Date post: | 26-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | felicia-singleton |
View: | 214 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
Look Smart
Theme and Variation on
Topic 6. Mental Abilities and Navigating the World
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:• any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;• preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any image;• any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
Defining Intelligence
• Most important: The capacity to carry out abstract reasoning (similarities, differences, accurate generalizations)
• Adaptation and adjustment– Stern: the general capacity of an individual to adjust
• Learning– Hennon: capacity for knowledge and knowledge
possessed• Neural approaches
– Pinter: modifiability of the nervous system
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
Concrete and Abstract Thinking
Concrete Thinking• Events• Actions• Conditions
Abstract Thinking• Similarities and
Differences• Organizations• Relationships
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Overview of Intelligence(s)view through 1990 or so…
Specific Intelligences
“Group Intelligences”
General Intelligence
g
Verbal-Propositional Intelligence
Word Fluency Reading Comprehension
Perceptual Organizational Intelligences
Recognizing Patterns
Completing Puzzles
Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
One View of Intelligence(s) Today
g
Cool Intelligences
Verbal Comprehension
Intelligence
Reading Comprehension Vocabulary
Perceptual-Organizational Intelligences
Recognizing Patterns
Completing Puzzles
Hot Intelligences
Emotional Intelligence
Recognizing Emotions
Emotional Reasoning
Social Intelligence
Social Influences
Reasoning About
Relationships
Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
Nigel Hunt
• Hunt, Nigel (1967). The world of Nigel Hunt: The Diary of a Mongoloid
Youth. New York: Garrett Publications. • Parents: Father and mother were both middle-
class public school teachers. • Education: extensive home tutoring of the
most sensitive and creative type. Nigel also attended his father's school.
• School standing and progress: no details provided.
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
Example of Concrete Thinking
(Nigel Hunt, Selection 1)• It gives me great pleasure to write this, my very first book.
I hope it will do well in America and in England. • Now I had better introduce myself. • I am Nigel Hunt and I live at 26 Church Avenue, Pinner,
England with my parents. • They are very nice indeed. I was born at Edgware in 1947.
I have never been to America yet. The lady who advised me to write this was Mrs. Eileen J. Garrett and she says that I shall be very busy. (cont.)
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
Example of Concrete Thinking
Nigel Hunt (Selection 2) • So it's hallo! Welcome to my first good attempt in making
this book and Douglas Hunt is assisting me. I had a royal honour in coming to London to see Mrs. Garrett at the Claridges Hotel and the flags were out for me and I saluted my own colour. I was educated at many places; at Longfield Primary School, Inellan School, Pinner, and at my father's school, Atholl School.
• I have my own typewriter and I taught myself to type. When I went to London many years ago I made a film with Prof. Penrose looking at my palms. [One sign of Trisomy-21is a particular pattern in the palm] I also smiled at the camera, and he says it will go to America, and I hope you have seen it. (cont.)
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
Example of Concrete Thinking
• Recalling Nigel Hunt (Selection 3) • My mother has been so kind tome all my life. My mother
taught me to read. When I was very tiny we used to play together with plastic letters and a book with huge letters in it. I learnt the sounds of the letters from my mother as we played.
• After I had learned the sound of every letter mother held things up and sound-spelt them like "This is a C-U-P" and soon I could do it all by myself; all our friends were amazed and pleased with me when I began to read properly from books.
• My mother used to read to me and she would read all the way through and the title of the book was "Alaplied" which I said every time my mother came up. [This was actually "he replied". It was not the title of the book.]
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
Example of Concrete Thinking
Hunt (Selection 6) • One day I was taught good English from Mr. Hunt and
then came the periods. Periods 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on; when I went there I became independent and polite to all the boys. Then we had two French teachers.
