ensure stabil i ty and cont inuity for the secre- tariat personnel recruited for the Conference,

1. Approves the convening of the eighth session of the Third United Nations Confer- ence on the Law of the Sea at Geneva for the period from 19 March to 27 April 1979 and empowers the Conference, i f the progress of its work warrants, to decide at that stage to hold further meetings under arrangements to be determined in consultation with the Secretary-General;

2. Authorizes the Secretary-General to make available appropriate facilities to that end;

3. Reiterates its authorization, originally given in paragraph 4 of General Assembly resolution 31/63, to the Secretary-General to continue to make the necessary arrange- ments, provided under paragraph 9 of Assem- bly resolution 3067 (XXVl l I), for the eff icient and continuous servicing of the Conference in 1979 and of subsequent activities as may be decided upon by the Conference, as well as to take appropriate measures to ensure stabil ity and cont inuity for the secretariat personnel recruited for the Conference. [ ]

CO-OPERATION IN THE FIELD OF THE ENVIRONMENT CONCERNING NATURAL RESOURCES SHARED BY TWO OR MORE STATES (Reso lu t i on 3 3 / 8 7 , a d o p t e d )

The General Assembly, Aff irming the principles stated in the

Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, held at Stockholm from 5 to 16 June 1972,

Recalling its resolution 3129 (XXVII I ) of 13 December 1973, entitled "Co-operation in the field of the environment concerning natural resources shared by t~vo or more States",

Recalling further the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, contained in its resolution 3281 (XX IX) of 12 December 1974,

Noting that the Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Programme has, by decision 6/14 of 19 May 1978, approved the final report of the Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on Natural Re- sources Shared by Two or More States, established under Governing Council decision 44 (111) of 25 April 1975, containing the draft principles of conduct in the field of the environment for the guidance of States in the conservation and harmonious uti l ization of natural resources shared by two or more States and the declarations and reservations expressed thereon,

Recognizing the right of States to provide specific solutions on a bilateral or regional basis,

Desiring to promote effective co-operation among States for the development of interna- tional law regarding the conservation and harmonious uti l ization of natural resources shared by two or more States,

1. Notes the valuable work done by the Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on Natural Resources Shared by Two or More States in carrying out the tasks entrusted to it in regard to the implementation of General Assembly resolution 3129 (XXVI l l ) ;

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2. Takes note of the report o f the Group of Experts, its approval, as adopted by the Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Programme, and its trans- mission to the General Assembly with an in- vitation to adopt the draft principles;

3. Invites the Secretary-General to trans- mit the report to Governments for their study and comments regarding the principles and to report thereon, taking into account also other significant informat ion,wi th a view to enabling the General Assembly to take a decision at its th ir ty-fourth session. [ ]

REPORT OF THE GOVERNING COUNCIL OF UNEP ( E x t r a c t o f reso lu t i on 3 3 / 8 6 , adop ted )

The General Assembly, 1. Takes note with satisfaction of the re-

port of the Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Programme on the work of its sixth session and the decisions, as adopt- ed, contained in annex I thereto;

2. Welcomes the activities of the United Nations Environment Programme, in par- ticular the decisions o f the Governing Council relating to the establishment of a system- wide, medium-term environment programme based on thematic jo int programming, the emphasis to be given to project and programme evaluation and to the preparatory process for the consideration by the Administrative Committee on Co-ordination of matters concerning the environment and the imple- mentation of the Plan of Act ion to Combat Desertification, and the reporting thereon by the Administrative Committee on Co-ordina- t ion to the Governing Council;

3. Calls upon all boules and organizations of the United Nations system involved in the elaboration of the new international develop- ment strategy to take environmental concerns into full account in view of the close inter- relationship between environment and develop- ment;

4. Invites the executive heads, members of the Administrative Committee on Co-ordina- t ion, to continue to consider after the merger of the Environment Co-ordination Board with the Administrative Committee on Co-ordination, environmental matters at their level;

5. Urges all Governments to contribute urgently and generously to the Fund of the United Nations Environment Programme, bearing in mind paragraph 3 of the Governing Council decision 6/13 A of 24 May 1978, so as to meet the approved target ;

