AAaronsohn Family
Chaim I. Waxman
AbadanParvaneh Pourshariati
Abbas, FerhatPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
Abbas Hilmi IArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Abbas Hilmi IIArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Abbas, MahmudMichael R. FischbachSteve Tamari (1996)
Abbas Mirza, Na�eb al-SaltanehEric HooglundMansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)
Abbud, IbrahimAnn M. Lesch (1996)
Abd al-Aziz ibn al-HassanEdmund Burke III (1996)
Abd al-Aziz ibn Sa�ud Al Sa�udMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Abd al-Ghani, Abd al-AzizRobert D. Burrowes
Abd al-Hadi FamilyAnn M. Lesch
Abd al-Hadi, TarabEllen L. Fleischmann
Abd al-Hafid ibn al-HassanEdmund Burke III (1996)
Abd al-Ilah ibn AliPeter Sluglett (1996)
Abd al-Maguid, EsmatArthur Goldschmidt
Abd al-QadirByron Cannon (1996)
2 4 7 7
List ofEntries
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Abd al-Quddus, IhsanDavid Waldner (1996)
Abd al-Rahman al-MahdiRobert O. Collins (1996)
Abd al-Rahman ibn HishamEdmund Burke III (1996)
Abd al-Rahman KhanAshraf Ghani (1996)
Abd al-Rahman, UmarAhmed H. Ibrahim
Abd al-Raziq, AliArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Abd al-Sabur, SalahDavid Waldner (1996)
Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad ibnAli Jihad Racy (1996)
Abdelghani, Mohamed BenahmedPhillip C. Naylor
Abdesselam, BelaidPhillip C. Naylor
Abduh, MuhammadArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
AbdülazizJustin McCarthy (1996)
Abdul-Aziz Bin Baz, ShaykhAnthony B. Toth
Abdülhamit IIJustin McCarthy (1996)
Abdullah I ibn HusseinJenab Tutunji (1996)
Abdullah II ibn HusseinMichael R. Fischbach
Abdullahi, Muhammad TurshainRobert O. Collins (1996)
Abdülmecit IBurçak Keskin-KozatI. Metin Kunt (1996)
Abdülmecit IIEric HooglundElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Abidin, DinoDavid Waldner (1996)
Abu al-Huda, TawfiqMichael R. FischbachJenab Tutunji (1996)
Abu al-Timman, Ja�farMahmoud Haddad (1996)
Abu DhabiAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Abuhatzeira, AharonMartin Malin (1996)
Abu HimaraEdmund Burke III (1996)
Abu Musa IslandEric HooglundM. Morsy Abdullah (1996)
Abu Nuwwar, AliMichael R. FischbachJenab Tutunji (1996)
Abu Qir, Battle of (1798)David Waldner (1996)
Abu Risha, UmarMuhammad Muslih (1996)
Abu Zayd, HikmatMona Russell
Abu Zeid, LaylaMarilyn Booth
Acheson, DeanZachary Karabell (1996)
Achour, HabibVanesa Casanova-FernandezMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
Adalat PartyParvaneh Pourshariati (1996)
Adamiyat, AbbasquliMansoor Moaddel (1996)
Adamiyat, FereydunMansoor Moaddel (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
2 4 7 8 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
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AdanaJohn R. Clark (1996)
Adana ConferenceZachary Karabell (1996)
AdenF. Gregory Gause, III (1996)
Adenauer, KonradMichael R. FischbachZachary Karabell (1996)
Adham, SorayaMaria F. Curtis
Adivar, Abdulhak AdnanKathleen R. F. Burrill (1996)
Adivar, Halide EdibKathleen R. F. Burrill (1996)
AdliDonald Malcolm Reid (1996)
Adl wa al-Ihsan, al-Henri Lauzière
Adnan, EtelElise Salem
AdonisKamal Abu-Deeb (1996)
Adot Ha-MizrahShlomo Deshen (1996)
Advisory Council (Palestine)Philip Mattar
Aegean SeaJohn R. Clark (1996)
Afghani, Jamal al-Din al-Nikki Keddie (1996)
Afghanistan: OverviewEric Hooglund
Afghanistan: Islamic Movements inEric HooglundM. Nazif Shahrani (1996)
Afghanistan: Political Parties inGrant Farr
Afghanistan: Soviet Intervention inRobert L. CanfieldHenry S. Bradsher (1996)
Afghanistan: U.S. Intervention inGrant Farr
Afghan Women’s CouncilSenzil Nawid
Aflaq, MichelC. Ernest Dawn (1996)
Agadir CrisisJon Jucovy (1996)
Agam, YaacovAnn Kahn (1996)
Agnon, Shmuel YosefYaron Peleg (1996)
Agop, GulluElizabeth Thompson (1996)
AgricultureVincent BattestiAlan R. Richards (1996)
Agudat IsraelChaim I. Waxman (1996)
Ahad Ha-AmSteven Zipperstein (1996)
Ahali GroupMichael R. FischbachAyad al-Qazzaz (1996)
Ahardane, MajoubAna Torres-GarciaMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
Ahd, al-Mahmoud Haddad (1996)
Ahdut ha-AvodahWalter F. Weiker (1996)
Ahl-e HaqqZiba Mir-Hosseini
Ahmad al-JazzarSteve Tamari (1996)
Ahmad Bey HusaynLarry A. Barrie (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
2 4 7 9E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
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Ahmad Bey of ConstantinePeter von Sivers (1996)
Ahmad DurraniAshraf Ghani (1996)
Ahmad Hibat AllahEdmund Burke III (1996)
Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-RaysuniEdmund Burke III (1996)
Ahmad ibn Yahya Hamid al-DinManfred W. Wenner (1996)
Ahmad, MuhammadAnn M. Lesch (1996)
Ahmad QajarMansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)
Ahmad Shah Mas�udGrant FarrBarnett R. Rubin (1996)
Ahmar, Abdullah ibn Husayn al-Maysam J. al Faruqi
Ahmet I.hsan To�kgoz
David Waldner (1996)
Ahmet I.zzet
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Ahmet RasimDavid Waldner (1996)
Ahmet RizaElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Ahmet VefikZachary Karabell (1996)
Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, al-
Donald Malcolm Reid
Ahsa�i, Ahmad al-Juan R. I. Cole (1996)
AhvazParvaneh Pourshariati
Aicha, LallaRabia Bekkar
Ain Shams UniversityDonald Malcolm ReidAli E. Hillal Dessouki (1996)
AISHA: Arab Women’s ForumMirna Lattouf
Ait Ahmed, HocinePhillip C. Naylor
AjmanKaren Hunt Ahmed
Akbulut, Ahmet ZiyaDavid Waldner (1996)
Akçura, YusufElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Akhavan-Saless, MehdiPardis Minuchehr (1996)
AkhbariNeguin Yavari (1996)
Akhondzadeh, Mirza Fath AliHamid Algar (1996)
Akkad, MustafaWaleed Hazbun
AKP (Justice and Development Party)M. Hakan Yavuz
Akrad, Hayy al-Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)
Ala, HoseynNeguin Yavari (1996)
Al al-Shaykh FamilyJ. E. PetersonMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Alam, Amir AsadollahNeguin Yavari (1996)
Alamayn, al-Daniel E. Spector (1996)
Alami Family, al-Ann M. Lesch
Alavi, BozorgEric Hooglund
LIST OF ENTRIES
2 4 8 0 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
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AlawiZouhair GhazzalMajed Halawi (1996)
Alawite DynastyMichael M. LaskierDonna Lee Bowen (1996)
Al Bu Sa�id Family and Tribe of OmanJ. E. Peterson
Al Bu Sa�id, Qabus ibn Sa�idJ. E. Peterson
Al Bu Sa�id, Sa�id ibn TaymurJ. E. Peterson (1996)
AlcoholRichard W. Bulliet (1996)
Al-e Ahmad, JalalMichael C. Hillmann (1996)
AleppoAbraham Marcus (1996)
AleviRuth Mandel
AlexandrettaNoah ButlerJohn R. Clark (1996)
AlexandriaDonald Malcolm ReidJean-Marc R. Oppenheim (1996)
Alexandria ConventionZachary Karabell (1996)
Alexandria UniversityDonald Malcolm Reid
Algeciras Conference (1906)Jon Jucovy (1996)
Algeria: OverviewJohn Ruedy
Algeria: ConstitutionPhillip C. Naylor
Algeria: Political Parties inMichael M. Laskier
Algerian Family Code (1984)Rabia Bekkar
Algerian War of IndependenceJohn Ruedy (1996)
AlgiersPeter von Sivers
Algiers Agreement (1975)Eric HooglundMia Bloom (1996)
Algiers, Battle of (1956–1957)Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Algiers CharterJohn Ruedy (1996)
Alia, QueenTamara Sonn
Ali Nasir Muhammad al-HasaniRobert D. Burrowes
Ali RizaDavid Waldner (1996)
Alishan, GhevondRouben P. Adalian (1996)
Ali SuaviZachary Karabell (1996)
Ali, WijdanJessica Winegar
AliyahChaim I. Waxman
Aliyer, FatimahAyse Durakbasa Tarhan
Alizadeh, GhazalehBabak Rahimi
Alkalai, Judah ben Solomon HaiMartin Malin (1996)
Al Khalifa FamilyFred H. Lawson
AllahScott Alexander (1996)
Allenby, Edmund HenryJon Jucovy (1996)
Alliance Israélite Universelle (AIU)Michael M. Laskier
LIST OF ENTRIES
2 4 8 1E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
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Allied Middle East CommandDaniel E. Spector (1996)
Allon, YigalGregory S. Mahler (1996)
All-Palestine GovernmentAvi Shlaim (1996)
Al Nahayyan FamilyAnthony B. TothM. Morsy Abdullah (1996)
Aloni, ShulamitMeron Medzini
Alpha, OperationIris Borowy
Al Rashid FamilyAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Al Sabah FamilyMary Ann Tétreault
Al Sabah, MubarakMary Ann Tétreault (1996)
Al Saqr FamilyMary Ann Tétreault
Al Sa�ud FamilyAnthony B. Toth
Al Sa�ud, Sa�ud ibn Abd al-AzizMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Al Sudayri FamilyJ. E. PetersonMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Al Sudayri, Hassa bint AhmadMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Al-Suswa, Amat al-AlimSusanne Dahlgren
AltalenaYaakov Shavit (1996)
Alterman, NatanZvia Ginor (1996)
Al Thani FamilyAnthony B. Toth
Al Thani, Hamad ibn KhalifaF. Gregory Gause, III (1996)
Al Thunayyan FamilyJ. E. PetersonMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Altinay, Ahmed RefikElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Alusi, Mahmud Shukri al-Amatzia Baram (1996)
AMALAs‘ad AbuKhalil
Amanollah KhanAshraf Ghani (1996)
Amari, RajaLaura Rice
Amer, GhadaJessica Winegar
American Council for JudaismGeorge R. Wilkes
American Israel Public Affairs CommitteeMark A. Raider
American Jewish CommitteeJerry KutnickMia Bloom (1996)
American Jewish CongressJerry Kutnick
American University in Cairo (AUC)Donald Malcolm Reid
American University of Beirut (AUB)As‘ad AbuKhalil
Amichai, YehudaNili Gold (1996)
Amiens, Treaty ofJon Jucovy (1996)
Amin, AhmadWilliam Shepard (1996)
Amin al-Dowleh, Mirza Ali KhanLawrence G. Potter (1996)
Amin al-Soltan, Ali-AsgharLawrence G. Potter (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
2 4 8 2 E n c y c l o p e d i a o f THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
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Amin al-Zarb, Mohammad HasanLawrence G. Potter (1996)
Amin Bey, al-Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Amin, HafizullahGrant Farr (1996)
Amini, AliNeguin Yavari (1996)
Amini, FatemehAzadeh Kian-Thiébaut
Amin, QasimJuan R. I. Cole (1996)
Amir, Abd al-HakimKaren A. Thornsvard (1996)
Amir, EliYarom Peleg (1996)
Amir-Entezam, AbbasEric HooglundNeguin Yavari (1996)
Amir Kabir, Mirza Taqi KhanLawrence G. Potter (1996)
Amis du Manifeste et de la LibertéPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
Amit, MeirMeron MedziniMartin Malin (1996)
AmmanMichael R. FischbachPeter Gubser (1996)
Amri, Hasan al-Robert D. Burrowes
Amrouche, Fadhma At MansourJane E. Goodman
Amrouche, JeanPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
Amrouche, Mary Louise (a.k.a. Marguerite Taos)Jane E. Goodman
Amu DaryaGrant Farr (1996)
AnatoliaEric Hooglund
Anawati, Georges ChehataCharles E. Butterworth
Andranik OzanianRouben P. Adalian (1996)
Anglo–Afghan Treaty (1855)Grant Farr (1996)
Anglo–Afghan WarsAshraf Ghani (1996)
Anglo–American Committee of Inquiry (1946)Amikam NachmaniSteve Tamari (1996)
Anglo–Egyptian Treaty (1954)Mordechai Bar-On
Anglo–Iranian Agreement (1919)Eric HooglundMansoor Moaddel (1996)
Anglo–Iranian Oil CompanyMansoor Moaddel (1996)
Anglo–Iraqi TreatiesPeter Sluglett (1996)
Anglo–Omani TreatiesRobert G. Landen (1996)
Anglo–Persian War (1856)Eric Hooglund (1996)
Anglo–Russian Agreement (1907)Eric Hooglund (1996)
Ani, Jananne al-Jessica Winegar
Anis Al-Jalis MagazineMona Russell
AnjomanNikki Keddie (1996)
AnkaraEric HooglundJohn R. Clark (1996)
Ankara, Treaty of (1930)Burçak Keskin-KozatElizabeth Thompson (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
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Ankara UniversityEric HooglundI. Metin Kunt (1996)
AnnabaDirk Vandewalle (1996)
Annan, Kofi A.Michael R. Fischbach
Ansar, al-Ann M. Lesch (1996)
AntakyaEric Hooglund
Antar, Ali Ahmad NasirRobert D. Burrowes
AntisemitismNeil Caplan
Antonius, GeorgeWilliam L. Cleveland (1996)
Antun, FarahMichael R. FischbachZachary Karabell (1996)
Aoun, MichelAs‘ad AbuKhalil
Aozou StripGeorge Joffe (1996)
Appelfeld, AharonNili Gold (1996)
AqabaJenab Tutunji (1996)
Aqaba, Gulf ofMichael R. FischbachJenab Tutunji (1996)
Aqaba IncidentElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Aql, Sa�idMichael R. FischbachGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Aqqad, Umar Abd al-Fattah al-Steve Tamari (1996)
Aqsa Intifada, al-Philip Mattar
ArabCarolyn Fluehr-LobbanArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Arab Academy of DamascusFred H. Lawson (1996)
Arab BoycottMichael R. FischbachGeorge E. Gruen (1996)
Arab Bureau (Cairo)Roger Adelson
Arab ClubMuhammad Muslih (1996)
Arab College of JerusalemHisham Nashabi (1996)
Arab Feminist UnionMaria F. Curtis
Arab Higher Committee (Palestine)Ann M. Lesch
Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO)Mary Ann Tétreault
Arabian HorsesLisa M. Lacy
Arabian MissionMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Arabian PeninsulaMartha Imber-Goldstein (1996)
ArabicCarolyn Killean (1996)
Arabic ScriptElizabeth M. Bergman (1996)
Arab–Israel ConflictDon Peretz
Arab–Israeli General Armistice Agreements(1949)
Mordechai Bar-On
Arab–Israel War (1948)Don Peretz (1996)
Arab–Israel War (1956)Don PeretzReeva S. Simon (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
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Arab–Israel War (1967)Don Peretz
Arab–Israel War (1973)Don Peretz
Arab–Israel War (1982)Philip Mattar
Arabization PoliciesRabia BekkarJohn Ruedy (1996)
Arab League SummitsPhilip Mattar
Arab LegionCurtis R. RyanJenab Tutunji (1996)
Arab Liberation ArmySteve Tamari (1996)
Arab Liberation FrontElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Arab Maghreb UnionDavid Gutelius
Arab NationalismRashid Khalidi (1996)
Arab National Movement (ANM)Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
Arab Revolt (1916)Don Peretz (1996)
Arab SocialismGeorge E. Irani
Arab Socialist UnionArthur GoldschmidtAli E. Hillal Dessouki (1996)
Arab Women’s Association of PalestineEllen L. Fleischmann
Arab Women’s CongressSteve Tamari (1996)
Arab Women’s Executive CommitteeEllen L. Fleischmann
Arab Women’s Solidarity AssociationInternational
Rita Stephan
Arafat, YasirMichael R. FischbachMichael Dunn (1996)
A�raj, Wasini al-Aida A. Bamia (1996)
Aral, OguzElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Ararat, MountDavid Waldner (1996)
Araz, NeziheAyse Durakbasa Tarhan
ArchAzzedine G. Mansour
Archaeological Museum (Istanbul)Karen Pinto (1996)
Archaeology in the Middle EastMichael R. FischbachReeva S. Simon (1996)
ArchitectureAzzedine G. MansourWalter Denny (1996)
Ard, al-Michael R. FischbachBryan Daves (1996)
Arens, MosheMartin Malin (1996)
Arfa, HasanEric Hooglund
Arfa, Muhammad ibnMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
Argoud, AntoinePhillip C. Naylor
Arif, Abd al-RahmanAmatzia Baram (1996)
Arif, Abd al-SalamAmatzia Baram (1996)
Arif, Arif al-Michael R. FischbachSteve Tamari (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
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Arish, Convention of al- (1800)Zachary Karabell (1996)
Arkoun, MohammedAs‘ad AbuKhalil
Arlosoroff, ChaimChaim I. WaxmanNeil Caplan
Armée de Libération Nationale (ALN)John Ruedy (1996)
Armenian Community of JerusalemRouben P. AdalianAbraham Terian (1996)
Armenian GenocideRouben P. Adalian
Armenian MilletRouben P. Adalian (1996)
Armenian Revolutionary MovementRouben P. Adalian (1996)
Armenians in the Middle EastRouben P. Adalian
Arms and Armaments in the Middle EastZach Levey
Arseven, Celal EsatElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Arslan, AdilC. Ernest Dawn (1996)
Arslan FamilyAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Arslan, ShakibWilliam L. Cleveland (1996)
Arsuzi, Zaki al-C. Ernest Dawn (1996)
ArtJessica WinegarWalter Denny (1996)
As�ad, AhmadAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Asad, Bashshar al-Ronald Bruce St John
As�ad FamilyAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Asad, Hafiz al-Ronald Bruce St JohnMuhammed Muslih (1996)
As�ad, KamilAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
As�ad WaliAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
AshkenazimArnold Blumberg (1996)
Ashmawi, Muhammad Abd al-Rahman Salih al-Ahmad S. Moussalli
Ashmawi, Muhammad Sa�id al-As‘ad AbuKhalil
Ashour, RadwaMarilyn Booth
As-Is AgreementMary Ann Tétreault (1996)
Askari, Ja�far al-Ahmad Abdul A. R. Shikara (1996)
AsmahanVirginia Danielson (1996)
Asmar, Fawzi al-Philip MattarJenab Tutunji (1996)
Association des Femmes Tunisiennes pour laRecherche et le Développement (AFTURD)
Laura Rice
Association for the Protection of Women’s Rights(Afghanistan)
Senzil Nawid
Association of Algerian Muslim Ulama (AUMA)John Ruedy (1996)
AssyriansCharles C. Kolb
AswanArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Aswan High DamGregory B. BaecherDavid Waldner (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
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AtabatNeguin Yavari (1996)
Atasi, Hashim al-Muhammad Muslih (1996)
Atasi, Jamal al-George E. Irani (1996)
Atasi, Nur al-Din al-Michael R. FischbachMuhammed Muslih (1996)
Atatürk, Mustafa KemalAhmet Kuyas (1996)
Atatürk UniversityI. Metin Kunt (1996)
Atay, Salih RifkiElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Atlas MountainsWill D. Swearingen (1996)
Atrash, Farid al-Virginia Danielson (1996)
Atrash, Sultan Pasha al-Muhammad Muslih (1996)
Attar, Nejat al-Khalil Gebara
Attar, Suad al-Jessica Winegar
