LIST OF FIGURES - Information and Library Network...

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Appendix - I

LIST OF FIGURES

Areas of Mud bank formation along the Keraia-Karnataka

coast.

Pamba River System.

Minachii River System.

Muvattupuzha River System.

Periyar River System.

Sampiing Locations of Vembanad Lake Sediments (Pre

monsoon).

Sampiing Locations of Vembanad Lake Sediments (Post

monsoon).

Sampling Locations of the Mud Bank Sediments.

Frequency distribution (in %) Vs Grain size parameters.

Phi Mean Size Vs Pamba ar distance.

Standard deviation Vs Pamba ar distance.

Skewness Vs Pamba ar distance.

Kurtosis Vs Pamba ar distance.

Phi Mean size Vs Standard deviation.

Phi Mean size Vs Skewness.

Phi Mean size Vs Kurtosis.

Standard deviation Vs Skewness.

Standard deviation Vs Kurtosis.

Frequency distributhmi (hi %) Vs Grain-size parameters.

Phi mean size Vs Minachil ar distance.

Standard deviation Vs Minachii ar distance.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

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Fig.

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Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

4.6 a.

4.6 b.

4.6 c.

4.6 d.

4.6 e.

4.7.

4.8 a.

4.8 b.

4.9 a.

4.9 b.

4.9 c.

4.9 d.

4.9 e.

4.10 a.

4.10 b.

4.10 c.

4.10 d.

4.11 a.

4.11 b.

4.11 c.

4.11 d.

Phi mean size Vs Standard deviation.

Phi mean size Vs Skewness.

Phi mean size Vs Kurtosis.



Frequency distribution Vs Grain-size parameters.

Phi mean size (M2) vs Muvattupuzha distance.

Standard deviation Vs Muvattupuzha distance.



Phi mean size Vs-kurtosis.



in the downstreamVariation of phi mean size

Periyar.

region of

Variation of Standard deviation in the downstream region

of Periyar.

Variation of Skewness in the downstream region of Peri

yar.

Variation of kurtosis ‘Hi the downstream region of Peri

yar.



Phi mean size Vs kurtosis.


Fig. 4.11 e.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

4:12

4.13

4.18.

4.19.


Typical CM diagram of River Sediments.

Sand-silt-clay’ contents of the Vembanad lake (Pre-mon

soon) sediments.

Sand-silt-clay contents of the Vembanad lake (post

monsoon) sediments.

Frequency distribution Vs Grain-size parameters (Pre-mon

soon).

Frequency distribution Vs. Grain-size parameters (Post

monsoon).





Skewness Vs Kurtosis.

Typical CM diagram of Vembanad lake sediments (pre

monsoon).

Typical CM diagram of Vembanad lake sedimets (post

monsoon).

Sand-silt-clay contents of Narakkal Mud bank and adjoin

ing shelf sediments.

Sand-silt-clay contents of Purakkad mud bank sediments.

Temporal variations of sand-silt-clay % in the Narakkal

mud bank region.

Frequency’ distribution (in %) Vs Grain-size parameters

of Narakkal Mud bank sediments.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

_Fi9

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

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4.27.

-P-l>-D

-b-D43

.25.

.26.

.28.

.29.

.30.

.31.

.32.

.33.

.34.

.35.

.36.

.37.

.38.

.39.

.40.

.41.

.42.

.43.

.44.





Skewness Vs Kurtosis.

Phi mean size Vs standard deviation.

(Purakkad mud bank sediments).



Standard deviation Vs. Skewness.

Phi mean size Vs standard deviation of different environ

ments.

Phi mean size Vs Skewness of different environments.

Phi mean size \h5 standard deviation (Beach sands, pre

monsoon).

Phi mean size Vs standard deviation (beach sands, post

monsoon).

Phi mean size Vs Skewness (Beach sands, pre-monsoon).

Phi mean size Vs Skewness (Beach sands, post-monsoon).

Phi mean size Vs Kurtosis (Beach sands, pre-monsoon).

Phi mean size Vs Kurtosis (Beach sands, post-monsoon).

Standard deviation Vs Skewness (Beach sands, pre-monsoon).

Standard deviation Vs Skewness (Beach sands, post-mon

soon).

(Beach sands,Standard deviation ,Vs Kurtosis pre-monsoon).

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

.45.

.46.

.47.

.10.

Standard deviaticni Vs Kurtosis (Beach sands, post-mon

soon).

Skewness Vs Kurtosis (Beach sands, pre-monsoon).

Skewness Vs Kurtosis (Beach sands, post-monsoon).

Distribution of heavy minerals in Pamba ar sediments.

Distribution of heavy nnnerals in Manimala ar sediments.

Distribution of heavy nnnerals in Minachil ar sediments.

Distribution of heavy minerals in Muvattupuzha sediments.

Distribution of heavy minerals in Periyar sediments.

Average light minerals in river sediments.