6. Requests the United Nations Environ- ment Programme to continue its catalytic and co-ordinating role in the field of the marine environment and ecological balance of regional seas and invites the Governments concerned to conclude, as appropriate, through co-opera- t ion among themselves and with the assistance of the United Nations Environment Program- me and regional commissions, conventions and other arrangements in order to promote the protection of the marine environment of regional seas;

7. Invites Member States, as appropriate, to ratify and implement the international conventions and protocols designed to pro-

tect the environment in every respect and further urges Governments to promote the conclusion of such conventions and pro- tocols. [ ]

ECE

LONG-RANGE TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION

Possible d r a f t " C o n v e n t i o n on long- range t r a n s b o u n d a r y air p o l l u t i o n "

Preamble The Parties,

Determined to promote relations and co- operation in the field of environmental pro- tection,

Aware of the significance of the activities of the Economic Commission for Europe in strenghtening such relations and co-operation, particularly in the field of air pol lut ion in- cluding long-range transport o f air pollutants,

Recognizing the contr ibut ion of the Eco- nomic Commission for Europe to the multi- lateral implementation of the pertinent provi- sions of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe,

Cognizant of the references in the chapter on environment of the Final Act calling for co-operation to control air pol lut ion and its effects, including long-range transport of air pollutants, and to the development through international co-operation of an extensive programme for the monitoring and evaluation of long-range transport of air pollutants, start- ing with sulphur dioxide and with possible extension to other pollutants,

Considering the pertinent provisions of the declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, and in particular Principle 21, which expresses the common conviction that States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sover- eign right to exploi t their own resources pur- suant to their own environmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction,

Recognizing the existence of possible ad- verse effects, in the short and long term, of air pollutants including transboundary air pollu- t ion,

Concerned that a rise in the level of emis- sions within the region as forecast may increase such adverse effects,

Recognizing the need to study the implica- tions of the long-range transport of air pollu- tants and the need to seek solutions for the problems identified.

Aff i rming their willingness to reinforce active international co-operation to develop appropriate national policies [and to co- operate [in particular] by means of informa- t ion, consultation, research and monitoring] for combating air pol lut ion including long- range transboundary air pol lut ion,

Agree as follows:

Definitions Para 1 For the purpose of this [Convention] :

"A i r po l lu t ion" means the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances

Env i ronmenta l Po l icy and Law, 5 (1979)

or energy into the air resulting in deleterious effects of such a nature as to endanger human health, harm living resources and ecosystems, and material property and impair or interfere with amenities and other legitimate uses of the environment and "air pol lutants" shall be construed accord :ngly;

"Long-range transboundary air po l lu t ion" means air pol lut ion whose physical origin is situated whol ly or in part within the area under the national jurisdiction of one State and which has adverse effects in the area under the jurisdiction of another State at such a distance that it is not generally possible to distinguish the contr ibut ion of individual emis- sion sources of groups of sources.

Fundamental principles

Para 2 Taking due account of the facts and prob-

lems involved, the parties are determined to protect man and his environment against air pol lut ion, and will [endeavour/make every ef fort /undertake[ to limit and, as far as pos- sible, gradually reduce and prevent air pollu- t ion, [including long-range transboundary air pol lut ion/thereby contributing to the preven- tion of long-range transboundary air pollu- t ion ] .

Para 3

In the framework of this Convention the parties will develop wi thout undue delay poli- cies and strategies [based [in particular] on exchanges of information, consultation, re- search and monitoring] as a means of com- bating the discharge of air pollutants, taking into account efforts already made at national, regional, subregional and international levels.

ogy which is economically feasible and low and non-waste technology.

Para 7 [The further commitments o f the Con-

tracting Parties are specified in Annexes to this Convention. The Annexes attached to the present Convention form an integral part o f the Convention.[

Para 8* The Parties will develop, without delay,

further co-operation in problem areas [includ- ing nuclear power plants in border regions] within the scope of this document.

Para 9* To this end, starting with sulphur oxides,

the Parties will attach highest pr ior i ty to the completion of documents which shall set out strategies and policies, and review regularly on

cerning control measures taken at the national level,

(Alternative:) The Parties will give highest pr ior i ty to the

conclusion by 1981 of an annex on sulphur compounds which shall contain strategies and policies for the prevention of an increase in, and subsequently a progressive reduction of, long-range transboundary air pol lut ion ac- cording to a time-table to be agreed upon.

