List of Parasites of Humans - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

List of parasites of humansFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Main article: Human parasites

Contents

1 Endoparasites1.1 Protozoan organisms

1.2 Helminths organisms (worms)1.2.1 Tapeworms

1.2.2 Flukes1.2.3 Roundworms

1.3 Other organisms

2 Ectoparasites3 See also

4 References5 External links

Endoparasites

Protozoan organisms

List of parasites of humans - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parasites_of_humans

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Common nameof organism or

disease

Latin name (sorted)Body parts

affectedDiagnosticspecimen

PrevalenceSource/

Transmission

(Reservoir/ Vector)

Granulomatous

amoebicencephalitis (eye

infection)

Acanthamoeba eye, brain culture worldwidecontact lenses cleanedwith tap water

Granulomatousamoebic

encephalitis (skininfection)

Balamuthia

mandrillarisbrain, skin culture worldwide

via respiratory tract or

skin lesion

Babesiosis

Babesia B. divergens,

B. bigemina, B. equi, B.

microfti, B. duncani

red blood cellsGiemsa-stained

thin blood smear

New York,Martha's

Vineyard,Nantucket

(differentspecies have

worldwidedistribution)

tick bites, e.g. Ixodes

scapularis

Balantidiasis Balantidium coli

intestinal

mucosa, maybecome

invasive in

some patients

stool(diarrhea=ciliated

trophozoite; solidstool=large cyst

with horseshoeshaped nucleus)

ingestion of cyst,

zoonotic infectionacquired from pigs

(feces)

Blastocystosis Blastocystis intestinal

direct

microscopy of

stool (PCR, antibody)

2 - 20% of

population[1]

eating food

contaminated with

feces from an infectedhuman or animal

Coccidia,cryptosporidiosis

Cryptosporidium intestines stool widespread

ingestion of oocyst

(sporulated), somespecies are zoonotic

(e.g. bovine fecalcontamination)

Dientamoebiasis Dientamoeba fragilis intestines stoolup to 10% inindustrialized

countries

ingesting water or foodcontaminated with

feces

Amoebiasis Entamoeba histolytica

Intestines(mainly Large,

can go toextraintestinal

sites)

stool (freshdiarrheic stools

have amoeba,solid stool has

cyst)

areas with poorsanitation, high

populationdensity and

tropical regions

fecal-oral transmission

of cyst, not amoeba

Giardiasis Giardia lamblialumen of the

small intestinestool widespread

ingestion of cysts in

fecal contaminatedwater or food, can be

zoonotic (deer,beavers)


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disease



PrevalenceSource/

Transmission

(Reservoir/ Vector)

Isosporiasis Isospora belliepithelial cellsof small

intestines

stool

worldwide - less

common thanToxoplasma or

Cryptosporidium

fecal oral route -ingestion of sporulated

oocyst

Leishmaniasis Leishmaniacutaneous,mucocutaneous,

or visceral

visual

identification oflesion or

microscopic stain

with Leishman'sor Giemsa's stain

Visceralleishmaniasis-

Worldwide;

Cutaneousleishmaniasis -

Old World;Mucocutaneous

leishmaniasis -New World

PhlebotomusLutzomyia- bite of

several species of

phlebotomine sandflies

Primary amoebic

meningoencephalitis

(PAM)[2][3]Naegleria fowleri brain culture rare but deadly

Nasal insufflation

contaminated warm

fresh water, poorlychlorinated swimming

pools, hot springs

Malaria

Plasmodium falciparum(80% of cases),

Plasmodium vivax,

Plasmodium ovalecurtisi, Plasmodium

ovale wallikeri,Plasmodium malariae,

Plasmodium knowlesi

red blood cells,liver

Blood filmtropical - 250million

cases/year

Anopheles mosquito,bites at night

Rhinosporidiosis Rhinosporidium seeberinose,

nasopharynxbiopsy

India and Sri

Lanka

nasal mucosa cameinto contact with

infected material

through bathing incommon ponds

Sarcocystosis

Sarcocystis

bovihominis,Sarcocystissuihominis

intestine,muscle

muscle biopsy widespread

ingestion of

uncooked/undercookedbeef/pork with

Sarcocystis sarcocysts

Toxoplasmosis -Parasitic pneumonia

Toxoplasma gondiieyes, brain,heart, liver

blood and PCRwidespread - upto one third of

all humans

ingestion ofuncooked/undercooked

pork/lamb/goat with

Toxoplasmabradyzoites, ingestion

of raw milk withToxoplasma

tachyzoites, ingestionof contaminated water

food or soil with


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disease



PrevalenceSource/

Transmission

(Reservoir/ Vector)

oocysts in cat feces

that is more than oneday old

Trichomoniasis Trichomonas vaginalis

female

urogenital tract

(malesasymptomatic)

microscopic

examination ofgenital swab

7.4 million

Americans

sexually transmitted

infection - only

trophozoite form (nocyst)