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
Example of Abstract Thinking
Alexander Hamilton• Signer of the Declaration of Independence• Coauthor of the Federalist Papers
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
Example of Abstract Reasoning
As to what you say respecting your soon having the happiness of seeing us all, I wish an accomplishment of your hopes, provided they are concomitant with your welfare, otherwise not... To confess my weakness, Ned, my ambition is prevalent, so that I contemn the grovelling condition of a clerk or the like, to which my fortune, etc., condemns me, and would willingly risk my life, though not my character, to exalt my station. I am confident, Ned, that my youth excludes me from any hopes of immediate preferment; nor do I desire it; but I mean to preface the way for futurity. I'm no philosopher, you see, and may justly be said to build castles in the air; my folly makes me ashamed, and I beg you'll conceal it; yet Neddy, we have seen such schemes successful when the projector is constant…[How old?]
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
Example of Abstract Reasoning
• The previously quoted letter from Alexander Hamilton was written to a school friend when Hamilton was 12 years, 10 months old.
• Note– Virtuousity, developed style of writing– Excellent organization– Sustained theme (wanting greatness)– Application of intelligence to life planning
• Estimated IQ: 135
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
Major Intelligences: from Mid 20th Century
• Verbal-Comprehension IQ– Comprehension: If you find a letter with an
address on it but no stamp, what should you do?
– Picture Completion– Similarities: How are a computer and a car
alike?
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
Major Intelligences: from Mid 20th Century
• Perceptual-Organizational IQ– Block Design: Arrange blocks to form an
abstract pattern – Coding: Learn to copy an abstract symbol next
to another abstract symbol– Picture Arrangement: Complete a puzzle
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
Development and the IQ Score
• Year 5:– Compare 2 boxes of
different weights– Repeat sentence of 10
syllables– Count four pennies (sous)
• Year 12:– Repeat 7 figures– Find 3 rhymes– Repeat 26 syllable
sentences– Interpret the meaning of
pictures
• Binet noticed his older daughter better solved problems than his younger daughter
• No one had realized intelligence developed with age before
• His test was age graded
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
Development and IQ: Example
• John Stuart Mill • Philosopher• Author of “On Liberty” and “Utilitarianism”
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
How is IQ Expressed?
• John Stuart Mill (1806-1873): First Alban Government: Roman conquest in Italy. We know not any part, says Dionysius of Halicarnassus, of the History of Rome till the Sicilian invasions. Before that time, the country had not been entered by any foreign invader. After the expulsion of Sicilians, Iberian (?) kings reigned for several years; but in the time of Latinus, Aeneas, son of Venus and Anchises, came to Italy, and established a kingdom there called Albania. He then succeeded Latinus in the government, and engaged in the wars of Italy. The Rutuli, a people living near the sea, and extending along the Numicius up to the Lavinium, opposed him. However, Turnus their king was defeated and killed by Aeneas. Aeneas was killed soon after this. The war continued to be carried on chiefly against the Rutuli, to the time of Romulus, the first king of Rome. By him it was that Rome was built.
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
Expression of IQ
• Preceding passage written at the age of 6 ½• Estimated IQ: 190• Grandfather, shoemaker; father, a
philosopher• Mother, daughter of woman who managed a
lunatic asylum (cont.)
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
John Stuart Mill (Cont.)
• Educated at home– Learned Greek at 3– Read Plato with understanding at 7– At 8 studied Latin– Also at 8, covered geometry and algebra– At 9, conic sections, spherics, and Newton’s arithmetic– Of his math, it was said, “He performed all problems
without the book and most of them without any help from the book.”
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
The Rate IQ
• The IQ (proposed by Louis Stern)– IQ = MA/CA x 100 – Intelligence Quotient = Mental Age Divided by
Chronological Age, times One Hundred • Mental Age = the age-based-scale at which a
person can solve > half the problems• Example:
– A 6-year-old child (CA = 6)– Solves problems like the average 8-year-old (MA = 8) – IQ = 8/6 x 100 = (1.333) x 100 = 133.3
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
The Rate IQ: Drawbacks
• Mental age, by itself, lacks meaning.• Mental age of 10?
