LPG Technical Cod En

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Roumanian National Energy Regulatory Authority

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THE ROUMANIAN LPGTECHNICAL CODE


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1. Purpose and objectives. Area of applicationScope

1.1 The liquefied petroleum gas LPG technical code, hereinafter called technicalcode, is destined to impose and promote the minimal technical requirements in theliquefied petroleum gas sector, as a general overview, contained both in theprimary and secondary legislation, in the technical directives and the effectivestandards and those that need to be detailed via technical directives by the

economic representatives in the field. These technical requirements are to ensurethe safe, stable and efficient economic operation of the infrastructure in theliquefied petroleum gas sector.

The Technical Code has been prepared by National Energy Regulatory Authority.

Objectives

1.2 The Technical Code has the following objectives:a. Determination of technical requirements for the Table 1 activities related to the

infrastructure in LPG sector, such as design, execution, storage and distributionof LPG, taking into account all the security precautions during handling.

b. Ensuring a minimal security level in order to avoid the deaths and proprietary

damages, in case a fire or explosion occurs.c. Establishing the general conditions regarding LPG quality;d. Ensuring a regulations framework meeting the European Commission

Directives requirements in LPG sector, applied through Decisions or Orders ofthe Romanian Government;

e. Establishing a regulating framework so that an independent and competitiveenvironment is achieved within LPG sector;

f. Establishing of certain requirements regarding the authorization andcertification for companies developing design, execution and exploitationactivities, as well as trade activities within LPG sector;

g. Establishing safety requirements for the end users installations that use LPG, inorder to meet the essential safety requirements contained in the EC Directives

related to LPG sector, applied by Decisions and Orders of the RomanianGovernment;

Area of application

1.3 Meeting the Technical Code provisions is compulsory for all companies and end-users in LPG sector. The provisions of the Technical Code apply to the activitiesand infrastructure in LPG sector shown in Table 1.

1.4 This Technical Code is meant to assist the Romanian and foreign investors that isto facilitate their information using a single document regarding the technicalregulations applicable in LPG sector.


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- semi-covered/underground- covered;

1.1.15 Storage systems in refrigerated containersunder atmospheric pressure;

The Technical Code isnot applicable.

1.1.16 Installations for cooling /refrigeration for LPGstorage or which use LPG at closed cycle cooling;


1.1.17 Loading/unloading installations for all types ofstorage and / or LPG terminals;

The Technical Code isapplicable.

1.1.18 LPG leaking detection systems; The Technical Code isapplicable.

1.1.19 Automation installation afferent to the systemsand installations in LPG sector: levels, flows, weights,cylinder counter;


1.1.20 Mixing installations for LPG production byvarious methods, including LGP processing from oilor natural gas in oil refinery and petrochemicalinstallations;


1.1.21 Auxiliary installations in LPG sector- water, stream, technological air, venting, electric etc;- fire and signalization protection;


1.1.22 Stationary installations fully equipped for LPGfilling/packaging in containers cylinders:

- manual;- mechanical;- automatic;

1.1.23 Mobile LPG filling / packaging installations incontainers- cylinders;

1.1.24 Powered transportation and loading ofcontainers-cylinders in the means of transportation /pallet operation;

1.1.25 Systems for containers-cylinders maintenancefrom the loading/packaging installations:- for empting the containers-cylinders;- for hydraulic test;- for sand testing;- for paint;

- for tightness testing;- for sealing of the locking and labeling frame;

1.1.26 Propane-air mixing systems for connection tothe natural gas network;


1.1.27 Gas odorizing installations; The Technical Code isnot applicable.

1.2.1 Design of metallic, non-metallic (Aluminum),composite material container-cylinder ;


1.2.2 Stationary containers design; The Technical Code isapplicable.

1.2.4 Design of containers with water capacity of andover 13m:- for above ground installation;- for covered, buried/underground installation;

- mobile;


1.2.5 Container design for vehicles installations:- cylindrical;- toroidal;


1.2.6 Vaporizer design; The Technical Code isapplicable.

1.2.7 Design of devices and equipment given at 2.12,2.13, 2.14, 2.15


1.2.8 Trans-containers design (tank-containers) The Technical Code isapplicable.

1.2 LPG containerdesign

1.2.9 Tubes design for LPG use at aerosols The Technical Code isapplicable.


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1.2.10 One time use cartridges for LPG design; The Technical Code isapplicable.

