LocationLocation

Northern North America, 60Northern North America, 60o o N, 95N, 95o o WW Borders:Borders:

Atlantic Ocean on the EastAtlantic Ocean on the East Pacific Ocean on the West Pacific Ocean on the West Arctic Ocean on the NorthArctic Ocean on the North

(125,600 miles of coastline) (125,600 miles of coastline) 5,526 miles with the lower 48 states5,526 miles with the lower 48 states

Area:Area: Somewhat larger than the United StatesSomewhat larger than the United States

Total: 6.2 million sq miles (vs. 3.8 million) Total: 6.2 million sq miles (vs. 3.8 million) All great lakes but Lake MichiganAll great lakes but Lake Michigan

22ndnd Largest country in the world after Russia Largest country in the world after Russia RussiaRussia CanadaCanada United StatesUnited States ChinaChina BrazilBrazil

Provinces – Like states…Provinces – Like states… Alberta, British Columbia (B.C), Manitoba, Alberta, British Columbia (B.C), Manitoba,

New Brunswick, Newfoundland and New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, SaskatchewanEdward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan

Atlantic provincesAtlantic provinces

Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, Nova Newfoundland, Nova Scotia & New Scotia & New BrunswickBrunswick

Location makes this Location makes this region ideal for region ideal for maritimemaritime industry – industry – activity or industry activity or industry related to the searelated to the sea

Economy of the Atlantic provincesEconomy of the Atlantic provinces

Dependent on Dependent on fishingfishing Region is home Region is home

to 75% of to 75% of nation’s fishingnation’s fishing

Ontario & QuebecOntario & Quebec

Two largest provincesTwo largest provinces With 2 largest cities: With 2 largest cities:

Toronto and MontrealToronto and Montreal Represent the blending Represent the blending

of English and French of English and French cultureculture

OntarioOntario

Home to about 1/3 Home to about 1/3 of Canada’s of Canada’s population (southern population (southern part of province)part of province)

Largest City: Toronto OntarioLargest City: Toronto Ontario Capital of OntarioCapital of Ontario Home of the Home of the CN Tower CN Tower – one of the world’s – one of the world’s

tallest freestanding structures. tallest freestanding structures.

Capital: Ottawa, OntarioCapital: Ottawa, Ontario Canada’s head of government is the Prime Canada’s head of government is the Prime

MinisterMinister Stephen Harper (currently)Stephen Harper (currently)

Quebec’s French cultureQuebec’s French culture

Quebec = center of Quebec = center of French-Canadian French-Canadian cultureculture

Held 2 elections for Held 2 elections for Quebec’s independence, Quebec’s independence, Both failedBoth failed

Prairie provincesPrairie provinces

Include Manitoba, Include Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Saskatchewan and AlbertaAlberta

¾ of Canada’s ¾ of Canada’s farmland is located farmland is located in this regionin this region

British ColumbiaBritish Columbia

Often referred to as the Often referred to as the “Gateway to the “Gateway to the Pacific” because of its Pacific” because of its location and ties to location and ties to Asian nationsAsian nations

More than half of the More than half of the province is covered by province is covered by forestsforests

TerritoriesTerritories Northwest Territories, Yukon Territory, Northwest Territories, Yukon Territory,

Nunavut (1999 from NWT)Nunavut (1999 from NWT) Inuit for “Our Land” Inuit for “Our Land”

Gov’t has a little more control over terr.Gov’t has a little more control over terr.

People of the northern territoriesPeople of the northern territories

Home to less than 1% of Home to less than 1% of Canada’s total Canada’s total populationpopulation

Region is home to a Region is home to a large number of large number of indigenousindigenous people – people – people who are people who are descendants of those descendants of those who first lived in a who first lived in a regionregion

RegionsRegions Rocky Mountains- Largest mtn Rocky Mountains- Largest mtn

range in N. Americarange in N. America Pass through Yukon, BC, and Pass through Yukon, BC, and

AlbertaAlberta Known for: Known for:

Great skiing – Whistler (Olympics) Great skiing – Whistler (Olympics) Mt. Logan - 5,959 mMt. Logan - 5,959 m Longest River –Mackenzie (flows Longest River –Mackenzie (flows

to Arctic O)to Arctic O) 2,635 miles 2,635 miles

Interior Plains- flat land separates the Rocky Mtns Interior Plains- flat land separates the Rocky Mtns of Canada and the Canadian Shieldof Canada and the Canadian Shield Known For: Known For:

Good farming, some natural resourcesGood farming, some natural resources Largest Prairie in the world: Mostly forest and FarmingLargest Prairie in the world: Mostly forest and Farming

Canadian Shield- huge region of ancient rock that covers about half of Canadian Shield- huge region of ancient rock that covers about half of CanadaCanada Known for: Known for:

Rugged, few peopleRugged, few people Hunting/FishingHunting/Fishing

St. Lawrence Lowlands- located along the St. St. Lawrence Lowlands- located along the St. Lawrence RiverLawrence River Known For: Known For: Smallest region, most populationSmallest region, most population Largest cities – Lots of Canada’s wealthLargest cities – Lots of Canada’s wealth

St. Lawrence SeawaySt. Lawrence Seaway

One of N. America’s most important transportation One of N. America’s most important transportation routes. routes.

