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Low carbon Built Environment Aberdeen 27 th January 2011 Technical Considerations for Microgeneration Wayne Ward – Commercial Director, BRE Scotland
Low carbon Built Environment
Aberdeen 27th January 2011
Technical Considerations for Microgeneration
Wayne Ward – Commercial Director, BRE Scotland
Agenda
• Legislative framework• Incentives• Technical Requirements
Historical Context
Political and Legislative Drivers
Political and Legislative Drivers
• Alex Salmond, has stated that "we can think big by delivering small" and aspires to have a "million Scottish households with access to their own or community renewable generation within ten years
• UK and Scotland must show compliance with Euro commitments– Energy performance certificates– European Climate Change Programme– Emissions Trading– Environmental technologies action plan– Eco Labelling– The Greening on Public Procurement– End of life vehicles
Scottish Government Policy
• Choosing our future; Scotland's sustainable development strategy, implemented December 2005
“The design , construction and maintenance of the built environment provide significant opportunities to contribute towards a more sustainable future. Safe warm and dry homes are fundamental to our well being. Our buildings make a big difference to how communities look feel and function”
• Climate Change Bill– 80% reduction in Carbon Emissions in Scotland– No nuclear– Would require a step change in how we live– Strong focus on how existing properties are treated– Substantial investment required– Planning would have to change– Carbon taxes
Increased Legislation
• Development of community and household generation with decentralisation of generation capacity and the development of local heat and power grids
• Making better use of public procurement to recognise environmental and community aspects, with a particular emphasis on sustainability
• Taxing polluters and incentivising carbon savers• Changes in the way Building Standards are delivered
Sullivan Report
Incentives
Incentives
• Reduced energy use (although rises in energy costs tend to negate cost savings)
• Feed in Tariff's (FiTs)• Energy Assistance Package (EAP)• Carbon Emissions Reductions Target (CERT) through
Utilities• Stamp duty relief for Zero Carbon Homes• Home Insulation Scheme (HIS)• Proposed Renewable heat incentive (RHI)
Feed In Tariffs – agreed rates
• Guaranteed income from ‘generation’ for 20 years
(25 yrs for PV)
Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI)• Renewable Heat Generation tariffs (consultation)
Feed in Tariffs
The MCS Product Scheme
• Scheme covers:– Solar Collectors (MCS 004)– Solar Photovoltaic Modules (MCS 005)– Micro and Small Wind Turbines (MCS 006)– Heat Pumps (MCS 007)– Biomass (MCS 008)– Heat-led Micro-cogeneration Packages
(MCS 014)– Fuel Cells and Micro Hydro are in
preparation
The MCS Product Scheme
• Product approval is generally in two parts:
• Technical evaluation– Review of test reports– Checks on the validity & completeness– Establish build status of product(s)
• Factory production control– Quality management system– Consistency of manufacture of certificated products– Annual surveillance– Change control
Product Testing
• Acceptance criteria for test reports described in MCS 011
• UKAS or equivalent test laboratories– Testing must be in scope of accreditation
• Unaccredited independent test laboratories or manufacturers own testing facilities:
– Assessment of laboratory by certification body• Confirmation of correct equipment, procedures & competence etc. at the time of
testing• Witness testing
Performance Requirements
Solar Photo Voltaic (PV)
Photovoltaics
• Principle discovered in 1839 by Edmund Becquerel in France.
• Solar panels were used for the first time in 1958 to generate electrical power (0.1 W) for the US Vanguard spacecraft. Directly converts sunlight into energy
• Made from sensitive semi conductors that produce an electrical current in the presence of sunlight
• No moving parts• Becoming widely available • Is expensive to make• Needs daylight to work• No greenhouse gas emissions in use
PV Installation
Standards & Guidance
Photovoltaic (PV) - GuidanceBatteries - BS EN 60896-22:2004BRE digest 238, Photovoltaics: integration into buildings, 2004 BRE Digest 489, Wind loads on roof based photovoltaic systems ,2004BRE Digest 495, Mechanical installation of roof-mounted photovoltaic
systems ,2005Understanding building integrated photovoltaics , TM25, CIBSE, 2000
PV Opportunities
– Local manufacture– Higher cell and module efficiency– More efficient use of semiconductor materials– Development of low-cost feedstock materials– Use of new materials (mostly thin films)– Cost-reduction improvements– More reliable balance of system (BOS) components, improve efficiency,
lifetime and operation especially of inverters and batteries– Standardisation and quality assurance are crucial for components as well
as the entire system
Solar Thermal
Flat Plate Collectors
• Energy absorbed by black plate and trapped by glass
• Heat carried away by water in piping
• Water can be pumped or convected
• Selective coatings – high shortwave radiation absorbtion, low longwave (heat) emmission
Evacuated Tube Collectors
• Energy absorbed by vapourising liquid in central tubes
• Heat is then given up in a condenser
• Heat carried away by water in piping
• Vacuum reduces convection and conduction losses
• Marginally better than flat plate collectors
Thermomax Ltd.
