López (2012). Ponencia Xixth Century Coal Mining Settlements in Chile the Challenge for Sustainable...

7/21/2019 López (2012). Ponencia Xixth Century Coal Mining Settlements in Chile the Challenge for Sustainable Touristic Reu…

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lopez-2012-ponencia-xixth-century-coal-mining-settlements-in-chile-the 1/15

XIXth CENTURY COAL MINING SETTLEMENTS

IN CHILE: THE CHALLENGE FOR SUSTAINABLE

TOURISTIC REUSE AND HERITAGE

PRESERVATION

M. Isabel LópezUniversidad del Bio Bio

ABSTRACT

Mining settlements and sites, established during the XIXth century, are a key testimony ofindustrial revolution in the world. As such, they are increasingly being valued as a particulartype of industrial heritage, and promoted as tourist attractions. Particularly in Europe and theUS, many sites have been turned into ‘open mining museums’, ‘ecomuseums’ or cultural parks,thus recognizing the value of its physical remains, the importance of a particular culturallandscape, and local identity among mining communities. Advocators of this trend have promoted mining tourism, as a way to revert dramatic economic decay and environmental problems, in the post-mining era.

In spite of this enthusiasm, several questions remain to be answered; such as:1. What should be the role of public agencies, the local community and in general the civil

society, in this shift from mining, to cultural tourism and heritage preservation? Eg.Who should be the new manager of the buildings and sites, after the mining companydepartures?

2. What kind of urban processes, planning policies and tools, should be used in order toachieve sustainable touristic reuse of mining heritage?

3. And finally, how can local participation be a central aspect of urban change?

Using the case of the former coal mining settlements of Lota and Coronel, at the south of Chile,the presentation addresses these issues and proposes: a set of steps for a sustainable cultural andtouristic reuse of mining heritage.

1 INTRODUCTION

Besides its artistic or historical value, the importance of industrial remains is mainly related toits testimonial significance. Industrial remains are a key testimony of a major social shift; i.e.the shift from an agricultural to an industrial type of society.

Within this wider scope, mining remains can be regarded as a specific dimension of industrialheritage. From an historical point of view, mining was a key factor of industrial revolution.From an economical stand, it was a key contribution to the expansion of exportations. Andfrom a social perspective, mining workers played a key role in the appraisal of the labor unions’movement, throughout the world.

Valuing mining and industrial heritage is also related with the recognition of industrialarchaeology in Europe. For authors like Santacreu (1992) the notion of industrial archaeologyemerged within the context of industrial revolution, and achieved widespread attention aroundde 50s and the 60s. As a result, several mining heritage societies were created.

Within the concept of mining heritage, the notion of ‘mining-metallurgic remains’ include thetraces of extractive activities as well as the ones related to metal production. This type ofheritage is considered a paradigmatic combination of cultural and natural heritage because of



the symbiotic relation between the mine and the geological heritage which is unveiled throughmining. That is how the social and historical value, along with the technical and natural values,are all components of this type of heritage (Ayala-Carcedo, 2000, Pg. 34).

Thanks to the increasing recognition of mining heritage, various researchers such as López(2010); Orche (2004, 2003, 2002 and 2002b); Puche (2003 and 2000); Puche et al (1997 and

1993); and Carvajal et al (2003 and 2003b) have promoted the recovery of mining remains ascultural heritage; and have promoted its reuse for tourism. As a result, in various countries(specially in Europe) international organizations have fostered the creation of mining museums,eco-museums, open air museums, and cultural parks, sustaining: touristic, recreational,scientific or even therapeutic land uses (Sabaté, 2004; Carvajal, 2003 and Orche, 2003; Sabaté ySchuster, 2001).

In spite of this enthusiasm, several questions remain to be answered; such as: i) what should bethe role of public agencies, the local community and the civil society, in this shift from mining,to cultural tourism and heritage preservation? E.g. Who should be the new manager of the buildings and sites, after the mining company departures?; ii) What kind of urban processes, planning policies and tools, should be used in order to achieve sustainable touristic reuse of

mining heritage?; and finally iii) How can local participation be a central aspect of urbanchange?

