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Living in the Age of Living in the Age of EntitlementEntitlement
W. Keith Campbell, W. Keith Campbell, Ph.D.Ph.D.
Psychology Professor and Psychology Professor and
Department HeadDepartment Head
University of GeorgiaUniversity of Georgia
Images of the Narcissism Images of the Narcissism EpidemicEpidemic
Politicians, Athletes and Politicians, Athletes and Business LeadersBusiness Leaders
What is Narcissism?What is Narcissism? Positive and inflated self-views: Positive and inflated self-views:
special, unique, attractive, entitled, special, unique, attractive, entitled, grandiose) grandiose)
Lack of intimacy, empathy and Lack of intimacy, empathy and warmthwarmth
Self-regulation strategiesSelf-regulation strategies Three issues:Three issues:
Narcissistic personality vs. Narcissistic Narcissistic personality vs. Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)Personality Disorder (NPD)
Grandiose vs. Vulnerable NarcissismGrandiose vs. Vulnerable Narcissism Self-esteem vs. narcissismSelf-esteem vs. narcissism
Measuring Narcissism Measuring Narcissism and Self-esteemand Self-esteem
Narcissistic Narcissistic Personality InventoryPersonality Inventory If I ruled the world it If I ruled the world it
would be a much would be a much better place.better place.
I think I am a special I think I am a special person. person.
I wish someone would I wish someone would someday write my someday write my biography. biography.
I like to look at myself I like to look at myself in the mirror.in the mirror.
Rosenberg Self-Rosenberg Self-esteem Inventoryesteem Inventory I feel that I am a person I feel that I am a person
of worth, at least on an of worth, at least on an equal plane with othersequal plane with others
I take a positive I take a positive attitude toward myself. attitude toward myself.
I am able to do things I am able to do things as well as most other as well as most other people. people.
I feel that I have a I feel that I have a number of good number of good qualities.qualities.
Narcissism Increases in Narcissism Increases in U.S. College StudentsU.S. College Students
Twenge & Foster (2009)
Stinson et al., 2008; reanalyzed data by Trull and colleagues
Lifetime Prevalence of NPD Lifetime Prevalence of NPD (nationally representative sample; (nationally representative sample;
N > 34,000)N > 34,000)
AgeAge
Perc
en
tP
erc
en
t
Increases in Self-esteem Increases in Self-esteem (U.S.)(U.S.)
Gentile, Twenge & Campbell, under review
College Freshman Rating Self College Freshman Rating Self Above AverageAbove Average
Data from American Freshman Survey; n = 6.2 million (Twenge & Campbell, in
press)
But haven’t people always But haven’t people always said narcissism was said narcissism was
increasing?increasing? A major cultural shift A major cultural shift
seems to have seems to have occurred in the occurred in the 1970’s 1970’s
Wolfe “The ‘Me’ Wolfe “The ‘Me’ Decade and the third Decade and the third great awakening” great awakening” (1976) (1976)
Lasch “The Culture Lasch “The Culture of Narcissism” of Narcissism” (1979)(1979)
LEXIS/NEXIS publications on Narcissism
0500
100015002000250030003500400045005000
Year
Nu
mb
er o
f p
ub
lica
tio
n
Narcissism
Psychology Publications - PsychInfo
0100
200300400500
600700
1942
-47
1947
-52
1952
-57
1957
-62
1962
-67
1967
-72
1972
-77
1977
-198
2
1982
-87
1987
-199
2
1992
-97
1997
-02
2002
-07
Year
Nu
mb
er o
f P
ub
lica
tio
ns
Narcissism
Narcissism
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Narcissism
Publications on Narcissism (1940s-present):
1. PsychInfo
2. LEXIS/NEXIS
3. Library of Congress