Attas, Haydar Abu Bakr al-Robert D. Burrowes
Attlee, ClementJoseph NevoJenab Tutunji (1996)
Austria–Hungary and the Middle EastZachary Karabell (1996)
Avnery, UriMordechai Bar-OnMartin Malin (1996)
Awadhi, Badria A. al-Mary Ann Tétreault
Awad, LouisCharles E. ButterworthDavid Waldner (1996)
Awakened YouthGrant Farr (1996)
Awali, al-Emile A. Nakhleh (1996)
AyanElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Aya SofyaZachary Karabell (1996)
Ayn, al-Anthony B. Toth
Ayn al-Dowleh, Abd al-Majid MirzaNeguin Yavari (1996)
Ayni, Muhsin al-F. Gregory Gause, III (1996)
Ayn, Ras al-Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)
Ayyub, Dhu al-NunAmatzia Baram (1996)
Ayyubi, Ali Jawdat al-Ahmad Abdul A. R. Shikara (1996)
AzerbaijanNeguin Yavari
Azerbaijan CrisisEric Hooglund (1996)
Azeri Language and LiteratureUli Schamiloglu (1996)
Azhar, al-Donald Malcolm ReidA. Chris Eccel (1996)
Azhari, Isma�ilRobert O. Collins (1996)
AzibRahma Bourqia (1996)
Aziz, TariqMichael R. FischbachAmatzia Baram (1996)
Azm, Sadiq al-As‘ad AbuKhalil
Azuri, NajibMuhammad Muslih (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
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Azzam, Abd al-Rahman al-Mahmoud Haddad (1996)
BBa�albak
Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Ba�albakki, LaylaLaurie King-Irani
Bab, al-Juan R. I. Cole (1996)
Bab al-MandabRobert D. Burrowes (1996)
Baban FamilyMamoon A. Zaki (1996)
BabisJuan R. I. Cole (1996)
Baccouche, HediAna Torres-GarciaMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
Badran, MudarJenab Tutunji (1996)
Badr, LianaGeorge R. Wilkes
Badr, Muhammad al-Emile A. Nakhleh (1996)
BaghdadAyad Al-Qazzaz
Baghdadi, Abd al-Latif al-Donald Malcolm ReidArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Baghdad Pact (1955)William L. ClevelandZachary Karabell (1996)
Baghdad Summit (1978)Michael R. Fischbach (1996)
Baghdad UniversityJohn J. Donohue (1996)
Baha�i FaithJuan R. I. Cole (1996)
BaharinaAnthony B. TothEmile A. Nakhleh (1996)
BahariyaArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Bahar, Mohammad TaqiMichael C. Hillmann (1996)
Bahithat al-Lubnaniyyat, al-Elise Salem
BahrainFred H. Lawson
Bahraini–Qatari WarsFred H. Lawson
Bahrain Nationalist MovementFred H. Lawson (1996)
Bahrain National Oil Company (BANOCO)Emile A. Nakhleh (1996)
Bahrain Order in CouncilEmile A. Nakhleh (1996)
Bahr al-AbyadRobert O. Collins (1996)
Bahr al-ArabRobert O. Collins (1996)
Bahr al-GhazalRobert O. Collins (1996)
Bahr al-JabalRobert O. Collins (1996)
BaidaJohn L. Wright (1996)
Bakdash, KhalidGaray Menicucci
Baker, James A.Michael R. Fischbach (1996)
BakhtiariEric HooglundLois Beck (1996)
Bakhtiari, Najaf Qoli Khan Samsam al-SoltanehNeguin Yavari (1996)
Bakhtiar, ShapurAhmed H. Ibrahim
LIST OF ENTRIES
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Bakhtiar, TimurNeguin Yavari (1996)
Bakil Tribal ConfederationManfred W. Wenner (1996)
Bakkar, JalillahLaura Rice
Bakr, Ahmad Hasan al-Amatzia Baram (1996)
Bakr, SalwaCaroline Seymour-Jorn
Balaclava, Battle ofJean-Marc R. Oppenheim (1996)
Balafrej, AhmedMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
Balbo, ItaloGeorge Joffe (1996)
Balfour Declaration (1917)Philip Mattar
Balkan Crises (1870s)John Micgiel (1996)
BalkansJohn Micgiel (1996)
Balkan Wars (1912–1913)Hasan Kayali (1996)
Balta Liman, Convention of (1838)Zachary Karabell (1996)
BaluchisCharles C. Kolb
BaluchistanNeguin Yavari (1996)
Balyan FamilyRouben P. AdalianAptullah Kuran (1996)
BamyanGrant Farr
Bandung Conference (1955)Zachary Karabell (1996)
Bani-Etemad, RakhsanRoxanne Varzi
Bani Sadr, AbolhasanNeguin Yavari
BankingClement Moore Henry
Banna, Hasan al-Ahmad S. MoussalliAli E. Hillal Dessouki (1996)
Banna, Sabri al-Michael R. FischbachSteve Tamari (1996)
Bannis, MohammadAida A. Bamia
Baqri FamilyNorman Stillman (1996)
Baraheni, RezaEric HooglundMichael C. Hillman (1996)
Barakat, HodaElise Salem
Barak, EhudMordechai Bar-On
Barakzai DynastyEric HooglundAshraf Ghani (1996)
Barbary StatesJerome Bookin-Wiener (1996)
Barbary WarsJerome Bookin-Wiener (1996)
Barghuthi FamilyMichael R. FischbachSteve Tamari (1996)
Barghuthi, MarwanMichael R. Fischbach
Bar-Ilan UniversityPaul RivlinMiriam Simon (1996)
Baring, EvelynArthur GoldschmidtRobert L. Tignor (1996)
Barkan, Ömer LutfiI. Metin Kunt (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
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Bar-Lev, HaimMeron MedziniMartin Malin (1996)
Baron, DvoraZvia Ginor (1996)
Barzani FamilyMichael R. FischbachChris Kutschera (1996)
Basic People’s CongressesJohn L. Wright (1996)
Basiretci, AliDavid Waldner (1996)
Basma bint TalalMichael R. Fischbach
BasraNazar al-Khalaf (1996)
BastNeguin Yavari (1996)
Ba�th, al-Peter SluglettReeva S. Simon (1996)
BayaJessica Winegar
Bayar, CelalWalter F. Weiker (1996)
Bayati, Abd al-Wahhab al-Amatzia Baram (1996)
Bayat, Mortaza QoliMansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)
Baydh, Ali Salim al-Robert D. Burrowes
Bayrakdar, MustafaElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Bayram V, MuhammadLarry A. Barrie (1996)
Bazaars and Bazaar MerchantsAhmad Ashraf
Bazargan, MehdiMansoor Moaddel (1996)
Bazzaz, Abd al-Rahman al-Ayad al-Qazzaz (1996)
Beaufort, Charles-Marie-Napoléon d’Hautpoul deBassam Namani (1996)
Bedel-i AskeriElizabeth Thompson (1996)
BeershebaSteve Tamari (1996)
Begin, MenachemEric Silver
Behar, NissimZachary Karabell (1996)
Behbehani, SiminRoxanne Varzi
Beheshti, MohammadHamid Algar (1996)
Behrangi, SamadEric Hooglund
Behrouzi, MaryamCherie Taraghi
BeirutAs‘ad AbuKhalil
Beirut College for Women (BCW)Mirna Lattouf
Beitaddin DeclarationGeorge E. Irani (1996)
BejaKhalid M. El-HassanRobert O. Collins (1996)
Bejerano, MayaYarom Peleg (1996)
Bekir, FahriDavid Waldner (1996)
BektashisMaria F. CurtisJohn D. Norton (1996)
Belgrave, Charles DalrympleFred H. Lawson (1996)
Belhadj, AliEmad Eldin Shahin
LIST OF ENTRIES
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Belkacem, CherifPhillip C. Naylor
Bell, GertrudeZachary Karabell (1996)
Bellounis, MuhammadPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
Ben-Aharon, YitzhakGregory S. MahlerZachary Karabell (1996)
Ben Ali, Zayn al-AbidineMaria F. CurtisMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
Ben Ammar, TaharMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
Ben Badis, Abd al-HamidPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
Ben Barka, MehdiDonna Lee Bowen (1996)
Ben Bella, AhmedPhillip C. Naylor
Ben Bouali, HassibaRabia Bekkar
Ben Boulaid, MoustafaPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
Bendjedid, ChadliPhillip C. Naylor
Benflis, AliPhillip C. Naylor
BenghaziJohn L. Wright (1996)
Ben-Gurion, DavidGregory S. Mahler
Ben-Gurion University of the NegevMiriam Simon (1996)
Ben Jelloun, UmarBruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)
Ben Khedda, Ben YoussefPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
Ben M’hidi, Muhammad LarbiPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
Bennabi, MalekYahia Zoubir
Ben-Porat, MordechaiGregory S. MahlerNissim Rejwan (1996)
Ben Salah, AhmedEmad Eldin ShahinKenneth J. Perkins (1996)
Ben Seddiq, MahjoubBruce Maddy-Weitzman
Ben Simeon, Raphael AaronNorman Stillman (1996)
Bentwich, NormanBernard Wasserstein
Benvenisti, MeronZachary Karabell (1996)
Ben-Yehuda, EliezerMartin Malin (1996)
Ben Yousouf, SalahKenneth J. Perkins (1996)
Ben-Zvi, Rahel YanaitMeron Medzini
Ben-Zvi, YizhakDonna Robinson Divine (1996)
BerberThomas G. Penchoen (1996)
Berber DahirDale F. Eickelman (1996)
Berber SpringPaul Silverstein
Berkowitz, YizhakAnn Kahn (1996)
Berlin–Baghdad RailwayFrancis R. Nicosia (1996)
Berlin, Congress and Treaty ofArnold Blumberg (1996)
Bernadotte, FolkeAmitzur Ilan
LIST OF ENTRIES
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Berrada, MohammedAida A. Bamia
Berri, NabiAs‘ad AbuKhalil
BethlehemMichael R. Fischbach
Benjamin Joseph (1996)
Bevin, ErnestLawrence Tal (1996)
Bevin–Sforza PlanGeorge Joffe (1996)
Beyoglu ProtocolZachary Karabell (1996)
Bezalel Academy of Arts and DesignAnn Kahn (1996)
Bialik, Hayyim NahmanGeorge R. Wilkes
Nili Gold (1996)
BidonvilleDirk Vandewalle (1996)
Bilhayr, Abd al-NabiGeorge Joffe (1996)
Bilkent UniversityBurçak Keskin-Kozat
I. Metin Kunt (1996)
Biltmore Program (1942)Neil Caplan
BinationalismNeil Caplan
Bin Diyaf, MuhsenAida A. Bamia
bin Ladin, OsamaAs‘ad AbuKhalil
Bint al-ShatiSabah Ghandour
Biqa ValleyFred H. Lawson
Biret, IdilFiliz Ali
Birth ControlLaurie King-IraniDonna Lee Bowen (1996)
Bir Zeit UniversityLawrence Tal (1996)
Bishara, AbdullahMary Ann TétreaultLes Ordeman (1996)
Bishara, SuhaAs‘ad AbuKhalil
BisitunA. Shapur Shahbazi (1996)
Bitar, Salah al-Din al-
Bitat, RabahPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
Bittari, ZoubidaAida A. Bamia (1996)
Bitton, SimoneGeorge R. Wilkes
BizerteKenneth J. Perkins (1996)
Bizerte Crisis (1961)Kenneth J. Perkins (1996)
Black PanthersShlomo Deshen (1996)
Black SeaZachary Karabell (1996)
Black SeptemberMichael R. FischbachSteve Tamari (1996)
Black SpringPaul Silverstein
Black Thursday (1978)Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Bled al-Siba/Bled al-MakhzanC. R. Pennell (1996)
Bliss, DanielGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
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Bliss, HowardKaren Pinto
Bludan Conferences (1937, 1946)Joseph NevoElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Blum–Viollette PlanPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
B’nai B’rithVanesa Casanova-FernandezNorman Stillman (1996)
BodrumMaria F. CurtisKaren Pinto (1996)
Bogaziçi (Bosporus) UniversityBurçak Keskin-KozatI. Metin Kunt (1996)
BogazköyElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Bonaparte, NapoléonJean-Marc R. Oppenheim (1996)
Boratav, Pertev NailiBurçak Keskin-KozatKathleen R. F. Burrill (1996)
Borochov, BerChaim I. Waxman
Borujerdi, HosaynNeguin Yavari (1996)
BostGrant Farr
Bouabid, AbderrahimAna Torres-GarciaMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
Boucetta, MuhammadMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
Boudiaf, MohamedPhillip C. Naylor
Boudjedra, RachidPhillip C. Naylor
Bouhired, JamilaRabia Bekkar
Bouih, Fatna el-Maria F. Curtis
Boumédienne, HouariDirk Vandewalle (1996)
Bourguiba, HabibMichael M. LaskierLisa Anderson (1996)
Bouteflika, AbdelazizPhillip C. Naylor
Boutros-Ghali, BoutrosBryan Daves (1996)
Bouyali, MoustafaHenri Lauzière
Brahimi, AbdelhamidPhillip C. Naylor
Brenner, Yosef HayyimGeorge R. WilkesAnn Kahn (1996)
Brezhnev, Leonid IlyichOles M. Smolansky (1996)
BrichahAnn Kahn (1996)
Britain and the Middle East from 1914 to thePresent
Bernard Wasserstein (1996)
Britain and the Middle East up to 1914J. C. Hurewitz (1996)
British–French Oil AgreementIbrahim M. OweissZachary Karabell (1996)
Brookings Report (1975)George R. Wilkes
Browne, Edward GranvilleJohn R. Perry (1996)
Buber, MartinPaul Mendes-Flohr
Bubiyan IslandEmile A. Nakhleh (1996)
Bucharest, Treaty of (1812)Zachary Karabell (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
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Budapest Convention (1877)Zachary Karabell (1996)
Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, Thomas-RobertKenneth J. Perkins (1996)
Bu HamaraMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
BuhayraArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Bulgarian HorrorsJohn Micgiel (1996)
Bunche, Ralph J.Brian Urquhart
BundChaim I. Waxman
Buraymi Oasis DisputeAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Burckhardt, Johann LudwigBenjamin Braude (1996)
Bureau of TranslationCarter V. Findlay (1996)
Bureaux ArabesPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
Burg, AvrahamGregory S. Mahler
Burg, YosefGregory S. MahlerZachary Karabell (1996)
Burla, YehudaAnn Kahn (1996)
BursaBurçak Keskin-KozatI. Metin Kunt (1996)
Burton, Richard FrancisGeorge R. WilkesBenjamin Braude (1996)
Bush, George Herbert WalkerMichael R. Fischbach
Bush, George WalkerMichael R. Fischbach
Busnach FamilyNorman Stillman (1996)
Bustani, SulaymanMahmoud Haddad (1996)
CCairo
Donald Malcolm Reid
Cairo Conference (1921)Zachary Karabell (1996)
Cairo Family Planning AssociationAngel M. Foster
Cairo UniversityDonald Malcolm Reid
Caland, HuguetteJessica Winegar
CaliphateHasan Kayali
CalligraphyMuhammad Zakariya (1996)
Cambon–Lansdowne Agreement (1904)Rémy Leveau (1996)
CamelsMia Bloom (1996)
Camp David Accords (1978)Laurie Z. EisenbergDon Peretz (1996)
Camp David Summit (2000)Philip Mattar
Camus, AlbertPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
Canning, StratfordBenjamin Braude (1996)
Cantonnement/RefoulementDirk Vandewalle (1996)
CapitulationsC. Max Kortepeter (1996)
Carpets, PersianMichael C. Hillmann (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
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Carter, JimmyLaurie Z. EisenbergMia Bloom (1996)
CasablancaC. R. Pennell (1996)
Catroux, GeorgesPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
Cattan, HenryPhilip MattarLawrence Tal (1996)
CaylakDavid Waldner (1996)
Cemal PasaRouben P. AdalianHasan Kayali (1996)
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)Michael R. FischbachKathleen M. Christison (1996)
Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)Zachary Karabell (1996)
Centre de Recherches, d’Études, de Documentationet d’Information sur la Femme (CREDIF)
Laura Rice
CeramicsCharles C. KolbElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Çerkes Hasan IncidentDavid Waldner (1996)
CeutaC. R. Pennell (1996)
Cevdet, AbdullahDavid Waldner (1996)
Cevdet, AhmedCarter V. Findley (1996)
Chalabi, AhmadKarim Hamdy
Challe, MauricePhillip C. Naylor (1996)
Chamchian, MikayelRouben P. Adalian (1996)
Chamoun, CamilleGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Chamoun, DanyGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Champollion, Jean-FrançoisDonald Malcolm Reid (1996)
Chamran, MostafaNeguin Yavari (1996)
Chazan, NaomiGeorge R. Wilkes
Chédid, AndréeNabil Boudraa
Chehab, BashirAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Chehab FamilyAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Chehab, Fu�adAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Chehab, KhalidGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Chenik, MuhammadMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
China and the Middle EastP. R. Kumaraswamy
Kazuo Takahashi (1996)
Chraibi, DrissAida A. Bamia
Chrakian, ArtinRouben P. Adalian (1996)
Christians in the Middle EastGeorge E. Irani
Dale L. Bishop (1996)
Chubak, SadeqPardis Minuchehr (1996)
Churchill White Paper (1922)Philip Mattar (1996)
Churchill, WilliamElizabeth Thompson (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
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Churchill, Winston S.Martin Gilbert (1996)
CiliciaElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Çiller, TansuBurçak Keskin-Kozat
Nermin Abadan-Unat (1996)
CircassiansSeteney Shami
CircumcisionEphraim Tabory
Civil Code of 1926Nermin Abadan-Unat (1996)
Civil Service School (Ottoman)David Waldner (1996)
Clark–Darlan Agreement (1942)Zachary Karabell (1996)
Clayton, GilbertJenab Tutunji (1996)
Clemenceau, GeorgesO. W. Abi-Mershed
Zachary Karabell (1996)
ClimateJohn F. Kolars (1996)
Clinton, William JeffersonMichael R. Fischbach
Clot, Antoine BarthélémyDavid Waldner (1996)
ClothingFaegheh Shirazi
Club National IsraéliteNorman Stillman (1996)
Code de I’lndigénatPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
Cohen, Ge�ulaGregory S. Mahler
Yaakov Shavit (1996)
Cole, USSGeorge R. Wilkes
Colonialism in the Middle EastPeter Sluglett
Colonial Office, Great BritainBernard Wasserstein
ColonsJohn Ruedy (1996)
Comité d’Action Marocaine (CAM)Bruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)
Comité de Coordination et d’ExécutionJohn Ruedy (1996)
Comité Juif Algérien d’études SocialesNorman Stillman (1996)
Comité Révolutionnaire d’Unité et d’Action(CRUA)
John Ruedy (1996)
Commercial and Navigation TreatiesDavid Waldner (1996)
Committee for Defense of Freedom and HumanRights
Neguin Yavari (1996)
Committee for the Defense of Legitimate RightsAnthony B. Toth
Committee for Union and ProgressHasan Kayali (1996)
CommunicationMichael R. FischbachArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Communism in the Middle EastJoel S. Beinin
Compagnie Française des Pétroles (CFP)Zachary Karabell (1996)
Condominium Agreement (1899)Ali E. Hillal Dessouki (1996)
Confédération Démocratique du Travail (CDT)Bruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)
Confederation of Iranian StudentsAfshin Matin-asgari
Confederation of Turkish Trade UnionsFrank Tachau (1996)
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Congress of Ottoman Liberals (1902)David Waldner (1996)
Conseil National de la Révolution Algérienne(CNRA)
John Ruedy (1996)
ConstantineDirk Vandewalle (1996)
ConstantinoplePaul S. Rowe
Constitutional BlocAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Constitutional Democratic RallyVanesa Casanova-Fernandez
Constitutional RevolutionEric Hooglund (1996)
Constitutional Revolution, Impact on WomenMangol Bayat
Coordination des Archs (Algeria)Robert Mortimer
Coptic MuseumDonald Malcolm ReidDonald Spanel (1996)
CoptsMilad HannaGawdat GabraDonald Spanel (1996)
Corcos FamilyNorman Stillman (1996)
CorsairsJerome Bookin-Weiner (1996)
