LOCAL LANGUAGE COMPUTING LOCAL LANGUAGE COMPUTING POLICY INITIATIVESPOLICY INITIATIVES TO BRIDGE THE TO BRIDGE THE
DIGITAL DIVIDE PROBLEM IN DIGITAL DIVIDE PROBLEM IN INDONESIAINDONESIA
Presented by:Dr. Moedjiono
In:The Best Practice Forum on Access and Diversity – IGF 2009
Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt15-18 November, 2009
MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
1
Indonesia’s Unique Indonesia’s Unique CharacteristicsCharacteristics Geographically, Indonesia is located in South East Geographically, Indonesia is located in South East
Asia, have a total area of 9.8 million square Asia, have a total area of 9.8 million square kilometers, of which 81% is sea. It is the world’s kilometers, of which 81% is sea. It is the world’s largest archipelagic country comprising of 5 main largest archipelagic country comprising of 5 main islands and 30 small islands and over 17,000 islands, islands and 30 small islands and over 17,000 islands, of which a third are inhabited. of which a third are inhabited.
The country is divided into 33 provinces, 268 The country is divided into 33 provinces, 268 regencies, 73 municipalities, 4,044 subdistricts and regencies, 73 municipalities, 4,044 subdistricts and 69,065 villages. The population of the country 69,065 villages. The population of the country projected at 230 millions, the fourth most populous projected at 230 millions, the fourth most populous country in the world, with uneven distribution, country in the world, with uneven distribution, unbalanced regional development.unbalanced regional development.
The culture is very diversified with more than 520 The culture is very diversified with more than 520 ethnic groups and 74ethnic groups and 7466 local languages, of which 737 local languages, of which 737 are indigenous languages [IDC 2006]. are indigenous languages [IDC 2006].
The country has more rural than urban areas with The country has more rural than urban areas with urban teledensity of 11-25%, rural density 0.2%, urban teledensity of 11-25%, rural density 0.2%, around around 38,471 38,471 villages (62.3% from 69,065 villages) villages (62.3% from 69,065 villages) without phones.without phones. 2
20 mother-languages in the world 20 mother-languages in the world with more than 50 million speakers with more than 50 million speakers [Comrie 2003][Comrie 2003]
Ranked 13th 3
100 mother-languages in the world100 mother-languages in the world with > 50 with > 50 million speakers, million speakers, 1-20 ranked1-20 ranked (in million speakers) (in million speakers) [Grimes 1996]:[Grimes 1996]:
Chinese Mandarin (885) English (322) Spanish Chinese Mandarin (885) English (322) Spanish (266) Bengali (189) Hindi (182) (266) Bengali (189) Hindi (182) Portuguese (170) Russian (170) Japanese Portuguese (170) Russian (170) Japanese (125) German (98) Chinese Wu (77.175) (125) German (98) Chinese Wu (77.175) Javanese Javanese (75.500.800)(75.500.800) Ranked 11th Ranked 11th Korean (75) Korean (75) French (72) Vietnamese (66.897) Telugu (66.350) French (72) Vietnamese (66.897) Telugu (66.350) Chinese Yue (66) Marathi (64.783) Tamil Chinese Yue (66) Marathi (64.783) Tamil (63.075) Turkish (59) Urdu (56.584)(63.075) Turkish (59) Urdu (56.584)
JavaneseJavanese is is ranked 13th in the worldranked 13th in the world, or if we uses , or if we uses the newest data, it is the newest data, it is ranked 11th in the world.ranked 11th in the world.
4
LANGUAGES IN INDONESIALANGUAGES IN INDONESIA
There are There are 6000 languages in the world6000 languages in the world [Crystal [Crystal 1987] and are grouped into 1987] and are grouped into 17 language-family17 language-family [Comrie 2003]:[Comrie 2003]:
Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic, Chukotko-Kamchatkan, Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic, Chukotko-Kamchatkan, Caucasian, Afro-Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo, Caucasian, Afro-Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo, Koisan, Eskimo-Aleut, Na-dene, Amerind, Dravidian, Koisan, Eskimo-Aleut, Na-dene, Amerind, Dravidian, Sino-Tibetian, Austric, Papuan, Australian Aboriginal.Sino-Tibetian, Austric, Papuan, Australian Aboriginal.