1.3.1 Pipes and pipe sub-assemblies for LPGinstallations:a. from metal;b. from non-metallic materials;c. from plastics (HDPE; polyamide)


1.3.2 Pipe sub-assemblies for LPG installations:a. from metal;b. from non-metallic materials;c. from plastics (HDPE; polyamide)


1.3 LPG pipes design

1.3.3 Cathode protection systems for LPG containersand pipes.

The Code of practice isapplicable.

2. Execution activity in LPG containers and pipes field2.1 Containers and pipes execution;2.2 Storage tanks execution at LPG atmospheric pressure/refrigeration; The Technical Code is

applicable.2.3 Assemblies execution on fixed and/or mobile/transportable structures; The Technical Code is

applicable.2.4 Metallic construction execution afferent to the transportation and/ordistribution systems;


2.5 Execution of assembling activities for under pressure containers. The Technical Code is

applicable.2.6 LPG containers and storage vessels repairing, exchange, altering,modernization, withdrawing from use and scraping;


2.7 LPG containers and storage vessels testing; The TechnicalCode isapplicable.

2.8 Piping activities for installations and systems mentioned at 1.1 and 1.2. The TechnicalCode isapplicable.

2.9 Vaporizers execution and installation. The Technical Code isapplicable.

2.10 LPG pipe installation in assemblies and sub-assemblies (prefabricated) The Technical Code isapplicable.

2.11 Fitting of LPG piping in assemblies and sub-assemblies (prefabricated) infinal systems;


2.12 Execution of tubes for aerosols and one time use cartridges; The Technical Code is

applicable.2.13 Execution of appliances for LPG combustion as fuels (gas-stoves, alltypes of burners, LPG illuminating lamps, ovens, forced conviction air heater,fire-places, refrigerators etc)


2.14 Execution of safety and locking devices: all types of valves, including theones for constant flow for camping cylinders, ball valves, safety valves,explosion sealing etc;


2.15 Execution of devices and coupling elements for the LPG end-user:- flexible tubes from rubber/elastomer;- flexible tubes from metal/metallic hoses;- connection/junction elements;- pressure regulators;


3. Installations and systems execution within LPG sector

3.1 Repairing, maintenance, exchange, altering, modernization, testing,

withdrawing from use and scraping of the installations and systems frompoints 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 and of the containers and storage vessels at point 2;

The Technical Code is

applicable.

4. LPG production and distribution activities

4.1 LPG production in technological installations in oil-refineries and/orthrough other technologies;


4.2 LPG distribution from mobile tanks;

4.3 Packaged LPG distribution in cylinders, cartridges, aerosols, bulk, retail, infixed or mobile distribution points, including containers-cylinders for mobilelifting/piling installations;

4.4 LPG distribution in small bulk;

4.5 Auto-gas distribution from the storage systems tanks and auto-gas


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distribution to the vehicles;4.6 LPG transfer in and from transportable containers/tanks or vessels; The Technical Code is

applicable.

5. Special design and execution activities in LPG sector

5.1 Installation of pressure containers and recipients in frozen soil;

5.2 LPG storage in cavities, including piping and accessories for this type ofstorage;

5.3 Process installations that need special approval for construction and

installation based on environment special requests;5.4 Storage and transportation in pressure containers installed on cargo riverand sea ships;

5.6 LPG containers and installations for hot air balloons;

5.6 Transfer installations in and from stationary and/or mobile containers fromthe river or sea ships;

5.7 Chemical or petrochemical installations for LPG processing;


5.8 Storage terminals for distribution and transportation. The Technical Code isnot applicable.

1.5 The Code is not applicable to the activities especially mentioned in Table 1 and forthe military activities in LPG sector, for the activities in the natural gas sector,natural liquefied gas and compressed natural gases for vehicles CNGV.

1.6 License granting for the commercial activities in LPG sector fall in National EnergyRegulatory Authority recommit based on specific regulations, for the followingactivities:

- production license;- distribution license;- storage license.

2. LPG QUALITY REQUIREMENTS

2.1 Liquefied petroleum gas LPG:- Represent a mixture of light gaseous hydrocarbons under standard pressure and

temperature conditions which can be liquefied by pressure increase or temperature

decrease;- they are considered liquids having a vapor pressure which doesnt exceed the

input one for the commercial propane, predominantly composed of the followingsimple-hydrocarbons or in mixture: propane, propylene, butane (n-butane and / orisobutene) and butane (butylenes) including butadiene;

- they are fractions of light hydrocarbons from the paraffin series (saturated acyclichydrocarbons), derived from the refinery processed, oil stabilization installations andfrom the natural gas processing. They are normally liquefied under pressure in order tobe transported and stored.