The Parties agree to enter into negotiations on the development of the annex on sulphur compounds wi thout undue delay after having signed the convention.

(a) existing and proposed technologies for reducing emissions of sulphur compounds and other major air pollutants, including technical and economic feasibil ity, and envi- ronmental consequences;

Para 4 The parties will [co-ordinate/ inform each

other on/exchange information on/exchange information on and review] their [policies, scientific activities and technical[ measures aimed at combating, as far as possible, the dis- charge of air pollutants which may have ad- verse effects, thereby contributing to the reduction of air pol lut ion, including long-range transboundary air pollution.

Para 5 Consultations will be held, upon request,,

at an early stage between parties on the one hand which are actually affected by, or ex- posed to a significant risk of long-range trans- boundary air pol lut ion, and on the other hand within which, and subject to the jurisdiction of, a significant contr ibut ion to long-range transboundary air pol lut ion originates, or could originate, in connexion with activities carried on or contemplated in these parties.

Air quality management

Para 6 Taking into account the principles and

obligations set out in paragraphs 2 to 5 and the implications thereof, in order to reduce air pol lut ion, in particular that originating from new or rebuilt installations, the Parties will undertake to develop the best policies and strategies including control measures, compatible with balanced development, in particular by using the best available technol-

Environmental Pol icy and Law, 5 (1979)

Courtesy: Euroforurn

the basis of national reports the progress achieved at national level. Such strategies and policies developed while taking into account the ongoing research, monitoring and exchange of information envisaged in the paragraphs 10 to 12 of this document will be aimed, f irstly, at the prevention of an increase in, and sub- sequently at the reduction of, air pol lut ion including long-range transboundary air pollu- t ion, to be implemented progressively fol low- ing a time-table established by common agree- ment.

These documents will take into consider- ation particularly the efforts already made by the Parties at the national level for reducing air pol lut ion, the need for balanced develop- ment as well as the conditions of energy sup- ply. They will also contain indications con-

*(Paragraphs 8 and 9 above would be with- drawn if a resolution based on the "Working document for a draft resolut ion" were adopted.)

(b) instrumentation and other techniques for monitoring and measuring emission rates and ambient concentration of air pollutants; (c) improved models for a better understand- ing of the transmission of long-range trans- boundary air pollutants;

(Proposal to introduce new sub-para.:) (-) elaboration of methodologies to evaluate in economic terms the damage caused by transboundary air pol lut ion; (d) the effects o f sulphur compounds and other major air pollutants on human health and the environment, including agriculture, forestry, materials, aquatic and other natural ecosystems and visibil i ty, with a view to estab- lishing a scientific basis for dose/effect rela- tionsh ips designed to protect the environment; (e) The economic, social and environmental assessment of alternative measures for attain- ing environmental objectives including the reduction of long-range transboundary air pol lut ion;

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(f) the elaboration of education and training programmes related to the environmental aspects of pollution by sulphur compounds and other major air pollutants.

Further references to these negotiations are given in a Protocol attached to the con- vention.

(Proposal to replace paras. 6, 8 and 9 above: ) Taking into account the principles set out

in paras. 2 to 5, the ongoing research, exchange of information and monitoring and the results thereof, the cost and effectiveness of local and other remedies, in order to limit [and as far as possible to reduce] air pol lut ion, in par- ticular that originating from new or rebuilt installations, each Party will undertake to develop the best policies and strategies includ- ing air quality management systems [and, as part o f them, control measures] compatible with balanced development, in particular by using the best available technology which is economically feasible and low and non-waste technology. [To this end the Parties agree to create favourable conditions for transfer of technical solutions and progressive technol- ogical processes providing for l imitation, reduction and prevention of air pol lut ion, by means of conventional economic measures through existing commercial channels.]