Using the case of the former coal mining settlements of Lota and Coronel, at the south of Chile,the presentation approaches these issues and proposes a series of steps for a successful andsustainable touristic reuse of former mining areas. The proposal is based in the analysis ofmining heritage tourism in Europe, and ‘in depth’ case study analysis of initiatives in the UK.The research methodology considered a descriptive, an evaluative and a prospective approach.The descriptive approach aimed to identify the main components of initiatives that succeeded tofoster tourism and heritage preservation1. The evaluative approach aimed to identify the maincontributions of these same initiatives to sustainable local development, according to a set of parameters based on preservation and sustainable tourism theory. And finally, the prospectiveapproach explored the potential of the former mining territory of Lota and Coronel, in Chile, toimplement a sustainable process of tourism reuse.

The article is structured in three parts. The first part presents the main arguments supportingheritage significance of the former mining area of Lota and Coronel. The second part presentsthe main steps for a sustainable touristic reuse of heritage. And the third part presents the mainconclusions regarding opportunities and restrictions for these kind o initiatives in former miningterritories in Chile.

2 MINING HERITAGE IN LOTA AND CORONEL

In Chile, coal mining developed mainly in three areas located at the south of the country: at theArauco Gulf, in the Bio Bio Region (Mazzei, 1997); near the cities of Valdivia and Chiloé, inthe Los Ríos and Los Lagos regions; and in the Magallanes basin, in the Magallanes Region(Martinic, 2010 and 2004). Above all, the mines of Arauco surpassed production anywhereelse, leading coal production in Chile (Ortega, 1992).

Within the Arauco Gulf, the biggest mining company was the one founded by Matías Cousiñoin the year 1850, in Lota. The one founded by Federico Schwager in Coronel followed inimportance. That is how by the end of the XIXth century Lota and Coronel (Fig 1), were two of

1 The analysis focused in four of the six mining museums in the UK receiving from 100.000 to 350.000 visitors ayear (visitor numbers for the years 2000 to 2005): Beamish Open Air Museum, Ironbridge Gorge Mining Museum,

National Coal Mining Museum and Black Country Museum (López, 2010b, Pg xx). The comparative analysis used aConceptual Model, built from the system’s theory.



the main industrial complexes in Chile (Ortega, 1992). Accordingly, both urban settlementswere deeply modified by a new way of life, the expansion of industrial installations, and theconstruction of various facilities, houses and open spaces that – even today – define localcharacter and stand out as key elements of the urban image.

Fig. 1 The expansion of coal mining properties at the south of the Bio Bio river. Source: theAuthor

In Lota, the mining settlement, known as Lota Alto, was built beside the industrial installations.The urban layout follows a spatial hierarchy that expresses both the organization of work withinthe mining company (Muñoz, 2000) and the irregular relief, thus achieving a unique urban form.The settlement expanded at the same pace as the industrial complex. And the new technologies,originally meant for industrial purposes, were also used for urban development.

In Coronel, pioneering mining initiatives started during the mid XIXth century in the area ofPuchoco, at the north end of the Arauco Gulf (Aburto y Gutiérrez, 1999, Pg. 43). Mining

attracted investment and workers; and in the year 1872, when the railway line was extended tothe south border of the Bio Bio River, many new inhabitants arrived (Vera, 1984, Pgs 13 – 14).Finally, in 1982, the merging of the mining companies of Punta Puchoco and Boca Maule, inCoronel, produced one of the most important social, urban and economic transformations in theBio Bio Region.Coal mining defined and fostered development in Lota and Coronel. However, internationalshifts in coal mining production - during the 60s – along with cost increases, led to a long crisisof coal production. That’s how – after several years of struggle - the coal field at Puchoco wasclosed in 1994 and so was the coal field at Lota three years later (Pérez et al, 2004). After themines were closed the government implemented several measures to reduce unemployment.However these actions haven’t been able to attract investment nor to generate a relevant impact

in the community.



3 KEY STEPS FOR TOURISTIC REUSE OF MINING HERITAGE

Main results of the research suggest that fostering a process of touristic reuse of former miningsettlements should consider the following steps.

Assessing her itage signi f icance and other assets of the former mining terr i tory

This phase requires two types of analysis. Firstly, to assess the architectural, historical andcultural significance of mining remains, and secondly, to precise the limits of the managementarea. Heritage significance should be assessed regarding the physical remains of the site2 andother intangible expressions of mining culture. One important aspect is that the site expressesnot only the working conditions, but also, the social aspects of mining culture3. Finally,heritage assessment should take into account whether mining remains have a local, regional,national or universal value.