2.2 For the immediate identification, at the producer and market level, LPG ischaracterized by unique numbers of classification, as described below:

- ONU/ UN number included in the recommendations regarding dangerous goodstransportation is construed as base for the national, regional and international naval,road and rail transportation regulations;

- CAS number (Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number) defines the chemicalproduct, but not the concentration or specific mixtures;

- EINECS number introduced by Decision no. 81/437/EEC of The EuropeanCommunity Commission;


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- ICSC number characterizes the international identification of dangeroussubstances of International Chemical Safety Cards (the International Chemical SafetyCards).

2.3 ONU/ UN number has been established by the Committee of Experts (COE) indangerous goods transportation of the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) underONU custody and it is used world wide for the international commerce and

transportation for chemical products identification or for the dangerous goodscategories and it is included in the transportation regulations regarding the dangerousgoods.The number is made out of four ciphers, generally between 0000 and 3500, and inorder to avoid confusion, it is always preceded by UN digits.The ONU/ UN numbers included in the regulations regarding the dangerous goodstransportation are the fundamentals for the air fright, naval, rail and road transportational national, regional and international level.

2.4 The CAS number (Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number) defines thechemical product, but not the concentration or specific mixtures. From the securityperspective and the chemical substances inventory type, it represents the best criteria

regarding the avoidance of ambiguity.

2.5 The EINECS number introduced by Decision no. 81/437/EEC of The EuropeanCommunity Commission and it is composed by two groups of three ciphers and onegroup of two ciphers (digits).

2.6 The EC number is a term used to replace in the future the two numbers and it wasintroduced based on Directive 87/548/EEC, Appendix 1.

2.7 GEO (Government Emergency Ordinance) no 200/2000 regarding theclassification, labeling and packaging of dangerous substances stipulates in Appendix1 the EC identification numbers specific for LPG propane and butane, as well as their

mixtures as they were defined in the Transportation Regulations for the dangerousgoods ADR/RID.

2.8 Centralized classification of the identification numbers for LPG is shown inAppendix no. 4.

3. REQUIREMENTS REGARDING DESIGN ACTIVITIES IN LPG SECTOR

3.1 From the point of view of the design, the code of practice has to cover the followingimportant fields:a) positioning principles;b) design and execution methods and techniques;c) materials (compatibility, characteristics and quality);d) testing procedures (for performance, mixtures and quality);e) establishment of components dimensions (for plates/tables, pipes and standardsections);f) codes of practice for safe exploitation.

Positioning principles3.2 When positioning the infrastructure within LPG sector, the designer should

establish the priority level of the following elements:


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1. the need of complying with the legal environment regarding the system positioning;2. geographical delimitation of the site;3. the need of access for emergency services;4. the need for stuff evacuation through emergency exits;5. interfering with other installations on such location;6. the need to prevent leakage through delimitation of the places subjected to such

leakage;

7. the need to ensure the acceptable working conditions for the exploitation stuff;8. the need for operability and maintenance;9. interaction between the existent or planned facilities on the site, as well as access

ways, drainage and utility paths;10. the need for minimal separation distances which have to reduce the costs and risks

during the material transfer between the installations/storage facility;11. the need of identifying the dangerous material positioning as far possible from the

border site and the vicinity with the local active population;

Design and operation methods and techniques

3.3 No matter what the chosen design method or techniqueis, the designer should comply

wit the design principles taking into consideration the safety essential requirements; thelink between the design conditions and the safety essential requirements of the pressureequipment for LPG is shown in Table 2.

Table 2. The link between the design conditions and the safety essential requirements

Safety essential requirements Provisions from Appendix 1PED Directiveenclosed to GovernmentDecision 584/2004

1. Introductive notes:The compulsoriness regarding the safety essential requirements application forall the under pressure equipments and assemblies that present a certaindanger.

Introductive note no 1

2. Compulsoriness regarding the safety essential requirements application forall the under pressure equipments when they are used under the conditionsrecommended by the operator/producer in case there are some dangers.


3. Compulsoriness related to the elaboration of a risk analysis regarding thedesign and execution of the under pressure equipment taking intoconsideration risk determination from the pressure point of view.


4. Interpretation and application of the safety essential requirements so that atthe time of execution and design, the technical level and the current practiceare taken into account as well as the technical and economic aspects in orderto ensure a high degree of health protection and security.


General aspects Section 15. The under pressure equipments should be designed, operated and tested,equipped and installed such as to ensure the security according to theoperator/manufacturer instructions

Section 1.1

6. The operator has to apply the following principles, in the given order:- to eliminate or reduce the risks;- to apply adequate measures for protection against dangers;- to inform the user with regard to the residual dangers.