Research and Development

Para 10 The Parties, as appropriate to their needs,

will initiate and co-operate in the conduct of research and development on:

Exchange of information

Para 11 [Within the framework of this Conven-

sion/Within the framework of the Conference of the Parties/Within the framework of the ]designated competent body of ] ECE [and bilaterally] ] the Parties will, in their common interests, exchange [available] information on : (a) emission rates (at periods of time to be agreed upon) for agreed air pollutants, starting with sulphur dioxide, coming from grid-units of agreed size;

(Alternative proposal: that this sub-paragraph be transferred to para. 12, or i f it remains here, should read as follows:) (-) "'The need to exchange data on emissions (at periods of time to be agreed) of agreed air pollutants, [starting with sulphur dioxide] coming from grid-units of agreed size, or on the fluxes of agreed pollutants crossing na- tional borders at agreed distances and at periods of t ime to be agreed"; (b) [major changes in national policies/the potential impact of major developments] which would be likely to cause significant changes in long-range transboundary air pollu- t ion; (c) relevant control technologies for reducing air pol lut ion relevant to long-range transboun- dary air pol lut ion; (d) the projected cost of the emission control of sulphur compounds and other major air pollutants on a national scale; (e) meteorological and physico-chemical data relating to the processes during transmission:

(Alternative proposal: that this sub-paragraph be transferred to para. 12.) (ft physico-chemical and biological data relat-

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ing to the effects of long-range transboundary air pol lut ion and, [should a party at the point of origin of long-range transboundary air pol- lution so request,] [ the extent of the damage which these data indicate can be attributed to long-range transboundary air pol lut ion;] (g) national, regional and sub-regional policies and strategies for the control o f sulphur com- pounds and other major air pollutants.

Implementation and further Development of the Co~operative Programme for the Moni- toring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe

Para 12 The Parties stress the need for the imple-

mentation of the existing co-operative pro- gramme for the monitoring and evaluation of the long-range transmission of air pollutants in Europe (EMEP) and, with regard to the further development of this programme, em- phasize: (a) the desirability of Parties joining in and ful ly implementing EMEP which, as a first step, is based on the monitoring of sulphur dioxide and related substances; (b) the need to use comparable or standardized procedures for monitoring whenever possible; (c) the desirability of basing the monitoring programme on the framework of both national and international programmes. The establish- ment of monitoring stations and the collec- t ion of data will be carried out under the national jurisdiction of the country in which the monitoring stations are located; (d) the desirability to establish a framwork for a co-ordinated environmental monitoring programme, based on, and taking into ac- count, present and future national, regional, subregional and international programmes; (e) the need for more specific monitoring systems and the application of improved models to provide data on the effectiveness of control strategies.

(Alternative proposal: to insert the fol lowing paragraphs in substitution for the paragraphs 11 (a) and 11 (e) of the "Provisional tex t " : - . "The need to exchange data on emissions (at periods o f time to be agreed upon) of agreed air pollutants, coming from grid-units of agreed size, or on the fluxes of agreed pol- lutants ]starting with sulphur dioxide] cros- sing national borders, at agreed distances and at periods of time to be agreed upon"; - . "The need to provide meteorological and physico-chemical data relating to the processes during transmission,"); (f) the need to monitor chemical components in other media such as water, soil and vegeta- t ion; in parallel, a similar monitoring pro- gramme to record effects on health and envi- ronment; (g) the desirability of extending the national EMEP networks to make them operational for control and surveillance purposes.

(In elaborating the text, it should be made clear that the EMEP is to be an integral part o f the operation of the Convention)

[ Follow-up mechanism/Institutional Arrange- ments]

Para 13 The Parties entrust the fol low-up activites

for the purpose of this Convention on Long-

Range Transboundary Air Pollution to ECE within their existing structures, thereby com- prising all the Parties to the Convention, and it will be the responsibility of ECE to ensure, as required, its full implementation.

Executive Organ

(a) The Senior Advisers to ECE Governments on Environmental Problems shall constitute the executive organ o f this Convention, and shall meet at least annually in that capacity. Non-acceding Member State representatives wilt act as observers. (b) The executive organ shall:

(i) Review the implementation of this Convention and its annexes;

(ii) Review the long-range transboundary air pol lut ion situation within the ECE region, to wh ich this Convention applies, the efficacy of the control measures adopted, and the need for any additional or dif ferent measures likely to promote the objectives of this Convention;

(iii) Consider and make recommendations to the Parties regarding any proposed amend- ments to this Convention;

(iv) Establish, as appropriate, working groups to consider matters related to the implementation and development of this Con- vention and its annexes;