Around Around 50% of the languages is in Asia-Oceania 50% of the languages is in Asia-Oceania regionregion, and , and 12% of the world-languages is in 12% of the world-languages is in IndonesiaIndonesia. .
Indonesia has 726 local languages Indonesia has 726 local languages [SIL 2001], [SIL 2001], 22ndnd rankedranked as language diversity laboratory in the world as language diversity laboratory in the world after after Papua NiuginiPapua Niugini which which has 867 languageshas 867 languages..
5
The local languages are not distributed evenly in The local languages are not distributed evenly in Indonesia.Indonesia.
The total languages are increasing from west to east, but the The total languages are increasing from west to east, but the total inhabitants are increasing from east to west.total inhabitants are increasing from east to west.
6
In Indonesia, there are at least 13 biggest In Indonesia, there are at least 13 biggest local languages local languages
with at least one million speakers [Crystal with at least one million speakers [Crystal 1987]1987]Javanese (75,200,000) Sundanese (27,000,000) Malay (20,000,000)Javanese (75,200,000) Sundanese (27,000,000) Malay (20,000,000)
Madurese (13,694,000) Minangkabau (6,500,000) Batak (5,150,000) Madurese (13,694,000) Minangkabau (6,500,000) Batak (5,150,000) Buginese (4,000,000) Balinese (3,800,000) Acehnese (3,000,000) Buginese (4,000,000) Balinese (3,800,000) Acehnese (3,000,000) Sasak (2,100,000) Makassarese (1,600,000) Lampung (1,500,000)Sasak (2,100,000) Makassarese (1,600,000) Lampung (1,500,000)Rejang (1,000,000)Rejang (1,000,000)
7
The 13 biggest local languages are still debatable, because The 13 biggest local languages are still debatable, because Malay languageMalay language has not been comprehensively handled, as has not been comprehensively handled, as there are many language variations hidden in several there are many language variations hidden in several names, e.g. [Summer Institute of Linguistics - SIL 2001]: names, e.g. [Summer Institute of Linguistics - SIL 2001]:
Ancalong Kutai, Bacan, Bayat, Banjar, Basemah, Batin, Ancalong Kutai, Bacan, Bayat, Banjar, Basemah, Batin, Bengkulu, Benkulan, Betawi, Bintuhan, Bukit, Dawas, Bengkulu, Benkulan, Betawi, Bintuhan, Bukit, Dawas, Jambi, Kaur, Kayu Agung, Kelingi, Kerinci, Kincai, Kubu, Jambi, Kaur, Kayu Agung, Kelingi, Kerinci, Kincai, Kubu, Kupang, Lako, Lalang, Lematang, Lemantang, Lembak, Kupang, Lako, Lalang, Lematang, Lemantang, Lembak, Linggau, Lintang, Loncong, Lubu, Melayu Ambon, Melayu Linggau, Lintang, Loncong, Lubu, Melayu Ambon, Melayu Bali Loloan, Banjar, Berau, Bukit, Melayu Deli, Melayu Bali Loloan, Banjar, Berau, Bukit, Melayu Deli, Melayu Jakarta, Melayu Jambi, Melayu Kupang, Melayu Kutai, Jakarta, Melayu Jambi, Melayu Kupang, Melayu Kutai, Melayu Maluku, Melayu Manado, Merau, Minang, Melayu Maluku, Melayu Manado, Merau, Minang, Minahasa, Palembang, Tenggarong, Ternate, Meratus, Minahasa, Palembang, Tenggarong, Ternate, Meratus, Minangkabau, Mokomoko, Mukomuko, Musi, Ogan, Orang Minangkabau, Mokomoko, Mukomuko, Musi, Ogan, Orang Laut, Padang, Palembang, Pasemah, Penasak, Penesak, Laut, Padang, Palembang, Pasemah, Penasak, Penesak, Ranau, Rawas, Ridan, Semendo, Serawai, Serawi, Sindang Ranau, Rawas, Ridan, Semendo, Serawai, Serawi, Sindang Kelingi, Suku Batin, Supat, Tenggarong, Tenggarong Kelingi, Suku Batin, Supat, Tenggarong, Tenggarong Kutai, Tungkal, Tungkal Ilir, Ulu, and Ulu Lako.Kutai, Tungkal, Tungkal Ilir, Ulu, and Ulu Lako.