Section 1.2

7. The under pressure equipment should be designed such as to prevent thedangers produced due to inappropriate use or there should be a warning thatthe equipment must not be used in such a way.

Section 1.3

8. DesignThe under pressure equipment should be designed such as to ensure theintrinsic security during their entire service life.The most frequent indices have to be taken into account.

Section 2.1

9. The under pressure equipment should be designed for testing Section 2.2.1


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corresponding to the predictable use.10. The under pressure equipment should be designed for an adequatestrength based on the calculation method and completed if needed with theexperimental method or an experimental method based on design withoutcalculation if the maximum input pressure product PS and the volume V issmaller than 6000 bar x liter or the PS product x DN is smaller than 3000 bar

Section 2.2.2

Calculation method using formulas Section 2.2.311. The under pressure enclosed space and other points related to loading:

The accepted efforts should be limited relevant to the damagingpossibility/defection by applying safety factors/indices.The requirements can be met provided that one of the following methods areinvolved:- design based on formulas;- design based on analysis;- design based on mechanical rapture method.

Section 2.2.3a

12. The design calculations have to especially determine the strength ofthe pressure equipment:- the calculation pressures should be based on the static and dynamicpressures of the liquid and the instable liquids decomposition;- the calculation temperatures should by based on the appropriate safety limits;- he has to take into account all possible combinations of temperature andpressure;- the maximum tensions and the tension concentrators have to be maintainedwithin the safety intervals;- the calculations have to use values corresponding to the materials properties,based on synthetic data, together with the adequate safety indices;- the junction indices should be applied according to the materialscharacteristic which depend on the non-destructive control type and on theoperation conditions;- all worn types have to be taken into account (corrosion, creeping, exhaustion)of the detecting/degrading instruments and with the instructions that have topay attention to the appropriate special design characteristics for the entireservice life of the equipment:- total number of service hours at specific design temperature;- number of cycles designed al special tensions level;- additional corrosion determined through the project.

Section 2.2.3(b)

13. The calculation have to take into account the adequate structural stability,

which has to include the necessary measures during transportation andhandling;

Section 2.2.3(c)

14. Experimental design methodThe design should be validated by an appropriate/adequate testing programthat contains acceptance and compliance criteria regarding a relevantsample/series for the under pressure equipment.The testing program should include:a) a pressure resistance testing following which it has to be determined if theunder pressure equipment doesnt leak or is not deformed;b) when there is a creeping or fatigue risk, the testing should be appropriate forthe operation under service conditions of the under pressure equipment;c) when needed, additional testing such as corrosion, external damagestesting;

Section 2.2.4

15. Handling and operation measures under safety conditions.

Specific methods regarding the under pressure equipment operation shouldexclude any predictable risk paying attention to:

Section 2.3

- locking and opening devices;- dangerous discharges of the super-pressure shield;- preventing the physical access when a super-pressure or vacuum haveoccurred;- the surfaces temperatures taking into account the intended use;- instable liquids decomposition;- equipping the access door with devices that can prevent the pressuredangers;16. Inspection means for the under pressure equipment: Section 2.4


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(a) they should be designed and performed such as to permit the performanceof the necessary inspections;(b) the internal inspection should be available;(c) other means which ensure the pressure equipment safety: such as when ithas reduced dimensions to allow physical access, when the opening of theunder pressure equipment has a negative impact on the interior or when thecontained substance is not dangerous for the pressure equipment material andit does not result in internal degradation processes.17. The empting and venting means should be equipped for:- preventing the damaging effects such as hammer strokes, collapse due tovacuum, corrosion and uncontrolled chemical reactions;- allowing the safe cleaning, inspection and maintenance;

Section 2.5

18. Corrosion or other chemical degradation fromHas to be avoided by additional protection against corrosion or other chemicalinfluence;

Section 2.6

19. The wearHas to be taken into account when the erosion or abrasion conditions occur by:- appropriate design, such as additional width, coatings;- the possibility to replace the most affected components;- the measures necessary for the safe and continuous functioning should beincluded in the operation instructions stipulated under Section 3.4 fromAppendix 1 to Government Decision 584/2004

Section 2.7

20. The assemblies should be designed such as:- the components be adequate and safe for the operational role;- the components be correctly integrated and fitted;

Section 2.8

21. Loading and empting provisionsThe under pressure equipment should be designed and equipped withaccessories that ensure the loading and empting taking into account thefollowing dangers:(a) when loading: overloading or over-pressure and instability;(b) when empting: uncontrolled liquid discharge;(c) when loading and empting: unsafe connection and release;