Heavy mineral distribution in the innershelf sediments.

Heavy mineral distribution in the Vembanad lake sediments.

Clay mineral distribution in the different environments.

Temporal variation of clay minerals in the mud banksediments.

Clay percentage Vs organic matter.

Frequency distribution of chemical constituents inthe Vembanad lake sediments.

Frequency distribution of chemical constituents inthe mud bank sediments.

Total iron percentage Vs Phosphorus percentage.

Total iron percentage Vs Titanium percentage.

Total iron percentage Vs Manganese percentage.

Manganese percentage Vs Phosphorus percentage.

Manganese percentage Vs Titanium percentage.

Sodium prcentage Vs Potassium percentage.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

6.10.

6.11.

6.12.

6.13.‘

Plates

Silica percentage Vs Alumina percentage.

Dendrogram showing bulk sediment (Mud bank) Geochemistry.

Dendrogram showing Vembanad lake sediment geochemistry.

Dendrogram showing Mud

Electron micrographs.

bank sediment geochemistry.

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ONE PERCENTILE IN MICRONS

PAMBA ARMU VATTUPUZHA

U MINACHILAR

10000

1000

‘I00

10 I1 15M = MEDIAN IN MICRONS

100 1000

FlG.4-I2 TYPICAL CM DIAGRAM OF RIVER SEDIMENTS

Azoomzoz-.nEn:

Bzmz_8m mv_<._ o<z<m2m> m:.: .._o Bzmhzoo ><d-:_m-oz<m om_.¢.oE

:_m - Ez<m oz<m ->:_m oz<m

3 0 X

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m:,_mz_om_m $3.. o<z<m2m> m_I» no m:fi:z8 ><.G-:_m-oz<m gm_.¢.0_.._

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80

O) Q

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(0)

-—r—I——I—_I——l\)

\I o

O) o

0J4.>U|O O o

I\) G


8

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011PHI MEAN SIZE (M2)

(C)

0-14)-03-on 04 0'3 I-O

SKEWNESS (SKI)

LAKE (PRE-MONSOON)

90

O) C

U1 C)I

5 C)

OJ G

!\J G


3' 5

03 O

0'! o

(“"15CD CD

I

l\) (D


8

I

“I

(b)

I IO

1

STANDARD DEVIATION (CT: )

2 4 :>4"

‘T

(d)

I 4:<0-67 0-9

KURTOSIS (K G)1-11 1-5 30

FIG.4'I4 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION (IN °/o) VS GRAIN-SIZEPARAMETERS.

VEMBANAD LAKE (POST - MONSOON)r'- 100"~ 90"- E3 80S_. ((1) § 70- (b)50- E 60o.

UJ0 50- * 50§ 2%8 40- 8 40% LLJCL 30- E 30>% 20- 20*LU§ 10- 10U. 0 N O 1 J ;2 3 4 5 s 7 8 9 10 1 2 4 >4

PHI MEAN SIZE (M2) STANDARD DEVIATION (o'[)70- r‘60~ 60(C) g (d)‘<3 5o~ 55 50<[ Z*2 88 40- E 4033 0.0. 30- >_ 30>_. L)2’ 20» 5 20L” :32 88 10- Q: 10"Q: U...LL 0—:—4 E O - . 4-1-0-0.3 -0-1 0-1 0-3 I-O <0b7 O-9 I-II I-I5SKEWNESS (SKI) KURTOSIS (KG)

FIG4-I5 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION (IN °/o) Vs GRAIN-SIZEPARAMETERS

I

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m:m_z_Sm zoomzoE.mEn_ ..

8.4.. 042 <ms_m>

(9 >1) SISOLUHX

VEMBANAD LAKE

PRE -MONSOON SEDIMENTS

A POST-MONSOON SEDIMENTS

O

1.0..

O

T: 0 5 0°X AAA3°£°°<%°dEofl %AAA£AoA;,§Ao§%°o°

33 o.o— A °°o£§><8°:> 0wL“ A 0 A0 0 o%_,0.5__

-1.0 1 L J J I I0 1 2 3 4 5STANDARD DEVIATION (cry)

F|G.4°|9 STANDARD DEVIATION (U1) VS SKEWNESS (SKI)

‘I-5'

OA lgcpoV A 3 O01’ °8§ °°o AA80 5—- ° Ag};:2 A A3 ‘*8¥ 0 1 1 I 1 1 J-10 -0-5 0 0'5 1'0

SKEWNESS (SKI)

F|G.‘4-ZOSKEWNESS (SK1) Vs KURTOSIS (KG)

‘I000

C : ONE PERCENTILE IN MICRONS

O

OO

OOO

OO O100

O OO

0

O

0

O OO o o

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% %OO

.°8o§§oo.omO

o 3b1 1 11 10 100 1000

0 M=MEDlAN IN MICRONSF|G.4‘2|CJ TYPICAL CM DIAGRAM OF VEMBANAD LAKE

SEDIMENTS (PRE-MONSOON)