Sleeping sickness Trypanosoma brucei

blood lymphand central

nervoussystems

microscopic

examination ofchancre fluid,

lymph nodeaspirates, blood,

bone marrow

50,000 to 70,000

people

tsetse fly, day bitingfly of the genus

Glossina

Chagas disease Trypanosoma cruzi

colon,

esophagus,heart, nerves,

muscle andblood

Giemsa stain -

blood

Mexico, CentralAmerica, South

America - 16-18

million

Triatoma/Reduviidae"Kissing bug" Insect

Vector, feeds at night

Helminths organisms (worms)

Tapeworms


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disease

Latin name(sorted)

Bodyparts

affected

Diagnosticspecimen

Prevalence Transmission/Vector

Tapeworm -

Tapeworminfection

Cestoda, Taeniamulticeps

intestine stool rare

Diphyllobothriasis

- tapeworm

Diphyllobothrium

latum

intestines,

blood

stool

(microscope)

Europe, Japan,

Uganda, Peru,Chile

ingestion of raw fresh water

fish

Echinococcosis -tapeworm

Echinococcus

granulosus,

Echinococcusmultilocularis, E.

vogeli, E.oligarthrus

liver,

lungs,kidney,

spleen

imaging of

hydatid cystsin the liver,

lungs, kidneyand spleen

Mediterraneancountries

as intermediate host,

ingestion of material

contaminated by feces froma carnivore; as definite host,

ingestion of uncooked meat(offal) from a herbivore

Hymenolepiasis[4]Hymenolepis nana,

Hymenolepisdiminuta


contaminated by flourbeetles, meal worms,

cockroaches

Beef tapeworm Taenia saginata Intestines stoolworldwide

distribution

ingestion of undercooked

beef

Cysticercosis-Pork

tapewormTaenia solium

Brain,

musclestool, blood

Asia, Africa,South America,

SouthernEurope, North

America.

ingestion of undercooked

pork

Bertielliasis

Bertiella

mucronata,Bertiella studeri

Intestines Stool RareContact with non humanprimates

SparganosisSpirometraerinaceieuropaei


contaminated with infecteddog or cat faeces (humans:

dead-end host)

Flukes


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disease

Latin name(sorted)

Bodyparts

affected

Diagnosticspecimen


Clonorchiasis

Clonorchis sinensis;

Clonorchisviverrini|gall

bladder ducts andinflammation of

liver|ingestion ofunder prepared

fresh water fish

Lancet liver flukeDicrocoelium

dendriticumgall bladder rare ingestion of ants

Liver fluke -

Fasciolosis[5]Fasciola hepatica,

Fasciola gigantica

liver, gall

bladderstool

Fasciolahepatica in

Europe, Africa,Australia, the

Americas andOceania;

Fasciola

gigantica only inAfrica and Asia,

2.4 millionpeople infected

by both species

freshwater snails

Fasciolopsiasis -

intestinal fluke[6]Fasciolopsis buski intestines

stool orvomitus

(microscope)

East Asia - 10million people

ingestion of infested

water plants or water(intermediate

host:amphibic snails)

Gnathostomiasis[7]

Gnathostoma

spinigerum,

Gnathostomahispidum

subcutaneous

tissues (underthe skin)

physical

examination

rare - Southeast

Asia

ingestion of raw orundercooked meat (e.g.,

freshwater fish, chicken,snails, frogs, pigs) or

contaminated water

Metagonimiasis -intestinal fluke

Metagonimusyokogawai

stool

Siberia,

Manchuria,Balkan states,

Israel, Spain

ingestion of undercookedor salted fish

Chinese Liver

Fluke

Opisthorchisviverrini,

Opisthorchisfelineus, Clonorchis

sinensis

bile duct1.5 million

people in Russia

consuming infected raw,

slightly salted or frozenfish

Paragonimiasis,

Lung Fluke

Paragonimus

westermani;Paragonimus

africanus;

lungs sputum, feces East Asia

ingestion of raw orundercooked freshwater

crabs crayfishes or othercrustaceans


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disease

Latin name(sorted)

Bodyparts

affected

Diagnosticspecimen


Paragonimus

caliensis;Paragonimus

kellicotti;Paragonimus

skrjabini;

Paragonimusuterobilateralis

Schistosomiasis -bilharzia,

bilharziosis or snailfever (all types)

Schistosoma sp.