Section 2.9

22. Protection against exceeding of the acceptable intervalsThe under pressure equipment should be provided with adequate protectiondevices, unless they are protected by other protection devices within anassembly.The appropriate protection devices and combinations of such include:(a) safety accessories;(b) adequate surveillance equipments such ad gauges and/or alarms;

Section 2.10

Safety accessories Section 2.1123. The safety accessories should be designed and manufactured such as tobe appropriate and safe and, when applicable, to comply with the maintenanceand testing requirements:- they have to be independent and they should not be influenced by otherfunctions;- they have to be according to the design principles in order to obtain a safeand appropriate project, under safety conditions in case of damage,redundancy, diversity and auto-diagnosis.

Section 2.11.1

24. The devices for pressure control should be designed such as themaximum input pressure PS would not be exceeded, except for the case of asudden discharge of 1,1PS;

Section 2.11.2

25. The temperature monitoring devices should have an adequate responsetime from security reasons

Section 2.11.3

26. Internal fireWhen necessary. The under pressure equipment should be designed and, ifthe case maybe, provided with accessories such as to minimize the damagesin case of fire occurrence;

Section 2.12

Execution Section 327. Execution proceduresThe manufacturer/producer should ensure a competent execution of theprocedures starting with the design stage and to involve relevant techniquesand procedures;

Section 3.1


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28. The preparing of the components should not reveal damages, cracks ormechanical features alteration which might influence the safety.

Section 3.1.1

29. Fixed connections:- the fixed connections and the adjacent areas should not present damagedareas or internal damages which could affect the security;- the fixed connections features should comply with the minimum specificationsfor materials that joint together, except for the case when the specific valueshave not been taken into account at design;- the fixed connections should be performed by qualified personnel accordingto the adequate working procedures;- the stuff and the procedures should be approved by a third party agencyauthorized for under pressure equipment category II, III and IV

Section 3.1.2

30. Non-destructive testing (NDT) of the permanent joints have to beperformed by qualified personnel. For Categories III and IV , the personnel hasto be authorized by a third party organization

Section 3.1.3

31. The thermal treatment should be performed during an appropriateexecution stage

Section 3.1.4

32. Identification. The materials from which the parts of the pressureequipment have been manufactured should be identified through adequatemeans from the receipt stage, during execution and until the final testing

Section 3.1.5

33. Final evaluation. The under pressure equipment should be subjected to afinal evaluation.

Section 3.2

34. Final inspectionThe compliance with Government Decision no. 584/2004 has to be visuallyevaluated and by documentation study.The testing performed during execution has to be taken into account.In order to secure the under pressure equipment both internal and externalinspections are needed for each section of the under pressure equipment.

Section 3.2.1

35. Pressure testingThe under pressure enclosure has to be tested for a pressure at least equal,as the case may be, with the value in section 7.4 from Appendix 1 to theGovernment Decision 584/2004.- Category I, under pressure equipment manufactured in series, has to besubjected to static testing;- Provided that the pressure testing is damaging or inapplicable, you may tryother testing that proved their efficiency, taking additional precautions beforeperforming these testing such as NDT or other equivalent testing

Section 3.2.2

36. Security devices inspectionFor assemblies, the security devices have to be inspected from the point ofview of the absolute compliance with the requirements under Section 2.10 fromAppendix 1 to the Government Decision no. 584/2004.

Section 3.2.3

37. Marking and labelingThe EC marking and the following information have to be provided:

Section 3.3

- for all the under pressure equipments: name and address, year, identificationdata, maximum and minimum essential limits;

Section 3.3(a)

- depending on the type of the under pressure equipment, other informationneeded for safe installation, safe operation or use, as the case maybe, formaintenance and periodical inspections;

Section 3.3(b)

- where necessary, warning signs should be installed in order to attract theattention to the inadequate use of the equipment, which experience hasproven that may appear.

Section 3.3(c)

38. Exploitation instructionsThe under pressure equipment introduced on the market has to be provided,when it is considered necessary, with instructions for the end-user, that containthe necessary information relevant to the fitting, assembling, commissioning,use, maintenance, including the users inspections.As the case may be, these instructions have to refer to the possible dangersaccording to Government Decision 584/2004, Appendix 1, Section 1.3 and forthe particular features according to Government Decision 584/2004, Appendix1, Section 4.3.