Total drop of 250 ft from Lake superior to St. Total drop of 250 ft from Lake superior to St. Lawrence riverLawrence river 16 16 Locks

Climate:Climate: Temperature in south - sub arctic/ arctic in the North Temperate around large bodies of water

They heat up/cool off slower

Areas around oceans tend to have more moisture

Climate: Climate: R. Mountains affect climateR. Mountains affect climate

Rain Shadow Rain Shadow produce most of the country’s rain and snow east produce most of the country’s rain and snow east

of the mountains (just like here)of the mountains (just like here)

Continuous Continuous permafrostpermafrost in the North in the North Permanently frozen soil Permanently frozen soil Tundra – cold dry region; frozen for more than Tundra – cold dry region; frozen for more than

half the year. half the year.

People: People: Population: 34.8 million (37th in the world)Population: 34.8 million (37th in the world)

90% of the pop. within 100 miles of the US border 90% of the pop. within 100 miles of the US border 80% Urban80% Urban

Life Expectancy from birth: 80.1 yearsLife Expectancy from birth: 80.1 years What does this tell us?What does this tell us?

Identity

Have struggled to identify themselvesHave struggled to identify themselves Not AmericanNot American Extremely Patriotic!Extremely Patriotic!

Can have strong bias against AmericansCan have strong bias against Americans Joe Canada

HockeyHockey Not a sport….Not a sport….

Language:Language:

English 59% French 23%English 59% French 23% English and French are the Official LanguageEnglish and French are the Official Language

Anglophone – English speakingAnglophone – English speaking Francophone – French SpeakingFrancophone – French Speaking 99% of the population is literate (people 15 99% of the population is literate (people 15

and older can read and write)and older can read and write) What does literacy tell usWhat does literacy tell us? ?

EconomyEconomy Market-oriented / Capitalisim Market-oriented / Capitalisim

Much like USMuch like US

InterdependentInterdependent with US with US relies on others to functionrelies on others to function

In 1994 Canada, US, and Mex created NAFTAIn 1994 Canada, US, and Mex created NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement. North American Free Trade Agreement. Encourages trade in all 3 countriesEncourages trade in all 3 countries Eliminates Taxes on Import/export Eliminates Taxes on Import/export

EconomyEconomy

Exports account for roughly a third of GDPExports account for roughly a third of GDP GDP- Gross Domestic Product -GDP- Gross Domestic Product - total value of goods total value of goods

and services made within the countryand services made within the country Gross (Total) Domestic (Home) Product (Goods and Gross (Total) Domestic (Home) Product (Goods and

services)services)

Most Export comes to US Most Export comes to US more than 85% of Canadian exportmore than 85% of Canadian export

Agriculture : Agriculture : 9% of Canada is suitable for Farming9% of Canada is suitable for Farming Prairie ProvincesPrairie Provinces

WheatWheat Barley Barley BeefBeef Oilseed Oilseed

St. LawrenceSt. Lawrence DairyDairy FruitsFruits VegetablesVegetables Forest productsForest products FishFish

Industries:Industries: wood and paper wood and paper

products products Leading producer of Leading producer of

timbertimber BC, Quebec, OntarioBC, Quebec, Ontario

food products food products fish products fish products transportation transportation

equipment equipment chemicals chemicals petroleum and natural petroleum and natural

gasgas

• Clear Cutting – cutting all trees in an areaClear Cutting – cutting all trees in an area

`̀

Report on Canada

Canada’s historyCanada’s history

Great Britain and Great Britain and France both fought for France both fought for control of Canadacontrol of Canada

Great Britain defeated Great Britain defeated France in the Seven France in the Seven Years WarYears War

1867 – British won 1867 – British won Canada as written in the Canada as written in the British North American British North American ActAct

Early history of CanadaEarly history of Canada

History C 7 – Sec4History C 7 – Sec4 First settlers in Canada were fishers, farmers, trappers First settlers in Canada were fishers, farmers, trappers

and fur tradersand fur traders Less than 5% today….not very manyLess than 5% today….not very many

Two main European PowersTwo main European Powers FranceFrance Great BritainGreat Britain

Fought all the time, all over the worldFought all the time, all over the world Signed a Peace Treaty in 1713Signed a Peace Treaty in 1713

Peace? Peace? Not really “peaceful”Not really “peaceful”