The Malay language variations also appears in several The Malay language variations also appears in several countries. If all Malay language variations are combined, countries. If all Malay language variations are combined, it may be the biggest mother-language in the world.it may be the biggest mother-language in the world.
8
There are hundreds of local languages with There are hundreds of local languages with less than one million speakers, which can less than one million speakers, which can become become potentially endangered languages, potentially endangered languages, endangered languages,endangered languages, seriously endangered seriously endangered languageslanguages, , moribound languagesmoribound languages, or even , or even extinct languagesextinct languages. .
The local language will be sustainable, if they The local language will be sustainable, if they have at least 1000 speakers. The local have at least 1000 speakers. The local language that have 500 or less speakers are language that have 500 or less speakers are seriously endangered language. There are seriously endangered language. There are 169 169 local languageslocal languages as as seriously endangered seriously endangered languagelanguage in Indonesia. in Indonesia.
The The policy for language revitalizationpolicy for language revitalization as well as well as its as its cultureculture is needed to sustained the local is needed to sustained the local languages, because the languages will extinct languages, because the languages will extinct if we damage the habitat of the speakers if we damage the habitat of the speakers culture as well.culture as well.
9
85% Indonesian still using Local languages85% Indonesian still using Local languages as as daily languages in the community daily languages in the community mother mother languages languages [Lauder 2006][Lauder 2006]
National/Indonesian LanguageNational/Indonesian Language is used in: is used in: administrative officials, schools, sciences, & mass administrative officials, schools, sciences, & mass media. media. 84,87%84,87% can speak Indonesian can speak Indonesian [Alwi 2000] [Alwi 2000]
10 local languages10 local languages have their have their own local script:own local script: Balinese, Javanese, Sundanese, Balinese, Javanese, Sundanese, Buginese/Makassarese, Karo, Mandailing, Buginese/Makassarese, Karo, Mandailing, Lampung, Rejang, Toba, and KerinciLampung, Rejang, Toba, and Kerinci [Sugono [Sugono 2001]2001]
8 National & Local languages8 National & Local languages used in the used in the Internet:Internet: Indonesian,Indonesian, Acehnese, Balinese, Acehnese, Balinese, Buginese, Javanese, Madurese, Minangkabau, Buginese, Javanese, Madurese, Minangkabau, & Sundanese& Sundanese [Hammam 2006] [Hammam 2006]
10
INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGESLANGUAGES
English, Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, German, French, English, Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, German, French, JapaneseJapanese, etc., etc.
English English is one of a number of foreign languages is one of a number of foreign languages which have been in use for sometime or which are which have been in use for sometime or which are coming to be taught. Widely used in range of fields coming to be taught. Widely used in range of fields such as politics, diplomacy, international trade and such as politics, diplomacy, international trade and industry, commerce, science and technology, industry, commerce, science and technology, education, media, information technology, and education, media, information technology, and popular culture.popular culture.
ArabicArabic has long been learned in connection with the has long been learned in connection with the Islamic faith, for religious purposes, especially for Islamic faith, for religious purposes, especially for Qur’anic recitation and prayers.Qur’anic recitation and prayers.
ChineseChinese has been used widely in Chinese town - has been used widely in Chinese town - business center.business center.
An educated people (An educated people (multilingual peoplemultilingual people) - at least ) - at least have to have to master 3 languagesmaster 3 languages, i.e., , i.e., local languagelocal language as as individual development, individual development, IndonesianIndonesian as media to get as media to get along in national activities, & along in national activities, & English English as media for as media for adopting the sciences, positive culture for national adopting the sciences, positive culture for national interest and to get along in International activities. interest and to get along in International activities. 11
Multilingualism Issue in Multilingualism Issue in the Internetthe Internet Since its early days, the Internet has been a Since its early days, the Internet has been a
predominantly English-speaking medium – predominantly English-speaking medium – approximately 80% of web content.approximately 80% of web content.