Section 3.4

39. MaterialsThe materials for the under pressure equipment should be appropriate for use

Section 4


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along the whole service planned life, excepting the cases when they aresubjected to replacement.The filling materials for welding etc should satisfy only the applicablerequirements under Sections 4.1, 4.2(a) and 4.3, the first paragraph inAppendix 1, Government Decision 584/200440. The materials for the components exposed to pressure should:(a) have adequate properties for all the service conditions and for all thetesting conditions, be sufficiently ductile and rigorous;They have to be chosen such as to prevent the fragile breaking whennecessary;(b) to be resistant enough under chemical agents influence relevant to thecontained liquid;(c) nor be significantly affected by ageing;(d) correspond to the provisioned refinement procedures;(e) be chosen such as to avoid the occurrence of differential ageing;

Section 4.1

41. (a) The manufacturer should determine the necessary values for thedesign calculations according to the Government Decision 584/2004, Appendix1, Section 2.2.3 and to the essential characteristics of the materials and theirtreatment according to the Government Decision 584/2004, Appendix 1,Section 4.1;(b) the manufacturer should provide data related to the compliance with thematerials specifications, using materials which correspond to the compiledstandards for materials according to Ministry of Economy and Commerce(MEC) Order no. 440/2004 and the Government Decision 584/2004:- for the use of the materials covered by the AEM - European materialauthorization;- for the use of the materials that do not require special approval - ASM;(c) for Categories III and IV ASM, they have to be granted by a notifiedorganization.

Section 4.2

42. The producer has to take the adequate precautions to ensure that:- the used material is complying with the required specifications;- all the documents regarding the materials are obtained from the materialmanufacturer; the main parts from Categories II, III and IV have to be certifiedby specific control under the circumstances of an accepted quality test system.

Section 4.3

43. The under pressure equipment with burner or heated by other methodwhich presents an overheating risk has to ensure, as applicable, that:

Section 5

- There is adequate protection for limiting the operation intervals (e.g. the heat

input, the heat transfer and the liquid level) in order to avoid any local orgeneral overheating risk;

Section 5(a)

- there is, if necessary, points for sample collection in order to be able toevaluate the liquid properties, such as to avoid the risk related to the depositsor corrosion;

Section 5(b)

- there are precautions for eliminating the damage risk relevant to deposits Section 5 (c)- there is the possibility of additional heat discharge after shutting down. Section 5(d)- there are precaution measures which prevent the dangerous deposits offlammable combustion mixtures and air, as well as the return of flames;

Section 5(e)

44. The piping through design and execution should ensure that: Section 6- the overload risk due to free motion or other huge tensions is controlledthrough supports, reinforcements, anchoring, alignment and pretension;

Section 6(a)

- there are drainage means and evacuation of liquids from the lower areas,such as to avoid the hammer hitting or the corrosion when there is a possibilityfor condensation;

Section 6(b)

- there are conditions to avoid the risk associated with vibrations and vortexes;please see Government Decision 584/2004, Appendix 1, Section 2.7;

Section 6(c)

- the care relevant to the fatigue risk due to vibrations in piping is ensured; Section 6(d)- the measures regarding the sealing of the branches with high risk in case thepiping contain Class I fluid, have been ensured;

Section 6(e)

- the ramification points have been marked according to the fluid containedwhen there is a risk of accidental discharge;

Section 6(f)

- the position and the direction of the underground piping have been markedaccording to the execution file specifications in order to facilitate themaintenance, inspection and repair activities;

Section 6(g)


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45. The specific quantity requirements are usually applicable as a generalrule. If they do not apply, including in the cases when the materials are notreferenced in particular and the amortized standards are not applicable, theproducer has to prove that the has taken the adequate measures which ensurean equivalent security level.This action is an integrant part of Government Decision 584/2004, Appendix 1and the provisions stipulate under this section. It completes the essentialrequirements under Section 1-6 for the applicable under pressure equipment.

Section 7

Input efforts Section 7.146. The symbols are defined for the elasticity limit, the minimal value of therapture strength and the temperature resistance outside the range that definean important creep;

Section 7.2

48. Joint indices: for welded joints, they cannot exceed the following values:- 1.00 for completely destructive and non-destructive tests;- 0.85 for non-destructive tests at evenly intervals;- 0.70 only for visual inspection.

Section 7.2

49. Pressure regulatorsThe sudden exceeding of the pressure according to Government Decision584/2004, Appendix 1, Section 2.11.2 should be limited to 10 percent from themaximum acceptable pressure.

