEAF

TRAP

RUBBERHOSE

SLUDGE

FILTERCLOTH

Sludge Dewatering

Unit Operation Recommended Test Method

Belt Press Free Drainage Test or DREWPRESS®

Centrifuge Free Drainage Test versus Shear

Plate & Frame Press Vacuum Buchner Funnel Test or CST

Vacuum Filter Filter Leaf Test or CST

Screw Press Free Drainage Test or DREWPRESS®

Drying Beds Free Drainage Test

Free Drainage Tests

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0

Polymer Dosage: lbs/ton

Dra

inag

e @

15 s

ec:

mls

DF-403

DF-439-GR

DF-2478

DF-2488

Free Drainage Tests

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0

Polymer Cost: $/ton

Dra

inage @

15 s

ec: m

ls

DF-403

DF-439-GR

DF-2478

DF-2488

OTHER DEWATERING CALCULATIONS

Percent Capture: C = (1- Sf /Si) * 100

where Sf = Filtrate Solids %and Si = Incoming Solids %

FINAL CAKE SOLIDS

Cake Solids = (DW-P) / (WW-P)*100

Where:DW = Dry Cake Weight + PanWW = Wet cake Weight + PanP = Pan Tare Weight

Case HistoryCase HistoryCase HistoryCase HistoryINCREASING CENTRIFUGE CAKE SOLIDSINCREASING CENTRIFUGE CAKE SOLIDSINCREASING CENTRIFUGE CAKE SOLIDSINCREASING CENTRIFUGE CAKE SOLIDS

� Client Averages 25 Dry Tons per DayClient Averages 25 Dry Tons per DayClient Averages 25 Dry Tons per DayClient Averages 25 Dry Tons per Day� Disposal Cost = $45 per Wet TonDisposal Cost = $45 per Wet TonDisposal Cost = $45 per Wet TonDisposal Cost = $45 per Wet Ton

� Current Solids Averaged 20.5%Current Solids Averaged 20.5%Current Solids Averaged 20.5%Current Solids Averaged 20.5%� Polymer Dosage Averaged 10.2 lbs/tonPolymer Dosage Averaged 10.2 lbs/tonPolymer Dosage Averaged 10.2 lbs/tonPolymer Dosage Averaged 10.2 lbs/ton� Polymer Cost = $1.60/lbPolymer Cost = $1.60/lbPolymer Cost = $1.60/lbPolymer Cost = $1.60/lb

� New Polymer = $1.75/lbNew Polymer = $1.75/lbNew Polymer = $1.75/lbNew Polymer = $1.75/lb� New Polymer Dosage Averaged 15.3 lbs/tonNew Polymer Dosage Averaged 15.3 lbs/tonNew Polymer Dosage Averaged 15.3 lbs/tonNew Polymer Dosage Averaged 15.3 lbs/ton� New Sludge Solids Averaged 22.9%New Sludge Solids Averaged 22.9%New Sludge Solids Averaged 22.9%New Sludge Solids Averaged 22.9%

Net Savings = $314/day = $114,525/yrNet Savings = $314/day = $114,525/yrNet Savings = $314/day = $114,525/yrNet Savings = $314/day = $114,525/yr

Effect of Increasing Cake Solids on Dewatering Effect of Increasing Cake Solids on Dewatering Effect of Increasing Cake Solids on Dewatering Effect of Increasing Cake Solids on Dewatering EconomicsEconomicsEconomicsEconomics

OriginalOriginalOriginalOriginal NewNewNewNew

ParameterParameterParameterParameter ProgramProgramProgramProgram ProgramProgramProgramProgram UnitsUnitsUnitsUnits

Sludge ThroughputSludge ThroughputSludge ThroughputSludge Throughput 25.025.025.025.0 25.025.025.025.0 Dry Tons per DayDry Tons per DayDry Tons per DayDry Tons per Day

Sludge Cake SolidsSludge Cake SolidsSludge Cake SolidsSludge Cake Solids 20.5020.5020.5020.50 # 22.9022.9022.9022.90 PercentPercentPercentPercent