Narcissism and Self-esteem in Narcissism and Self-esteem in the Pressthe Press
Publications in Major News Outlets - LEXIS/NEXIS
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
1942
-47
1947
-52
1952
-57
1957
-62
1962
-67
1967
-72
1972
-77
1977
-198
2
1982
-87
1987
-199
2
1992
-97
1997
-02
2002
-07
Year
Nu
mb
er o
f P
ub
lica
tio
ns
Self-esteem
Narcissism
Books Catalogued in Library of Congress
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Nu
mb
er o
f B
oo
ks
Self-esteem
Narcissism
Twenge & Campbell, 2009
Cultural Symptoms of the Cultural Symptoms of the Narcissism EpidemicNarcissism Epidemic
VanityVanity MaterialismMaterialism UniquenessUniqueness Antisocial behaviorAntisocial behavior Relationship troublesRelationship troubles EntitlementEntitlement ReligionReligion
Vanity: Increase in Vanity: Increase in Cosmetic ProceduresCosmetic Procedures
Americans Undergoing Cosmetic Procedures (1997-2007)
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
14,000,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Year
Nu
mb
er
of
Pro
ced
ure
s
Rates of Specific Cosmetic Procedures (1997-2007)
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
500,000
1997 2002 2007
Year
Nu
mb
er
of
Pro
ced
ure
s
Liposuction
Breast Augmentation
Eyelid Surgery
Abdominoplasty
Materialism: Materialism: Increased Square Increased Square
Footage of U.S. Footage of U.S. HomesHomes
Square Footage of U.S. Homes
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
1970 1990 2005
Year
Tota
l Squ
are
Feet
National Association of Homebuilders
Uniqueness: The Decline Uniqueness: The Decline of of
Common NamesCommon NamesJames James RobertRobertJohnJohn
Mary Mary LindaLindaBarbaraBarbara
Jacob Jacob Michael Michael EthanEthan
Emily Emily IsabellaIsabellaEmmaEmma
Twenge, Adebe & Campbell, 2010
Antisocial Antisocial Behavior:Behavior:
Violence and Violence and trusttrust Overall violence Overall violence
rates downrates down Public or Public or
“YouTube” “YouTube” violence upviolence up
School shootingsSchool shootings Videotaped Videotaped
beatingsbeatings Trust in declineTrust in decline
Robert Hawkins (19) Killed 8 people in Omaha Mall
Suicide note reference to fame
Can people be trusted?Can people be trusted?
Data from General Social Survey (GSS)
Antisocial Antisocial Behavior:Behavior:
Sex, Drugs and Sex, Drugs and Rock n’ RollRock n’ Roll Sex (changing – increased Sex (changing – increased
“hooking up”; infidelity)“hooking up”; infidelity) Drugs (changing – e.g., Drugs (changing – e.g.,
YouTube Drug experience)YouTube Drug experience) Rock and Roll (more Rock and Roll (more
individualized, personally individualized, personally and lyrically)and lyrically)
Song Lyrics over TimeSong Lyrics over Time
DeWall, Pond, Campbell & Twenge, under review
Causes of the Narcissism Causes of the Narcissism Epidemic: The Fantasy Epidemic: The Fantasy
PrinciplePrinciple Any element in society Any element in society
that allows individuals to that allows individuals to think they are grander think they are grander than they actually are can than they actually are can become a possible route become a possible route for increasing narcissismfor increasing narcissism Self-esteem Focused Self-esteem Focused
Education/ParentingEducation/Parenting New Media (Social New Media (Social
networking, blogs, etc.)networking, blogs, etc.) Celebrity CultureCelebrity Culture Easy CreditEasy Credit
Self-Esteem Focused Self-Esteem Focused EducationEducation
“All About Me” Project
““I am special” song for I am special” song for preschoolerspreschoolers(to the tune of "Frere Jacques")
I am special,I am special,Look at me,You will see,Someone very special,Someone very special,It is me,It is me.