Cossack BrigadeJack Bubon (1996)
CottonRichard W. Bulliet (1996)
Council for Development and Reconstruction(CDR)
As‘ad AbuKhalilGeorge E. Irani (1996)
Cox, PercyMichael R. FischbachPeter Sluglett (1996)
Crane, Charles R.William L. ClevelandMia Bloom (1996)
Creech Jones, ArthurBernard Wasserstein
Crémieux DecreeKenneth J. Perkins (1996)
Crimean WarC. Max Kortepeter (1996)
Crimes of HonorLynn Welchman
Crossman, RichardBernard Wasserstein
Curiel FamilyMichael M. Laskier (1996)
Curzon, George NathanielEric Hooglund (1996)
CyprusAlexander Kitroeff (1996)
Cyprus Convention (1878)Zachary Karabell (1996)
CyrenaicaRonald Bruce St JohnJohn L. Wright (1996)
Cyril IVDonald Spanel (1996)
Cyril VDonald Spanel (1996)
Cyril VIDonald Spanel (1996)
DDabbagh, Marzieh
Janet Afary
Dabbas, CharlesAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Daddah, Mokhtar OuldBruce Maddy-Weitzman
Daftari, Ahmad MatinNeguin Yavari (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
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Daglarca, Fazil HüsnüKathleen R. F. Burrill (1996)
Dahlan, MuhammadMichael R. Fischbach
DamanhurArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
DamascusFred H. Lawson (1996)
Damascus Affair (1840)Michael R. FischbachJane Gerber (1996)
Damascus UniversityAbdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)
Dammam, al-J. E. Peterson
DanceMaria F. Curtis
Daneshvar, SiminEric HooglundMichael C. Hillmann (1996)
Dar al Da�wa wa al-IrshadDonald Malcolm Reid (1996)
Dar al-FonunParvaneh Pourshariati (1996)
Dar al-IslamCyrus Moshaver (1996)
Dar al-Kutub al-MisriyyaDonald Malcolm Reid
Dar al-Mo�allaminGrant Farr
Dar al-UlumDonald Malcolm Reid
D’Arcy Concession (1901)Eric HooglundDaniel E. Spector (1996)
Dardanelles, Treaty of the (1809)Daniel E. Spector (1996)
DarülfününZachary Karabell (1996)
Darwaza, Muhammad IzzatMichael R. Fischbach (1996)
Darwish, IshaqElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Darwish, MahmudRobyn CreswellKamal Boullatta (1996)
Darwish, SayyidVirginia Danielson (1996)
Dashnak PartyRouben P. Adalian
Dashti, AliEric HooglundMichael C. Hillmann (1996)
DatesAlbertine Jwaideh (1996)
Daud, MuhammadM. Nazif Shahrani (1996)
Da�ud PashaAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Da�wa al-Islamiyya, al-Maysam J. al Faruqi
Dayan, MosheNathan Yanai (1996)
Dayan, YaelMeron Medzini
Dayr al-Zawr ProvinceAbdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)
Dayr YasinDon Peretz
Dead SeaPeter Gubser (1996)
Dead Sea ScrollsMia Bloom (1996)
De Bunsen, MauriceZachary Karabell (1996)
Decentralization PartyHasan Kayali (1996)
Declaration of La Celle St. CloudZachary Karabell (1996)
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Dede ZekaiDavid Waldner (1996)
Deedes, WyndhamElizabeth Thompson (1996)
De Gaulle, CharlesJohn P. Spagnolo (1996)
De Haan, Ya�akov YisraelBryan Daves (1996)
Dehkhoda, Ali AkbarMichael C. Hillmann (1996)
Dellalzade I.smail
David Waldner (1996)
Delouvrier, PaulPhillip C. Naylor
DeltaArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Delta BarragesGregory B. BaecherDavid Waldner (1996)
De Menasce FamilyMichael M. Laskier (1996)
Demetrius IIDonald Spanel (1996)
Demirel, SüleymanBurçak Keskin-KozatNermin Abadan-Unat (1996)
Democratic Organization of Afghan Women(1965)
Senzil Nawid
Democratic Party of AzerbaijanAudrey L. Altstadt (1996)
Democratic Party of Kurdistan (Iran; KDP)Parvaneh Pourshariati
Democratic Party of Kurdistan (Iraq)Chris Kutschera
Democratic Women’s Association (Tunisia)Angel M. Foster
Democrat PartyDavid Waldner (1996)
Denktash, RaufPierre Oberling (1996)
Dentz, Henri-FernandGeorge R. Wilkes
Derakhshandeh, PuranRoxanne Varzi
DesalinizationKarim HamdyJohn F. Kolars (1996)
DesertsJohn F. Kolars (1996)
Devrim, Izzet MelihDavid Waldner (1996)
DhahranJ. E. Peterson
DhimmaIlai Alon
DhowMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
DhufarCalvin H. Allen, JrMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Dhufar RebellionEric HooglundMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
DiasporaGabriel Sheffer
Diba, FarahHaleh Vaziri
Dib, MohammedPhillip C. Naylor
Didouche, MouradPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
DilmunEmile A. Nakhleh (1996)
DimonaYehuda GradusZachary Karabell (1996)
DinkaRobert O. Collins (1996)
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Dinshaway Incident (1906)Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
DiseasesNancy Gallagher
DiwanMia Bloom (1996)
DiyarbakirEric HooglundElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Djaout, TaherAida A. Bamia (1996)
Djebar, AssiaMarilyn Booth
Djema�aThomas G. Penchoen (1996)
DjerbaLaurence Michalak (1996)
Dlimi, AhmedMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
DohaAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Dolmabahçe PalaceElizabeth Thompson (1996)
DönmeBenjamin Braude
Dor De�aNorman Stillman (1996)
Dorner, DaliaMeron Medzini
Dost Mohammad BarakzaiGrant Farr (1996)
Dou�aji, Ali al-Aida A. Bamia (1996)
Doughty, CharlesBenjamin Braude
Dowlatabadi, MahmoudEric Hooglund
DragomansZachary Karabell (1996)
Dreyfus AffairChaim I. Waxman
Drugs and NarcoticsW. Kenneth Thompson (1996)
Drummond–Wolff ConventionArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
DruzeSamy S. SwaydRobert Betts (1996)
Druze RevoltsAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Dual ContainmentEric HooglundF. Gregory Gause III (1996)
Dual ControlArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
DubaiAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Dubs, AdolphGrant Farr (1996)
Dufferin Report (1883)David Waldner (1996)
Dukan DamAlbertine Jwaideh (1996)
Dulles, John FosterNeil CaplanZachary Karabell (1996)
Durand LineGrant Farr
Durrani DynastyAshraf Ghani
EEastern Desert
Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Eastern Orthodox ChurchElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Eastern QuestionJ. C. Hurewitz (1996)
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East India CompanyJenab Tutunji (1996)
Ebadi, ShirinZiba Mir-Hosseini
Eban, Abba (Aubrey)Gregory S. Mahler (1996)
Ebtekar, Ma�sumehNayereh Tohidi
Ecevit, BülentBurçak Keskin-KozatNermin Abadan-Unat (1996)
Ecevit, RahsanBurçak Keskin-Kozat
Economic and Military AidPaul RivlinMarvin G. Weinbaum (1996)
EconomicsJean-François Seznec
Eddé, EmileSami A. Ofeish
Eddé, RaymondMichael R. FischbachGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Eden, AnthonyZachary Karabell (1996)
EdirneEric Hooglund
EducationLinda Herrera
Efflatoun, InjiJessica Winegar
Ege UniversityBurçak Keskin-KozatI. Metin Kunt (1996)
EgyptArthur GoldschmidtAli E. Hillal Dessouki (1996)
Egyptian Feminist UnionMarilyn Booth
Egyptian Geographical SocietyDonald Malcolm Reid (1996)
Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty (1979)Laurie Z. Eisenberg
Egyptian MuseumDonald Malcolm Reid
Egyptian Women’s UnionArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
8 Mars NewspaperLaurie King-Irani
Eisenhower, Dwight DavidZachary Karabell (1996)
Eitan, RafaelMartin Malin (1996)
Eldem, Sedad HakkiElizabeth Thompson (1996)
ElitesDonald Maolcolm Reid (1996)
Emergency RegulationsBenjamin Joseph (1996)
Entebbe OperationZev Maghen (1996)
Ente Nazionale Idrocarboni (ENI)Dirk Vandewalle (1996)
Enver PasaHasan Kayali (1996)
Eqbal, ManouchehrNeguin Yavari
Erbakan, NecmeddinM. Hakan YavuzFrank Tachau (1996)
Erbil, LeylaDavid Waldner (1996)
Erdog�an, Tayyip
M. Hakan Yavuz
Eretz YisraelChaim I. Waxman
Ersoy, Mehmet AkifElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Ertugrul, MuhsinElizabeth Thompson (1996)
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ErzurumEric HooglundElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Erzurum Congress (1919)Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Erzurum, Treaty of (1823)Eric HooglundZachary Karabell (1996)
Esendal, Memduh SevketElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Esfandiary, FereydunEric HooglundMichael C. Hillmann (1996)
Eshkol, LeviMartin Malin (1996)
Eskinazi, RozaStavros Frangos
Esmati-Wardak, MasumaSenzil Nawid
Etemadi, Saleha FaruqSenzil Nawid
Ethiopian JewsEmanuela Trevisan SemiShalvah Weil (1996)
Euphrates DamJohn R. Clark (1996)
Evian Accords (1962)Phillip C. Naylor
Evren, KenanM. Hakan YavuzDavid Waldner (1996)
Exodus (1947)Rachel Weissbrod
Eyüboglu, Bedri RahmiElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Ezra and Nehemiah OperationsNissim Rejwan (1996)
FFadlallah, Shaykh Husayn
As‘ad AbuKhalil
Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Sa�udAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Fahd Plan (1981)Jenab Tutunji (1996)
Fahmi, Mahmud PashaMaysam J. al Faruqi
Faisal ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Sa�udMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Faisal I ibn HusseinReeva S. Simon (1996)
Faisal II ibn GhaziPeter Sluglett (1996)
Faisal–Weizmann AgreementsNeil Caplan (1996)
FalconryElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Fanon, FrantzJohn Ruedy (1996)
Fao PeninsulaAlbertine Jwaideh (1996)
Faqir, FadiaElise Salem
Faraj, MaysalounJessica Winegar
Faraj, MuradMichael M. Laskier (1996)
Far�a, WahibaSusanne Dahlgren
Farès, NabileLaurie King-Irani
Farhad, Ghulam MuhammadGrant Farr (1996)
Farhat al-ZawiRachel Simon (1996)
Farhi FamilyMichael M. Laskier (1996)
FarhudSylvia G. Haim (1996)
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Farid, Nagwa KamalCarolyn Fluehr-Lobban
Farmanfarma, Abd al-Hoseyn MirzaMansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)
Farmanfarmian, SettarehCherie Taraghi
FaroukRobert L. Tignor (1996)
Farrokhzad, ForughMichael C. Hillmann (1996)
Fashoda Incident (1898)Zachary Karabell (1996)
Fasi, Allal al-C. R. Pennell (1996)
Fasi, Muhammad al-C. R. Pennell (1996)
Fassih, IsmailPardis Minuchehr (1996)
Fatah, al-Michael R. FischbachMichael Dunn (1996)
Fatat, al-Muhammad Muslih (1996)
Fath Ali Shah QajarMansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)
FatwaMaysam J. al FaruqiWael B. Hallaq (1996)
Fawwaz, ZaynabMarilyn Booth
FayruzChristopher Reed Stone
Faysal ibn Turki Al Sa�udMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Faysal, TujanCurtis R. Ryan
Feda�iyan-e IslamErvand Abrahamian
Feda�iyan-e KhalqErvand Abrahamian
Female Genital MutilationCarolyn Fluehr-Lobban
Feraoun, MouloudPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
Ferit, Damat MehmetElizabeth Thompson (1996)
FermanElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Fertile CrescentZachary Karabell (1996)
Fertile Crescent Unity PlansH. G. Balfour-Paul (1996)
Fes, Treaty of (1912)Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Fez, MoroccoDonna Lee Bowen (1996)
FezzanJohn L. Wright (1996)
Fida�iyyunPhilip MattarLawrence Tal (1996)
FilmRoxanne Varzi
FiqhMaysam J. al Faruqi
Fish and FishingEric Hooglund
Flapan, SimhaGregory S. MahlerZachary Karabell (1996)
Fly Whisk Incident (1827)Kenneth J. Perkins (1996)
Food: AshNeguin Yavari (1996)
Food: BaklavaClifford A. Wright (1996)
Food: BorekCyrus Moshaver (1996)
Food: BulgurClifford A. Wright (1996)
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Food: ChelowClifford A. Wright (1996)
Food: CoffeeClifford A. Wright (1996)
Food: CouscousClifford A. Wright (1996)
Food: DolmaClifford A. Wright (1996)
Food: FelafelZachary Karabell (1996)
Food: FulClifford A. Wright (1996)
Food: HummusZachary Karabell (1996)
Food: KuftaClifford A. Wright (1996)
Food: MansafZachary Karabell (1996)
Food: MazzaJenab Tutunji (1996)
Food: MuhammaraJenab Tutunji (1996)
Food: MujaddaraJenab Tutunji (1996)
Food: MulukhiyyaTayeb El-Hibri (1996)
Food: OlivesJenab Tutunji (1996)
Food: PilafClifford A. Wright (1996)
Food: ShashilikClifford A. Wright (1996)
Food: ShawarmaClifford A. Wright (1996)
Food: Shish KebabClifford A. Wright (1996)
Food: TabbulaJenab Tutunji (1996)
Food: TahinaZachary Karabell (1996)
Food: TajinClifford A. Wright (1996)
Foreign Office, Great BritainRoger Adelson
ForqanErvand Abrahamian
Forughi, Mirza Mohammad Ali Khan Zaka al-Molk
Neguin Yavari (1996)
Foucauld, Charles Eugène dePhillip C. Naylor (1996)
Fourth Shore, TheGeorge Joffe (1996)
France and the Middle EastJohn P. Spagnolo (1996)
Franco–Tunisian ConventionsZachary Karabell (1996)
Franjiyya FamilyMichael R. Fischbach
Franjiyya, SulaymanMichael R. FischbachAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Freedom Movement (Nezhat-e Azadi Iran)Eric HooglundNeguin Yavari (1996)
Freedom PartyFrank Tachau (1996)
Free French MandateFred H. Lawson (1996)
FreemasonsReeva S. Simon (1996)
Free Officers, EgyptAli E. Hillal Dessouki (1996)
Free Officers, YemenRobert D. Burrowes (1996)
Free Republican PartyFrank Tachau (1996)
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Free YemenisRobert D. Burrowes (1996)
Freier, RechaGeorge R. Wilkes
French Foreign LegionKenneth J. Perkins (1996)
Frischmann, DavidAnn Kahn (1996)
Front de Libération Nationale (FLN)John Ruedy (1996)
Front for the Liberation of South YemenRobert D. Burrowes (1996)
Front Islamique du Salut (FIS)Bradford Dillman (1996)
Front pour la Défense des InstitutionsConstitutionelles (FDIC)
Bruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)
Fu�adRobert L. Tignor (1996)
FujayraAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Fujayra–Sharjah ConflictMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Fundamental PactMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
FutuwwaGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)
GGafsa Incident (1980)
Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Gailani, AhmadGrant Farr
GalataElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Galatasaray LycéeAnthony B. TothI. Metin Kunt (1996)
GalileeZev Maghen (1996)
Galilee, Sea ofBryan Daves (1996)
Gallei TzahalAnn Kahn (1996)
GallipoliSara Reguer (1996)
Gamal, SamiyahRoberta L. Dougherty
Ganim, HalilElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Ganji, AkbarBabak Rahimi
Garang, JohnCarolyn Fluehr-LobbanPaul Martin (1996)
Gardanne MissionDaniel E. Spector (1996)
Gaspirali, Ismail BeyUli Schamiloglu (1996)
Gaza (City)Mallika Good
Gaza StripSara M. Roy
Geagea, SamirAs‘ad AbuKhalilGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Gebeyli, ClaireMona Takieddine Amyuni
GecekonduEric Hooglund
Gencer, LeylaFiliz Ali
Genç KalemlerElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Gender: Gender and the EconomyKhaled Islaih
Gender: Gender and EducationRachel Christina
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Gender: Gender and LawLaurie King-Irani
Gender: Gender and PoliticsWanda C. Krause
Gender: Study ofLaura Rice
General Directorate on the Status and Problemsof Women
Burçak Keskin-Kozat
General Federation of Iraqi WomenElizabeth Fernea
General People’s CommitteesLisa Anderson (1996)
General People’s Congress (GPC)Lisa Anderson (1996)
General Tunisian Union of Students (UGTE)Larry A. Barrie (1996)
General Union of Palestinian Women’sCommittees (GUPWC)
Mallika Good
General Women’s Union of SyriaMirna Lattouf
Geneva Peace Conference (1973)Benjamin Joseph (1996)
GeographyJohn F. Kolars (1996)
Germany and the Middle EastPhilip MattarReeva S. Simon (1996)
Gezira SchemeAnn M. Lesch (1996)
Gezira Sporting ClubJean-Marc R. Oppenheim (1996)
Ghab, al-Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)
Ghali, BoutrosArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Ghallab, Abd al-KarimAida A. Bamia
Ghanim, al-Mary Ann Tétreault
Ghanim, FathiMaysam J. al Faruqi
Ghanmi, AzzaLaura Rice
Ghannouchi, RachedMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
GharbRahma Bourqia (1996)
GharbzadegiMichael C. Hillmann (1996)
Ghashmi, Ahmad HusaynRobert D. Burrowes
Ghassemlou, Abdul RahmanAmir Hassanpour
Ghazali, Muhammad al-George R. Wilkes
Ghazali, Zaynab al-Marilyn Booth
Ghazi ibn FaisalPeter Sluglett (1996)
Ghorbal, AshrafGeorge R. WilkesDavid Waldner (1996)
Ghoussoub, MaiJessica Winegar
Ghozali, AhmedPhillip C. Naylor
Ghuri, Emile al-Philip MattarMuhammad Muslih (1996)
GIA (Armed Islamic Groups)Azzedine G. Mansour
Giado Concentration CampNorman Stillman (1996)
Gibran, KhalilAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Gilboa, AmirZvia Ginor (1996)
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GizaArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Glawi Family, al-Rahma Bourqia (1996)
Glubb, John BagotAvi Shlaim (1996)
Gökalp, ZiyaTaha Parla (1996)
Golan HeightsYehuda GradusMuhammad Muslih (1996)
Goldberg, LeahAnn Kahn (1996)
Golden SquareReeva S. Simon (1996)
Goldmann, NahumGregory S. MahlerNeil Caplan
Golestan, EbrahimEric Hooglund
Golestan PalaceParvaneh Pourshariati (1996)
Golpayagani, Mohammad RezaHamid Algar (1996)
Golshiri, HoushangEric HooglundPardis Minuchehr (1996)
Golsorkhi, KhosrowAfshin Matin-asgari
Gordon, Aaron DavidDonna Robinson Divine
Gordon, CharlesJean-Marc R. Oppenheim (1996)
Gorst, John EldonPeter Mellini (1996)
GovernmentOliver Benjamin HemmerleBernard Reich (1996)
Gozanski, TamarLaurie King-Irani
Grand MosqueAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Graziani, RodolfoGeorge Joffe (1996)
Greater SyriaAbdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)
Greater Syria PlanZachary Karabell (1996)
Great Game, TheZachary Karabell (1996)
Greco–Turkish War (1897)Eric HooglundAlexander Kitroeff (1996)
Greeks in the Middle EastAlexander Kitroeff (1996)
Greek War of IndependenceAlexander Kitroeff (1996)