Guidance & Standards
• Solar Water– BS 7431:1991 Method for assessing solar water heaters. Elastomeric materials for absorbers,
connecting pipes and fittings– BS 6785:1986 Code of practice for solar heating systems for swimming pools– TS 12977-3:2001 Performance characterisation of stores for solar heating systems– TS 12977-2:2001 Thermal solar systems and components. Custom built systems. Test methods– TS 12977-1:2001 Thermal solar systems and components. Custom built systems. General
requirements– BS EN ISO 9488:2000 Solar energy. Vocabulary– BS EN 12976-2:2001 Thermal solar systems and components. Factory made systems. Test
methods– BS EN 12976-1:2001 Thermal solar systems and components. Factory made systems. General
requirements– BS EN 12975-2:2001 Thermal solar systems and components. Solar collectors. Test methods– BS EN 12975-1:2000 Thermal solar systems and components. Solar collectors. General
requirements– BS 7074 Application, selection and installation of expansion vessels and ancillary equipment for
sealed water systems– BS 5449, BS EN 12831 BS EN 12828 Specification of forced circulation hot water central
heating systems for domestic premises– CIBSE Domestic Building Services Panel - Design Guide for solar water heating
Opportunities in Solar water
• The ‘simplest’ technology, a radiator painted black performs the same function albeit at a reduced performance
• Panel Performance• Control systems• Integration with existing systems• Integration with other LZCT• Tracking systems/ energy capture strategy• Heat recovery• Storage performance• Pump performance• Installation simplification• Fixing systems
Heat Pumps
Heat Pumps
• Heat pumps convert low grade heat present in the ground, water or air into useable heat.
• Electricity is only used to concentrate the heat, not to produce the heat itself.
• Main types. – Air to air– Air to water– Water to air– Water to water– Ground to Water
Guidance & Standards
• Heat Pumps– BS EN 14511:1-4:2004, Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically driven compressors for space
heating and cooling. – BS 7074:1-3:1989Application, selection and installation of expansion vessels and ancillary equipment for sealed water systems. Code
of practice for domestic heating and hot water supply – BS EN ISO 5198:1999 Centrifugal, mixed flow and axial pumps - Code for hydraulic performance tests - precision class (AMD 10668) – BS 8207:1985 Code of practice for energy efficiency in buildings (AMD 8151) – BS 6880-1:1988 Code of practice for low temperature hot water heating systems of output greater than 45kW. Fundamental and
design considerations – BS 6700:2006Design, installation, testing and maintenance of services supplying water for domestic use within buildings and their
curtilages - Specification – BS EN ISO 14021:2001Environmental labels and declarations - Self-declared environmental claims (Type II environmental labelling)
(AMD 13493) (Renumbered from BS ISO 14021:1999) – BS 5449:1990Forced circulation hot water central heating systems for domestic premises – BS EN 12828:2003Heating systems in buildings - Design for water-based heating systems – BS EN 14336:2004Heating systems in buildings - Installation and commissioning of water based heating systems – BS EN 12170:2002Heating systems in buildings - Procedure for the preparation of documents for operation, maintenance and use -
Heating systems requiring a trained operator – BS EN 378:1-4:2000Refrigerating systems and heat pumps - Safety and environmental requirements. Basic requirements, definitions,
classification and selection criteria • Ground source heat pumps: a technology review , TN18/99 BSRIA,1999• How to design a heating system, Knowledge series 08, CIBSE 2006• See also the National Energy Foundation (NEF). http://www.nef.org.uk/gshp • The Heat Pump Association (HPA) is a manufacturers association. http://www.feta.co.uk/hpa
Opportunities in Heat pump technologies
• Improved CoP• Collector efficiency, location and performance• Installation simplification and efficiencies• Pump performance• Integration with existing systems• Control systems• Integration with other LZCT• Noise reduction• Refrigerant performance/GWP
Wind Energy
Wind Power
• Extract energy from the wind by slowing it down
• Types– Direct connect systems (stand-alone)
• heating• pumping
– Battery systems (stand-alone)• electricity supply (dc or ac)
– Grid connected systems• ac power synchronised to the grid
(inverter) (single machine / wind farms /
off-shore )
Horizontal Axis
Vertical Axis
Opportunities in Wind
• Blade performance and design• Armature performance and design• Local fabrication• Inverters and inverter performance• Controls• Metering• Energy storage• Support systems• Building integrated design
Guidance & Standards
• Wind Energy– Wind Turbine Design Requirements, BS EN 61400-1:2005, BSI– Energy efficiency in buildings. 2nd edition , Guide F,CIBSE, 2004– Renewable Energy Sources for Buildings, TM38, CIBSE, 2006– BS IEC 60076-8:1997 Power transformers– BS EN 1991-1.4:2005 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures. General actions
- Wind actions
Biomass
• Works like traditional systems• Biomass is burned to provide heat to
produce hot water, space heating and steam for turbines
• Biomass must be from a sustainable resource
• Usually from waste materials or something that can be grown
• Requires on site storage and regular supply
Biomass Opportunities
• Burner efficiency• Control systems• Energy storage• Fuel production, storage and performance• Flue performance• Fuel feed systems• Distribution systems• Installation simplification• Integration with other LZCT• Maintenance/Refurbishment
Developing Opportunities
• Radical boiler redesign• Distributed flame/matrix burners • Heat exchanger technologies• Flue-gas condensing economisers • Heat recovery• Heat storage mediums• Heat transport medium• Heat conversion technologies• Micro Combined heat and power (CHP) systems • Building Integrated systems design• Solar Thermal Air Conditioning systems• Demand controlled systems• Control modelled systems