Regarding the management area, the analysis of successful mining museums suggests thattouristic success of the initiative may require the following:1. Achieving a balance between the scale of the site and accessibility from major urban

agglomerations. That is how, small heritage areas (7 to 10 hectares) may only be ableto attract an important number of visitors when located at the fringes - or within - majorurban centers. Larger sites on the other hand (250 to 550 hectares) may only need to beaccessible on a day trip from major urban agglomerations (i.e. at a maximum distanceof 45 km. approx.). Achieving a balance between scale and accessibility of the sitecontributes to its touristic attractiveness and, consequently, to economic feasibility ofthe initiative.

2. Including the local community within the management area. This feature is importantto social sustainability, for two reasons. Firstly, because it provides visitors with a moreholistic grasp of mining culture; and secondly, because it facilitates participation of thelocal community.

Mining heritage areas in Lota and Coronel, may be described as a coastal border located at thesouth of Concepcion: the region’s capital city. Mining heritage areas may be described as fourheritage ‘stations’. The first two, when approaching from Concepción, include the former coalfield and settlements of Maule and Puchoco in Coronel, and have a total of 64 hectares (Fig. 2).The following ‘station’ is the industrial area and coal settlement of Lota Alto, which has 198hectares. Finally, the last ‘station’ is the Hydroelectric Central of Chivilingo and surroundingareas, with a total extension of 7 hectares. In this way, the summing up of the four ‘stations’,reaches around 262 hectares.

Finally, mining heritage areas of Lota and Coronel are still inhabited by the former mining

community.

That is how, the management site of a touristic initiative in the area, should be conceived as: The large type of site; that is: a site including at least the whole 198 hectares of

heritage areas and, if appropriate, other areas withstanding natural or recreationalvalue.

Including the inhabited historical settlements

2 Eg. the number and heritage significance of the historical buildings.3 What Cole calls the ‘sociofacts’ and ‘mentefacts’ of the mining culture, i.e. the ‘aspects of social and

institutional organization’ and the ‘attitudinal characteristics and value systems including religion andlanguage’ respectively (2005, p. 481).



Fig. 2 The four heritage ‘stations’: Maule and Puchoco in Coronel, and Lota Alto and Chivilingo in Lota.Source: the author

Regarding accessibility, Lota and Coronel are two of the various urban centers belonging to the

Metropolitan Area of Concepción (AMC). With more than 900.000 inhabitants, the AMC is thesecond most populated metropolitan area of Chile; and Lota is located 36.5 km south fromConcepción (Fig. 3). On the other hand, even though the mining area is connected to the AMCthrough the 160 Route, various measures to improve accessibility, should be implemented4.

Regarding heritage significance, even though the mining areas of Lota and Coronel have noofficial designation as world heritage site (WHS), the analysis illustrates powerful arguments tosupport their designation. These results show consistency with the increasing interest amonglocal, regional and national actors, to support Lota’s application to the World Heritage List.

4 Such as improving public transportation and moving the toll southwards the city of Lota.



Fig. 3 Lota, Coronel and the Metropolitan Area of Concepción (AMC). Source: Rojas (2009)

The Arauco Gulf exhibits a rich cultural exchange that expresses the mixture of various groupsof immigrants who were attracted by the coal industry during the nineteenth century.Immigration brought together ‘mapuche

5’ workers, Chilean farmers and entrepreneurs, and

European engineers and technicians. Main aspects of intangible heritage include: thedevelopment of a rich network of social organizations and paradigmatic labor unions, as well asvarious cultural expressions such as the language, traditions, celebrations, and artisticmanifestations linked to mining history. Also, cultural exchange triggered the development ofthe coal settlement of Lota Alto as a unique adaptation of the ‘industrial village’ urban model (Fig. 4), and the construction of pioneer engineering facilities such as the Hydroelectric Centralof Chivilingo, designed by Thomas A. Edison (the first one in Chile and the second one inSouth America) and the railway bridge; the first bridge to cross the widest river in Chile: theBio Bio (Fig. 5).