1000

100*

C : ONE PERCENTILE IN MICRONS

o

11 10 100 1000M = MEDIAN IN MICRONS

FIG4-2|bTYP|CAL CM DIAGRAM OF VEMBANAD LAKE SEDIMENTS(POST- MONSOON)

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ANZV mum 2,32 _In_

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mEmz_omm

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(1.0) NOl1V|l\3Cl GHVONVLS

SKEWNESS (SKI)

NARAKKAL

D MUD BANK SEDIMENTS+ ADJOINING SHELF SEDIMENTS

0.60 1

+4'0.40 — ' ,-H P

+ 4'4. Dn0.20 - 8'

+ +4' {OP+ D D0.00 —- °* a.DD

% 0 Ban DC1 D9:9 E, m on-0.20 — 0°? °. an 5:00 9 E‘ Du D D

'30 u-0.40 - Dn

-0.60 —

_O_8O I I 1 I 1 I I I I 1 I J0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00

PHI MEAN SIZE (M2)

F|G.4-26 PHI MEAN SIZE (M2) Vs SKEWNESS (SKI)

KURTOSIS (Kc)

NARAKKAL

MUD BANK SEDIMENTS

ADJOINING SHELF SEDIMENTS

3-0 0

+

2-50 4

+" Q .O+ 2' 01-50 — D

UD1°00 - D Q, 900 U u

+1-D El}, D0+ + +9030 Unnmg 0

§ 0 4* on [J EngQ.5() _. * DL L I 1 L J I J 1 J 1 J

000 100 2-00 300 4-00 5-00 6-00 7-00 800 9-00 1001 1-00 12-00PHI MEAN SIZE (M2)

F|G.4-27 PHI MEAN SlZE(Mz) Vs KURTOSIS (KG )

SKEWNESS (8 K1)

NARAKKAL

MUD BANK SEDIMENTS

ADJOINING SHELF SEDIMENTS

06

0-4

0'2

00

12100::

J I 1 I1-5 2.0 2-5 3-0STANDARD DEVIATION (of)

FIG4-28 STANDARD DEVIATION (Eff) Vs SKEWNESS (SKI)

l I05 1'0 1

3-5_.0.80-0 4-0

KURTOSIS (Kc)

NARAKKAL

:1 MUD BANK semmems+ ADJOINING SHELF seouwems

3.0 O I"

4*

2.50 ‘I’

§2.00 — D ,+

0 D "’D1.50 - 0

CI

CI

— D 3. BO no 0 + DD +Bag DOD 9 UD D an n Unatnuna q: I: * + +D D D n D +0 D + Q’ 4' ‘V0.50 - D U +

0.00 ' I I I L I I I I I I I-0.60 -0.50 -0.40 -0.30 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50

SKEWNESS (SKI)

F|G.4'29 SKEWNESS (SKI) VS KURTOSIS (KG)

SKEWNESS (SKI) STANDARD DEVIATION (U1)

PURAKKAD

0 MUD BANK SEDIMENT+ ADJOINING SHELF

SEDIMENTS

4 _ + ° 0. , + 3» °0‘? O 0:3 " + +0 3% 0* +++ % 0° 0°3.9g, 02 4 D * I I I 1 0 I4 5 7 8 9 I0 11 12

PHI MEAN SIZE (M2)

FIG.4-30 PHI MEAN SIZE (M2) Vs STANDARD DEVIATION (GT)0.8_

04 t I. + :4: * .++ +‘O — O o omfigfiv 0

° «#0 ., oo 0 88° 0 O 0’0'4 -— 0 ° °o

-0'8 I I I I L I I4 5 7 8 9 IO 11 12PHI MEAN SIZE (M2)

FIG.4’3I.PHI MEAN SIZE (M2) Vs SKEWNESS (SKI)

KURTOSIS (Kc 3

SKEWNESS (SKI)

2-0— +4,‘ + PURAKKAD

1_6_ + * * o MUD BANK SEDIMENTS+

+ ADJOINING SHELFSEDIMENTS

o1-2- ’ 8o

oo O 00° ° °oo 00 30'8 ‘ + +4, °°° %% ° 0+ ‘B O 0% 30% O O4

<10.‘ 1 L 1 1 I 1 I J4 5 5 7 8 9 10 H 12PH] MEAN SIZE (M2)

F|G.4°-32 PHI MEAN SIZE (M2) Vs KURTOSIS (KG)

0-8 1

++

0-4 - ,# + .* §+0 + +

0 ” 3% °.oo

og? O— <8° oooooo-0 4 O_ , 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1O_80 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3

STANDARD DEVIATION 103')

F|G.4°33 STANDARD DEVIATION (0?) Vs SKEWNESS (SK!)