This situation has prompted many countries to This situation has prompted many countries to take concerted action in promoting multilingualism take concerted action in promoting multilingualism and in protecting cultural - language diversity.and in protecting cultural - language diversity.
The promotion of multilingualism is not only a The promotion of multilingualism is not only a cultural issue, but it is directly related to the need cultural issue, but it is directly related to the need for further for further development of the Internet, to be used by wider parts of society, content must be accessible in more languages “Localization” - “Multilingualism” – “New IDN ccTLD/gTLD”- “UNL (Universal Networking Language) System” by UNDL Foundation Geneva
12
LOCAL & CROSS-BORDER LANGUAGES IN LOCAL & CROSS-BORDER LANGUAGES IN INTERNETINTERNET
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
bn id kh la my mm ph sg th tp vn
South East Asia
% Local Languages % English % Other Cross Boader Languages
Note:Cross-Boarder Languages in Indonesia:English, Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Dutch, Japanese, etc.
13
ICT INFRASTRUCTURESICT INFRASTRUCTURESTelephone lines Telephone lines : : 3030..33 million (fixed) and million (fixed) and 140.5140.5 million million
(mobile(mobile))..Public phones Public phones : 382,000 units.: 382,000 units.Internet penetration Internet penetration : : 2.82.8 million subscriber and million subscriber and 3030
million usersmillion users..Internet KiosksInternet Kiosks : 261,000.: 261,000.Internet Exchanges (IX)Internet Exchanges (IX) : 3.: 3.Internet users per 100 populationInternet users per 100 population : 3.76.: 3.76.Computers penetrationComputers penetration : 2,519,000.: 2,519,000.Computers per 100 population Computers per 100 population : 1.19.: 1.19.Internet host computersInternet host computers : 62,036.: 62,036.Internet host computers per 100 population : 0.03.Internet host computers per 100 population : 0.03.Total International bandwith (Mbps)Total International bandwith (Mbps) : 573 Mbps.: 573 Mbps.Bits per inhabitantBits per inhabitant : 2.7.: 2.7.Internet access cost (20 hours/month) in US$: 22.26Internet access cost (20 hours/month) in US$: 22.26ISPISP : 140 licenses, 35 operational.: 140 licenses, 35 operational.Radio BroadcastingRadio Broadcasting : 1,400 stations (nation-wide & local).: 1,400 stations (nation-wide & local).TV Broadcasting TV Broadcasting : 10 nation-wide networks.: 10 nation-wide networks.Pay TVPay TV : 4 TV cables, 2 DBS TV.: 4 TV cables, 2 DBS TV. 14
-- The prediction of bandwidth consumption, internet users and The prediction of bandwidth consumption, internet users and computer population, based on the study by the Palapa Ring computer population, based on the study by the Palapa Ring Team [Postel 2006], are as follows:Team [Postel 2006], are as follows:
20062006 20152015= = Bandwith ConsumptionBandwith Consumption 7,000,000 Kbps7,000,000 Kbps78,067,335 Kbps78,067,335 Kbps== Internet Users (Fair)Internet Users (Fair) 8,252,4378,252,437 16,518,89016,518,890 Internet Users (Optimist)Internet Users (Optimist) 17,247,68317,247,68334,524,65934,524,659== PC Population (Fair)PC Population (Fair) 2,541,0272,541,027 5,086,3705,086,370 PC Population (Optimist)PC Population (Optimist) 8,304,3278,304,327 16,622,75816,622,758
- ICT PC Hardware market: 2006=1,106,940; ICT PC Hardware market: 2006=1,106,940; 2007=1,257,5312007=1,257,531
- ICT Software Developers Population: 2006=621,000; ICT Software Developers Population: 2006=621,000; 2007=682,0002007=682,000
-- Total IT market in Indonesia for 2007: will reach US$1.9 billion Total IT market in Indonesia for 2007: will reach US$1.9 billion with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 9.5% from with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 9.5% from 2002 to 2007 (source: IDC).2002 to 2007 (source: IDC).