Africa,

Caribbean,eastern South

America, east

Asia, MiddleEast - 200

million people

skin exposure to water

contaminated with

infected fresh water snails

intestinal

schistosomiasis

Schistosoma

mansoni

intestine,

liver, spleen,lungs, skin

stool

Africa,Caribbean, South

America, Asia,Middle East - 83

million people

skin exposure to watercontaminated with

infected Biomphalariafresh water snails

urinaryschistosomiasis

Schistosomahaematobium

kidney,

bladder,ureters,

lungs, skin

urineAfrica, MiddleEast


infected Bulinus sp. snails

Schistosomiasis bySchistosoma

japonicum

Schistosoma

japonicum

intestine,liver, spleen,

lungs, skin

stoolChina, East Asia,

Philippines


infected Oncomelania sp.

snails

Asian intestinal

schistosomiasis

Schistosoma

mekongi -South East Asia


infected Neotriculaaperta - fresh water snails

Echinostoma

echinatum

small

intestineFar East

ingestion of raw fish,

mollusks, snails

Swimmer's itch

Trichobilharzia

regenti,Schistosomatidae

skin exposure to

contaminated water(snails and vertebrates)

Roundworms


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Common name oforganism or disease

Latin name(sorted)

Bodyparts

affected

Diagnosticspecimen


Ancylostomiasis/Hookworm

Ancylostoma

duodenale,Necator

americanus

lungs, smallintestine,

blood

stool

common in

tropical,warm, moist

climates

penetration of skin byL3 larva

AngiostrongyliasisAngiostrongyluscostaricensis

intestine stoolingestion of infectedfaeces or infected slugs

Anisakiasis[8] Anisakisallergic

reactionbiopsy

incidental

host

ingestion of raw fish,

squid, cuttlefish,

octopus

Roundworm - Parasiticpneumonia

Ascaris sp.Ascaris

lumbricoides

Intestines,liver,

appendix,pancreas,

lungs,Lffler's

syndrome

stool

common in

tropical andsubtropical

regions

Roundworm -Baylisascariasis

Baylisascarisprocyonis

Intestines,

liver, lungs,brain

rare: NorthAmerica

stool from raccoons

Roundworm-lymphatic

filariasis

Brugia malayi,

Brugia timorilymph nodes

blood

samples

tropical

regions ofAsia

Arthropods

Dioctophyme renalis

infection

Dioctophyme

renale

kidneys

(typically the

right)

Urine Rare

Ingestion of

undercooked or raw

freshwater fish

Guinea worm -

Dracunculiasis

Dracunculus

medinensis

subcutaneoustissues,

muscle

skin

blister/ulcer

South Sudan(eradication

ongoing)

Pinworm - Enterobiasis

Enterobiusvermicularis,

Enterobius

gregorii

intestines,

anus

stool; tapetest around

anus

widespread;temperate

regions

HalicephalobiasisHalicephalobusgingivalis

brainsoil contaminatedwounds

Loa loa filariasis, Calabarswellings

Loa loa filaria

Connective

tissue, lungs,eye

blood

(Giemsa,haematoxylin,

eosin stain)

rain forest of

West Africa -12-13 million

people

Tabanidae - horse fly,bites in the day

Mansonelliasis, FilariasisMansonella

streptocerca

subcutaneous

layer of skininsect

River blindness,

Onchocerciasis

Onchocerca

volvulus

skin, eye,

tissue

bloodless skin

snip

Africa,Yemen,

Simulium/Black fly, bite

during the day


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Common name oforganism or disease

Latin name(sorted)

Bodyparts

affected

Diagnosticspecimen


Central and

SouthAmerica near

cool, fastflowing rivers

Strongyloidiasis - Parasitic

pneumonia

Strongyloides

stercoralis

Intestines,lungs, skin

(Larvacurrens)

stool, blood skin penetration

Thelaziasis

Thelazia

californiensis,Thelazia

callipaeda

Eyesocularexamination

Asia, Europe

Amiota (Phortica)

variegata, Phorticaokadai

ToxocariasisToxocara canis,Toxocara cati

liver, brain,

eyes(Toxocara

canis -Visceral

larva

migrans,Ocular larva

migrans)

blood, ocularexamination

worldwidedistribution

pica, unwashed food

contamined withToxocara eggs,

undercooked livers of

chicken

Trichinosis

Trichinellaspiralis,

Trichinellabritovi,

Trichinella

nelsoni,Trichinella

nativa

muscle,periorbital

region, small

intestine

blood

more commonin developing

countries dueto improved

feeding

practices indeveloped

countries.

ingestion of

undercooked pork

Whipworm

Trichuris

trichiura,Trichuris vulpis

large

intestine,anus

stool (eggs)commonworldwide

accidental ingestion ofeggs in dry goods such

as beans, rice, andvarious grains or soil

contaminated with

human feces

ElephantiasisLymphatic

filariasis

Wuchereria

bancrofti

lymphatic

system

thick bloodsmears

stained withhematoxylin.