Treaty gave Britain Hudson Bay, New Treaty gave Britain Hudson Bay, New Foundland, and AcadiaFoundland, and Acadia

French Acadians had to follow British French Acadians had to follow British Protestant ruleProtestant rule Not HappeningNot Happening

French wanted beaver, Britain wanted French wanted beaver, Britain wanted land land

War!War! 1754 started the Seven Years War1754 started the Seven Years War

French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War Decisive battle won by BritsDecisive battle won by Brits

Battle of Quebec in 1759Battle of Quebec in 1759 Treaty of Paris signed 4 years later Treaty of Paris signed 4 years later

gave Canada to Great Britaingave Canada to Great Britain

The British Don’t want The British Don’t want TroubleTrouble

Sympathetic Canadian Gov’s passed Sympathetic Canadian Gov’s passed Quebec ActQuebec Act

French people in Quebec can speak French people in Quebec can speak French, practice religion, and follow their French, practice religion, and follow their own customsown customs

Some French Acadians formed a colony Some French Acadians formed a colony in LA = Cajun in LA = Cajun

Play nicePlay nice French and British worked together French and British worked together

during the war of 1812during the war of 1812

US tried to invade Canada, but were US tried to invade Canada, but were forced back to DC where the White forced back to DC where the White House was burnt downHouse was burnt down

After the warAfter the war Canadians hated British ruleCanadians hated British rule

French Canadians tried to revoltFrench Canadians tried to revolt British Canadians tried to revoltBritish Canadians tried to revolt

They lost They lost

Self-RuleSelf-Rule Leaders from every province met Leaders from every province met

Wrote a plan and presented it to British Wrote a plan and presented it to British parliamentparliament

It passed!It passed! The British North American ActThe British North American Act

One autonomous Dominion under the name of One autonomous Dominion under the name of CanadaCanada

Autonomous – self governingAutonomous – self governing DominionDominion- self-governing area- self-governing area

World War IWorld War I Canadians fought with Allied ForcesCanadians fought with Allied Forces Saw the first use of poison gas Saw the first use of poison gas

attackattack Lost more than 60,000 soldiersLost more than 60,000 soldiers

British recognized Canada’s British recognized Canada’s contribution and gave more contribution and gave more independenceindependence

After the WarAfter the War Immigrants poured into Canada Immigrants poured into Canada

During Great Depression, During Great Depression, Canada tried to solve problems Canada tried to solve problems at homeat home

Readily entered World War II Readily entered World War II with Britainwith Britain

World War IIWorld War II Most soldiers given guard duty in Most soldiers given guard duty in

Britain to prevent German attackBritain to prevent German attack

Many pilots, gunners, bombardiers, Many pilots, gunners, bombardiers, and flight engineers saw actionand flight engineers saw action

Efforts helped win war!Efforts helped win war! Gained more independence from Gained more independence from

BritainBritain

After the WarAfter the War More ImmigrantsMore Immigrants

More factories to accommodate More factories to accommodate clothing market in Europeclothing market in Europe

Became the world’s 4th-largest Became the world’s 4th-largest developed nation developed nation Helped organize United NationsHelped organize United Nations

A new Country!A new Country! In 1982, the British North American In 1982, the British North American

Act was replaced by a constitutionAct was replaced by a constitution

This gave Canada the right to ratify This gave Canada the right to ratify their constitution without Britain’s their constitution without Britain’s helphelp

Canada was an independent nationCanada was an independent nation Constitutional Monarchy Constitutional Monarchy

(Parliamentary Democracy)(Parliamentary Democracy)

T-r-o-u-b-l-eT-r-o-u-b-l-e French Canadians in Quebec French Canadians in Quebec

tired of being associated with tired of being associated with CanadaCanada

Separatists- French Canadian Separatists- French Canadian Francophone (s) who want to Francophone (s) who want to make Quebec its own countrymake Quebec its own country

Francophone- people who speak Francophone- people who speak French as their first languageFrench as their first language

ShhhhhhhhhhShhhhhhhhhh Quiet Revolution- changing the Quebec Quiet Revolution- changing the Quebec

society peacefully to aid in the separatist society peacefully to aid in the separatist movementmovement Not always quietNot always quiet Separatist blamed for kidnappings and Separatist blamed for kidnappings and

murders murders Creating better jobs, education, and Creating better jobs, education, and

health care for Francophoneshealth care for Francophones Quebecois- political party formed by the Quebecois- political party formed by the

separatistsseparatists

Put it to a votePut it to a vote Not everyone in Quebec wanted Not everyone in Quebec wanted

to separate from Canadato separate from Canada 1980 and 1995 referendum 1980 and 1995 referendum

showed that a majority of the showed that a majority of the people in Quebec wanted to stay people in Quebec wanted to stay w/ Canadaw/ Canada

Referendum- vote; casting Referendum- vote; casting ballots for or against an issueballots for or against an issue