5

‘ Mapuches’ are the indigenous population that inhabited the south of Chile before the Spanishcolonization.



Fig. 4 The historical mining installations and settlement of Lota Alto. Source: the author

Within the settlement, the mining company built open areas of great beauty, such as the IsidoraGoyenechea Park and various buildings of architectural value. Among them the most significantare the former house of the Park Manager (now reused as a Mining Museum), the Matías

Apóstol Church, Thompson Mattews’ School and the Theatre of Lota (recently listed as National Monument) (Figs. 6 and 7). All these buildings are key elements of the urban imageThey stand out as landmarks because of their location (usually at corners or other key places ofthe urban layout), their condition of isolated buildings and its Art Deco style of architecture; thedominating style in Chile during the 40s. All of the above constitute examples of integration between public buildings and the urban space, a characteristic which expresses the importanceof community life in Lota. Finally, the mining pavilions in Lota Alto stand out, as earlyadaptations of Fourier’s social utopia and as key elements of the urban image and the publicrealm (Fig. 8).



Figs 5 The iron bridge across the Bio Bio river.Source: Astorquiza, 1929.

Fig. 6 View of the Park’s main entrance and theformer House of the Park ’s Manager. Source:Author’s collection

Fig. 7 The Theatre of Lota, one of the buildingsexpressing the Art Decó architectural style.Source: SURPLAN (2005)

Fig. 8 A view of one of the galleries of thecollective housing pavilions in Lota Alto and

Matias Apóstol Church on the back. Source:

Author’s collection

Provide legal protection to mining heri tage

The second step for a successful process of touristic reuse is to ensure legal protection of miningheritage. Local authorities should use their powers in order to define as soon as possible, thearea and the buildings that should be protected. Two types of historical buildings that should be protected in first place are: collective housing in mining areas; and the industrial installations.This is extremely important in order to avoid important threats. In former mining areas thathave remained inhabited, housing will probably shift from only one owner (i.e. the miningcompany) to several individual owners (i.e. the former miners). The fact that the houses remain

occupied diminishes the threat of decay due to redundancy. On the other hand, a major threat isthat the new home owners modify their housing units, affecting integrity of the pavilions6.Regarding the industrial installations, the main threat is decay due to redundancy and lack ofmaintenance. Moreover, if the mining company sells the installations for a different productiveuse; pressures for alterations may be very high. That’s why, in all these cases it is extremelyimportant to develop both compulsory and non compulsory preservation plans, as well as tofoster local commitment to preservation.

6 Obviously this threat is also related to a lack of community commitment to preservation. That’s why it

is very important to ensure protective measures, as soon as possible after the mine is shut; before newgenerations, who may be more disconnected to the mining era, increase alterations of the urban fabric.



In Chile, two of the main tools for preserving built heritage are: the designation of HistoricConservation Buildings (HBCs) and Historic Conservation Areas (HCAs) in local plans.Demolition or alteration of protected heritage is forbidden without the authorization of the localauthority. Another tool is the designation of National Historic Monuments (NHM) for buildingswithstanding national significance. Applications to NHM status may be presented by any publicor non governmental entity and are decided by the National Council of Monuments (CNM).

Demolition of NHMs is absolutely forbidden; and any alterations have to be approved by theCMN. On the other hand this legal framework for preservation has proved to be largelyinsufficient for various reasons.

Firstly, because it fails to ensure that the local government uses its power to protect heritage inthe local plan. Twelve years after the mines were shut down, neither of the local plans of Lotaor Coronel had been updated in order to protect heritage. Because of this lack of protectionmany pavilions and row houses have suffered inappropriate modifications affecting integrityand heritage value7 (Figs. 9 and 10).

Fig. 9 Pavilion No 81, in Lota Alto still preserving

its original characteristics; including the publicgallery as an intermediate space between thehouses and the street. Source: Authors’ collection;captured before the earthquake of 2010.