More Self-esteem More Self-esteem Development ToolsDevelopment Tools
Everyone is a Winner!Everyone is a Winner! Everyone gets a Everyone gets a
trophytrophy Or everyone gets Or everyone gets
the same size the same size trophy no matter trophy no matter who wins or loseswho wins or loses
Not keeping scoreNot keeping score School awardsSchool awards
High School Grade High School Grade IncreasesIncreases
U.S. Department of Education
Is Ability Improving?Is Ability Improving?
There are long-term data from U.S. Department of Education.
Little evidence for improvement in high school students
Some improvement in younger kids; primarily the worse performers are improving
Math Scores Math Scores
Reading ScoresReading Scores
Are Expectations Are Expectations Increasing?Increasing?
Monitoring the Future Data; Reynolds et al. 2006
Changes in Self-Views in Changes in Self-Views in High SchoolHigh School
Twenge & Campbell (2008)
Entitlement in U.S. Entitlement in U.S. College StudentsCollege Students
““Trying hard” a valid reason for a professor Trying hard” a valid reason for a professor to increase a grade:to increase a grade:
66% (2 out of 3)66% (2 out of 3) ““If I have attended most classes for a If I have attended most classes for a
course, I deserve at least a B”:course, I deserve at least a B”: 34% (1 out of 3)34% (1 out of 3) Professors who won’t let me schedule the Professors who won’t let me schedule the
final exam around my vacation are too final exam around my vacation are too strict:strict:
30% (almost 1 out of 3)30% (almost 1 out of 3)
Greenberger et al. (2008)
Media and Celebrity Media and Celebrity NarcissismNarcissism Reality Reality
TelevisionTelevision Changes in Changes in
Celebrity Celebrity CultureCulture
Modeling Modeling effects (“The effects (“The Mirror Effect”)Mirror Effect”)
Narcissism in CelebritiesNarcissism in Celebrities
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Comedians Musicians Reality TV Actors Mean fromGeneral Pop.
Young & Pinsky, 2006
Poll of 18- to 25-year-olds: Poll of 18- to 25-year-olds: Important Goals of your Important Goals of your
GenerationGeneration
Pew Center (2007)
New MediaNew Media
FacebookFacebook TwitterTwitter Blogs Blogs YouTubeYouTube
Narcissism and Narcissism and Facebook Facebook ProfilesProfiles
Narcissism predicts:Narcissism predicts: More friendsMore friends More wallpostsMore wallposts Self-promoting infoSelf-promoting info Self-promoting quotesSelf-promoting quotes Attractive, sexy, fun, self-Attractive, sexy, fun, self-
promoting photospromoting photos
Strangers detect narcissism from:Strangers detect narcissism from: Self-promoting main photosSelf-promoting main photos Attractive main photosAttractive main photos Quantity of social interactionQuantity of social interaction
Buffardi & Campbell (2008)
Easy CreditEasy Credit Credit allows Credit allows
some individuals some individuals to realize to realize narcissistic narcissistic fantasiesfantasies
This changes This changes norms for norms for everyoneeveryone
Consumer DebtConsumer Debt
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
Year
Debt
Per
cent
Hou
sing
Bub
ble
So …So …
Where do we go Where do we go
from here?from here?
The Future of the The Future of the Narcissism EpidemicNarcissism Epidemic
Most arrows point up Most arrows point up to greater cultural to greater cultural narcissismnarcissism
Credit bubble is the Credit bubble is the big exceptionbig exception
Economic collapse Economic collapse could shift cultural could shift cultural values (similar to values (similar to Great Depression) – Great Depression) – or we could just end or we could just end up with more up with more entitlemententitlement
Changes to Combat Changes to Combat NarcissismNarcissism
Drop self-Drop self-esteem as a esteem as a cultural goalcultural goal
Communal Communal activation activation
Gratitude Gratitude Self-compassionSelf-compassion ResponsibilityResponsibility ThriftThrift HumorHumor
Thank You!Thank You!