Greenberg, Uri ZviAnn Kahn (1996)
Green BookLisa Anderson (1996)
Green LineDavid NewmanBryan Daves (1996)
Green MarchMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
Griboyedov IncidentParvaneh Pourshariati (1996)
Grivas, Georgios TheodorosZachary Karabell (1996)
Grobba, Fritz Konrad FerdinandFrancis R. Nicosia (1996)
Grossman, HaikaGeorge R. Wilkes
Gruenbaum, YizhakZachary Karabell (1996)
Guest WorkersEric Hooglund
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GuildsRichard W. Bulliet (1996)
Guinness, Walter EdwardJenab Tutunji (1996)
Gülbenkian, CalousteDavid Waldner (1996)
Gülen, FetullahM. Hakan Yavuz
Gulf Cooperation CouncilAnthony B. TothEmile A. Nakhleh (1996)
Gulf Crisis (1990–1991)Philip Mattar (1996)
Gulf of OmanJ. E. Peterson
Gulf of SuezArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Gulf War (1991)Daniel E. Spector
Gülhane Imperial Edict (1839)Cemil Aydin
Güney, YilmazElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Guri, ChaimAdina FriedmanAnn Kahn (1996)
Gur, MordechaiGregory S. MahlerZachary Karabell (1996)
Gürpinar, Hüseyin RahmiElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Gürsel, CemalDavid Waldner (1996)
Gush EmunimDavid Newman
HHa-avarah Agreement
Michael R. Marrus
Habash, GeorgeGeorge R. WilkesMouin Rabbani (1996)
Habibi, EmileMichael R. Fischbach
Habibollah KhanGrant Farr (1996)
Habib, Philip CharlesZachary Karabell (1996)
HabousVanesa Casanova-Fernandez
Hacene, Farouk ZeharAida A. Bamia
Hacettepe UniversityBurçak Keskin-KozatI. Metin Kunt (1996)
Ha-Cohen, MordechaiMaurice M. Roumani (1996)
HadassahMia Bloom (1996)
Haddad, MalekPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
Haddad, Sa�dDavid Waldner (1996)
Haddad, WadiMichael R. FischbachLawrence Tal (1996)
HadithMaysam J. al FaruqiWael B. Hallaq (1996)
Hadj, Messali al-Phillip C. Naylor (1996)
HadramawtSumit Mandal (1996)
Hafiz, Abd al-HalimVirginia Danielson (1996)
Hafiz, Amin al-Michael R. FischbachMuhammad Muslih (1996)
HaganahPierre M. Atlas
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Haggiag FamilyMaurice M. Roumani (1996)
Ha-HalutzDonna Robinson Divine
HaifaPhilip Mattar
Haifa UniversityZachary Karabell (1996)
Haigazian CollegeGeorge E. Irani (1996)
HaikRhimou Bernikho-Canin (1996)
Hajir, Abd al-HoseynNeguin Yavari (1996)
Hajji Baba of IspahanMichael C. Hillmann (1996)
Hajri, Abdullah al-Robert D. Burrowes (1996)
Hakim, Adnan al-As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Hakim FamilyAmatzia Baram (1996)
Hakim, Tawfiq al-Roger Allen (1996)
HalakhahEphraim TaborySamuel C. Heilman (1996)
HalukkaChaim I. Waxman
HamaGeoffrey D. SchadAbdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)
HamadanParvaneh Pourshariati
Hamadi, SabriAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Hamama, FatenAndrew FlibbertDavid Waldner (1996)
Hama MassacreFred H. Lawson
HAMASMichael R. Fischbach
Hamas (Movement for a Peaceful Society)Emad Eldin Shahin
Hamdi, Ibrahim al-Manfred W. Wenner (1996)
Hamid al-Din FamilyRobert D. Burrowes (1996)
Hamina, Mohammed LakhdarPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
Hammarskjöld, DagBrian Urquhart
Hammer, ZevulunGregory S. MahlerMartin Malin (1996)
Hamra RiotsMichael R. Fischbach (1996)
Hamrouche, MouloudPhillip C. Naylor
Hamzawi, Rashid al-Aida A. Bamia
Hanafi, HasanAs‘ad AbuKhalil
Hanafi School of LawWael B. Hallaq (1996)
Hananu, IbrahimMichael R. FischbachMuhammad Muslih (1996)
Hanbali School of LawWael B. Hallaq (1996)
Hand of FatimaLaurence Michalak (1996)
Hanoune, LouisaRobert Mortimer
Haq, al-Michael R. Fischbach
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Harel, IsserIan BlackZev Maghen (1996)
HaremCarolyn Fluehr-Lobban
Hareven, ShulamitAdina FriedmanNili Gold (1996)
Hariri, Rafiq Baha�uddin al-As‘ad AbuKhalilBassam Namani (1996)
Harkabi, YehoshafatMordechai Bar-OnMartin Malin (1996)
HarkisPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
HarratinRahma Bourqia (1996)
Harriman, W. AverellZachary Karabell (1996)
Hasa, al-Anthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Hasan, Fa�iqAmatzia Baram (1996)
Hasan, Hani al-Michael R. FischbachLawrence Tal (1996)
Hasani, Taj al-Din al-George E. Irani (1996)
Hasan, Khalid al-Michael R. FischbachLawrence Tal (1996)
Hashemi, FaezehAzadeh Kian-Thiébaut
Hashim, IbrahimJenab Tutunji (1996)
Hashimi, Taha al-Ayad al-Qazzaz (1996)
Hashimite House (House of Hashim)Michael R. Fischbach
Hashimi, Yasin al-Michael R. FischbachMamoon A. Zaki (1996)
Ha-ShomerElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Ha-Shomer Ha-Tza�irChaim I. Waxman
HasidimChaim I. Waxman
HaskalahMartin Malin (1996)
Hass, AmiraKhaled Islaih
Hassan IRémy Leveau (1996)
Hassan IIRémy Leveau
Ha-TikvaGeorge R. Wilkes
Hatim Sultans of HamdanRobert D. Burrowes
Hatoum, MonaJessica Winegar
Hawatma, NayifMichael R. Fischbach
Hawi, GeorgeGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Hawi, KhalilGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Hawrani, Akram al-Muhammad Muslih (1996)
Haycraft Commission (1921)Philip Mattar
Hayim, YusefSylvia G. Haim (1996)
Haykal, Muhammad HasanaynAhmad S. MoussalliArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Haykal, Muhammad HusaynArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
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Haza, OfraLaurie King-Irani
HazaraGrant Farr
Hazaz, HayyimAnn Kahn (1996)
Hazzan, Elijah BekhorNorman Stillman (1996)
HebrewRuth Raphaeli (1996)
Hebrew University of JerusalemPierre M. Atlas
HebronMichael R. FischbachBenjamin Joseph (1996)
Hedayat, SadeghEric HooglundMichael C. Hillmann (1996)
Hekmatyar, GolbuddinGrant Farr
Helmand RiverGrant Farr
HeratGrant Farr
Herzl, TheodorShimon Avish (1996)
Herzog, ChaimMeron Medzini
Herzog, Izhak HaleviChaim I. Waxman (1996)
Herzog, Ya�acov DavidMeron Medzini
Heskayl, SassonSasson Somekh (1996)
Hess, MosesZachary Karabell (1996)
Hezb-e IslamiGrant Farr
Hibbat ZionDonna Robinson Divine (1996)
High Commissioners (Palestine)Philip Mattar
High State Council (Algeria)John Ruedy
HijabLaurie King-Irani
HijazAnthony B. TothKhalid Y. Blankinship (1996)
Hijaz RailroadDavid Waldner (1996)
Hikma University, al-John J. Donohue (1996)
Hilal, al-Thomas Philipp (1996)
Hillel, ShlomoMeron Medzini
Hilmi, AhmadLawrence Tal (1996)
Hilu, CharlesAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Hilu, PierreAs‘ad AbuKhalil
Hindu Kush MountainsZachary Karabell (1996)
Hinnawi, Sami al-Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)
Hirawi, Ilyas al-As‘ad AbuKhalil
HistadrutPaul Rivlin (1996)
HistoriographyJohn T. Chalcraft
HizbullahAs‘ad AbuKhalil
Hobeika, ElieAs‘ad AbuKhalilGeorge E. Irani (1996)
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HodeidaManfred W. Wenner
Hoffman, YoelAdina Friedman
Nili Gold (1996)
HolocaustDan Michman
Holy LandMichael R. Fischbach
Reeva S. Simon (1996)
Holy Sepulchre, Church of theMichael R. Fischbach
Jenab Tutunji (1996)
HomsFred H. Lawson (1996)
Hope-Simpson Commission (1930)Philip Mattar
Hoss, Salim al-As‘ad AbuKhalil
Hostage CrisesEric Hooglund
Hourani, AlbertPeter Sluglett
Hoveyda, Amir AbbasAfshin Matin-asgari
Neguin Yavari (1996)
Hula SwampsDonna Robinson Divine
Human RightsLynn Welchman
Paul Martin (1996)
Humphreys, FrancisZachary Karabell (1996)
Hunchak PartyAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Hunkar-Iskelesi, Treaty of (1833)Zachary Karabell (1996)
HürriyetStephanie Capparell (1996)
Husari, Sati al-Rita Stephan
Husayni, Abd al-Qadir al-Muhammad Muslih (1996)
Husayn ibn AliMichael R. FischbachZachary Karabell (1996)
Husayni Family, al-Muhammad Muslih (1996)
Husayni, Hind al-Ellen L. Fleischmann
Husayni, Husayn al-As‘ad AbuKhalil
Husayni, Jamal al-Muhammad Muslih (1996)
Husayni, Muhammad Amin al-Philip Mattar
Husayni, Musa Kazim al-Michael R. FischbachMuhammad Muslih (1996)
Husayn–McMahon Correspondence (1915–1916)Philip Mattar
Husayn, TahaRoger Allen (1996)
Hussein ibn TalalMichael R. FischbachPeter Gubser (1996)
Husseini, RanaIsis Nusair
Hussein, SaddamLouay Bahry
Hut, Shafiq al-George R. WilkesMouin Rabbani (1996)
IIbadiyya
Tayeb El-Hibri (1996)
Ibn Musa, AhmadBruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)
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Ibn Tulun MosqueJonathan M. Bloom (1996)
Ibrahim, AbdullahAna Torres-GarciaC. R. Pennell (1996)
Ibrahim, Fatima AhmedSondra Hale
Ibrahimi, Ahmed TalebPhillip C. Naylor
Ibrahimi, BashirPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
Ibrahim ibn Muhammad AliAli E. Hillal Dessouki (1996)
Ibrahimi, Lakhdar al-Ana Torres-GarciaElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Ibrahim, IzzatAyad al-Qazzaz (1996)
Ibrahim, Muhammad HafizKenneth S. Mayers (1996)
Ibrahim, Sa�ad al-DinRita Stephan
I.dadi Schools
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Idlibi, Ulfat al-Marilyn Booth
Idlib ProvinceAbdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)
Idris al-Sayyid Muhammad al-SanusiJulie Zuckerman (1996)
IdrisidsManfred W. Wenner (1996)
Idris, YusufRoger Allen (1996)
IfniBruce Maddy-Weitzman
Ignatiev, Nikolas PavlovichZachary Karabell (1996)
Ikha al-Watani PartyPeter Sluglett (1996)
Ikhlassi, WalidSabah Ghandour (1996)
IkhwanAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Ilaysh, MuhammadKhalid Blankinship
I.lmiyye
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Imperialism in the Middle East and North AfricaJohn RuedyRichard C. Bulliet (1996)
IncenseMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
IndustrializationWaleed HazbunRodney J. A. Wilson (1996)
InfitahArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
I.nönü, Erdal
M. Hakan YavuzDavid Waldner (1996)
I.nönü,I
.smet
Walter F. Weiker (1996)
Institut d’ÉgypteDonald Malcolm Reid
Institute for Palestine StudiesMichael R. Fischbach (1996)
Institute for Women’s Studies in the Arab World(Lebanon)
Mirna Lattouf
Institute of Women’s Studies of Bir ZeitUniversity
Mona Ghali
Intelligence OrganizationsMaria F. CurtisDale F. Eickelman (1996)
International, DanaYael Ben-zvi
International Debt CommissionDonald Malcolm Reid (1996)
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International Monetary FundKhalil GebaraDavid Waldner (1996)
Intifada (1987–1991)Don Peretz
I.pekci, Abdi
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Iqbal, MuhammadMaysam J. al Faruqi
Iradeh-ye Melli PartyParvaneh Pourshariati (1996)
IranAhmad Ashraf
Iran–Contra AffairOliver Benjamin HemmerleBryan Daves (1996)
Iranian Bureau of Women’s AffairsAzadeh Kian-Thiébaut
Iranian LanguagesP. Oktor Skjaervo (1996)
Iranian Revolution (1979)Eric Hooglund
Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)Eric HooglundEfraim Karsh (1996)
Iran Novin PartyParvaneh Pourshariati (1996)
IraqAyad Al-QazzazReeva S. Simon (1996)
Iraqi National CongressKristian P. Alexander
Iraqi Women’s UnionJacqueline Ismael
Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC)Mary Ann Tétreault (1996)
IrbidMichael R. Fischbach (1996)
Irgun Zva�i Le�umi (IZL)Chaim I. Waxman
Irshad An-NiswaanSenzil Nawid
Iryani, Abd al-Rahman al-Robert D. Burrowes
Isa Family, al-Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Isawiyya BrotherhoodRahma Bourqia (1996)
IsfahanEric HooglundFarhad Arshad (1996)
Isfahan UniversityParvaneh Pourshariati
Ishaaq, Kamala IbrahimJessica Winegar
Ishaq, AdibZachary Karabell (1996)
Islah PartyRobert D. BurrowesJillian Schwedler (1996)
Islah Taleban PartyParvaneh Pourshariati (1996)
IslamMaysam J. al FaruqiTayeb El-Hibri (1996)
Islamic Action FrontCurtis R. Ryan
Islamic CongressesCharles E. ButterworthMartin Kramer (1996)
Islamic Countries Women Sport Solidarity Games(1992 and 1997)
Cherie Taraghi
Islamic JihadMichael R. Fischbach
Islamic Salvation Army (AIS)Yahia Zoubir
Islamic University of MedinaAnthony B. Toth
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Isma�il, Abd al-FattahRobert D. Burrowes (1996)
Isma�il ibn IbrahimArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Isma�ili Shi�ismJenab Tutunji (1996)
Israel: OverviewBernard Reich
Israel: Military and PoliticsMordechai Bar-On
Israel: Overview of Political Parties inGregory S. MahlerWalter F. Weiker (1996)
Israel: Political Parties inGregory S. Mahler
Israeli SettlementsDavid Newman
IstanbulEric HooglundI. Metin Kunt (1996)
Istanbul Technical UniversityNiyazi Dalyanci (1996)
Istanbul UniversityEric HooglundI. Metin Kunt (1996)
Istiqlal Party: LibyaJohn L. Wright (1996)
Istiqlal Party: MoroccoBruce Maddy-Weitzman
Istiqlal Party: PalestineMuhammad Muslih (1996)
Istiqlal Party: SyriaAbdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)
Italy in the Middle EastGeorge Joffe (1996)
I.zmir
Burçak Keskin-KozatI. Metin Kunt (1996)
I.zmir Economic Congress
Frank Tachau (1996)
JJababdi, Latifa
Maria F. Curtis
Jabal al-Akhdar, LibyaLaurence Michalak (1996)
Jabal al-Akhdar, OmanAnthony B. Toth
Jabal al-KhalilYehuda GradusElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Jabal, Badawi al-Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)
Jabal DruzeAbdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)
Jabal NablusElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Jabal ShammarAnthony B. TothEleanor Abdella Doumato (1996)
Ja�bari FamilyElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Jabarti, Abd al-Rahman al-Walter Armbrust (1996)
Jabha al-Wataniyya, al-Lisa Anderson (1996)
Jabotinsky, Vladimir Ze�evPierre M. Atlas
Jabr, SalihAyad al-Qazzaz (1996)
Jacir, EmilyJessica Winegar
Jadid, SalahMichael R. Fischbach
JaffaReeva S. Simon (1996)
Jallud, Abd al-SalamVanesa Casanova-FernandezLisa Anderson (1996)
Jalluli FamilyLarry A. Barrie (1996)
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JamahiriyyaLisa Anderson (1996)
Jamali, Muhammad Fadhil al-Michael R. Fischbach
Reeva S. Simon (1996)
Jamalzadeh, Mohammad AliPardis Minuchehr (1996)
Jami�a al-Islamiyya, al-Maria F. Curtis
Jami�at-e IslamiGrant Farr
JangaliNeguin Yavari (1996)
JanissariesEric Hooglund
Avigdor Levy (1996)
Jarallah FamilyElizabeth Thompson (1996)
JarashMichael R. Fischbach
Jarring, GunnarMeron Medzini
Jawahiri, Muhammad Mahdi al-Peter Sluglett (1996)
Jazeera, al-Karim Hamdy
Jehad-e SazandegiEric Hooglund
JeninMichael R. Fischbach
JerichoBenjamin Joseph (1996)
Jericho Congress (1948)Jenab Tutunji (1996)
JerusalemMichael R. Fischbach
Reeva S. Simon (1996)
Jewish Agency for PalestineDonna Robinson Divine
Jewish BrigadeBryan Daves (1996)
Jewish Colonial TrustJenab Tutunji (1996)
Jewish Colonization AssociationBryan Daves (1996)
Jewish LegionNeil CaplanZachary Karabell (1996)
Jewish National FundPaul Rivlin
Jews in the Middle EastHarvey E. GoldbergNorman Stillman (1996)
Jezreel ValleyGeremy Forman
Jibril, AhmadMichael R. FischbachLawrence Tal (1996)
JiddaJ. E. Peterson
JihadRoxanne VarziScott Alexander (1996)
Jinnah, Muhammad AliHafeez Malik
JizyaElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Jma�a Tribal CouncilRahma Bourqia (1996)
Johnson–Crosbie Committee Report (1930)Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Johnson, Lyndon BainesZachary Karabell (1996)
Johnston Plan (1953)Sara Reguer (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
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John XIXDonald Spanel (1996)
Joint Distribution CommitteePaul RivlinBryan Daves (1996)
JordanMichael R. FischbachPeter Gubser (1996)
Jordanian Civil War (1970–1971)Michael R. FischbachPeter Gubser (1996)
Jordanian OptionAvi Shlaim (1996)
Jordan RiverCurtis R. RyanSara Reguer (1996)
Joseph, DovChaim I. Waxman
Jubayl, al-J. E. Peterson
JudaismSamuel C. Heilman (1996)
Judeo-ArabicNorman Stillman (1996)
Jumayyil, AminMichael R. FischbachMajed Halawi (1996)
Jumayyil, BashirAs‘ad AbuKhalil
Jumayyil, PierreMajed Halawi (1996)
Jumblatt FamilyMichael R. FischbachAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Jumblatt, KamalAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Jumblatt, WalidMichael R. FischbachAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Justice PartyDavid Waldner (1996)
KKa�ba
Maysam J. al Faruqi
Kabak, Aaron AbrahamAnn Kahn (1996)
KabulGrant Farr
Kabul UniversityGrant Farr
KabyliaVanesa Casanova-FernandezThomas G. Penchoen (1996)
Kadivar, MohsenFarzin Vahdat
Kadri, MufideJessica Winegar
Kafr QasimElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Kahan Commission (1983)Laurie Z. EisenbergJenab Tutunji (1996)
Kahane, MeirGregory S. MahlerWalter F. Weiker (1996)
Kaid, AhmedPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
KalemiyyeElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Kalischer, HirschMartin Malin (1996)
Kalvaryski, Chaim Margaliut-Neil Caplan
Kamal, AhmadDonald Malcolm Reid (1996)
Kamal, ZahiraRachel Christina
LIST OF ENTRIES
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Kamil, Kibrish MehmetDavid Waldner (1996)
Kamil, MustafaArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Kanafani, GhassanLawrence Tal (1996)
KandaharGrant Farr
Kaniuk, YoramStephen SchecterZeva Shapiro (1996)
Kan, SunaFiliz Ali
Karacan, Ali NaciElizabeth Thompson (1996)
KaraitesSamuel C. Heilman (1996)
Karak, al-Michael R. FischbachPeter Gubser (1996)
Karama, Battle of (1968)Lawrence Tal (1996)
Karame, Abd al-HamidGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Karame, RashidGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Karam, YusufGeorge E. Irani (1996)
KarbalaScott Alexander (1996)
Karbaschi, GholamhosainAli Akbar Mahdi
Kariyuka, TahiyaRoberta L. Dougherty