O PAMBA SEDIMENTS

A VEMBANAD LAKE SEDIMENTS(POST MONSOON)

’‘ BEACH SEDIMENTS(POST MONSOON)

0 MUD BANK SEDIMENTS

-I

+ ADJOWING SHELF SEDIMENTS4-0F + 5++ "’ * * 4°” + A +:4 A A A-908 dad-5é3°0— A A4, AAAAAAO +° 0Z °§AfiAA * °B°° °:1 2-5 " 115541: A + 1%

AQ A AA 0 +1— O O A o O‘E: 0 ° "Q15 P ° °<:o 00 xx x< °° X xP— Xm — oo% oooxoo 89° X0° ° Xxo xO X

x §KXO-S — 10! Xx" xxx "_0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 L 1 1 I I I I-2 -1 o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 e 910111213

PHI MEAN SIZE (M2)

FIG4-34‘:PHI MEAN SIZE (M2) Vs STANDARD DEV|AT~lON (07 )

Em. mmwzmzmxm m> T2,: wN_m z<uz Him ,mm.¢.o_h_

E3 m~_m 23.2 Em

C N_. Z. 9 m m K m m e m N _. o _.I

_ _ _ T _ 4 _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _

o go 1

oo o < o

O O m 0

0 am. 1

DD UDU..mumuo< ... oo % o

O

n _%< < D x 0 x x x o o

+ D + + % w okxx x Q 0 L

+ + o + + x xxmwo o o oo

04 d <d OXCOC X X§XX3}fiXxO 00 O L

m 8 + < «<<<< <<<<< x xv o oo o

+ duq % x o

+&+ on 4 < x o oo o

+ < L

m»zms__omm .._._m:m oz_z_o3< .

mLzmz_omm xz<m D32 0

Eoomzozémon:

m»zmz_omm :u<wm x

. .zoomzoz-»mon:

mpzmzomm ux<._ o<z<mzm> a

mEm2_omm m< <m2<a o

o.T.3.0..8.0..(1)18) SS3NM3)1Sm~.o.om.o

STANDARD DEVIATION (Du)

BEACH SANDS (PRE-MONSOON)

u BACK SHORE

A BERM

o FORE SHORE

+ LOW WATER MARK

2-50 F‘2.00 I-50 —

o O 0 UI-O0 — ° 0o C9 D on

A 4.00%.‘ Abcpro

0.50% 0 $50 Doq-00+ 013m” 3

+ ARA+ A

000"

o-5o 1 . I I 1 I-2-O 0 2-0 40 6-0 80PHI MEAN SIZE (M2)

r=Ic3-4-36. PHI MEAN SIZE (Mz)\/s STANDARD DEVIATION (D1)

STANDARD DEVIATION (OW)

BEACH SANDS (F’OST- MONSOON)

:1 BACK SHORE

A BERM

O FORE SHORE

+ LOW WATER MARK

200 —

O

I-60 .A

O +

+I-20 — AO

A

+

3 ++ +0-30 _ +0 +q-+ A0 Uc1°Ac1€fi g A

A Q] o B UM 5 0 UA A.4O O L- 0 +00 0

0-00

—O4O I J 1 I 4-2- oo 0- 00 2-00 400 6OO 800PHI MEAN SIZE (M1)

FIGQ4-37. PHI MEAN S|ZE(N|z)Vs STANDARD DEV|AT|ON.(O‘I)

SKEWNESS (SKI)

BEACH SANDS( PRE — MONSOON)

E] BACK SHORE

A BERMFORE SHORE

4. LOW WATER MARK

O-BOT‘

++ A040- ° A +o + OA + moD 4' AAQDDAA 0°9 o :1ch 0 + o+00'' +-l9d:EA @059

+0 0 A AA

0 O: O-040- +A

-0804

._|.2Q I 1 1 L J-20 0 2-0 4-0 6-0PHI MEAN SIZE (Mz)

FIG/4'38 PHI MEAN SIZE (Mz)Vs SKEWNESS (SKI)

SKEWNESS (SKI)

BEACH SANDS (POST- MONSOON)

BACK SHORE

5 BERMo FORE SHORE+ LOW WATER MARK

l-OA

+Q.8_

0-6

0-40 A+ DA0 El

8. _ O002 A + ocb U30 0A CA '1"4:3-m°A+ 0+ + +00 O0'0" E’9%“+ :1 ++ AD D O

+OOA

-O'4r—

_.O.6 ' 1 I I I Q-20 0-0 2-0 4-0 so 3.0PHI MEAN SIZE (M2)

F|G.4-39 PHI MEAN SIZE (Mz)Vs SKEWNESS (SKI)

KURTOSIS (KG)


D BACKSHOREA BERMo FORESHORE+ LOW WATER MARK

2'00? 0 oA+ +I-60

A++ + Al'20" ‘(AA 00

0 U 0++ L? 03°C0 00 0° 0 Do 8 on

+11:

++A+8oBI-9:00O-80~ 0+ 0 O U+ +A + A 0*A

0

0-40-

0 1 1 1 1-2-O 2-0 4-0 6-0 8-0PHI MEAN SIZE (Mz)

F|G.4°4O PHI MEAN SIZE (MZ)Vs KURTOSIS (KG)

KURTOSIS (KG)

I-60

I-20

I-00

0-80

0-60

0-40

020_2.OQ

B EACH SANDS (POST—MONSOON)

D BACK SHOREA BERMo FORE SHORE+ Low WAIT!-ZR MARK

TF''''

0r- A+ 0

+A

— o A 6%80 O U ++ A AUOUA D

+ +D+o or- UEO[%QDoAA,_,_AA D A g.. AW 0 +_+

+D__ '0_ o

1 W I I 1 ~ 50-0.0 2-00 400 600 800PHI MEAN SIZE (M2)

F|G.4-4| PHI MEAN SIZE W12) Vs KURTOSIS (KG)

sI5EwNE’ss (sum


0 BACKSHOREBERM

0 FORE SHORE+ LOW WATER MARK

0.30..

I "' +0-40.. + +0 D0 +D +1300 D O +

n O :3 +O_O_ 0 U01’ +00 C1 +O O Q +

0 O+0-40" +

..0.80..

_|.2O I I I D I I 4-0-5 o 0-5 I-O |~5 20 2-5STANDARD DEVIATION ( 0'.)

F|G.4°4_2 STANDARD DEV|AT|ON(O'I)Vs SKEWNESS (SKI)

SKEWNESS (SKI)

BEACH SANDS (POST—MONSOON)

D BACK SHOREA BERMo FORE SHORE+ LOW WATER MARK

|°O0 F

A6-80. +0-60.. '*'0-40..

one +D D 50'20- °o 8°+0 13°05: ° 0 A

+ A°DE<i::4-. + +000- 309° * 1‘ A +A :1 o+00-O-20- A

-O'40~

-060 I J 1 1 I J-040 0°00 0-40 0-80 I-20 I-60 2°00STANDARD DEVIATION ( 0'. )

F|G.4~43 STANDARD DEVIATION 0': (Vs) SKEWNESS (SKI)

KURTOSIS (KG)


0 BACKSHOREA BERM0 FORESHORE+ LOW WATER MARK

1-60 Fo

AD -L"' AI-20 _ A0 031° 4. +°o‘%° + Apoo +AA 910:, 8O A AA o+++ + °O-80 '- 0 D A 4. ° +

++ Do

0°40 — 00

0-00 +

_0.40 4 1 1 1 L J-0-40 0-00 0-40 0.30 |.20 1.50 2.00

STANDARD DEVIATION (cmF|G.4-44 STANDARD DEVIATION (O'I)Vs KURTOSIS (KG)

KURTOSIS (K0)

BEACH SANDS (POST M ONSOON)

CI BACKSHORE

A BERMo FORESHORE4- LOW WATER MARK

2-00r

o

AI-60- +A

+A ++A|-20- ° 0°0 g+as o 9!! R +

‘B “*8 AOQDODA +1-aq° AU 0 + 4

AA 8§°°+*080- O +aUA AD + ++

A

0

0-40

0 I I 1 L 1— 0.50 0.50 I-O 1.5 2.0» 2.5STANDARD DEVIATION (O1)

F|G.4-45 STANDARD DEVIATION ((71) VS KURTOSlS (KG)

KURTOSIS (Ke)

I-60

I-40

I-20

I-00

0°80

060

0-40

0-20—|.5O

BEACH SANDS (PRE -MONSOON)

BACKSHOREBERMFORE SHORE

LOW WATE R MARK+090

1 1 1 1 J-l.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00SKEWNESS (sK.>

FIG. 4°46 SKEWNESS (SKI) Vs KURTOSIS (KG)

KURTOSIS (KG)

BEACH SANDS (POST-MONSOON)

BACK SHOREBERM

FORE SHORELOW WATER MARK-O-ODD

2~O0r

o oI-60 _ + 4‘A

+A + +I-20 - all °0 00+3 0 °

0 D 0 On A4-4: D00 “B0 0

+030” A U. ° A °0 80 — D o "’ U+ +At '*'A

A

D

0-40

0 I J 1 Q-|-20 -040 0 0-40 0-80SKEWNESS (SKI )

F|G.4-47 SKEWNESS SK: Vs KURTOSIS (KG)

3"||_LflZ:i

(IN 63 /1) SIZE GRADE)

IN PAMBA AR SEDIMENTS

(IN I25 /U SIZE GRADE)

FIG-5-I DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY MINERALS

3J.|ZV/NOW

3Cl|SdO|(J/3.L|‘:)nV

v:>Iw

LBNHVS

3.L|NVW|Tl|S

30N31eNaoH

Nooam

‘3N|'lVINHnO_L _ 3_L|_LViSN3/3N3HiStI3dAH3.L|aO'IH3 sanovdo3"l|.Lm:i 1

ELWVAN

31nounv1s' 3iINVA>I3.LlZ\TNOw 3Cl|SdO'|C|/I-JJ.|E)nV

3.L‘|.LVdV G znnma:-I0IsdoIcI/ausnv E VZDIW "Nooanz E EI.LIZVNOV\| L’