(v) Fulfi l any other functions as may be appropriate under the provisions of this Con- vention. (c) In discharging its functions, the executive organ shall, when it deems appropriate, re- quest assistance f rom international technical and scientific organizations, and avail itself of the information supplied by the Parties. (d) The executive organ shall util ize the Steering Body for the "Co-operative Program- me for monitoring and evaluation of the long- range transmission of air pollutants in Europe" (EMEP) as an integral part o f data collection and scientific co-operation established under this agreement. (e) The Parties shall request the Economic Commission for Europe to authorize the Exe- cutive Secretary to carry out the fol lowing secretariat functions:

(i) To convene and prepare the meetings of the executive organ;

(ii) To transmit to the Parties notif ications, reports and other information received in accordance with the provisions of the Con- vention;

(iii) To discharge other functions as may be assigned by annexes to this Convention;

(iv) To serve as depositary for this Con- vention;

(v) To discharge such other functions as may be assigned by the executive organ.

Amendments to the Convention (a) Any Party may propose amendments to this Convention. (b) The executive organ shall discuss pro- posed amendments at its next annual meet- ing provided that proposals have been circu- lated by the ECE Executive Secretary to the Parties forty-f ive days in advance. (c) An amendment to the Convention shall be adopted by consensus of the representative of the Parties, and shall enter into force for each Party once it has notif ied the depositary of its acceptance of the amendment.

Annexes to the Convention (a) Any Party may propose annexes to this Convention.

Environmental Policy and Law, 5 (1979)

(b) The executive organ shall discuss proposed annexes at its next annual meeting, provided that proposals have been circulated by the ECE Executive Secretary to the Parties for ty- five days in advance. (c) An annex to the Convention shall be opened for signalure when at least twenty- four Parties have notif ied the depositary of their acceptance of the annex. No annex shall impair the rights or obligations under this Convention of any Party thereto, whether or not such Party has accepted the annex. (d)Each annex shall specify its own amend- ment procedure. No annex or its amendments shall be inconsistent with the rights or obliga- tions of the Parties under this Convention.

Rules of procedure and financial rules (a) In cases where ECE rules do not apply, the executive organ shall draw up and unani- mously adopt its own rules of procedure. (b) The executive organ shall draw up and unanimously adopt the financial rules to determine the financial participation of each contracting Party.

Settlement of disputes (a) In case of a dispute between contracting Parties as to the interpretation or application of the present Convention, they should seek a solution by negotiation. If the contracting Parties concerned cannot reach agreement theyshould seek the good offices of, or jo int ly request mediation by a third contracting Party, a qualified international organization or a qualified person. (b) If the contracting Parties concerned have not been able to resolve their dispute through negotiations and mediation or have not been able to agree on measures as described above, such disputes shall be submitted to an ad-hoc arbitration tribunal, to a permanent arbitra- tion tribunal; or to the International Court o f Justice.

Signature and accession This Convention shall be open for signa-

ture or accession by the member States of the Economic Commission for Europe as well as States having consultative status within the Economic Commission for Europe according to Article 8 in United Nations resolution 36 (IV), and by the European Economic Com- munity.

Ratification, acceptance and approval {a) This Convention shall be subject to ratif i- cation, acceptance or approval. (b) The instruments of ratif ication, accep- tance or approval shall be deposited with the Executive Secretary of ECE, which shall be the depositary.

Entry into force (a) This Convention shall enter into force on the ninetieth day fol lowing the date of deposit o f the twenty-fourth instrument of ratifica- t ion, acceptance or approval to this Conven- tion. (b) For each Party which ratifies, accepts or approves this Convention and accedes thereto after the deposit of the twenty-fourth instru- ment of ratif ication, acceptance, approval or accession, this Convention shall enter into force ninety days after the deposit by such Party of its instruments.