Tropical and

subtropicalmosquito, bites at night

Other organisms


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disease

Latin name(sorted)

Body partsaffected

Diagnosticspecimen


Acanthocephaliasis

Archiacanthocephala,

Moniliformismoniliformis

Gastrointestinal

tract,peritoneum, eye

Faeces,parasite itself

worldwideingestion of intermediatehosts

Halzoun Syndrome Linguatula serrata nasopharynxphysicalexamination

Mid East

ingestion of raw or

undercooked lymphnodes (e.g., meat from

infected camels andbuffalos)

MyiasisOestroidea,Calliphoridae,

Sarcophagidae

dead or living

tissue

Chigoe flea Tunga penetransSubcutaneoustissue

physicalexamination

Central andSouth

America

Human Botfly Dermatobia hominisSubcutaneoustissue

physicalexamination

Central andSouth

America

Mosquitoes and bitingflies

Ectoparasites


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Commonname of

organism

or disease

Latin name

(sorted)

Bodyparts

affected

Diagnostic

specimenPrevalence Transmission/Vector

BedbugCimicidae Cimexlectularius

skin visual Worldwidesharing of clothing andbedding

Head louse -Pediculosis

Pediculus humanushairfollicles

visual

identificationunder

magnification

Commonworldwide

head-to-head contact

Body louse -

Pediculosis

Pediculus humanus

corporis

visual

identificationunder

magnification(Vagabond's

disease)

Worldwide

skin-to-skin contact such as

sexual activity and viasharing clothing or bedding

Crab louse -

PediculosisPthirus pubis

pubic area,

eyelashes

visualidentification

under

magnification

Worldwideskin-to-skin contact such assexual activity and via

sharing clothing or bedding

Demodex -

Demodicosis

Demodex

folliculorum/brevis

/canis

eyebrow,

eyelashes

Microscopy ofeyelash or

eyebrow hairfollicle

Pandemic,

worldwide

prolonged skin-to-skin

contact

Scabies Sarcoptes scabiei skinmicroscopy of

surface scrapingsWorldwide

skin-to-skin contact such as

sexual activity and via

sharing clothing or bedding

Screwworm,

Cochliomyia

Cochliomyia

hominivorax

skin and

woundsvisual

North America(eradicated),

Central America,North Africa

direct contact with fly

Flea,Siphonaptera

Pulex irritans skin

visual

identificationunder

magnification

Worldwide environment

TickArachnida Ixodidae

and Argasidaeskin visual Worldwide High grass, leaf liter, Weeds

See also

List of human parasitic diseases

References

^ Amin OM (2002). "Seasonal prevalence of intestinal parasites in the United States during 2000". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.66 (6): 799803. PMID 12224595 (//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12224595).

1.


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^ Cogo PE, Scaglia M, Gatti S, Rossetti F, Alaggio R, Laverda AM, et al. Fatal Naegleria fowleri Meningoencephalitis, Italy(http://www.cdc.gov/Ncidod/EID/vol10no10/04-0273.htm) Emerging Infectious Diseases [serial on the Internet]. 2004 Oct;accessed Jan 2009

2.

^ Bennett, Nicholas John State University of New York Upstate Medical University Domachowske, Joseph; Khan, Asad ALouisiana State University Health Science Center; King, John W; Cross, J Thomas Naegleria(http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/972044-overview) eMedicine; accessed Jan 2009

3.

^ Tolan, Robert W Jr Hymenolepiasis (http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/998498-overview) eMedicine; updated Feb2008

4.

^ Ylmaza, Hasan; Gdekmerdan, Ahmet Human fasciolosis in Van province, Turkey (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T1R-4D1DKPB-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=64aec259af5ebeea983f6d60aa2bec05)doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2004.04.009 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actatropica.2004.04.009)

5.

^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Fasciolopsiasis (http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDX/HTML/Fasciolopsiasis.htm)6.^ Tolan, Robert W Gnathostomiasis (http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/998278-overview) eMedicine, updated Feb 20087.^ Anisakiasis (http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Anisakiasis.htm)8.

External links

A List of Human Intestinal Parasites (http://www.gitract.info/articles/intestinal-disorders/intestinal-parasites.php)

accessed May 2008

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Categories: Parasitic diseases Parasites of humans Lists of diseases Foodborne illnesses

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