Karmal, BabrakGrant Farr
Kar, MehrangizZiba Mir-Hosseini
Karnouk, LilianeJessica Winegar
Karp Report (1984)Gregory S. MahlerMartin Malin (1996)
Karzai, HamidRobert L. Canfield
Kasap, TeodorDavid Waldner (1996)
Kashani, Abu al-QasemHamid Algar (1996)
Kashif al-Ghita FamilyMichael Eppel (1996)
Kashwar Kamal, MeenaSenzil Nawid
Kasravi, AhmadEric Hooglund (1996)
KassallahRobert O. Collins (1996)
Kasztner AffairZev Maghen (1996)
Kateb, YacineYahia Zoubir
Kattani, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Kabir al-Edmund Burke III (1996)
Kattaniya BrotherhoodDale F. Eickelman (1996)
Katznelson, BerlDonna Robinson Divine (1996)
Kawakibi, Abd al-Rahman al-Fred H. Lawson (1996)
Kaylani, Abd al-Rahman al-Michael Eppel (1996)
Kaylani, Rashid Ali al-Peter Sluglett (1996)
Keban DamElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Keinan, AmosDonna Robinson DivineAnn Kahn (1996)
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Kemalettin BeyEric HooglundDavid Waldner (1996)
KemalismTaha Parla (1996)
Kenaz, YehoshuaStephen SchecterZeva Shapiro (1996)
Kennedy, John FitzgeraldMichael R. FischbachZachary Karabell (1996)
Kenter, YildizDavid Waldner (1996)
Keren HayesodChaim I. Waxman
KermanParvaneh Pourshariati
Kessar, IsraelGregory S. MahlerMartin Malin (1996)
KGBCharles C. Kolb
Khaddam, Abd al-HalimMichael R. FischbachFred H. Lawson (1996)
Khader, AsmaIsis Nusair
Khalaf, AbdulhadiEric HooglundEmile A. Nakhleh (1996)
Khalaf, SalahElizabeth Thompson (1996)
KhaldunniyyaKenneth J. Perkins (1996)
Khaled, LeilaFrances Hasso
Khal, HelenJessica Winegar
Khalidi, Ahmad al-Samih al-Michael R. Fischbach
Khalid ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Sa�udAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Khalidi, Husayn Fakhri al-Michael R. FischbachMuhammad Muslih (1996)
Khalidi, Wahida al-Ellen L. Fleischmann
Khalidi, WalidMuhammad Muslih (1996)
Khalid, Khalid MuhammadMaysam J. al Faruqi
Khalifa, SaharLaurie King-Irani
Khalil, Samiha SalamaLaurie King-Irani
Khalis, Mohammad UnisGrant Farr (1996)
Khal, Yusuf al-Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Khamenehi, AliRoxanne VarziHamid Algar (1996)
Kharg IslandEric HooglundNeguin Yavari (1996)
Kharrazi, KamalAli Akbar Mahdi
KhartoumAnn M. Lesch
Khatami, MohammadEric Hooglund
Khatibi, AbdelkabirAida A. Bamia
Khattabi, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim al-C. R. Pennell (1996)
Khayr al-DinLarry A. Barrie (1996)
Khaz�al KhanJohn R. Perry (1996)
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Khaznader, MustafaLarry A. Barrie (1996)
Khemir, SabihaJessica Winegar
Khider, MohamedPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
Khidhir, ZahraJacqueline Ismael
Khomeini, RuhollahEric HooglundNeguin Yavari (1996)
KhorasanParvaneh Pourshariati
Khraief, BechirAida A. Bamia (1996)
Khrimian, MkrtichRouben P. Adalian (1996)
Khrushchev, Nikita S.Oles M. Smolansky (1996)
Khubar, al-Eric HooglundLes Ordeman (1996)
Khuri, Bishara al-Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
KhutbaElizabeth Thompson (1996)
KhuzistanParvaneh Pourshariati
Khyber, Mir AkbarGrant Farr
Khyber PassGrant Farr
Kianuri, Nur al-DinErvand Abrahamian
Kiarostami, AbbasRoxanne Varzi
KibbutzChaim I. Waxman
Kibbutz MovementDonna Robinson Divine (1996)
Kikhya FamilyJohn L. Wright (1996)
Kikhya, Rushdi al-George E. Irani (1996)
Kimche, DavidIan BlackAnn Kahn (1996)
King–Crane Commission (1919)Philip Mattar (1996)
King David HotelMordechai Bar-On
King Sa�ud UniversityAnthony B. Toth
Kirkbride, Alec SeathJoseph NevoJenab Tutunji (1996)
KirkukReeva S. Simon (1996)
Kiryat ArbaDavid NewmanElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Kisakürek, Necip FazilElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Kisch, Frederick HermannNeil Caplan (1996)
Kissinger, HenryPaola OlimpoDavid Waldner (1996)
Kitchener, Horatio HerbertPeter Mellini (1996)
Kléber, Jean-BaptisteZachary Karabell (1996)
KnessetGregory S. MahlerWalter F. Weiker (1996)
Koç, VehbiElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Kollek, TeddyGregory S. Mahler
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Kol, MosheGregory S. Mahler
Martin Malin (1996)
KonyaEric Hooglund
Konya, Battle ofElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Kook, Abraham Isaac HacohenChaim I. Waxman (1996)
Kook, Zvi YehudaChaim I. Waxman (1996)
Koor IndustriesPaul Rivlin (1996)
Koprülü, Mehmet FuatUli Schamiloglu (1996)
KordofanRobert O. Collins
KosherZachary Karabell (1996)
Kovner, AbbaGeorge R. Wilkes
Zev Maghen (1996)
Krim, BelkacemPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
Kuchek Khan-e JangaliNeguin Yavari (1996)
Kudsi, Nazim al-Michael R. Fischbach
Muhammad Muslih (1996)
Kurd Ali, MuhammadWilliam L. Cleveland (1996)
Kurdish Autonomous ZoneChris Kutschera
Kurdish RevoltsAmir Hassanpour
KurdistanChris Kutschera
Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)Martin Van Bruinessen
KurdsChris Kutschera
Kütahya, Peace ofZachary Karabell (1996)
Kut al-AmaraKaren Pinto (1996)
KuttabElizabeth Thompson (1996)
KuwaitMary Ann TétreaultMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Kuwait CityMary Ann TétreaultMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic DevelopmentMary Ann TétreaultEmile A. Nakhleh (1996)
Kuwait Petroleum CorporationMary Ann Tétreault
Kuwait UniversityAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
LLaabi, Abdellatif
Aida A. Bamia
LaayounneBruce Maddy-Weitzman
Labor and Labor UnionsEllis Goldberg
Labor ZionismDonna Robinson Divine
Lacheraf, MostefaPhillip C. Naylor
Lacoste, RobertPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
LadinoNorman Stillman (1996)
Lado EnclaveRobert O. Collins (1996)
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Lahad, AntoineAs‘ad AbuKhalilGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Lahhud, EmileAs‘ad AbuKhalil
Lahiji, ShahlaCherie Taraghi
Lahouel, HocineVanesa Casanova-FernandezPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
Lamari, MohamedAzzedine G. Mansour
La Marsa ConventionMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
Lamrani, Muhammad KarimAna Torres-GarciaMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
Land Code of 1858David Waldner (1996)
Land DayLawrence Tal (1996)
Land ReformMartin BuntonAlan R. Richards (1996)
LandsmannschaftenZev Maghen (1996)
Langer, FeliciaCarolyn Fluehr-Lobban
Lansdowne, Henry Charles Keith PettyFitzmaurice
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Laraki, AhmadMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
Lata’if al-Musawwara MagazineMona Russell
LatakiaAbdul-Karim Refaq (1996)
La Tunisie MartyreMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
Lausanne Conference (1949)Michael R. Fischbach
Lausanne, Treaty of (1923)Eric HooglundDaniel E. Spector (1996)
Lavon AffairMordechai Bar-OnAmos Perlmutter (1996)
Lavon, PinhasMeron MedziniReeva S. Simon (1996)
Law, ModernNathan J. BrownAnn E. Mayer (1996)
Law of ReturnChaim I. WaxmanZev Maghen (1996)
Lawrence, T. E.Zouhair GhazzalBenjamin Braude (1996)
League of Arab StatesCharles G. MacDonald
Lebanese Arab ArmyAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Lebanese Civil War (1958)Irene Gendzier (1996)
Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990)As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Lebanese Crises of the 1840sTayeb El-Hibri (1996)
Lebanese ForcesMichael R. FischbachAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Lebanese FrontGeorge E. Irani (1996)
Lebanese National Movement (LNM)George E. Irani (1996)
Lebanese UniversityMichael R. FischbachAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
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Lebanese Women’s CouncilLara Deeb
LebanonAs‘ad AbuKhalil
Lebanon, MountGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Legislative Council (Palestine)Philip Mattar
Leibowitz, YeshayahuChaim I. Waxman
Lemsine, AichaAida A. Bamia
Lend-Lease ProgramZachary Karabell (1996)
Leskofcali GalipDavid Waldner (1996)
Lesseps, Ferdinand deDavid Waldner (1996)
LevantinePhilip MattarJean-Marc R. Oppenheim (1996)
Levinger, MosheDavid Newman
Levin, HanochDonna Robinson DivineAnn Kahn (1996)
Levin, ShmaryahuMartin Malin (1996)
Levin, Yizhak MeirAnn Kahn (1996)
Levontin, ZalmanBryan Daves (1996)
Levy, DavidGregory S. MahlerBryan Daves (1996)
Liberal Constitutionalist PartyDavid Waldner (1996)
Liberation RallyDavid Waldner (1996)
Liberty, USSIan BlackJenab Tutunji (1996)
LibyaRonald Bruce St JohnLisa Anderson (1996)
LICANorman Stillman (1996)
Ligue Tunisienne pour la Défense des Droits del’Homme (LTDH)
Ana Torres-GarciaLarry A. Barrie (1996)
LikudWalter F. Weiker (1996)
Lilienblum, Moses LeibWalter F. Weiker (1996)
Litani Operation (1978)Laurie Z. EisenbergElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Litani RiverSara Riguer (1996)
Literature: ArabicPierre Cachia
Literature: Arabic, North AfricanAida A. Bamia
Literature: HebrewNili Gold (1996)
Literature: PersianEric HooglundMichael C. Hillmann (1996)
Literature: TurkishKyle T. EveredKathleen R. F. Burrill (1996)
Livnat, LimorMeron Medzini
Lloyd George, DavidBernard Wasserstein
Lohamei Herut YisraelPierre M. Atlas
Loi CadrePhillip C. Naylor (1996)
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London Conference (1956)Mordechai Bar-On
London ConventionArnold Blumberg (1996)
London (Roundtable) Conference (1939)Neil Caplan
London, Treaty of (1871)Zachary Karabell (1996)
London, Treaty of (1913)Zachary Karabell (1996)
Lotz, WolfgangZev Maghen (1996)
Luke, HarryJenab Tutunji (1996)
LursEric Hooglund
LuxorPaul RoweArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Luz, KadishZev Maghen (1996)
Lyautey, Louis-Hubert GonzalveRemy Leveau (1996)
LyddaYehuda GradusElizabeth Thompson (1996)
MMa al-Aynayn
Edmund Burke III (1996)
Ma�a lotYehuda GradusZev Maghen (1996)
Ma�arivAnn Kahn (1996)
Ma�barahShlomo Deshen
Mabarrat Muhammad AliNancy Gallagher
MaccabiNorman Stillman (1996)
MacDonald, MalcolmJoseph NevoJenab Tutunji (1996)
MacDonald, RamsayJenab Tutunji (1996)
MacMichael, HaroldJenab Tutunji (1996)
Madani, Abassi al-Robert Mortimer
Madani, Abdullah al-Emile A. Nakhleh (1996)
Madani, Tawfiq al-Phillip C. Naylor
Madkour, IbrahimCharles E. Butterworth
MadrasaDenise A. Spellberg (1996)
Madrid Conference (1991)Kenneth W. Stein
Magen David Adom (MDA)Neil CaplanMiriam Simon (1996)
MaghribElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Magic Carpet OperationNorman Stillman (1996)
Magnes, JudahChaim I. WaxmanNeil CaplanBryan Daves (1996)
Mahalla al-Kubra, al-Ellis Goldberg (1996)
Mahalle SchoolsElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Mahdawi, Fadil Abbas al-Louay Bahry (1996)
Mahd-e Ulya, Malek Jahan KhanumMansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)
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MahdiDenise A. Spellberg
Mahdist StateAnn M. Lesch (1996)
Mahfuz, NajibRoxanne VarziPierre Cachia (1996)
Mahir, AhmadRoger Allen (1996)
Mahir, AliRoger Allen (1996)
Mahmud IIEric HooglundAvigdor Levy (1996)
Mahmud DurraniGrant Farr (1996)
Mahmudiyya CanalArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Mahmud, MuhammadArthur GoldschmidtRoger Allen (1996)
Mahmud, MustafaArthur Goldschmidt
Mahmud of SulaymaniyaChris Kutschera (1996)
Maimon, Yehudah Leib HacohenChaim I. Waxman (1996)
Majali FamilyMichael R. Fischbach
Majali, Hazza al-Jenab Tutunji (1996)
Majles al-ShuraEric HooglundNeguin Yavari (1996)
Majlis Shura al-NuwwabArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Makdashi, HesnaCaroline Seymour-Jorn
Makhmalbaf FamilyRoxanne Varzi
Makhmalbaf, MohsenRoxanne Varzi
Makki, Hasan MuhammadRobert D. Burrowes
Maksoud, ClovisGeorge E. Irani
Maktum Family, al-M. Morsy Abdullah (1996)
Mala�ika, Nazik al-Elise Salem
Malik, Charles HabibMichael R. FischbachGeorge E. Irani (1996)
Maliki School of LawWael B. Hallaq (1996)
Malkom Khan, MirzaMansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)
Ma�louf, AminGeorge E. Irani
MamluksAlbertine Jwaideh (1996)
ManamaFred H. Lawson
MandaeansMamoon A. Zaki (1996)
Mandate SystemDaniel E. Spector (1996)
Manifesto of the Algerian Muslim PeopleJohn Ruedy (1996)
Mansura, al-Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Mansure ArmyElizabeth Thompson (1996)
ManufacturesCharles Issawi (1996)
Maqarin DamMichael R. Fischbach (1996)
MaraboutDale F. Eickelman (1996)
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Maratghi, Mustafa al-David Waldner (1996)
Mardam, JamilMuhammad Muslih (1996)
Mardom PartyParvaneh Pourshariati (1996)
Mareth LineLarry A. Barrie (1996)
Ma�ribRobert D. Burrowes
Mariette, AugusteDonald Malcolm Reid (1996)
Mar�i, MariamIsis Nusair
Marine Barracks Bombing (Lebanon)George E. Irani (1996)
Maritime Peace in Perpetuity, Treaty of (1853)Anthony B. Toth
Marja al-TaqlidEric HooglundNeguin Yavari (1996)
Mark VIIIDonald Spanel (1996)
Marmara UniversityBurçak Keskin-KozatI. Metin Kunt (1996)
MaronitesAs‘ad AbuKhalil
MarrakechEdmund Burke III (1996)
Marriage and FamilyRita Stephan
Marsh ArabsAlbertine Jwaideh (1996)
Ma�rufi, AbbasEric HooglundPardis Minuchehr (1996)
Marzouki, MoncefGeorge R. Wilkes
MasadaBenjamin Kedar
Mas�adi, Mahmoud al-Aida A. Bamia
MashhadEric HooglundCyrus Moshaver (1996)
Masira IslandAnthony B. TothRobert G. Landen (1996)
Masmoudi, MuhammadVanesa Casanova-FernandezMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
Maspéro, GastonDonald Malcolm Reid
Masri, MaiLaurie King-Irani
MatrahRobert G. Landen (1996)
MatzpenGeorge R. Wilkes
Maude, Frederick StanleyZachary Karabell (1996)
MauritaniaNaomi ZeffBradford Dillman (1996)
Mawdudi, Abu al-A�la al-Maysam J. al Faruqi
MaysalunFred H. Lawson (1996)
Mazar-e SharifGrant Farr
Maziq, HusaynRonald Bruce St John
McMahon, HenryDavid Waldner (1996)
Meah She�arimChaim I. Waxman
MeccaAnthony B. TothKhalid Y. Blankinship (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
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Meddeb, AbdelwahhabAida A. Bamia
Medicine and Public HealthEvelyn A. Early (1996)
MedinaAnthony B. Toth
Mediterranean SeaVanesa Casanova-FernandezElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Meged, AharonGeorge R. WilkesAnn Kahn (1996)
Mehmet RaufDavid Waldner (1996)
Mehmet V ResatEric HooglundZachary Karabell (1996)
Meir, GoldaZaki ShalomGregory S. Mahler (1996)
MeknesRahma Bourqia (1996)
Meknes, Treaty of (1836)C. R. Pennell (1996)
MelillaBruce Maddy-Weitzman
Memmi, AlbertStefanie WichhartWill D. Swearingen (1996)
Menderes, AdnanEric HooglundWalter F. Weiker (1996)
Menou, Jacques FrançoisDavid Waldner (1996)
Mernissi, FatemaLaura Rice
Mesopotamia Campaign (1914–1918)Zachary Karabell (1996)
MessianismDavid Waldner (1996)
Mestiri, AhmadAna Torres-GarciaKenneth J. Perkins (1996)
Meushi, Paul PeterGeorge E. Irani (1996)
Mevlevi BrotherhoodRita StephanTayeb El-Hibri (1996)
MI-6Zachary Karabell (1996)
Michael, SamiNancy BergZvia Ginor (1996)
Middle EastKaren Pinto (1996)
Middle East Defense Organization (MEDO)Zachary Karabell (1996)
Middle East Supply Center (MESC)Daniel E. Spector (1996)
Middle East Technical UniversityEric HooglundI. Metin Kunt (1996)
Midfa�i, Jamil al-Peter Sluglett (1996)
Midhat PasaRoderic H. Davison (1996)
MihrabScott Alexander (1996)
Milani, TahminehRoxanne Varzi
Military in the Middle EastDaniel E. Spector
Millet SystemBenjamin Braude (1996)
Milli Görüs HareketiM. Hakan YavuzNermin Abadan-Unat (1996)
Milli I.stihbarat Teskilati
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
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Millspaugh, ArthurDaniel E. Spector (1996)
Milner MissionArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Mimouna FestivalHarvey E. Goldberg
Mimouni, RachidRabia BekkarPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
MinaretElizabeth Thompson (1996)
MinoritiesBenjamin Braude (1996)
Minz, BenjaminAnn Kahn (1996)
Misri, Aziz Ali al-Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Missionary SchoolsJohn J. Donohue (1996)
Mission CivilisatriceZachary Karabell (1996)
Mixed Armistice CommissionsNeil Caplan (1996)
Mixed CourtsDonald Malcolm Reid (1996)
Mizrahi MovementChaim I. Waxman (1996)
Moadda, MohamedGeorge R. Wilkes
Moda�i, YitzhakGregory S. MahlerZev Maghen (1996)
ModernizationCharles Issawi (1996)
Mogannam, MatielEllen L. Fleischmann
Moghaizel, LaureElise Salem
Mohajerani, AtaollahAli Akbar Mahdi
Mohammad Ali Shah QajarEric HooglundNeguin Yavari (1996)
Mohammadi, Maulawi Mohammad NabiGrant Farr
Mohilever, SamuelMartin Malin (1996)
Mojaddedi, SebghatullahGrant Farr
MojahedinGrant Farr
Mojahedin-e KhalqErvand Abrahamian
Mojtahed-Shabestari, MohammadFarzin Vahdat
Mollet, GuyZachary Karabell (1996)
Moltke, Helmuth vonZachary Karabell (1996)
MonastirMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
Mond, Alfred MoritzZachary Karabell (1996)
Montazeri, Hosayn AliEric HooglundHamid Algar (1996)
Montefiore, MosesZachary Karabell (1996)
Montgomery, Bernard LawZachary Karabell (1996)
Montreux Convention (1936)Zachary Karabell (1996)
Moroccan–Algerian WarPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
Moroccan QuestionEdmund Burke III (1996)
Morocco: OverviewHenri LauzièreLarry A. Barrie (1996)
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Morocco: ConstitutionHenri Lauzière
Morocco: Political Parties inBruce Maddy-Weitzman
Morrison–Grady Plan (1946)Zachary Karabell (1996)
MoshavPaul Rivlin (1996)
MosqueScott Alexander (1996)