-- The Indonesian ICT vision is “The Indonesian ICT vision is “To establish a global competitive To establish a global competitive Indonesian Knowledge-Based Society based on national values Indonesian Knowledge-Based Society based on national values and culturesand cultures”.”.
15
Growth Projection of the Indonesian Infocom Growth Projection of the Indonesian Infocom ServicesServices
Source: Business Monitor International and Internal
Fixed Phone
Mobile Phone Broadband User
Internet User
16
SulawesiKalimantan
о
о
о
оо
Banda Aceh
Sabang
Medan
Palembang
Jakarta
о
Cirebon
о
Semarang
оSurabaya
ооо
Ketapangо о о
Sumbawa
о о
о
о
о
Singkawang
оoSampit
Banjarmasin
о
о
о
о
Balikpapan
Samarinda
Tarakan
о
оо
о
о
о
оBatam
о
Toli-toli
оо
o
Sibolga
оо
Meulaboh
Tapaktuan
оNatal
Padang
Bengkulu
Kalianda
оBelitung
o
Kalabahi
o
o
o
o
o
Saumlaki
oo
o
Tobelo
oPalopo
Sumatera
JawaNusa Tenggara
Maluku - Papua
Pontianak
Atambua
to Thailand
to Perth, Australia
to Asia Pacific
to India
о
o
o
o
oo
o
Raba
Waingapu
Ende
Kupang
Makassar
Bulukumba
Kolaka
Kendari
Ambon
ParigiPalu
Gorontalo
Manado
Ternate
Sorong
Fakfak
Manokwari Bia
k Sarmi
Jayapura
Timika
Merauke
Maumere
Mataram
= New Network= Existing Network= Landing Point
1. Sumatra 7402.5 km
2. Jawa 3542 km3. Kalimantan 5345.5 km4. Sulawesi
5813 km5. Maluku
2988 km6. Nusatenggara 3480 km7. Papua
4958 km8. Connecting Line
2063 km
Total backbone network 35.280 kmCost US$ 1.524.515.000
Palapa Ring Project
17
Backbone Domestic - Trans Backbone Domestic - Trans MicrowaveMicrowave
(operated by Telkom)(operated by Telkom)LEGEND :
SKKL
SKSO NR & SR JAWA - BALI
GMD JAWA-BALI, CROSS KALIMANTAN, NUSA TENGGARA & TRANS SULAWESI
SKSO RA-IV SUMATRA
GMD RA-IV SUMATRA
BATAS NEGARA
GMD PARMO SULAWESI
GMD TSM-1 SUMATRA
GMD TSM-2 SUMATRA
GMD XSUM SUMATRA
SKSO HPBB SUMATRA
SKKL TIS
PGL
KALIMANTAN
JAWA
NUSA TENGGARA
IRIAN JAYA
SULAWESI
MALUKUSUMATERA
UP
MWBIA
SMI
JAP
FFNAB
SON
AB
MRK
TT
GTO
MO
SNN
LWKPAL
PSO
PRE KDIGKRS
ON
BPP
SMR
PLK
TAR
BJM
PTK
BTA
PG
TJN
LT
BDL
JBPD
MDN
LSM
BNA
JKTCBN
SM
YK SLO
BD
PKL
PWT
SB
M
N
BMA
ML
JR
BWI DPR
MTRLRT
MMEEND
BJW
RTG
KEFSOE
KP
KAI
ATB
BPD
GBL
GB
PBRSKN
BN
MET
BOO
18
LEGEND :
SKKL
SKSO NR & SR JAWA - BALI
GMD JAWA-BALI, CROSS KALIMANTAN, NUSA TENGGARA & TRANS SULAWESI
SKSO RA-IV SUMATRA
GMD RA-IV SUMATRA
BATAS NEGARA
GMD PARMO SULAWESI
GMD TSM-1 SUMATRA
GMD TSM-2 SUMATRA
GMD XSUM SUMATRA
SKSO HPBB SUMATRA
PGL
KALIMANTAN
JAWA
NUSA TENGGARA
IRIAN JAYA
SULAWESI
MALUKUSUMATERA
UP
MWBIA
SMI
JAP
FFNAB
SON
AB
MRK
TT
GTO
MO
SNN
LWKPAL
PSO
PRE KDIGKRS
ON
BPP
SMR
PLK
TAR
BJM
PTK
BTA
PG
TJN
LT
BDL
JBPD
MDN
LSM
BNA
JKTCBN
SM
YK SLO
BD
PKL
PWT
SB
M
N
BMA
ML
JR
BWI DPR
MTRLRT
MMEEND
BJW
RTG
KEFSOE
KP
KAI
ATB
BPD
GBL
GB
Telkom-1Palapa C2
PBRSKN
BN
MET
BOO
SKKL TIS
Backbone Domestic – SatelliteBackbone Domestic – Satellite(operated by Telkom)(operated by Telkom)
Palapa B4 TELKOM-2/24Xpdr TELKOM-3/48XpdrYear 2008
19
Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) will Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) will be utilized as tools to “be utilized as tools to “attack”attack” the digital the digital divide in Indonesiadivide in Indonesia
2.3 GHz will be granted for operator who 2.3 GHz will be granted for operator who wins the USO programwins the USO program