Sludge Disposal CostSludge Disposal CostSludge Disposal CostSludge Disposal Cost 45.0045.0045.0045.00 45.0045.0045.0045.00 Dollars per Wet TonDollars per Wet TonDollars per Wet TonDollars per Wet Ton

Polymer DosagePolymer DosagePolymer DosagePolymer Dosage 10.2010.2010.2010.20 15.3015.3015.3015.30 Pounds per Dry TonPounds per Dry TonPounds per Dry TonPounds per Dry Ton

Polymer CostPolymer CostPolymer CostPolymer Cost 1.601.601.601.60 1.751.751.751.75 Dollars per PoundDollars per PoundDollars per PoundDollars per Pound

Disposal CostDisposal CostDisposal CostDisposal Cost 5487.805487.805487.805487.80 4912.664912.664912.664912.66 Dollars per DayDollars per DayDollars per DayDollars per Day

Chemical CostChemical CostChemical CostChemical Cost 408.00408.00408.00408.00 669.38669.38669.38669.38 Dollars per DayDollars per DayDollars per DayDollars per Day

Total CostTotal CostTotal CostTotal Cost 5895.805895.805895.805895.80 5582.045582.045582.045582.04 Dollars per DayDollars per DayDollars per DayDollars per Day

$ 314 $ 314 $ 314 $ 314 Savings per DaySavings per DaySavings per DaySavings per Day

Cost BreakdownCost BreakdownCost BreakdownCost Breakdown

DisposalDisposalDisposalDisposal$5,488 to $4,913 per Day$5,488 to $4,913 per Day$5,488 to $4,913 per Day$5,488 to $4,913 per DaySavings = $575 per DaySavings = $575 per DaySavings = $575 per DaySavings = $575 per Day

PolymerPolymerPolymerPolymer$408 to $669 per Day$408 to $669 per Day$408 to $669 per Day$408 to $669 per DayIncrease = $261 per DayIncrease = $261 per DayIncrease = $261 per DayIncrease = $261 per Day

$575$575$575$575 Savings on DisposalSavings on DisposalSavings on DisposalSavings on Disposal---- 261261261261 Increase on PolymerIncrease on PolymerIncrease on PolymerIncrease on Polymer============================================================================================================================================$314$314$314$314 Net Savings on Polymer SwitchNet Savings on Polymer SwitchNet Savings on Polymer SwitchNet Savings on Polymer Switch

Hurdles to ImplementationHurdles to ImplementationHurdles to ImplementationHurdles to Implementation

� Purchasing objected to the higher cost of Purchasing objected to the higher cost of Purchasing objected to the higher cost of Purchasing objected to the higher cost of the polymer and wouldn’t give an inchthe polymer and wouldn’t give an inchthe polymer and wouldn’t give an inchthe polymer and wouldn’t give an inch

� The disposal charges appeared on the The disposal charges appeared on the The disposal charges appeared on the The disposal charges appeared on the Operations budgetOperations budgetOperations budgetOperations budget

� Implementation would make Purchasing Implementation would make Purchasing Implementation would make Purchasing Implementation would make Purchasing look bad and Operations look goodlook bad and Operations look goodlook bad and Operations look goodlook bad and Operations look good

� We eventually had to sell the program to We eventually had to sell the program to We eventually had to sell the program to We eventually had to sell the program to the President of the companythe President of the companythe President of the companythe President of the company

EFFECT OF INCREASING CAKE SOLIDS ON THE ECONOMICS

OF DEWATERING

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00

FREE DRAINAGE TIME: sec

POLYMER COST: $/US Ton

EFFECT OF BRANCHING ON DRAINAGE TIME

DF-2468LINEAR

DF-2465BRANCHED

10

15

20

25

30

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00

CAKE SOLIDS: %

POLYMER COST: $/US Ton

DF-2468LINEAR

DF-2465BRANCHED

EFFECT OF BRANCHING ON CAKE SOLIDS

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

10 12 14 16 18 20

Initial Cake Solids: %

Plant with 20 Dry Tons per Day andDisposal Cost of $20 per Wet Ton

Disposal Savings : $/year

1% Increase

2% Increase

3% Increase in Cake Solids

Increases are in AbsolutePercentages.Example:11% to 13% is 2% AbsoluteIncrease in Cake Solids.Savings is $204,000/yr