Fig. 10 Row houses also in Lota Alto. The unity

of the original building can no longer bedistinguished due to inappropriate alterations.Source: Authors’ collection

Also, significant open areas have been inappropriately developed. An example is theinappropriate occupation of the surrounding areas of the Grande Shaft8 (Fig 4) with socialhousing. Besides the threat of occupying risk areas, inappropriate occupation has affected theimportance of the winding tower as a landmark of the mining landscape; a visual prominencethat was consistent with its historical and social significance (Figs.11 and 12)

A second weakness of the institutional framework in Chile is the lack of a national policyregarding heritage preservation and a public agency in charge of leading it. Instead, there arevarious uncoordinated public entities – with other main responsibilities – which onlytangentially support specific initiatives in this field.

7

Such as: changes in finishing materials, extensions, fencing of the galleries, etc.8 One of the three Winding Towers of the coal field.



Fig. 11 View of the winding tower at the AlbertoShaft; in its original situation standing out as alandmark within the horizontal landscape

Fig 12 The winding tower at the Grande Shaft nowsurrounded by fences and the streets of a housingdevelopment. Source: Author’s collection.

Create local agencies to manage mining heri tage and acquir e key histor ical buil dings and

sites

The third step is to create the appropriate type of agencies that will lead mining tourism in thesite. These agencies will have the goal of recovering the physical aspects of heritage, as well as promoting cultural, touristic and educational reuse of the installations. The acquisition processwill depend on the initial situation before the mining shut down. In stately owned miningcompanies, handing over property or administration rights may be easier and less expensive. In privately owned companies, this process may require more bargaining and expenditure. If theformer mining area has a national or regional designation as a regeneration area, the preservation initiative may find support from the agencies in charge.

The analysis suggests that some important features of the preservation agency should be: To include in the Management Board, representatives of both the local community9 and

the local government. The participation of local organizations is important to fostercommunity involvement in the preservation initiative. In turn, the participation of thelocal government facilitates linking preservation goals to wider objectives of localdevelopment.

To create the agency as a non-governmental and ‘not for profit’ type of organization. InChile the non-governmental status, allows the local government to overcome important bureaucratic constraints applying to public institutions (such as: restrictions to hire professional support or to acquire loans with private banks, among others). Also, localgovernments are only allowed to participate in the Boards of ‘not for profit’

organizations. Finally, not for profit organizations are the only non governmentalentities, which are eligible for public funding..In Lota, the former mining company (ENACAR) passed most property rights to a state ownedagency called CORFO. Later on, a few of these historic installations and buildings became partof the touristic route “ Lota Sorprendente”. CORFO entrusted the management of LotaSorprendente to Fundación Chile; a national private corporation who has the Chileangovernment as one of its main trustees. Even if this formula met some of the requirementslisted above; it didn’t fulfill the requirement of including local representatives in the initiative.This limitation resulted in a, long term, conflicting relation between the Foundation and thelocal government. More recently the administration has been passed on to a local organization

9 Such as former labor unions, or other local NGO’s with an interest in mining heritage.



called Corporación Baldomero Lillo; it is yet to be seen whether this new formula will be moreor less successful than the one preceding it.

Designing and implementing a cul tural and touristic facil ity briefi ng, for the former mining

site

Mining heritage tourism should be oriented to implement various cultural and touristic facilities.In order to do that, the former industrial installations, the main buildings of the settlement andthe open spaces should be reused. Also, new facilities (preserving local character) can be built.The briefing should aim to achieve the following type of attractions:

Museums allocated at the former industrial installations and facilities, such as:underground tunnels open to the public, theme museums showing different aspects ofmining activity, other interactive scientific museums, etc.

Habilitated open spaces holding heritage significance, such as parks, main squares, pathways or other natural areas. Habilitation efforts may include building pathways andinstalling signage, which ‘explain’ the way in which these spaces were used during themining period.

Cultural, educational and scientific facilities such as: theatres, arts and crafts fairs,libraries, documentation centers, institutes or colleges10. Other touristic facilities such as dwelling places, Visitor Centers, parking facilities,

restaurants, and others.

These last two categories can be allocated either in newly built or in historical buildings (forexample recycling mining row housing as bed and breakfast facilities, etc).

Throughout Lota and Coronel there are some mining tourism initiatives that – in a disaggregatedand disconnected way - approach this idea. One of the most important initiatives has been thealready mentioned touristic route Lota Sorprendente. This route includes heritage sites of:Devil’s Shaft , Isidora Cousiño Park, the former House of the Park’s Manager (reused as aMining Museum) and the Hydroelectric Central of Chivilingo.