31|NVw| 'I‘I|S % 1:aN_z;Iv9 L_L3NHVE) Q 3.L|N\7lN|'l1|S Lvanw E NOOUIZ

3<JN31eNaoI—I .2: 3CIN3'I8Nz:|OH/3N3?4fi'Si§;':/“E 3.Ll1VJ.SN3/3N3HJ.StI3dAH' S3flOVdO S3flOVdO

$§?,'9§%3I9'° .<é9§é?§.?Ié°SWVHBNIW A/\‘\'/3H JO 3E)VJ.-N3C)U%3d S'IVH.3N|W A-/\V3H ‘:10 39VJ.N3C)H3d

30|SdO|Cl/3.L|9flV

VOIW

I-LLIZVNOW

3.L|NVWl"|'||S

_L3NHV9

NOOUIZ

ECINEHBNHOH3.L|.LVJ.SN3

/3N3H.l.SH3dAH

S3flC)VdO

50.O(D

I-LLIZV NO W

3G|SdO|Cl/3.L|9flV

NOOHIZ

3J.|NVW|'l'l|S

.L EINHV9

VOIW

BGNBWBNHOH3_L|J.V.LSN3

/3N3H.LS2:|3dAH

S3flOVdO

40. 30 20 IO.

66(OLDT0

<1‘

ddr0N Q 0

SWVHBNIW A/\V3H JO 39VJ.N3C)2-J3d

G.D4(I(D

IJJEU)

2

3 zmzv NOW3 vonw3013:1010/:-msnv

amwwrrns3aN31eNaoH

3_LliV_LSN3/3N3HJ.S'H3dAH

Nooaa

sanovdo

/\ <5 :3LU (.0C)<K(D

LIJ

'2’.(D

20ION

E

40. 30 20. IO.

(IN 63 /U SIZE GRADE)

F|G.5-2 DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY MINERAL-S IN MANIMALA AR SEDIMENTS

EIJJZVNOW

30|SdO|C] /3.L|!-DOV

VDIW

NOOHIZ

ll-INHVE)

3.L|NVINl'1'1|S [T3ON3'18NHOH

3.L|_LV_LSN3/3N3H.LS2:!3dAH

S3flDVdO

3.L|N\7A>| /

3.LlNVW|'1'l|S

.L3Nl:lV9

VUIIN

3ON3'18NHOH3_Ll.L\'/J.SN3

/3N3H.LSH3dAH

S3flOVdO

6 ' o' o' c‘: o‘OQ) |\ £0 I0 <I' 7”S"|VH3N||N A/\V3H JO 39V.LN332:l3d

o'N

0' 0(IN 250 /U SIZE GRADE) (IN I25 /u SIZE GRADE)

3G|SdO|C] /3.L|9flV

ELLIZVNOW

VOIW

_L3NHV93.L|J.V.LSN3

/3N3H.LSH3dAH

3_L|NVV\||"|‘1|S

3ClN3"|8NHOH‘

NOOHIZ

S3fiOVdO

c§o'o'<r rONso 39ViN3DH3d

I

260..

o‘ID

swaamnw AAVEIH

O

(IN 63 /U SIZE GRADE?

F|G°5-3 DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY MINERALS IN MINACHIL AR SED|MENT$

IN MUVATTUPUZHA SEDIMENTS.

(IN 63 /U SIZE GRADE)

auzvmow

awuna

vouw

3.LlHO'1H2) *3Cl|SdOIG/3.LI9nV L ALIJLBNHVO Eauwvwrrns 0

I3NODEIIZ (7)3_LI_LVJ.SN3 2GNBHLSHBCMH to :-zcnsdona/ausnv3CIN3'I8N8OH 9.‘ 31|J_n3

Zsanovdo : annvwanoi:-mzvwow

LBNHVS ‘3.L|NVWl'l‘I|S L

aunuswaNooauz /EIN3HJ.SE:I3cIAH3GISdOIC]/I-l.LI9nv ' 3gN3‘1aNaoH:-maowo ‘ Nooalz

awnvwanoi I S3fIOVdOL :3 T I I I I 1.~3;mvwrrns 2 O O O O O O OQ: co to v V0 (V1 ‘7°”’" 0 s1va3NIwAAv3H so 39v_LN:-Joaad