MossadMordechai Bar-On
Mossadegh, MohammadMansoor Moaddel (1996)
Mostaghanemi, AhlamMichelle Hartman
MosulReeva S. Simon (1996)
Mosul, Anglo–Turkish Dispute overAyad al-Qazzaz (1996)
Motahhari, MortazaHamid Algar (1996)
Motherland PartyM. Hakan YavuzFrank Tachau (1996)
Mou�awwad, NailaElise Salem
Moudawana, al-Laura Rice
Mourou, AbdelfattahEmad Eldin Shahin
Mouvement de l’Unité Populaire (MUP)Ana Torres-GarciaLarry A. Barrie (1996)
Mouvement National AlgérienJohn Ruedy (1996)
Mouvement Populaire (MP)Bruce Maddy-Weitzman
Mouvement pour le Triomphe des LibertésDémocratiques
John Ruedy (1996)
Movement for Unity and Reform (MUR)Emad Eldin Shahin
Movement of RenewalVanesa Casanova-FernandezLarry A. Barrie (1996)
Mozaffar al-Din QajarMansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)
M’Rabet, FadelaAida A. Bamia
Mu�alla Family, al-Anthony B. Toth
Muasher, MarwanMichael R. Fischbach
Mubarak, HusniArthur Goldschmidt
Mufide KadriDavid Waldner (1996)
MuhammadTayeb El-Hibri (1996)
Muhammad VRémy Leveau (1996)
Muhammad VIMichael M. Laskier
Muhammad AliFred H. Lawson (1996)
Muhammad Ali MosqueDonald Malcolm Reid (1996)
Muhammad al-SadiqLarry A. Barrie (1996)
Muhammad, AzizMichael R. FischbachMichael Eppel (1996)
MuharramPeter Chelkowski (1996)
MuharraqFred H. Lawson (1996)
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Muhsin, ZuhayrElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Muhtar, Gazi AhmetElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Muhyi al-Din, KhalidMaysam J. al FaruqiDavid Waldner (1996)
Muhyi al-Din, ZakariyyaGeorge R. WilkesDavid Waldner (1996)
Mukhtar, Umar al-George Joffe (1996)
Mukrani FamilyPeter von Sivers (1996)
Munif, Abdel RahmanCaroline Seymour-Jorn
Muntada al-Adabi, al-Muhammad Muslih (1996)
Muntasir FamilyGeorge Joffe (1996)
MurabitunBassam Namani (1996)
Musa DaghRouben P. Adalian (1996)
Musa KazimZachary Karabell (1996)
Musa, NabawiyyaLinda Herrera
Musa, SalamaDavid Waldner (1996)
Musavi-Ardebili, AbdolKarimEric HooglundNeguin Yavari (1996)
Musavi, Mir-HosainAli Akbar Mahdi
MuscatAnthony B. TothRobert G. Landen (1996)
MusicVirginia Danielson (1996)
Muslim BrotherhoodMaysam J. al Faruqi
Muslim Sisters OrganizationCarolyn Fluehr-Lobban
Muslim World LeagueKhalid Y. Blankinship (1996)
Mustafa FazilElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Mustafa ResidDavid Waldner (1996)
Mustafa SuphiElizabeth Thompson (1996)
MuwahhidunMaria F. CurtisBassam Namani (1996)
MzabThomas G. Penchoen (1996)
Mzali, MohammedAna Torres-GarciaLisa Anderson (1996)
NNa�amaat
Paul Rivlin
Nabavi, BehzadAli Akbar Mahdi
Nabi Musa PilgrimageEmma Aubin BoltanskiBenjamin Joseph (1996)
Nabi Salih, al-Fred H. Lawson (1996)
Nabizade NazimDavid Waldner (1996)
NablusMichael R. FischbachBenjamin Joseph (1996)
Nabulsi, Sulayman al-Jenab Tutunji (1996)
Nadir Barakzai, MohammadGrant Farr (1996)
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Nadi, YunusElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Nafud DesertEleanor Abdella Doumato (1996)
Naguib, MuhammadDavid Waldner (1996)
NahalZev Maghen (1996)
NahalalDonna Robinson Divine (1996)
Nahda, al-Emad Eldin Shahin
Nahhas, Mustafa al-Michael R. Fischbach (1996)
Nahnah, MahfoudEmad Eldin Shahin
Nahum, HalfallahMaurice M. Roumani (1996)
Nahum, HayyimMichael M. Laskier (1996)
Najaf, al-Michael R. FischbachMamoon A. Zaki (1996)
NajdEleanor Abdella Doumato (1996)
NajibullahGrant Farr
Najjada, al-Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Nakba, al- (1948–1949)Philip Mattar
Namik KemalEric HooglundZachary Karabell (1996)
Namir, MordekhaiZev Maghen (1996)
Namir, OrahMeron Medzini
NaqshbandiJoAnn Gross (1996)
Naser al-Din ShahEric Hooglund
Nashashibi FamilyMichael R. FischbachMuhammad Muslih (1996)
Nasir, Ahmed Sayf al-John L. Wright (1996)
Nasir, HannaMichael R. FischbachJenab Tutunji (1996)
Nasir, NajibElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Nasrallah, EmilyElise Salem
Nasrallah, HasanAs‘ad AbuKhalil
Nasruddin HocaBurçak Keskin-KozatKathleen R. F. Burrill (1996)
Nassar, SadhijEllen L. Fleischmann
Nasser, Gamal AbdelRaymond William Baker (1996)
Nasser, LakeGregory B. BaecherArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Nassif, Malak HifniCaroline Seymour-Jorn
Nateq-Nuri, Ali AkbarFarhad Arshad (1996)
National BlocMichael R. FischbachGeorge E. Irani (1996)
National Congress PartyLisa Anderson (1996)
National Democratic Front (NDF)Robert D. Burrowes
National Democratic Front for the Liberation ofOman and the Arab Gulf
Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
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National Democratic Party (Iraq)Reeva S. Simon (1996)
National Front for the Liberation of SouthYemen
Manfred W. Wenner
National Front for the Salvation of LibyaLisa Anderson (1996)
National Front, IranAfshin Matin-asgari
National Front, LebanonGeorge E. Irani (1996)
NationalismRichard W. Bulliet (1996)
Nationalist Action PartyM. Hakan YavuzFrank Tachau (1996)
National Liberal PartyGeorge E. Irani (1996)
National Liberation Front (Bahrain)Fred H. Lawson
National Oil Corporation (Libya)Mary Ann Tétreault (1996)
National Pact (Lebanon)As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
National Party (Egypt)Arthur Goldschmidt
National Party (Syria)Mahmoud Haddad (1996)
National Progressive Front (Syria)Khalil Gebara
National Progressive Unionist PartyRaymond William Baker (1996)
National Salvation Front (Lebanon)As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
National Salvation PartyEric HooglundNermin Abadan-Unat (1996)
National Security Council (Turkey)M. Hakan Yavuz
National Union (Egypt)Raymond William Baker (1996)
National Unity Committee (Turkey)Frank Tachau (1996)
National Water System (Israel)Sara Reguer (1996)
National Women’s Committee (Yemen)Susanne Dahlgren
Natural Gas: Economic Exploitation ofMary Ann Tétreault
Natural Gas: Middle East Reserves ofJean-François Seznec (1996)
Navon, YizhakGregory S. MahlerMiriam Simon (1996)
Nawfal, HindMarilyn Booth
NazarethLaurie King-IraniBenjamin Joseph (1996)
Nazif, SüleymanDavid Waldner (1996)
Nazmi, ZiyaDavid Waldner (1996)
Ne�eman, YuvalMordechai Bar-On
NegevYehuda GradusElizabeth Thompson (Negev Desert) (1996)
Nerval, Gérard deMaysam J. al Faruqi
Neshat, ShirinJessica Winegar
Nesin, Nüsret AzizElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Netanyahu, BenjaminEric SilverJulie Zuckerman (1996)
Neturei KartaChaim I. Waxman (1996)
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Neutral ZoneEmile A. Nakhleh (1996)
Newspapers and Print Media: Arab CountriesWilliam A. Rugh
Newspapers and Print Media: IranEric Hooglund
Newspapers and Print Media: IsraelDov Shinar
Newspapers and Print Media: TurkeyBrian Silverstein
New WafdGeorge R. WilkesRaymond William Baker (1996)
Nezzar, KhaledPhillip C. Naylor
Nhaisi, EliaMaurice M. Roumani (1996)
Niati, HouriaJessica Winegar
Nile RiverGregory B. BaecherArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Nimr, FarisGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Nissim, IsaacChaim I. Waxman (1996)
Nixon, Richard MilhousZachary Karabell (1996)
Nizam al-Jadid, al-Fred H. Lawson (1996)
Nizamiye CourtsElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Nizip, Battle of (1839)Fred H. Lawson (1996)
Noor al-Hussein (Queen Noor)Curtis R. Ryan
Nordau, MaxMartin Malin (1996)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)Andrew FlibbertZachary Karabell (1996)
Northern TierZach Levey
NouakchottNaomi Zeff
Nouira, HediMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
Nu�aymi Family, al-Anthony B. Toth
Nubar, BoghosRouben P. Adalian (1996)
Nubar PashaArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
NubiansCarolyn Fluehr-LobbanAleya Rouchdy (1996)
Nuclear Capability and Nuclear EnergyRobert E. Harkavy
NuerCarolyn Fluehr-LobbanRobert O. Collins (1996)
Numeiri, Muhammad Ja�farRobert O. Collins
NumismaticsMichael L. Bates (1996)
Nuqrashi, Mahmud Fahmi al-Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Nuri, Abd al-MalikSasson Somekh (1996)
Nuri, FazlollahHamid Algar (1996)
Nursi, SaidM. Hakan YavuzNico Landman (1996)
Nusayba FamilyMichael R. FischbachLawrence Tal (1996)
Nuun MagazineVanesa Casanova-Fernandez
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OOasis Group
Mary Ann Tétreault
Occidental PetroleumMary Ann Tétreault
Oil Embargo (1973–1974)Bryan Daves (1996)
OmanCalvin H. Allen, Jr.Robert G. Landen (1996)
Omar, Muhammad (Mullah)Charles E. Butterworth
Omar Mukhtar ClubJohn L. Wright (1996)
OmdurmanKhalid M. El-HassanRobert O. Collins (1996)
OpiumAna Torres-GarciaKaren Pinto (1996)
OranPeter von Sivers (1996)
Ordinances on VeilingSenzil Nawid
Organisation Armée Secrète (OAS)John Ruedy (1996)
Organisation Marocaine des Droits de l’HommeVanesa Casanova-FernandezLarry A. Barrie (1996)
Organization for the Liberation of the OccupiedSouth
Manfred W. Wenner
Organization of African Unity (OAU)Zachary Karabell (1996)
Organization of Arab Petroleum ExportingCountries (OAPEC)
Karim HamdyEmile A. Nakhleh (1996)
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC)
Mary Ann Tétreault
Organization of the Islamic ConferenceVanesa Casanova-FernandezScott Alexander (1996)
OrientalismJohn Lundquist
Orientalists, International Congress ofVanesa Casanova-FernandezRichard W. Bulliet (1996)
Ormanian, MaghakiaRouben P. Adalian (1996)
Ormsby-Gore, William George ArthurElizabeth Thompson (1996)
OrtaoyunuKathleen R. F. Burrill (1996)
OsirakRonen Zeidel (1996)
Oslo Accord (1993)Philip Mattar
Osman, House ofI. Metin Kunt (1996)
Ottoman Empire: OverviewDonald Quataert (1996)
Ottoman Empire: Civil ServiceCarter V. Findley (1996)
Ottoman Empire: DebtDonald Quataert (1996)
OttomanismHasan Kayali (1996)
Ottoman Liberal Union PartyElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Ottoman Military: ArmyAvigdor Levy (1996)
Ottoman Military: NavyAvigdor Levy (1996)
Ottoman ParliamentHasan Kayali (1996)
Ouary, MalekAna Torres-GarciaPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
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Ouazzani, Mohamed HassanBruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)
Oufkir, MuhammadMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
Oujda GroupJohn Ruedy (1996)
Ould Sid�Ahmed Taya, Ma�ouiyaNaomi Zeff
Ouled Sidi CheikhPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
Ouziel, Ben Zion Meir HaiChaim I. Waxman (1996)
OYAK (Ordu Yardimlasma Kurumu)Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Özal, TurgutDavid Waldner (1996)
Oz, AmosAdina FriedmanZvia Ginor (1996)
Oz ve Shalom (Netivot shalom)Mordechai Bar-OnWalter F. Weiker (1996)
PPachachi, Muzahim al-
Mamoon A. Zaki (1996)
Pagis, DanAdina FriedmanJulie Zuckerman (1996)
Pahlavi, Mohammad RezaAhmad Ashraf (1996)
Pahlavi, RezaAhmad Ashraf
Pakistan and the Middle EastRasul Bakhsh Rais (1996)
PalestineNeil CaplanAnn M. LeschDon Peretz (1996)
Palestine Arab Revolt (1936–1939)Rashid Khalidi (1996)
Palestine Economic CorporationElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Palestine Exploration FundElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Palestine Land Development CompanyElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)Philip Mattar
Palestine National Charter (1968)Muhammad Muslih (1996)
Palestine National CouncilMaria F. CurtisMouin Rabbani (1996)
Palestine National Covenant (1964)Muhammad Muslih (1996)
Palestine Research CenterMichael R. FischbachJenab Tutunji (1996)
Palestinian Arab CongressesPhilip MattarAnn M. Lesch (1996)
Palestinian AuthorityMichael R. Fischbach
Palestinian Citizens of IsraelDon Peretz
PalestiniansPhilip MattarMuhammad Muslih (1996)
Palin Commission Report (1920)Ann M. Lesch (1996)
PalmahPierre M. AtlasAmos Perlmutter (1996)
Palmerston, Lord Henry John TempleEric HooglundArnold Blumberg (1996)
PalmyraElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Pamir MountainsGrant Farr
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Pan-ArabismRonald Bruce St John
Pan-TurkismHasan Kayali (1996)
ParchamGrant Farr (1996)
Paris Peace Settlements (1918–1923)Eric HooglundFawaz A. Gerges (1996)
Paris, Treaty of (1857)Farhad Shirzad (1996)
Parliamentary Democratic FrontMichael R. FischbachAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Parsipur, ShahrnushMichael C. Hillmann (1996)
Parti de l’Avant-Garde Socialiste (PAGS)Yahia ZoubirPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
Parti Démocratique Constitutionnel (PDC)Bruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)
Parti Démocratique de l’Indépendance (PDI)Bruce Maddy-Weitzman
Parti d’Unité Populaire (PUP)Ana Torres-GarciaMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
Parti du Peuple Algérien (PPA)John Ruedy (1996)
Parti NationalBruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)
Parti National Démocratique (PND)Bruce Maddy-Weitzman
Partition Plans (Palestine)Avi Shlaim (1996)
PatriarchZachary Karabell (1996)
Patriarchs, Tomb of theChaim I. Waxman (1996)
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK)Chris Kutschera
Peace and Amity, Treaty of (1805)Larry A. Barrie (1996)
Peace CorpsChristopher Reed StoneZachary Karabell (1996)
Peace NowMordechai Bar-On
Peake, Frederick GerardJenab Tutunji (1996)
Pearl Diving (Bahrain)Fred H. Lawson (1996)
Peel Commission Report (1937)Ann M. Lesch
Peled, MattityahuMordechai Bar-OnBryan Daves (1996)
Pelt, AdrianRonald Bruce St John
People’s AssemblyRaymond William Baker (1996)
People’s Democratic Party of AfghanistanGrant Farr (1996)
People’s Democratic Republic of YemenRobert D. Burrowes (1996)
People’s HousesPaul J. Magnarella (1996)
People’s Socialist PartyManfred W. Wenner
PeraI. Metin Kunt (1996)
Peres, ShimonGregory S. Mahler
Pérez de Cuéllar, JavierRonald Bruce St JohnBryan Daves (1996)
PerimRobert D. Burrowes
Permanent Mandates CommissionElizabeth Thompson (1996)
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PersianM. A. Jazayary (1996)
Persian (Arabian) GulfEric HooglundElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Persian CatsEric Hooglund
Persian ScriptRoxanne Varzi
Petah TikvahChaim I. Waxman
Peter VIIDonald Spanel (1996)
PetraPeter Gubser (1996)
PetrochemicalsJean-François SeznecMary Ann Tétreault (1996)
Petroleum, Oil, and Natural GasMary Ann Tétreault
Petroleum Reserves and ProductionJean-François Seznec
PETROMINJean-Francois Seznec (1996)
PhalangeMichael R. FischbachAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
PharaonicismJames Jankowski (1996)
Pharaon, RashadGeorge R. WilkesLes Ordeman (1996)
PhilaeJohn LundquistDavid Waldner (1996)
Philby, Harry St. JohnNeil CaplanBenjamin Braude (1996)
PhoenicianismAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
PhosphatesKarim Hamdy
Pinsker, LeoMartin Malin (1996)
PlagueJenab Tutunji (1996)
Plumer, Herbert Charles OnslowAnn M. Lesch (1996)
PogromJon Jucovy (1996)
Point FourElizabeth Thompson (1996)
POLISARIOBruce Maddy-Weitzman
Politi, ElieGeorge R. Wilkes
Michael M. Laskier (1996)
Pollard AffairIan Black
PolygamyJenab Tutunji (1996)
Popular FrontCharles U. Zenzie (1996)
Popular Front for the Liberation of PalestineMaria F. Curtis
Mouin Rabbani (1996)
Popular Front for the Liberation ofPalestine–General Command
George R. Wilkes
Mouin Rabbani (1996)
Popular Front for the Liberation of the OccupiedArabian Gulf
Malcolm C. Peck (1996)
PopulationPaul Rivlin
Justin McCarthy (1996)
Port Sa�idCharles C. Kolb
David Waldner (1996)
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Postage StampsDonald Malcolm Reid
Potash IndustryChaim I. WaxmanPeter Gubser (1996)
Potsdam ConventionZachary Karabell (1996)
Powell, Colin L.Michael R. Fischbach
Princess Basma Women’s Resource CenterIsis Nusair
Progressive Socialist PartyAs‘ad AbuKhalilGeorge E. Irani (1996)
Protectorate StatesRobert D. Burrowes (1996)
Protestantism and Protestant MissionsEleanor Abdella Doumato
Protocols of the Elders of ZionMichael R. MarrusJane Gerber (1996)
PushtunEric HooglundAshraf Ghani (1996)
PyramidsDonald Malcolm Reid
QQabbani, Nizar
Michael R. FischbachBassam Namani (1996)
Qaddafi, Muammar al-Ronald Bruce St JohnLisa Anderson (1996)
Qaddumi, FaruqMichael R. Fischbach
QadiScott Alexander (1996)
Qadiriyya OrderLaurence Michalak (1996)
Qafih, Yihye ben SolomonMichael M. Laskier (1996)
Qa�ida, al-As‘ad AbuKhalil
QairawanMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
Qajar, Abdullah MirzaMansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)
Qajar, Agha MohammadMansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)
Qajar DynastyEric HooglundJohn Foran (1996)
QalqiliyaMichael R. Fischbach
QanunElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Qaradawi, Yusuf al-Abdin Chande
Qaramanli DynastyRachel Simon (1996)
Qarawiyyin, al-Rahma Bourqia (1996)
Qasim, Abd al-KarimLouay Bahry (1996)
Qasimi Family of Ra�s al-Khayma, al-Anthony B. Toth
Qasimi Family of Sharjah, al-Anthony B. Toth
Qassam, Izz al-Din al-Philip Mattar
QatarAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Qatar PetroleumAnthony B. TothMary Ann Tétreault (1996)
Qa�war, WidadLaurie King-Irani
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Qawuqji, Fawzi al-Ann M. Lesch (1996)
Qiyomijian, OhannesAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
QomParvaneh Pourshariati
Qotbzadeh, SadeqNeguin Yavari (1996)
Queen SurrayaSenzil Nawid
Qurai, Ahmad SulaymanGeorge R. WilkesMouin Rabbani (1996)