On the other hand the concentration of almost all initiatives in Lota Alto demonstrates the lackof a more holistic and comprehensive approach to heritage tourism; which would include:

Important cultural attractions located in other areas of Lota (such as the fair, the libraryor the former Miners’ Union)

The touristic potential of the costal landscape The opportunity of connecting cultural routes of Lota to mining heritage areas in

Coronel.

Develop a public & private partnership

The preservation agency should seek coordination with key regional public agencies holdingstatutory responsibilities within the site, such as: agencies of urban development and housing provision, public infrastructure and transportation, environmental assessment, and tourism,among others. Also the foundation should coordinate with other actors of the local level suchas: local governments, local chambers of commerce and tourism, local NGOs, and educationalcenters.

This coordination can be best achieved through the creation of a Strategy Group including theabove mentioned actors. The main functions of the Strategy Group would be:

To coordinate the actions of the different public and private entities havingresponsibility, interest, or the power to affect the former mining site. One of the main

10

Offering careers such as geology, anthropology, architectural preservation or others which might usethe site as a ‘living’ laboratory



goals in this respect is to avoid that the actions of some entities, undermine the potentialof the site for tourism.

To guide the process of designing and validating a Global Management Plan. TheStrategy Group should ensure that the Global Plan is consistent with other objectives oflocal and regional development.

To monitor the fulfillment of the Plan and to assume periodical updates.

The analysis reveals important problems regarding regional planning in Chile, which haveinhibited success and sustainability of public & private partnership initiatives in Lota andCoronel. These problems are:

The inexistence of a public agency capable of effectively approaching comprehensiveregional planning. In Chile, regional planning is only one of the various responsibilitiesassigned to the Regional Secretary of the Ministry of Housing and Urbanism (SEREMIMINVU); which, in turn, has no effective tools to guide regional funds nor to influencethe agenda of other regional secretariats (such as the SEREMI of Public Infrastructureor the SEREMI of Transport, among others)

The lack of efficient tools and incentives for inter - departmental coordination at theregional level; to a certain extent this is related to the overwhelming concentration ofdecision making at the national level, which undermines regional agents as partners in alocal & regional board

The non compulsory status of regional plans

Lastly, there are other weaknesses regarding the linkage of mining preservation and tourism, toa comprehensive urban regeneration strategy. This weakness relates to the relatively scarceexperience of the Chilean government in large scale, public & private, urban regeneration projects11.

4. CONCLUSIONS

Historical coal mining in the Arauco Gulf has left an important architectural, urban andintangible heritage. In Lota and Coronel the significance of mining remains is related to thecontribution of mining production to economic and territorial development at a local, regionaland national scale; the importance of mining legacy for local identity; and the quality of urbanmorphology within former mining settlements.

Additionally the presentation has proposed a series of steps to foster mining heritage tourism inthe post mining era. One of the main considerations that stems out of the proposal is theimportance of analyzing the location of the former mining site. In Lota and Coronel, theoptions of fostering tourism benefit from the integration of these two cities to the Metropolitan

Area of Concepcion; the importance of Concepción as a major node of service and commerce;and as the region’s capital city. A location that is integrated to a major urban agglomerationmay - or may not be - a characteristic of other former mining territories. It is clearly not the caseof most nitro mines in the north of Chile, or other mines located near the Andes12

. It is thereforea casuistic feature. Moreover, the analysis suggests that mining sites which are not accessibleon a day trip from major urban centers, should radically modify their tourist development goalsand possibly their expectations of attracting a significant number of visitors.

11 Large scale urban regeneration projects including public & private partnerships began to be implemented in Chileduring the 90s as Comprehensive Urban Projects (in Spanish: Proyectos Urbanos Integrales or PUIs); most of them

have aimed to ameliorate housing conditions of an existing low income population. 12 Such as the former copper mine at Sewell, listed as a World Heritage Site in the year 2005.



The findings also identify two specific issues regarding heritage tourism within miningterritories. These are: i) the concentration of land ownership in the mining company, andconsequently ii) the complexity of empowering the local community in the management of thesite during the post mining era.