LBNBVO §(0

3.Ll.LV.LSN3/3N3H.LSU3d/KH QC

3c1N3'1eNaoH 3sanovdo :15

c$o'ooooo'o|\(QI.Oq'I0(\ISTVHBNIW A/\V3H :IO 39V.LN30tI3d

F|G'5-4 DISTRIBUTION-OF HEAVY MINERALS

3ClN3'l8N80l'-I

3J.OCl|d3

3.LlJ.VdV

3_LlZVNOW

3N|'lVWE:lflO.L

3.Ll"lO8flVJ.S

3Cl|SdO|Cl/3.Ll9nV

.L3N2:lVE)

3.L|NVW|'|"l|SVOIW '“NOOHIZ [3..|.|.LVJ.SN3

/ 3N 3HJ.SH 3dAH

S3nOVdO

Nooanz

30lSdOICl/3.L|9l"IV

Tums3.LLLV.LSN3‘/3N3HJ.S83d'AH

LBNHVS *VOIIN

:-umvwrrusEGNEWBNHOH

S3fiOVdO

fif % I I I r I rooooooodoan r~ co to <3- r0 cu 'S"1VEi3N|lN /K/\V3H :10 39\'/J.N33H3d

{JO<K(D

LIJ

'1‘U)

QIf)E LENHVSZ snuna3.Ll.LV.LSN3/3N3H_LSU3dAH

auzvmow *vouw

auuvwrrns [L3C]ISdO|Cl/ELLISDFW

Nooauz

3oN31aNaoH

S3fiOVdO

f‘ ' or 5 c5 c5 6 ofi c3 0L51 |\. (D In <1‘ '0 N "E,‘ swvaamw AAVBH :10 39V.LN33H3dL9

LUN<7;

Q0ION

E

(IN 63 /0 SIZE GRADE)

F|G.5-5 DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY MINERALS IN PERIYAR SEDIMENTS.

LL Lmm m

T . _ _ A

O 0 O O 0 0

m 8 6 /4 2

3452.: :5... Lo woqhzmuawa

<mz<m

<..<$__z<E

.__I U4 2:2

<INDn.D.:<>D2

m<>Ema

FIG. 5-6 AVERAGE LIGHT MINERALS IN RIVER SEDIMENTS

3'|l_1.flE:l

.L3N8V9

3.LINVA)*|

3_LIZVNOW

3.Ll_LOI8

NOOHIZ

3N3H_LSH3dM-I

3.L|NVW|'l"IIS

EIGN378 NHOH

S3fiOVdO

c5oT_o'(OI-Dd’T

OH)

ON E3 0

S"IV/BENIN A/\V3H .:lO 39V.LN3383d

(IN I20 /U SIZE GRADE)

FIG. 57 HEAVY MINERAL DISTRIBUTION

IN THE INNERSHELF

IN I25 /U SIZE GRADE

SEDIIVIENTS

mtz<>xm_._._mO.._IUm.__.Smm_._._N<ZO$_m_Z_:_<S_mDO._.

.Gzm<o Tm.:.S_m ff

zoo~:NmtE»mzm\mzm:»mmm_n_>:m_ozm._mzmo:mmaoqmomEz<s__._.__m

O O O O O

4 3 2 I

pzmomma ._<mmz_s_ >><m:

F|G.5-8 AVERAGE HEAVY MINERAL DISTRIBUTION IN THEVEMBANAD LAKE SEDIMENTS (IN I25 /U SIZE GRADE)

m:fi.§_zom_>zm :,_.uEm“E_o wI.— Z. zo_Sm_Em_o 252.: ><._u m.m.o_.._

zo_mzmn_m:m x z<m O32xz<m Q32 “E0 oassqum

xz<m 0323:35>E

..- O _.r_o..~«cm:0.,2.2-3E....8TE °/o NI (°/oN|).|.N3.l.NO3 3.|.INOTll80|N.|.NOW .|.N3.lNO3 31138819

EINIEIVW

ft

TVIHLSBHBSJ.

L:-2rom-3-8-2

°/o NI .lN3lNO3 3llN|'l0V)i .lN3.lNO3 3.ll'l'l|

\1 O

O’) C)

U1 O

(.0 CD

IQ O

PERCENTAGE OF CLAY MINERALS

_. L\

O O O

KAOLINITE

MONTMORILLONITE

I I I L 1 IMAY‘ ‘JUNE JULY AUG SEPT DEC

FIG. 5-IO TEMPORAL VARIATION OF CLAY MINERALSIN THE MUD BANK SEDIMENTS

mo$zmummn_ 5:42 u_z<omo m> moszwumma ><._u _.®.0E

moSzwumwn_ ><._u

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4 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ oo I F

4

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O O OO O

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o o o 4 4 4

o o 4 4 1%

O Q d 4 4 ®

4

4 4 In

4 4 4

4 noa

4 4

9

4

2

4

Bzm2_8m 5.4.. o<z<m2m>Bzmzamm xz<m Q32

4

NF

39\7’.LN3383d H3 LLVW CJINVOHO

mEmz_omm

9:: o<z<mzm> 9: z_ m»zmB:mzou ._<o.zm:u mo zo_5m_Em_o >uzw:owEm.m.o_.._

mzzommqu 23.0440 .9 amC<: u_z<omo .3 U2_N .2 5<mOU Np $36.2 .5 mman_ou.o_ s5_zS:.m

s5_mmSoa .0 $D_0OOm N mmmzqozqz .0 2oz. ._<._.OA.~ mnoaoxamoza ..~ z:_mmzo<z .m <z_sA=..m0< .N <u_.__m .—