Withdrawal A t a n y t i m e a f t e r e x p i r y o f ( ) years f rom

the date of entry into force of the present

Environmental Policy and Law, 5 (1979)

agreement any Party may, by giving written noti f ication to the depositary, withdraw from the present Convention. The withdrawal shall take effect ninety days after the date of its receipt. [ ]

Working document produced by the United Kingdom, France, Sweden and Norway for presentation to the thirty-fourth session of the Economic Commission for Europe, con- taining a Draft Resolution for a High-Level Meeting on the Protection of the Environment

1. The Parties to the Convention on Long- range Transboundary Air Pollution shall, in the designated competent body of ECE, as soon as possible after the High Level Meeting, initiate the provisional implementation of the Convention, within the framework of ECE on an interim basis; they undertake to carry out the obligations of the Convention to the maxi- mum extent possible pending its entry into force. 2. The necessary authori ty should be given to ECE and to its Executive Secretary to provide fo ra sufficient secretariat. If necessary special funds for this purpose should be requested from the parties to the Convention. 3. The Parties will develop without delay further co-operation in problem areas within the scope of the Convention. In particular they will seek to approximate their strategies and policies for combating air pol lut ion in- cluding LRTAP. 4. Such policies and strategies shall be aimed at limiting, and as far as possible gradually reducing and preventing air pol lut ion, includ- ing LRTAP. They shall be implemented progressively and the designated competent body shall review regularly the progress achieved at national level. To this end, the Parties will attach highest pr ior i ty to the com- pletion of a document on national policies and strategies for abatement of air pol lut ion caused by sulphur compounds. [ ]

LOW- A N D N O N - W A S T E T E C H N O L - O G Y A N D R E U T I L I Z A T I O N A N D R E C Y C L I N G O F W A S T E S

A. AGREED ELEMENTS FOR A DRAFT DECLARATION OF INTENT

I. Preamble

Preambular paragraphs covering: 1. The determination of ECE member coun- tries to promote relations and co-operation in the field of environmental protection and the significance of the activities of ECE in strength- ening such relations and co-operation; 2. contr ibut ion of ECE to the multilateral implementation o f the pertinent provisions of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe; 3. recognition of the importance that, in accordance with the Chapter on Environment of the Final Act, economic development and technological progress must be compatible with the protection of the environment and that damage to the environment is best avoided by preventing measures and consequently the need for development of low- and non-waste technology and treatment and uti l ization of wastes including recovery and recycling of materials;

4. pertinent provisions of the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, particularly with regard to the need to achieve a more rational management of resources and thus to improve the environ- ment; 5. conviction that raw materials and energy should be used in a rational manner; 6. results of the ECE Seminar on Non-waste Technology and Production (Paris, 1976), which inter alia, defined low-and non-waste technology as "the practical application of knowledge, methods and means, so as - within the needs of man -- to provide the most ratio- nal use of natural resources and energy, and to protect the environment". 7. conviction that low- and non-waste tech- nology and reutil ization and recycling of wastes would help to prevent environmental damage, as such technology could reduce or eliminate waste products which otherwise pollute the environment; 8. conviction that low- and non-waste tech- nology and reutil ization and recycling of wastes which provides for a more rational use of energy and raw materials would preserve precious non-renewable resources and prevent over-uti l ization of renewable resources; 9. importance of considering the entire life- cycle of a product, f rom extraction of raw materials to consumption and final disposal or recycling; 10. recognition of the need that decisions on moving towards low- and non-waste tech- nology should be mindful o f the implications of environmental, economic and social factors associated with such moves; 11. an awareness that ECE activities are part of a broader programme for development of environmentally sound and appropriate tech- nologies (under the auspices of UNEP in co- operation with other international organiza- tions) and would be of interest and value to other regions of the world.

I I. Operative paragraphs

Operative paragraphs relating to: 1. the over-riding objectives of low- and non- waste technology and reutil ization and re- cycling of wastes; which are environmental protection and the rational use of resources; 2. ways and means for the implementation of such technology which could include, inter alia: (a) the promotion of low- and non-waste tech- nology and reuti l ization and recycling of wastes through:

(i) reduction of the generation of wastes and the emission of pollutants in the vari- ous production and consumption cycles by: (a) using improved industrial processes when setting up new, or transforming existing units of production; (b) designing products particularly to in- crease durabi l i ty and facilitate repair and reutil ization, whenever appropriate; (ii) recovery, re-use and valorization of wastes, among others, by: (a) recovering valuable substances and materials from industrial effluents and combustion gases; (b) making better use of the energy con- tent of wastes and residuals; (iii) reutil ization of larger quantities of wastes as "secondary" raw materials in other production processes;

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