That is how, two main challenges for a sustainable management of mining heritage are the

following. In first place, to hand over property rights - at the very beginning of the post mining phase - to an appropriate entity. That is, an entity which has an interest in preservation andcultural tourism and, at the same time, fully represents the interests of the local community. Inthe Arauco Gulf, the process of handing over property rights had important weaknesses such as:handing over most buildings and sites to entities that had no attributions or responsibilities inheritage preservation; and other installations, to entities that didn’t represent the localcommunity13.

In second place, to create a comprehensive management board that effectively integrates thevarious stakeholders that either have an interest or attributions to affect the site (the local entityleading preservation, various local and regional public institutions, other non governmentalorganizations, etc.). In this way, when the mining company ceases to be in charge, the board is

entrusted with the mission of developing a shared vision of the site. Only in this way the localcommunity will be able to foster urban regeneration and at the same time ensure preservation ofmining heritage.

In order to achieve the latter in Chile, it is absolutely necessary, in first place, to overcomeimportant weaknesses of the legal framework of both regional planning and heritage preservation. Only in this way mining heritage areas – now in decay – may be able to initiate anew era.

REFERENCES

ABURTO, H. y GUTIÉRREZ, M. (1999) Coronel: historia y sociedad carbonífera, Revista deHistoria. 1999 – 2000, vol. 9 – 10, n° 1-2. p. 111-122.

ASTORQUIZA, Octavio (1929) Lota: Antecedentes Históricos, con una monografía de laCompañía Minera e Industrial de Chile. Concepción. Soc. Imprenta y Litografía.

AYALA-CARCEDO, F.J. (2000) “Patrimonio Natural y Cultural y Desarrollo Sostenible: El patrimonio Geológico y Minero”. En Rábano, Isabel, (Ed) Patrimonio geológico y minero en elmarco del desarrollo sostenible. IGME. Serv. Publ. Min. Cienc. Tecnol. Madrid: 8. Actas delCongreso Internacional sobre Patrimonio Geológico y Minero en el Marco del DesarrolloSostenible y V Sesión Científica de la SEDPGYM, Esc. Univ. Politécnica. Linares (Jaén) 20 al

22 de Octubre.

CARVAJAL G, Domingo & GONZÁLEZ, M. Arsenio (2003) La Contribución del PatrimonioGeológico y Minero al Desarrollo Sostenible. En Villas Bôas, Gido de A SÁ C. DeAlbuquerque (Eds. ) Patrimonio Geológico y Minero en el Contexto del Cierre de Minas,CETME/ISAAC/Cyted, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, pp. 27 – 49.

13 That is to CORFO agency and Fundación Chile. The mission of the former is to foster investment.And has no responsibilities or powers within the field of planning or heritage preservation. Fundación

Chile on the other hand is an exogenous entity that didn’t represent the local community. This condition

was at the core of various conflicts between them and the local authority, for the management of heritagesites.



CARVAJAL G., Domingo; GONZÁLEZ M., Arsenio, (2003b) El Papel de los Parques yMuseos Mineros en el Desarrollo Sostenible, Re Metálica. Boletín de la SEDPGYM, No1,Enero, 2nda época, pp 26-36.

COLE, D. (2004) Exploring The Sustainability of Mining Heritage Tourism. Journal ofSustainable Tourism, vol. 12, no 6, pp. 480-494. Extraído el 16 de Marzo de 2007, desde

<www.informaworld.com>

LÓPEZ, M.I. (2010) Proyecciones Del Patrimonio Cultural Minero En Chile. La ReocupaciónCultural y Turística como Estrategia de Revitalización: El caso del territorio minero del Golfo de Arauco; Tesis Doctoral, ETSAM, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, España.

MAZZEI, L. (1997). Los británicos y el carbón en Chile. Atenea, Revista de Ciencia, arte yliteratura, núm. 475: p. 137-167.

MARTINIC., M. (2010) El Carbón en Magallanes: Historia y Futuro. Punta Arenas: Minera IslaRiesco, Municipalidad de Río Verde.109 p.

MARTINIC B., Mateo. (2004) La minería del carbón en Magallanes entre 1868 - 2003. Historia(Santiago), jun., vol. 37, no.1, pp. 129-167.

MUÑOZ, M. DOLORES (2000) Ciudad y memoria, el patrimonio industrial en Lota, Coronel,Tomé y Lebu. Concepción, Chile. Ediciones Universidad del Bio Bio.