Section 7.3

50. Hydrostatic pressure testing referenced under Government Decision584/2004, Appendix 1, Section 3.2.2, should not be less that:-The value of the maximum load to which the pressure equipment is subjectedto taking into account that the maximum acceptable pressure and themaximum acceptable temperature are multiplied with 1.25 indices or- the maximum acceptable pressure value multiplied with 1.43 indices;

Section 7.4

51. Materials properties excepting the cases when they are imposed by othercriteria; the steel is ductile enough to satisfy the requirements underGovernment Decision 584/2004, Appendix 1, Section 4.1(a) provided that thebreaking elongation is less that 14 percent and the ISO V breaking effort onsample is greater that 27J at a maximum temperature of 20C, but it is notgreater than the minimum service temperature.

Section 7.5

3.4 When designing the infrastructures within LPG sector, the following workingtechniques have to be taken into account:1. intensification: which involves dangerous materials reduction at a level that allowsdangers reduction;2. substitution: which involves the replacement of a dangerous material with a safe one;3. diminishing: which involves the use of a dangerous material in les dangerous conditions;4. limitation: which involves the prioritizing of equipment design or changing of the reactionconditions by adding protection equipment;5. simplifying: which considers that more simple systems are easier to use that thecomplex system, in order to reduce the major accidents caused by operation errors;6. avoidingdamaging effects: takes into account that the systems can be designed suchas to reduce the possibility of undesired events linked to damaging effects or dominoeffects in other places/areas;7. avoiding incorrect mounting: provisions that the critical equipment within the

infrastructure to be designed such as the incorrect mounting to be hardly possible;

3.5. When determining the design theme, the following elements should be inspected andassessed:

a. power efficiency;b. reliability and availability;c. risks identification, analysis and evaluation;d. the impact over the operating stuff health;e. the impact over the environment;


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3.6. When the design is detailed from the mechanical point of view of the equipment withinthe systems in LPG sector, the following elements are to be taken into consideration:

a. the temperature and the pressureb. execution materials;c. corrosion/erosion;d. other design conditions;e. spinning and alternating equipment design.

3.7. The temperature and the pressure are the fundamental indices parameters to thedesign; their combination may be considered very important relevant to the mechanicalintegrity of any equipment in the system.

The design pressure

3.8. When determining the design pressure, the following coefficients have to be taken intoconsideration:

a. the temperature of the liquid that is to be handled;b. the average heating and cooling temperature of the liquid;c. the Joule-Thomson effect (accompanying gas expansion temperature change

with the friction and heating transfer effect), that is used when liquefying gases;d. surrounding temperature;e. solar radiation influence;

The design pressure3.9 The under pressure equipments have to be designed such as to resist to the operationmaximum allowed pressure; for the under pressure equipment set of safety valves have tobe provisioned, which have to work at 5% compared to the normal working pressure.

3.10. During the operation of the safety valves, the input pressure in the safety valve (5%compared to the normal working pressure) may be different than the pressure relevant to

the operation point of the safety valve.

3.11. In case of emergency, the accumulated pressure in the under pressure equipment,leads to an increased pressure in the system exceeding the design pressure, untilreaching the maximum allowed pressure PMAA, as mentioned in the technical codesand standards.

3.12. The equipments designed to operate under vacuum should be designed at anegative total pressure of 1 bar and should be provisioned with a vacuumbreaking/declining device sized for a working pressure.

Manufacturing materials

3.13. The materials selection for the under pressure equipment should be bear theanalysis of the following main characteristics:1. Mechanical properties:

a. traction rupture strain;b. firmness;c. bending impact;d. hardness;e. fatigue strength;


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f. time strength;g. creeping strength;

2. The influence of high or law temperatures over the mechanical characteristics;3. Corrosion resistance;4. Manufacturability5. Special features:

a. electric resistance;

b. magnetic characteristics;c. thermal conductivity;

6. Availability in standardized sizes;7. Costs for the materials and execution;8.Acceptable conductibility and breaking strain maintenance for all the service temperatureranges;9. Compatibility with LPG when it is a liquid of gas in the container;10. Identity evaluation by checking all the physical-mechanical characteristics and thenecessary manufacturability.

3.14. The recommended materials for the use within LPG sector are:1. carbon steel and stainless steelfor plates and tubes, without welding for LPG in liquid or

gaseous state, with mechanical characteristics ensured for the temperature and pressureaccording to the applicable standards;2. copperfor low pressure tubes fir gaseous LPG, according to the applicable standards;3. high density polyethylene and polyamide for the low pressure pipes for gaseous LPG.

3.15. Within the LPG systems, the use of the aluminum pipes, polyethylene -aluminumtype or reticular polyethylene is prohibited.