Qur�anMaysam J. al FaruqiElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Qusayr, al-Donald Malcolm ReidArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Qutb, SayyidAhmad S. MoussalliJean-Marc R. Oppenheim (1996)
Quwatli, Shukri al-Muhammad Muslih (1996)
RRaab, Esther
Shibolet Zait (1996)
Raad, In�amMichael R. FischbachGeorge E. Irani (1996)
RabatDonna Lee Bowen (1996)
Rabbani, BurhanuddinGrant Farr
RabbiSamuel C. Heilman (1996)
Rabi, MubarakAida A. Bamia
Rabin, YitzhakGregory S. Mahler
Rabiyya Ali, SalimRobert D. Burrowes
Radio and Television: Arab CountriesWilliam A. Rugh
Radio and Television: IsraelDov Shinar
Radio and Television: TurkeyBrian Silverstein
Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar HashemiEric HooglundHamid Algar (1996)
Rahnavard, ZahraJanet Afary
Rajavi, MasudErvand Abrahamian
Rajub, JibrilMichael R. Fischbach
Ramadan, Taha YasinMichael R. FischbachAmatzia Baram (1996)
RamallahMichael R. FischbachLawrence Tal (1996)
Ramgavar Azadagan PartyAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
RamlaYehuda GradusElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Ramses College for GirlsLinda Herrera
Rania al-Abdullah (Queen Rania)Curtis R. Ryan
Rasafi, Ma�ruf al-Sasson Somekh (1996)
Ra�s al-KhaymaAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
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Rassemblement National Démocratique (RND)Azzedine G. Mansour
Rassemblement National des Indépendants (RNI)Bruce Maddy-Weitzman
Rassemblement pour la Culture et la Démocratie(RCD)
Azzedine G. Mansour
Rateb, AishaMaria F. Curtis
Ratebzad, AnahitaGrant Farr
Ratosh, YonatanBryan Daves (1996)
Rauf Ezzat, HebaMarilyn Booth
Ravikovitch, DahliaZafrira Lidovsky-CohenNili Gold (1996)
Reagan Plan (1982)Laurie Z. Eisenberg
Reagan, RonaldMichael R. Fischbach
Recaizade Mahmud EkremDavid Waldner (1996)
Red Crescent SocietyVanesa Casanova-Fernandez
Red Line AgreementMary Ann Tétreault (1996)
Refah PartisiNermin Abadan-Unat
Refugees: AfghanGrant Farr
Refugees: Balkan MuslimNoah ButlerJustin McCarthy (1996)
Refugees: JewishMeron MedziniMichael M. Laskier (1996)
Refugees: KurdishChris Kutschera
Refugees: PalestinianPhilip MattarDon Peretz (1996)
Rejection FrontMichael R. FischbachElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Republican BrotherhoodCarolyn Fluehr-Lobban
Republican People’s Party (RPP)Nermin Abadan-Unat
Revolutionary Association of the Women ofAfghanistan (RAWA)
Senzil Nawid
Revolutionary Command Council (Egypt)Matthew S. Gordon (1996)
Revolutionary Command Council (Libya)Ronald Bruce St John
Revolutionary GuardsEric Hooglund
Richmond, Ernest T.Jenab Tutunji (1996)
Rida, RashidDonald Malcolm Reid (1996)
RifC. R. Pennell (1996)
Rifaat, AlifaCaroline Seymour-Jorn
Rifa�i, Samir al-Jenab Tutunji (1996)
Rifa�i, Zaid al-Michael R. Fischbach
Rif WarC. R. Pennell (1996)
Rishon le-ZionYehuda GradusBryan Daves (1996)
RiyadhJ. E. Peterson
Riyad, MahmudGeorge E. Irani (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
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Riyad, Mustafa al-Arthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Rockefeller MuseumMichael R. FischbachMia Bloom (1996)
Rogers, William PierceAhmed H. IbrahimZachary Karabell (1996)
Rolo FamilyMichael M. Laskier (1996)
Roman Catholicism and Roman Catholic MissionsJohn J. Donohue (1996)
RomanizationKathleen R. F. Burrill (1996)
Rome, Treaty of (1935)Zachary Karabell (1996)
Rommel, ErwinDaniel E. Spector (1996)
Roosevelt, Franklin DelanoDaniel E. Spector (1996)
Roosevelt, KermitNeguin Yavari
Rothschild, Edmond deReeva S. Simon (1996)
Royal Dutch ShellJean-François Seznec (1996)
Rub al-KhaliJ. E. PetersonEleanor Abdella Doumato (1996)
Rubinstein, AmnonGregory S. MahlerBryan Daves (1996)
RumeliaKaren Pinto (1996)
Ruppin, ArthurDonna Robinson Divine (1996)
Rusdiye SchoolsElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Rusk, DeanCharles C. Kolb
Russia and the Middle EastRobert O. FreedmanOles M. Smolansky (1996)
Russian–Ottoman WarsEric HooglundOles M. Smolansky (1996)
Rutenberg, PinhasNeil CaplanSara Reguer (1996)
SSa�ada, Antun
Sami A. OfeishCharles U. Zenzie (1996)
Saadawi, Nawal al-Rita StephanDavid Waldner (1996)
Saade, GeorgeMichael R. FischbachGeorge E. Irani (1996)
Saba FamilyElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Sabah, Rasha al-Mary Ann Tétreault
Sabah, Suad al-Rita Stephan
Sabbagh, HasibGeorge R. WilkesMouin Rabbani (1996)
Sabbagh, Salah al-Din al-Reeva S. Simon (1996)
SabbathSamuel C. Heilman
SabraBryan Daves (1996)
Sabra and Shatila MassacresPhilip Mattar
Sabri, AliDavid Waldner (1996)
Sadat, Anwar al-Fred H. Lawson (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
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Sadat, Jihan al-Arthur Goldschmidt
Sadawi, BashirJohn L. Wright (1996)
Sadiqi CollegeAida A. Bamia (1996)
Sadi, SaidYahia Zoubir
Sadr, Muhammad Baqir al-Ayad al-Qazzaz (1996)
Sadr, MuhsinNeguin Yavari (1996)
Sadr, Sitt Rabab al- (Charafeddine)Rula Jurdi Abisaab
Sa�dun, Abd al- Muhsin al-Albertine Jwaideh (1996)
Sa�dun Family, al-Albertine Jwaideh (1996)
Sa�edi, GholamhosseinPardis Minuchehr (1996)
SafedBryan Daves (1996)
Safveti ZiyaElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Sagues, AlbertMichael M. Laskier (1996)
SaharaBruce Maddy-Weitzmann (1996)
Saharan Arab Democratic Republic (SADR)Bruce Maddy-Weitzman
Sahnoun, AhmedEmad Eldin Shahin
Sa�id, Amina al-Linda Herrera
Said, EdwardJohn M. Lundquist
Sa�id, Nuri al-Louay Bahry (1996)
Sa�id PashaDonald Malcolm Reid
Sa�idzadeh, Seyyed MohsenZiba Mir-Hosseini
Saint Catherine’s MonasteryThomas Stransky
Saint Joseph UniversityAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Saint Mark’s CathedralRaymond William Baker (1996)
Sa�iqa, al-George R. WilkesMouin Rabbani (1996)
SaisonPierre M. Atlas
Sakakini, Khalil al-Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Salafiyya MovementMahmoud Haddad (1996)
Salam FamilyMichael R. Fischbach
Salam, Sa�ibMichael R. FischbachAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Salant, SamuelChaim I. Waxman (1996)
Salih, Ali AbdullahManfred W. Wenner
Salih, TeyibKhalid M. El-Hassan
Salim HasanDonald Malcolm Reid (1996)
Salim, AliNancy BergRoger Allen (1996)
Salim, JawadSasson Somekh (1996)
Sallal, Abdullah al-Robert D. Burrowes
LIST OF ENTRIES
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SalonikaEric HooglundElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Salt, al-Jenab Tutunji (1996)
SamaritansBenyamim Tsedaka
SamarraPaul S. RoweNazar al-Khalaf (1996)
Samar, SimaSenzil Nawid
Samman, GhadaElise Salem
Samuel, Herbert LouisBernard Wasserstein
San�aRobert D. Burrowes
San�a UniversityRobert D. Burrowes
Sanctions, IraqiPeter Sluglett
Sane‘i, YusefAzadeh Kian-Thiébaut
San Remo Conference (1920)Zachary Karabell (1996)
San Stefano, Treaty of (1878)Oles M. Smolansky (1996)
Sant Egidio PlatformGeorge R. Wilkes
Sanusi, Muhammad ibn Ali al-Rachel Simon (1996)
Sanusi OrderRachel Simon (1996)
Sanu, Ya�qubDavid Waldner (1996)
Sapir, PinhasMartin Malin (1996)
Sarid, YossiMordechai Bar-OnBryan Daves (1996)
Sarkis, IlyasBassam Namani (1996)
Sartawi, IssamBenjamin Joseph (1996)
Sasson, EliyahuItamar RabinovichNeil Caplan
Sassoon FamilySylvia G. Haim (1996)
Satellite Cities DevelopmentMaria F. CurtisHani Fakhouri (1996)
Saudi ArabiaJ. E. Peterson
Saudi, MonaJessica Winegar
Saunders, HaroldGeorge R. Wilkes
Saygun, Ahmed AdnanDavid Waldner (1996)
Sayyab, Badr Shakir al-Kamal abu-Deeb (1996)
Sayyida Zaynab MosqueRaymond William Baker (1996)
Sayyidna Husayn MosqueRaymond William Baker (1996)
School for Hak �matNancy Gallagher
Science and TechnologyAntoine Benjamin Zahlan
ScoutsGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Sebastiani, HoraceZachary Karabell (1996)
Sebbar, LeilaAida A. Bamia
LIST OF ENTRIES
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Sediq, SohailaSenzil Nawid
Sefrioui, AhmedAida A. Bamia
Seker AhmetDavid Waldner (1996)
Selçuk, Munir NurettinDavid Waldner (1996)
Selim IIII. Metin Kunt (1996)
Semitic LanguagesDavid Waldner (1996)
Sepehri, SohrabEric HooglundPardis Minuchehr (1996)
September 11th, 2001As‘ad AbuKhalil
Seri, Dan-BenayaZvia Ginor (1996)
SetifPhillip C. Naylor (1996)
Setif Revolt (1945)Phillip C. Naylor (1996)
Sevket, MahmutElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Sèvres Protocol (1956)S. Ilan Troen
Sèvres, Treaty of (1920)Sara Reguer (1996)
Sezer, AhmetM. Hakan Yavuz
Sfar, BashirLaurence Michalak (1996)
Sfar, TaharVanesa Casanova-FernandezMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
SfaxMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
Sfeir, NasrallahAs‘ad AbuKhalil
Shab�a FarmsAs‘ad AbuKhalil
Shabbi, Abu al-Qasim al-Larry A. Barrie (1996)
Sha�bi FamilyManfred W. Wenner
Shader, JosephGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Shafi�i School of LawWael B. Hallaq (1996)
Shafiq, DurriyyaDavid Waldner (1996)
Shahada, GeorgeMichael R. FischbachGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Shahbandar, Abd al-RahmanCharles U. Zenzie (1996)
Shahin, TanyosAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Shahin, YusufRoxanne VarziDavid Waldner (1996)
Shaltut, MuhammadCrystal ProcyshenRaymond William Baker (1996)
Shalvi, AliceGeorge R. Wilkes
Shami, Ahmad Muhammad al-Robert D. Burrowes
Shamikh, Mubarak Abdullah al-Ronald Bruce St John
Shami, Muhammad Abdullah al-Robert D. Burrowes
Shamir, MosheDonna Robinson DivineAnn Kahn (1996)
Shamir, YitzhakCharles EnderlinYaakov Shavit (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
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Shamlu, AhmadEric HooglundMichael C. Hillmann (1996)
Shammas, AntonMichael R. FischbachAnn Kahn (1996)
Shapira, Hayyim MosheBryan Daves (1996)
Sharabati, Ahmad al-Abdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)
Sha�rawi, Huda al-Marilyn BoothDavid Waldner (1996)
Sha�rawi, Muhammad Mutwalli al-As‘ad AbuKhalil
Sharef, Ze�evGregory S. MahlerBryan Daves (1996)
Sharett, MosheGregory S. Mahler (1996)
Shari�aWael B. Hallaq (1996)
Shari�ati, AliHamid Algar (1996)
Shariatmadari, KazemNeguin Yavari (1996)
SharifScott Alexander (1996)
Sharif, AzizMichael R. FischbachMarion Farouk-Sluglett (1996)
Sharif-Emami, Ja�farNeguin Yavari
Sharifian DynastiesEdmund Burke III (1996)
Sharif of MeccaKhalid Y. Blankinship (1996)
Sharif, OmarRoxanne VarziDavid Waldner (1996)
SharjahEric HooglundMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Sharm al-ShaykhArthur GoldschmidtZachary Karabell (1996)
Sharon, ArielEric SilverYaakov Shavit (1996)
Sharqi Family, al-Anthony B. TothM. Morsy Abdullah (1996)
Shatt al-ArabNeguin Yavari
Sha�ul, AnwarSasson Somekh
Shawa, LailaJessica Winegar
Shaw CommissionPhilip Mattar (1996)
Shawqi, AhmadIrfan Shahîd
ShaykhMarilyn Higbee (1996)
Shaykh al-IslamScott Alexander (1996)
Shaykh, Hanan al-Elise Salem
ShaykhiJuan R. I. Cole
Shazar, Shneour ZalmanBryan Daves (1996)
Shazli, Sa�d al-DinDavid Waldner (1996)
ShekelBryan Daves (1996)
Shenhar, YitzhakBryan Daves (1996)
Shenouda IIIArthur GoldschmidtDonald Spanel (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
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Shepheard’s HotelZachary Karabell (1996)
SheshbeshCyrus Moshaver (1996)
ShiberghanGrant Farr
Shid, NahidAzadeh Kian-Thiébaut
Shidyaq, Ahmad Faris al-Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Shihabi, Zlikha al-Ellen L. Fleischmann
Shi�ismRoxanne VarziTayeb El-Hibri (1996)
ShillukDavid Waldner (1996)
Shiloah, ReuvenIan Black
Shim�un, MarPeter Sluglett (1996)
Shin BetIan BlackJulie Zuckerman (1996)
ShirazEric HooglundNeguin Yavari (1996)
Shirazi, Mirza HasanFarhad Arshad (1996)
Shiraz UniversityParvaneh Pourshariati
Shitreet, BekhorBryan Daves (1996)
Shlonsky, AvrahamMordechai Bar-On
Shochat, ManyaGeorge R. Wilkes
ShorfaRahma Bourqia (1996)
ShufMichael R. FischbachAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Shufman, GershonAnn Kahn (1996)
Shukri, MohammadAida A. Bamia
Shultz, GeorgeOliver Benjamin Hemmerle
Shumayyil, ShibliElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Shuqayri, AhmadMichael R. Fischbach
Shuqayri FamilyElizabeth Thompson (1996)
ShuraElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Shuster, W. MorganDaniel E. Spector (1996)
Sib, Treaty of (1920)Robert G. Landen (1996)
Sidera, ZinebJessica Winegar
SidonCharles C. KolbGeorge E. Irani (1996)
Sidqi, BakrPeter Sluglett (1996)
Sidqi, Isma�ilDavid Waldner (1996)
Sidra, Gulf ofStuart J. Borsch (1996)
SilkElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Silver, Abba HillelMark A. RaiderMia Bloom (1996)
Simavi, SedatElizabeth Thompson (1996)
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Sinai PeninsulaPaul S. RoweElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Sinasi, I.brahim
Zachary Karabell (1996)
Sirket-i HayriyeElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Sirry, GazbiaJessica Winegar
Sisco, JosephGeorge R. Wilkes
Sistan and BaluchistanParvaneh Pourshariati
Sistani, Ali al-Michael R. Fischbach
SitraFred H. Lawson (1996)
Sivas Conference (1919)Ahmet Kuyas (1996)
Siwa OasisArthur Goldschmidt
Slave TradeEhud R. Toledano (1996)
Smilansky, MosheGeorge R. WilkesAnn Kahn (1996)
Sneh, MosheGregory S. MahlerWalter F. Weiker (1996)
Sobol, YehoshuaDonna Robinson DivineJulie Zuckerman (1996)
Social Democratic Party of AzerbaijanAudrey L. Altstadt (1996)
Social Democratic Populist PartyM. Hakan YavuzFrank Tachau (1996)
SocotraRobert D. Burrowes
Soheyli, AliNeguin Yavari (1996)
Sokolow, NahumPierre M. Atlas
Soltani, AbdellatifEmad Eldin Shahin
Somikh, AbdullahMichael R. FischbachSasson Somekh (1996)
SONATRACHAna Torres-GarciaDirk Vandewalle (1996)
Soroush, AbdolKarimAfshin Matin-asgari
SousseMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
Soustelle, JacquesZachary Karabell (1996)
South Arabian Armed ForcesRobert D. Burrowes (1996)
South Arabian LeagueManfred W. Wenner (1996)
Southeastern Anatolia ProjectDavid Waldner (1996)
South Lebanon ArmyLaurie Z. EisenbergElizabeth Thompson (1996)
South Persia RiflesEric HooglundJack Bubon (1996)
Spain and the Middle EastVanesa Casanova-Fernandez
Spanish MoroccoBruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)
Special Forces of the LevantAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
SphinxDonald Malcolm Reid (1996)
Sprinzak, JosephBryan Daves (1996)
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Srvantziants, GareginRouben P. Adalian (1996)
Stack, LeeOles M. Smolansky (1996)
Stanhope, HesterMarilyn Booth
Stark, FreyaRonald Bruce St John
Star of North AfricaJohn Ruedy (1996)
State Planning Organization (SPO)Nermin Abadan-Unat
Stern, AbrahamJulie Zuckerman (1996)
Stock MarketJean-François Seznec
Storrs, RonaldMichael R. Fischbach (1996)
Straits ConventionDaniel E. Spector (1996)
Straits, TurkishJ. C. Hurewitz (1996)
StrumaMiriam Simon (1996)
Students in the Line of the ImamEric HooglundNeguin Yavari (1996)
Suarès FamilyMichael M. Laskier (1996)
Sublime PorteZachary Karabell (1996)
SudanAnn M. Lesch
Sudanese Civil WarsAnn M. Lesch
Sudanese Women’s UnionSondra Hale
SuddRobert O. Collins
Suez CanalJean-François SeznecArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
Suez Canal UniversityDonald Malcolm Reid
Suez Crisis (1956–1957)Mordechai Bar-On
Suez–Mediterranean PipelineJean-François Seznec
Sufism and the Sufi OrdersMaysam J. al Faruqi
Suissa, AlbertDonna Robinson DivineZvia Ginor (1996)
Sulayman, HikmatPeter Sluglett (1996)
SulaymaniyaNazar al-Khalaf (1996)
Suleiman, MulayMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
Sulh, Kazem al-Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Sulh, Rashid al-Michael R. FischbachGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Sulh, Riyad al-Guilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Sulh, Sami al-As‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Sulh, Taki al-Din al-Michael R. FischbachGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)
SultanI. Metin Kunt (1996)
Sultan Ahmet MosqueAptullah Kuran (1996)
Sultan Hasan MosqueRaymond William Baker (1996)
Sultani SchoolsElizabeth Thompson (1996)
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SumudElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Sunay, CevdetElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Sun Language TheoryElizabeth Thompson (1996)
SunnaMaysam J. al FaruqiScott Alexander (1996)
Sunni IslamMaysam J. al FaruqiTayeb El-Hibri (1996)
Suphi EzgiDavid Waldner (1996)
Supreme Muslim CouncilPhilip Mattar
Sursock, Lady CochraneMona Takieddine Amyuni
Sursuq FamilyElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Suwaydi FamilyAyad al-Qazzaz (1996)
Suwaydi, Tawfiq al-Ayad al-Qazzaz (1996)
Suwaydiya Oil FieldsAbdul-Karim Rafeq
Suwayhli, Ramadan al-George Joffe (1996)
Sykes, MarkRoger AdelsonZachary Karabell (1996)
Sykes–Picot Agreement (1916)Zachary Karabell (1996)
SyriaRonald Bruce St JohnFred H. Lawson (1996)
Syrian DesertAbdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)
Syrian Social Nationalist PartyRonald Bruce St John
Syrkin, NachmanDonna Robinson Divine (1996)
Szold, HenriettaMia Bloom (1996)
TTaba
Philip MattarAnn M. Lesch (1996)
Taba Negotiations (1995, 2001)Philip Mattar
Tabaqa DamJohn R. Clark (1996)
Tabataba�i, MohammadEric HooglundHamid Algar (1996)
Tabataba�i, ZiyaHamid Algar (1996)
TabrizNeguin Yavari
Tabriz UniversityParvaneh PourshariatiNeguin Yavari (1996)
Tagger, SionehJulie Zuckerman (1996)