ORCHE, E. (2004) La función multidisciplinar de los parques geomineros. Actas de la VReunión Nacional de la Comisión de Patrimonio Geológico de la Sociedad Geológica deEspaña. Molina de Segura, mayo de 2001, Universidad de Murcia (España).

ORCHE, Enrique (2003) Puesta en Valor del Patrimonio Geológico-Minero: el proceso deAdaptación de Explotaciones Mineras a Parques Temáticos, pp.51-68 Villas Bôas, Gildo de A

SÁ C. De Albuquerque (Eds.) Patrimonio Geológico y Minero en el Contexto del Cierre deMinas

ORCHE, E. (2002) Puesta en valor del patrimonio minero. Aplicación al caso de las minas deFontao (Pontevedra). Curso de verano "Defensa del patrimonio geológico y minero".Universidad Internacional de Andalucía. La Rábida (Huelva).

ORCHE, E. (2002b) Parques mineros, desarrollo sostenible y ordenación del territorio.Simposio sobre Recursos Mineros y Ordenación del territorio. CYTED. Universidad de Moa.Cuba.

ORTEGA M., Luis (1992) La Frontera Carbonífera 1840-1900, Mapocho 31, pp 131-148,Santiago. Primer semestre.

PÉREZ, Leonel & MUÑOZ M. Dolores & SANHUEZA, Rodrigo (2004) El PatrimonioIndustrial en la estimulación del desarrollo: Intervenciones y revitalización urbana en Lota Alto(1997 – 2000); Urbano, Noviembre, Pág. 9 - 18

PUCHE RIAT, Octavio (2003) Patrimonio minero-metalúrgico español: arquitectura y paisajesmineros. En: Mata – Perelló, Joseph M. (Ed). Actas del IV Congreso Internacional sobre patrimonio geológico y minero, VIII sesión científica de la SEDPGYM, sept., Aragón Vivo, SLTeruel.

PUCHE, Octavio (2000) La Conservación del Patrimonio Geológico y Minero en 150 años1849 – 1999. En Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología e Instituto Tecnológico Geo Minero.



Estudio e Investigación en las Ciencias de la Tierra, Madrid, España, p. 73 – 101, ISBN 84 – 7840394 – 9

PUCHE Octavio y MAZADIEGO F. (1997) Conservación del Patrimonio Minero MetalúrgicoEspañol: actuaciones y propuestas. Tecnoambiente 69.

PUCHE Octavio y MAZADIEGO F. (1993) Conservation of the European Mining andMetallurgical Heritage – Part 1, CIM, Historical Metallurgy. Bulletin, 9, 1040.

ROJAS C., MUÑOZ I. y GARCÍA-LÓPEZ M. (2009) Estructura urbana y policentrismo en elÁrea Metropolitana de Concepción. EURE, Vol. XXXV, Nº 105, pp. 47-70, agosto.

SABATÉ Bel, Joaquín (2004) Paisajes Culturales como Recurso Básico par un nuevo modelode desarrollo. En: URBAN, No 9, pp. 8-29, Depto. de Urbanística y Ordenación del TerritorioETSAM, UPM, Madrid

SABATÉ, J.; SCHUSTER, J. M. (eds.) (2001). Projectant l'eix del Llobregat. Paisatge cultural idesenvolupament regional. Barcelona: Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Massachusets Institute

of Technology.

SANTACREU, J.M. (1992) Una visión global de la arqueología industrial en Europa, enABACO, Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 2ª Época, No1 Oviedo, pp. 13-28.

SURPLAN Ltda & ELIASH, Humberto (2005). Estudio e Identificación de Zonas deConservación Histórica en las Comunas de Valparaíso – Viña del Mar – Independencia – Ñuñoa- San Miguel – Lota – Valdivia; Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo, Chile. (pp.)

VERA, D (1984). Tipología de pabellones de los establecimientos mineros de Lota y Schwager.Seminario de título. Concepción: Universidad del Bío Bío. 58 p.

Date post:	05-Mar-2016
Category:	Documents
Upload:	gabriela-beatriz-ovando-torres
View:	218 times
Download:	0 times

López (2012). Ponencia Xixth Century Coal Mining Settlements in Chile the Challenge for Sustainable...

Documents