BWA in USO program will be integrated BWA in USO program will be integrated to existing national backbone and/or to existing national backbone and/or soon to be built soon to be built backbone announced asbackbone announced as
Villages Ringing – phones for 38,471 Villages Ringing – phones for 38,471 villages (out of 69,065)villages (out of 69,065)
Smart Villages – Internet for all villagesSmart Villages – Internet for all villages
UUniversal niversal SService ervice OObligations bligations (USO)(USO) Program Programss
20
LOCAL LANGUAGE COMPUTING POLICYLOCAL LANGUAGE COMPUTING POLICY 1945 Constitution (UUD) - Chapter XV – Paragraph 36: 1945 Constitution (UUD) - Chapter XV – Paragraph 36:
“The national Language of Indonesia is Indonesian”.“The national Language of Indonesia is Indonesian”. UU/Law No.2/1989 – National Education.UU/Law No.2/1989 – National Education. UU/Law No.22/1999 – Local Autonomy.UU/Law No.22/1999 – Local Autonomy. UU/Law No.25/1999 – Financial Balance between UU/Law No.25/1999 – Financial Balance between
Center and Local Government.Center and Local Government. Government Regulation No.25/2000 – Share Authority Government Regulation No.25/2000 – Share Authority
between Center and Local Government.between Center and Local Government. Draft Law of Language: the Draft Law of Language: the
uses/management/development/foster/ maintenance of uses/management/development/foster/ maintenance of National/Local and Foreign Languages.National/Local and Foreign Languages.
Draft Law of Information and Electronic Transaction.Draft Law of Information and Electronic Transaction. Draft Law of Freedom of Information Flow and Access.Draft Law of Freedom of Information Flow and Access. 2008: Language Center of Ministry of National 2008: Language Center of Ministry of National
Education will publish Local Language Mapping & Education will publish Local Language Mapping & Inter-relationship Diagram.Inter-relationship Diagram.
Blue-Print/Researh management plan for safety effort Blue-Print/Researh management plan for safety effort of the endangered languages by Language Center of of the endangered languages by Language Center of Ministry of National Education.Ministry of National Education. 21
RELEVANT GOVERNMENT AGENCIESRELEVANT GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
Ministry of National Education – National Language Center
Ministry of Communication and Information Technology Ministry of Research and Technology – Technology
Development and Implementation Agency Ministry of Culture and Tourism Universities - Department of Language/Literary House of Representative National Center for Statistics Ministry of Social Affairs - Directorate of Isolated Tribes The Summer Institute of Linguistics The National Language Organization Other Private Organizations/Foundations –
Culture/Language/ Literary/ICT (Software, Hardware, & Services) 22
POLICY/PROJECT INITIATIVESPOLICY/PROJECT INITIATIVES
The National Language mapping Project by National Language The National Language mapping Project by National Language Center: “Research on Cognates Center: “Research on Cognates && Mapping of Regional Mapping of Regional Languages in Indonesia”, started Languages in Indonesia”, started 1 1992 for 15 years.992 for 15 years.