0 m

.<. z. zo:<Ez8zou .5 z_ zozfitzmuzou .5 Z. zo:<EzH.5zou

9.0 3.0 .20 N00 00 00.0 00.0 .00 .2 m_. m_. S 0_ 0 0 N 3 0.. 0.0 0.0 .3 m.0 0

fill. rII+|l1 flrll_ _lll0 rllno

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.<. z_ zozqfizmuzou .<. z_ zo:<EzBz8 .5. z_ zo:<Ezmuz8

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WLIL _ . _HL _ o

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om. om. om. o__ om om om om omw o.~ om. om. om. om. oz. om _m om

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xz<m 032 ml» z_ m:,m2:mzoo ._<u_:wIu .._o zo_Sm_Em_o Szmsowfi m.m.o_n_

.n:<zomm<u z:_u._<o .9 mwE<s_ u_z<omo..: 55.2 .2

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5.3 :3 .2 .3 _

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2 mo so we mo 5 2 m m .~ N am 2 S 2 S 3 3 .3 3 3

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0 _IL F] o _l o

o_ lo» 9.:mcm ow omm3om om ommA3 3 ovam“cm. om ommom 8 $1

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w

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woszmumwa II..m.:mo_._n_mo:a m> moézmamma zom: ._<po_.¢.m.o_n_

mofizwumwa 22: 459

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4

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m:,az_8m xzqmosz o

—.o~.ono.3wewewewewe3Z339V.|.N3C)B3d Sn8OHdSOHd

moflzmumma 23.25: m> moflzmumfi zom_ .35» m.m.o_n_

moflzmumma 75”: ._<::

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9 2 m. .1

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wofizmummi 22: 44::

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m_o<:$o$n_ mmwz<uz<z

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39V.|.N33H 3d SflHOHdSOHd

mo<Emomwn_ 23.23:. m> woflzwummm wmm_z<oz<z m.m.o_n_

moflzwumma wmmzqozqz

8 mod moo So mod moo .B.o moo

m8 2.0 9.0 as .:.o 2.0 N8 :.o

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nonoNoweweo._.S.N...2.32m._.5239V.LN33H3d WHINV/ill

o MUD BANK SEDIMENTS

A VEMBANAD LAKE SEDIMENTS

Lcg 3.0 V<+2 ALUE "- °LLI0- :AA23 1.0 —m A0<+OCL 0 I A L 1 I J IO 1 2 3 4 5 6

SODIUM PERCENTAGE

FIG. 69 SODIUM PERCENTAGE Vs POTASSIUM PERCENTAGE

woSzwumm_n_ <2=>5._< m> moSzm_uEn_ <u_.__mo_.m.o_u_

woSz.u6mwn_ <u_.__m A

am am mm mm «m mm Nm .m om mq mu me mq mg qq mg Nq .q oq

_ 4 _ _ _ _ _ A _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .2I 2

<

O00 000‘ Q Q Q 4 ll

O C O C d 4 W0 ® <0 na W4 I4 q o u S W0 ad 0 o do 3m H.& 34 M I -q%..

O

4 4 oomum 0 _.nWU4

4

4 .1 «N

4 4

G

I S

Q

m:,m§_omm 9:3 o<z<m2m> 4 :3

92 mz_oum xzqm 032 o

-°l77 -046 -269 '49! °7l4 '93?Sand

Cu

Silt

CoCo

I.--288 --065 -I57 {$80 -603 -826CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

F|G_6...||.DENDROGRAM SHOWING BULK SEDIMENT

(MUD BANK) GEOCHEMISTRY

--I39 -O72 - 283 -493 704 -9l5

-°245 -°O34 -I77 -388 -599 -809CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

F|G-6..l2.DENDROGRAM SHOWING VEMBANAD LAKESEDIMENT GEOCHEMISTRY

"U

Cu

Co

Zn

"Mn

Mg

Fe

--I44 -070 -283 -497 -7lO -924

L 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 J 1 1--250 --O37 - I77 -390 -604 -817CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

FlG..6..|3. DENDROGRAM SHOWING MUD BANK

SEDIMENTS GEOCHEMISTRY

PLATE - l

A. KAOLINITE (VEMBANAD LAKE)

Dr

/I

B. KAOLINITE (MUD BANK)

PLATE - 2

A. ILLITE (VEMBANAD LAKE)

B. ILLITE (MUD BANK)

PLATE - 3

A. MONTMORILLONITE (MUD BANK)

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