– A five year old will be a genius– A 20-year-old will seem slow
• The rate IQ has an upper limit at about age 17, when the rate of growth of mental ability slows down.
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
The Deviation IQ: The Alternative
• Introduced by David Wechsler (of the Wechsler/WAIS tests mid-20th-century)
• Procedure: – Intelligence levels are compared within a given age
group (e.g., 20-year-olds or six-year-olds).– The mean is set to 100, the standard deviation to 15– This closely mimics Rate IQ for those under 17.
• The deviation IQ has now replaced the rate IQ for use in most IQ testing.
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
Mental Development and the IQ
40 55 70 85 100 115 130 145 160
The IQ Distribution
Rel
ativ
e F
requ
ency
50
40
30
20
10
0
Mean = 100
SD = 15
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
Mental Development and the IQ
40 55 70 85 100 115 130 145 160
The IQ Distribution
Rel
ativ
e F
requ
ency
50
40
30
20
10
0
Mean = 100
SD = 15
68%
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
Mental Development and the IQ
40 55 70 85 100 115 130 145 160
The IQ Distribution
Rel
ativ
e F
requ
ency
50
40
30
20
10
0
Mean = 100
SD = 15
95%
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
Mental Development and the IQ
40 55 70 85 100 115 130 145 160
The IQ Distribution
Rel
ativ
e F
requ
ency
50
40
30
20
10
0
Mean = 100
SD = 15
99%
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
How is IQ Expressed?
Life Status Correlation with IQ
Primary school rank in class r = .50
Secondary school rank in class r = .45-.50
High School grades r = .60
Freshman GPA r = .44*
*The r between IQ and SAT’s is .80
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
How is IQ Expressed?
Educational Level Average IQ
Primary School 100
Secondary School 110
College 118
Professional School 126
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
Focus on Hot Intelligences and Creativity
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:• any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;• preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any image;• any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
What is “hot?”
• “Hot” information is motivational, emotional, or social information of direct importance or concern to the individual.
• Hot mental abilities are abilities to process and cope with such personally meaningful and important information
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
• First sustained theory and measure of emotional intelligence (Mayer & Salovey, 1990; Salovey & Mayer, 1990)
• Popularization of emotional intelligence (Goleman, 1995)
• Huge research endeavor thereafter
Emotional Intelligence
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
Emotional Intelligence.
• Emotions Are Signals about Relationships and Related Actions
• Each emotion means something and operates in a particular way.
• An emotion is, in some sense, like a piece on a chessboard; each emotion has its own function and set of moves.
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
Emotional Intelligence
Managing Emotions
Understanding Emotions
Facilitating Thought
Perceiving Emotions
Emotional Intelligence.
Four Branch Model of Emotional Intelligence (Mayer & Salovey, 1997; Salovey & Mayer, 1990)
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
Emotional Intelligence.
The Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT)
Another Example:
Question: A blend of regret, sentimental feelings, love, and loss might lead to what feeling?
Answer: nostalgia
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
How is Emotional Intelligence Expressed?
• Stronger, closer relationships• Fewer fights and conflicts• Less drug abuse, alcohol abuse
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
Defining Creativity
• Definition: The ability to come up with many novel solutions to problems
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
Measuring Creativity
• Alternate Uses– How many uses can you come up with for a
shoe?
• Verbal Fluency– What words rhyme with nation?
• Remote Associates– What goes with: MATE, BANK, & CROSS?
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
Causes
• Educational– 1 year of school = 2 IQ points– Each time you hear me, your IQ goes up .02 points!
• Biological– Neural transmission speed studies
• Choice reaction time
– Brain size studies• Brain scanning results
– IQ is highly heritable
Look Smart
© Copyright 2014 John D. Mayer Personality: A Systems Approach
Chapter 6: Mental Abilities and…Part 2: Parts of Personality
How is Creativity Expressed?
• Greater output of products (books, poems, music, scientific achievements) judged as creative
• Longer, delayed, career attainments
• Novel or unusual career paths