Taha, Mahmud MuhammadCarolyn Fluehr-Lobban
Tahir, KemalDavid Waldner (1996)
Tahtawi, Rifa�a al-Rafi al-Abdel Aziz EzzelArab (1996)
Ta�if AccordGeorge E. IraniBryan Daves (1996)
Ta�if, al-J. E. Peterson
Ta�if, Treaty of al-Anthony B. TothF. Gregory Gause, III (1996)
Ta�izRobert D. Burrowes
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TajiksGrant Farr
Takfir wa al-Hijra, al-Ahmad S. MoussalliDavid Waldner (1996)
Talabani, JalalChris Kutschera
Talal ibn AbdullahJenab Tutunji (1996)
Talat, MehmetZachary Karabell (1996)
Taleqani, AzamAzadeh Kian-Thiébaut
Talfa, Adnan Khayr AllahAmatzia Baram (1996)
TalibanHafeez Malik
Tallal, ChaibiaJessica Winegar
Tall al-Za�tar Refugee CampElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Tall, Mustafa Wahbi al-Michael R. Fischbach (1996)
Tall, Wasfi al-Jenab Tutunji (1996)
TalmudEphraim TaboryBenjamin Joseph (1996)
TamimahsCalvin H. Allen, Jr. (1996)
Tamimi, Amin al-Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Tamir, ShmuelGregory S. MahlerJulie Zuckerman (1996)
Tammuz, BenyaminAnn Kahn (1996)
Tanburi CemilDavid Waldner (1996)
Taner, HaldunElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Tangier, Treaty ofKenneth J. Perkins (1996)
Tanpinar, Ahmed HamdiDavid Waldner (1996)
Tantawi, Muhammad Sayyid al-Ahmad S. Moussalli
TanzimatElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Taqla, PhilippeKhalil GebaraGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Tarhan, Abdülhak HamitDavid Waldner (1996)
Tarikh TolanaGrant Farr
Tariki, AbdullahAnthony B. TothLes Ordeman (1996)
Tashilhit LanguageRahma Bourqia (1996)
Taurus MountainsJohn R. Clark (1996)
Tax FarmingAriel Salzmann (1996)
Tchernichovsky, SaulAnn Kahn (1996)
TeaEric HooglundClifford A. Wright (1996)
Technion-Israel Institute of TechnologyMiriam Simon (1996)
TehranEric HooglundMansoureh Ettahedieh (1996)
Tekeli, SirinYesim Arat
TekkeScott Alexander (1996)
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Tel AvivDonna Robinson Divine (1996)
Tel Aviv UniversityMiriam Simon (1996)
Tel HaiDonna Robinson Divine
TemplarsMichael R. Fischbach
TerrorismEric HooglundRichard W. Bulliet (1996)
TetuanBruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)
Tevfik FikretDavid Waldner (1996)
Textile IndustryCharles Issawi (1996)
Thaalbi, Abd al-AzizKenneth J. Perkins (1996)
Tharthar ProjectAlbertine Jwaideh (1996)
Tharwat, Abd al-KhaliqDavid Waldner (1996)
TheaterDina Amin
TiberiasBryan Daves (1996)
Tigris and Euphrates RiversJohn R. Clark (1996)
TikritMichael R. FischbachAmatzia Baram (1996)
Tikriti FamiliesAyad Al-Qazzaz
Tikriti, Hardan al-Michael R. FischbachAmatzia Baram (1996)
TimarEric HooglundElizabeth Thompson (1996)
TindoufDavid Gutelius
Tiran, Strait ofAnthony B. Toth
Tlas, MustafaMichael R. Fischbach
Tlatli, MoufidaLaura Rice
TlemcenLaurence Michalak (1996)
Tlili, MustafaAida A. Bamia
Tobacco RevoltEric HooglundRoshanak Malek (1996)
TobrukDaniel E. Spector (1996)
Topkapi PalaceEric HooglundAptullah Kuran (1996)
Toumi, KhalidaYahia Zoubir
TourismAnthony B. Toth
TradeMary Ann TétreaultCharles Issawi (1996)
Trad, PetroAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
Trans-Arabian PipelineMary Ann Tétreault
Trans-Iranian RailwayJack Bubon (1996)
Transjordan Frontier ForceJenab Tutunji (1996)
TransportAnthony B. TothCharles Issawi (1996)
Trans-Turkey PipelineNiyazi Dalyanci (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
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Treaty of 1815Eric Hooglund
Treaty of Protection (1886)Robert D. Burrowes (1996)
Tribes and Tribalism: Arabian PeninsulaEleanor Abdella Doumato (1996)
Tribes and Tribalism: Butayna TribeAbdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)
Tribes and Tribalism: Dawasir TribeEleanor Abdella Doumato (1996)
Tribes and Tribalism: Fadan Kharasa TribeAbdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)
Tribes and Tribalism: Guish TribesRahma Bourqia (1996)
Tribes and Tribalism: Hassana TribeAbdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)
Tribes and Tribalism: Matawirah TribeAbdul-Karim Rafeq (1996)
Tribes and Tribalism: Muntafiq TribeAlbertine Jwaideh (1996)
Tribes and Tribalism: Murrah, al-Eleanor Abdella Doumato (1996)
Tribes and Tribalism: Mutayr TribeEleanor Abdella Doumato (1996)
Tribes and Tribalism: Qashqa�iLois Beck (1996)
Tribes and Tribalism: Quraysh TribeEleanor Abdella Doumato (1996)
Tribes and Tribalism: ShammarEleanor Abdella Doumato (1996)
Tribes and Tribalism: Tebu TribeStuart J. Borsch (1996)
Tribes and Tribalism: Utayba TribeEleanor Abdella Doumato (1996)
Tribes and Tribalism: YazidisReeva S. Simon (1996)
Tribes and Tribalism: YemeniRobert D. Burrowes (1996)
Tripartite Treaty of AllianceEric Hooglund
TripoliJohn L. Wright (1996)
Tripoli Conference (1977)Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
Tripoli Programme (1962)Phillip C. Naylor (1996)
TripolitaniaRonald Bruce St John
Trucial CoastMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
True Path PartyM. Hakan YavuzFrank Tachau (1996)
Truman, Harry S.Antonio Donno
Trumpeldor, YosefDonna Robinson Divine
Tsemel, LeahMona Ghali
Tubi, TawfiqBryan Daves (1996)
Tudeh PartyErvand Abrahamian
Tuhami al-GlawiEdmund Burke III (1996)
Tuman BeyBassam Namani (1996)
Tunb IslandsEric HooglundMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
TunisLarry A. Barrie (1996)
Tunisia: OverviewAngel M. FosterLarry A. Barrie (1996)
Tunisia: Personal Status CodeMounira Charrad
LIST OF ENTRIES
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Tunisia: Political Parties inAna Torres-GarciaLarry A. Barrie (1996)
Tunisi, Bayram al-David Waldner (1996)
Tuqan, FadwaMichael R. FischbachAbla M. Amawi (1996)
Tuqan FamilyMichael R. FischbachElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Turabi, Hasan al-Ahmad S. MoussalliJillian Schwedler (1996)
Turabi, Wisal al-MahdiCarolyn Fluehr-Lobban
Türkes, AlparslanM. Hakan YavuzFrank Tachau (1996)
TurkeyEric HooglundDavid Waldner (1996)
Turki, FawazMichael R. FischbachJenab Tutunji (1996)
Turkish–Afghan Treaty (1928)David Waldner (1996)
Turkish Grand National AssemblyNermin Abadan-Unat
Turkish Hearth AssociationPaul J. Magnarella (1996)
Turkish Historical SocietyUli Schamiloglu (1996)
Turkish–Italian War (1911–1912)Eric HooglundRachel Simon (1996)
Turkish LanguageEric HooglundErika Gilson (1996)
Turkish Law on the Protection of the Family(1998)
Burçak Keskin-Kozat
Turkish Linguistic SocietyUli Schamiloglu (1996)
Turkish National PactFrank Tachau (1996)
Turkish ScriptNoah Butler
Turkish Workers PartyFrank Tachau (1996)
TurkismElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Turkmanchai, Treaty of (1828)Eric HooglundFarhad Shirzad (1996)
Turko–Iranian War (1821–1823)Daniel E. Spector (1996)
TurkologyUli Schamiloglu (1996)
TurksEric Hooglund
TwaregThomas G. Penchoen (1996)
Twayni, GhassanMichael R. FischbachGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Twin Pillars PolicyEric HooglundZachary Karabell (1996)
TyreGeorge E. Irani (1996)
UUganda Project
Chaim I. Waxman
UlamaDenise A. Spellberg
Umar, MadihaJessica Winegar
Umayyad MosqueMuhammad Muslih (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
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Umm al-QaywaynAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Umm al-Qura UniversityKhalid Y. Blankinship (1996)
Umma PartyRobert O. Collins
Umm KulthumVirginia Danielson (1996)
Umm Na�sanFred H. Lawson (1996)
Union Démocratique du Manifeste Algérien(UDMA)
John Ruedy (1996)
Union Générale des Travailleurs Marocains(UGTM)
Ana Torres-GarciaLarry A. Barrie (1996)
Union Générale des Travailleurs Tunisiens(UGTT)
Ana Torres-GarciaLarry A. Barrie (1996)
Union Marocaine du Travail (UMT)Ana Torres-GarciaBradford Dillman (1996)
Union Nationale des Etudiants Marocains(UNEM)
Bruce Maddy-Weitzman
Union Nationale des Forces Populaires (UNFP)Vanesa Casanova-FernandezBradford Dillman (1996)
Union of Tunisian WomenAngel M. Foster
Union Socialiste des Forces Populaires (USFP)Vanesa Casanova-Fernandez
Union Tunisienne des Industrialistes,Compagnies, Artisans (UTICA)
Vanesa Casanova-FernandezLarry A. Barrie (1996)
United Arab EmiratesAnthony B. TothMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
United Arab Republic (UAR)Michael R. Fischbach (1996)
United Jewish Appeal (UJA)Paul Rivlin
United Nations and the Middle EastThomas G. WeissF. T. Liu (1996)
United Nations Conciliation Commission forPalestine (UNCCP)
Neil CaplanFred J. Khouri (1996)
United Nations Economic Survey Mission (1949)Zach Levey
United Nations Emergency ForceF. T. Liu (1996)
United Nations Interim Force in LebanonBrian UrquhartAs‘ad AbuKhalil (1996)
United Nations Relief and Works Agency forPalestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)
Michael R. FischbachF. T. Liu (1996)
United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM)Ayad Al-Qazzaz
United Nations Special Committee on Palestine,1947 (UNSCOP)
Joseph NevoF. T. Liu (1996)
United Nations Truce Supervision Organization(UNTSO)
Neil CaplanCharles U. Zenzie (1996)
United States of America and the Middle EastDon Peretz
Unity PartyFrank Tachau (1996)
University of JordanMichael R. FischbachJenab Tutunji (1996)
University of KhartoumRobert O. Collins
LIST OF ENTRIES
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University of TehranEric Hooglund
Mansoureh Ettehadieh (1996)
Urabi, AhmadArthur Goldschmidt (1996)
UrbanizationAnthony B. Toth
John R. Clark (1996)
Urban PlanningEric Hooglund
Hooshang Amirahmadi (1996)
Urwa al-Wuthqa, al-Nikki Keddie (1996)
Usaklig�il, Halit Ziya
Elizabeth Thompson (1996)
ÜsküdarElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Ussishkin, MenahemDonna Robinson Divine
UsuliNeguin Yavari
Utaybi, Juhayman al-Eric Hooglund
Abdel Aziz EzzelArab (1996)
Uthman, Muhammad AliRobert D. Burrowes
Uthman, Uthman AhmadArthur Goldschmidt
UzbeksM. Nazif Shahrani (1996)
VVa�ad Le�umi
Neil Caplan
Vaka-i HayriyeEric Hooglund
Avigdor Levy (1996)
Valensi, AlfredNorman Stillman
Vance, CyrusDaniel E. Spector
Van, LakeJohn R. Clark
Vanunu AffairGregory S. MahlerJulie Zuckerman (1996)
Varlik VergisiElizabeth Thompson
Vatican and the Middle EastGeorge E. Irani
Vazhapetian, NersesRouben P. Adalian
Vazir Afkham, Soltan Ali KhanNeguin Yavari
Vaziri, Qamar al-MolukParvaneh Pourshariati
Velayat-e FaqihEric HooglundHamid Algar (1996)
Velayati, Ali AkbarAli Akbar Mahdi
Versailles, Treaty of (1920)Daniel E. Spector
Victoria CollegeWilliam L. ClevelandAlain Silvera (1996)
Village InstitutesPaul J. Magnarella
Volpi, GiuseppeGeorge Joffe
Vozuq al-Dowleh, Mirza Hasan KhanNeguin Yavari
WWadi Hadramawt
Robert D. Burrowes (1996)
Wadi NatrunArthur GoldschmidtRaymond William Baker (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
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WafdJ. Janice Terry
Wafdist Women’s Central CommitteeMaria F. Curtis
Wahrhaftig, ZerahGregory S. MahlerBryan Daves (1996)
Wallach, YonaNili Gold (1996)
WaqfImad-ad-Dean AhmadDenise A. Spellberg (1996)
War in Iraq (2003)Michael R. Fischbach
Warnier LawPeter von Sivers (1996)
War of Attrition (1969–1970)Arthur GoldschmidtBenjamin Joseph (1996)
WaterDavid B. Brooks
Wattar, al-TaherAzzedine G. MansourAida A. Bamia (1996)
Wauchope, ArthurBernard WassersteinKaren A. Thornsvard (1996)
Wavell, Archibald PercivalDaniel E. Spector (1996)
Wazir, Intisar al- (Umm Jihad)Khaled Islaih
Wazir, Khalil al-Mouin Rabbani (1996)
Wazzani, Muhammad Hassan al-Bruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)
Weizman, EzerGregory S. Mahler
Weizmann, ChaimBernard Wasserstein
Weizmann Institute of ScienceMiriam Simon (1996)
West BankDavid NewmanGeoffrey Aronson (1996)
WesternizationPeter Sluglett
Western SaharaAna Torres-GarciaBruce Maddy-Weitzman (1996)
Western Sahara WarBruce Maddy-Weitzman
Western WallSamuel C. Heilman (1996)
Western Wall DisturbancesPhilip Mattar (1996)
West German Reparations AgreementPaul Rivlin
Wheelus Air Force BaseStuart J. Borsch (1996)
White Flag LeagueKenneth S. Mayers (1996)
White Papers on PalestineAnn M. Lesch
White Revolution (1961–1963)Eric Hooglund
Wifaq, al-Norman Stillman (1996)
Wilson, Arnold T.Peter Sluglett (1996)
Wilson, WoodrowLawrence DavidsonZachary Karabell (1996)
Wingate, Charles OrdeReeva S. Simon (1996)
Wingate, ReginaldJanice J. Terry (1996)
Wise, Stephen S.Mark Raider
Wolff, Henry DrummondParvaneh Pourshariati (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
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Women and Family Affairs CenterIslah Jad
Women in BlackGeorge R. Wilkes
Women’s Affairs Center (Gaza)Islah Jad
Women’s Centre for Legal Aid and CounselingIslah Jad
Women’s Forum for Research and Training(Yemen)
Susanne Dahlgren
Women’s International Zionist OrganizationShimon Avish
Women’s Library and Information Center(Istanbul)
Yesim Arat
Women’s Organization of Iran (WOI)Haleh Vaziri
Women’s People’s Party (1923)Burçak Keskin-Kozat
Women’s Religious RitualsSabine Kalinock
Women’s Renaissance ClubJacqueline Ismael
Women’s ServicesNermin Abadan-Unat (1996)
Women’s Studies Center (Jerusalem)Islah Jad
Woodhead Commission (1938)Pierre M. AtlasBenjamin Joseph (1996)
World BankJean-François Seznec
World Federation of Sephardi CommunitiesMia Bloom (1996)
World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries(WOJAC)
Michael M. Laskier
World War ISara Reguer (1996)
World War IIDaniel E. Spector (1996)
World Zionist Organization (WZO)Bernard Wasserstein
YYa’ari, Me’ir
Bryan Daves (1996)
Yacine, AbdessalameHenri Lauzière
Yacoubi, RachidaRabia Bekkar
Yadin, YigaelGregory S. MahlerMia Bloom (1996)
Yad MordekhaiJon Jucovy
Yad VashemJon Jucovy (1996)
Yahya ibn Muhammad Hamid al-DinManfred W. Wenner (1996)
Yamani, Ahmad ZakiAnthony B. Toth
YanbuJ. E. Peterson
Yariv, AharonJulie Zuckerman (1996)
Yarmuk RiverElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Yarmuk UniversityJenab Tutunji (1996)
Yasar KemalChris KutscheraKathleen R. F. Burrill (1996)
Yasin, Ahmad Isma�ilAs‘ad AbuKhalil
Yata, AliC. R. Pennell (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
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YazdEric Hooglund
Yazdi, IbrahimNeguin Yavari
Yaziji, IbrahimGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Yaziji, NasifMark Mechler (1996)
Yehoshua, Avraham B.Stephen SchecterAnn Kahn (1996)
Yellin-Mor, NatanPierre M. AtlasBryan Daves (1996)
YemenManfred W. Wenner
Yemen Arab RepublicRobert D. Burrowes (1996)
Yemen Civil WarRobert D. Burrowes (1996)
Yemen DynastiesManfred W. Wenner (1996)
Yemen Hunt Oil CompanyRobert D. Burrowes
Yemeni Socialist PartyManfred W. Wenner
Yemeni Women’s UnionSusanne Dahlgren
YeshivaSamuel C. Heilman (1996)
YiddishNeil CaplanReeva S. Simon (1996)
Yildirim ArmyElizabeth Thompson (1996)
YishuvDonna Robinson Divine
Yizhar, S.Donna Robinson DivineBryan Daves (1996)
Yosef, OvadiahEphraim TaboryJulie Zuckerman (1996)
Young AlgeriansJohn Ruedy (1996)
Young EgyptJames Jankowski (1996)
Young OttomansHasan Kayali (1996)
Young TunisiansO. W. Abi-Mershed
Young TurksHasan Kayali (1996)
Youssef, MulayMatthew S. Gordon (1996)
Youssoufi, AbderrahmaneHenri Lauzière
Youth AliyahDonna Robinson Divine
Youth MovementsGuilain P. Denoeux (1996)
Yücel, Hasan AliElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Yüksek Ögretim Kurulu (YOK)Burçak Keskin-KozatI. Metin Kunt (1996)
Yunis Jabir, Abu BakrRonald Bruce St John
Yurdakul, Mehmet EminDavid Waldner (1996)
Yusufian, BoghosRouben P. Adalian (1996)
Yusuf, Yusuf SalmanMarion Farouk-Sluglett (1996)
ZZab Rivers
John R. Clark (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
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ZabulGrant Farr
Zach, NatanAdina FriedmanYaron Peleg (1996)
Zaghlul, Sa�dJanice J. Terry (1996)
ZagrosParvaneh Pourshariati (1996)
Zahawi, Jamil Sidqi al-Jacqueline Ismael
ZahedanEric Hooglund
Zahir ShahM. Nazif Shahrani
ZahlaGeorge E. Irani (1996)
Za�im, Husni al-Eyal ZisserCharles U. Zeznie (1996)
ZamzamScott Alexander (1996)
Zana, LeylaShahrzad Mojab
Zanan MagazineNayereh Tohidi
Zangwill, IsraelMiriam Simon (1996)
ZanzibarMalcolm C. Peck (1996)
Zaqaziq UniversityDonald Malcolm Reid
Zaraniq ConfederationRobert D. Burrowes (1996)
Zarqa, al-Abla M. Amavi (1996)
Zaydan, JurjiThomas Philipp (1996)
ZaydismRobert D. Burrowes (1996)
Zaytuna UniversityAida A. Bamia (1996)
Zayyat, LatifaMarilyn Booth
Zbiri, TaharPhillip C. Naylor
Zeid, FahralnissaJessica Winegar
ZeldaDonna Robinson DivineZvia Ginor (1996)
Zell al-Soltan, Mas�ud MirzaLawrence G. Potter (1996)
Zeroual, LiamineYahia ZoubirMia Bloom (1996)
Ziadeh, MayElise Salem
Zikhron Ya�akovBryan Daves (1996)
Zili, RidhaAida A. Bamia
ZionismNeil CaplanDonna Robinson Divine (1996)
Zionist Commission for PalestineDonna Robinson Divine (1996)
Zionist Organization of AmericaJerry KutnickBryan Daves (1996)
Zionist Revisionist MovementYaakov Shavit (1996)
Ziwaj Mut�aRula Jurdi Abisaab
Ziya, AbdülhamitElizabeth Thompson (1996)
Zohar, UriChaim I. Waxman
LIST OF ENTRIES
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Zohrab, KrikorRouben P. Adalian (1996)
Zonnenfeld, Yosef HayyimChaim I. Waxman (1996)
ZoroastrianismEric HooglundJamsheed K. Choksky (1996)
Zubayri, Qa�id Muhammad Mahmud al-Manfred W. Wenner (1996)
Zu�bi, Mahmud al-Michael R. FischbachCharles U. Zenzie (1996)
Zurayk, ConstantineMichael R. FischbachCharles U. Zenzie (1996)
LIST OF ENTRIES
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