Thesaurus/Spelling Checker Project of National/Indonesian Thesaurus/Spelling Checker Project of National/Indonesian Language by University of Indonesia and the team.Language by University of Indonesia and the team.
Javanese Script Project by University of Indonesia and the Javanese Script Project by University of Indonesia and the team.team.
Ford Foundation: Initiative in Local Language Inventory of Ford Foundation: Initiative in Local Language Inventory of Local Languages Education and Research in Universities.Local Languages Education and Research in Universities.
Universities Video Conferencing Network Project (INHERENT Universities Video Conferencing Network Project (INHERENT 2006) - connecting 32 Universities/Cities in Indonesia.2006) - connecting 32 Universities/Cities in Indonesia.
Global Development Learning Network (GDLN) - connecting 4 Global Development Learning Network (GDLN) - connecting 4 Universities in Indonesia (Universities in Indonesia (UI-Jakarta, UNRI-Pekanbaru, UDAYANA-Denpasar, UNHAS-Makassar) with 60 countries. with 60 countries.
Presidential Decree on Underdeveloped Villages.Presidential Decree on Underdeveloped Villages. Plan to join the Plan to join the UNL System UNL System developed by UNDL Foundation of developed by UNDL Foundation of
United Nation to bridge the digital divide problem in IndonesiaUnited Nation to bridge the digital divide problem in Indonesia
23
Initiative in Local Language InventoryInitiative in Local Language Inventoryof Local Languages Education and of Local Languages Education and
ResearchResearchin Universitiesin Universities
40 Universities all over IndonesiaThousands of languages research projects> 556 Courses taught
24
ACEHACEH
25
EAST JAVAEAST JAVA
26
PAPUAPAPUA
27
COURSES TAUGHT IN COURSES TAUGHT IN UNIVERSITIESUNIVERSITIES
28
PapersPapers
29
Universities Video Conference Network in Universities Video Conference Network in IndonesiaIndonesia
(Connecting 32 Cities)(Connecting 32 Cities)Banda Aceh
Medan
Serang
Bandung
Jkt-UI
Jkt-DIKTI
Jogja
Malang
SurabayaSemarang
Denpasar
Bandar Lampung
Bengkulu
Pontianak
Padang
Palangkaraya
Palembang
JambiPekanbaru
Makasar
Palu
Manado
Samarinda
Banjarmasin
Gorontalo
Kendari
Kupang
Mataram
Jayapura
Manukwari
Ternate
Ambon
155 Mbps (STM-1)
8 Mbps
Inherent 2006
2 Mbps1 Mbps (Redundant Link)
Note:Global Development Learning Network (GDLN) -Connecting 60 countries; Indonesia (UI-Jakarta, UNRI-Pekanbaru, UDAYANA-Denpasar, UNHAS-Makassar)
Bandwith:
30
ConclusionConclusionss Indonesia is Indonesia is 22ndnd ranked ranked as language diversity as language diversity
laboratory in the world, which has laboratory in the world, which has more than 700 more than 700 local languageslocal languages, , 10 local languages10 local languages have their have their own own local scriptslocal scripts
The The policy for language revitalizationpolicy for language revitalization as well as its as well as its culture is needed to sustained the local languages, culture is needed to sustained the local languages, because there are because there are hundreds of local languageshundreds of local languages with with less than one million speakers, will become less than one million speakers, will become potentially endangered languages, endangered potentially endangered languages, endangered languages, seriously endangered languages, languages, seriously endangered languages, moribound languages, or even extinct languagesmoribound languages, or even extinct languages
The promotion of The promotion of Multilingualism in the InternetMultilingualism in the Internet using local languages is needed using local languages is needed for information to be accesible by everyone, anywhere, at anytime, by anydevice - to build the Information Society target to build the Information Society target in 201in 20155
Plan to join the Plan to join the UNL System UNL System developed by UNDL developed by UNDL Foundation of United Nation to bridge the digital Foundation of United Nation to bridge the digital divide problem in Indonesiadivide problem in Indonesia
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REFERENCESREFERENCES
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