Corrosion/erosion

3.16. Through the design, the considered procedures when evaluating thecorrosion/erosion should be proved to ensure the correct choice of the manufacture

materials.

Other design considerations

3.17. During the design of the under pressure equipment the following factors have to betaken into account:

1. The dynamic pressures;2. The weight of the container and of the content;3. The charge resulted from:

a. wind;b. special/large amount of precipitations;c. snow;d. seism / earthquakes;

4. Residual tensions, local tensions, heat tension etc;5. Tensions accumulation;6. The forces and the reaction moments from attachments and conducts etc;7. Collapsing;8. Additional, for the pressure containers:

a. load evaluation and of the other causes that lead to tensions and whichmay lead to damages.

b. discontinuities in the container body;


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c. changes in the cross section;d. thickness changes;e. joints form bi-metallic materials;f. inlets and openings;g. flanges;h. bushings and joints;i. enforcements / bolts with sealing surfaces;

j. supports and brackets.9. Additional, only for pressure pipes:

a. hydraulic shocks / hammer hitsb. condensation shock;c. cavitation;d. pulsations/ vibrations;e. vibratory charges;f. temperature ranges;g. pumping;

10. Additional protection for:a. damages caused by external mechanical impact;b. leakage from adjacent pipes;

c. external heating sources;11. Evaluating of the domino effectoccurring;12. Controlling and supporting possibilities:

a. ensured operation, control and maintenance access;b. double fitting ensuring the sealing and the protection;c. legs and trestles mechanically resistant for accidental tensions;d. impact strain under adjacent traffic conditions or in order to avoid such

situations;e. drainages which prevent accumulated / captive fluid;f. cavities / storage / pockets related to suspensions, dirt, sludge

accumulations which may lead to pitching or corrosive condensing formation;g. avoiding the cryohydrates occurrence;

13. The installation sealing conditions through shielding or fitting locking by locallylabel marking and registering in the shielding record when such operation are executed;

14. Preventing the static electricity accumulation through grounding, ensuring thesupplementary possibility for periodic testing;

15. The evaluation of unacceptable potential consequences caused by anycontaminated leakage;

16. The evaluation of unacceptable potential consequences caused by anydestruction/rupture processes;

17. Evaluation of the damages / defections possibilities and their causes:A. Mechanical:

a. material defects;b. execution and mounting defects;c. excessive tensions, external loads, including reaction forces;d. overpressure;e. overheating;f. mechanical and thermal fatigue;g. mechanical shocks;h. fragile rupture;i. creeping;j. prolonged tensions;

B. Defects caused by corrosion mechanisms:


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a. general;b. cavities;c. pitting;d. external. Including the induction;e. under load / tension-cracks;f. fatigue;g. electro-chemical;

h. chemical;i. combinations of such;

3.18. Aboveground, covered and buried (underground) LPG containers equipping shouldbe accomplished according to the recommendations in Table 3.

Table 3. Recommendations regarding the LPG containers equipping*

*O = compulsory; F = optional; NA = not applicableThe screwed bonds may have the sizes equal or less than DN 50, the sealing is made with sealing productsand/or compatible putties with the LGP quality.1The equipment for regulating the pressure may be a safety valve or a pressure regulating device.For underground containers, the following method for pressure control may be involved:

- covered with soil with a thickness greater than 0.5 m;- two independent protection systems against overloading: an automatic one and one for the

maximum filling level;- two overloading control systems (dual pressure control switches which stop the operation at the

input pipe / or the return of the liquid or gas);- protection of the container coating against all fire risks that may occur inside access compartment to

the fittings or an emergency device;

3.19 When executing the tension analysis for LPG pipes in order to evaluate the correcttension status, the following aspects have to be taken into account:

a. the tensions within the LPG pipe specific systems and these tensions are

checked to determine if they are complying with the domain mentioned in the project or inthe design technical code;

b. the tensions that influence the rotating equipment components fitted to the piping;c. the tensions that influence an under pressure container or a container fitting/bolt;d. the tensions that influence one or more anchored structures;e. the tensions that influence one or more pipe brackets;f. the movements of one portion of the piping system due to thermal deformation or

contraction;g. the effects produced by the loads caused by the wind influencing the piping

system and / or the fitted equipment;

Function Operation ingaseous state

Operation inliquid state

Correspondence with thePED Appendix 1

Pressure adjustment equipment1

O O 2.11.2., 7.3

Purging F F 2.5

Liquid stage evacuation O F 2.9

Indicating or control of the maximumfilling level

O O 2.10

Filling O O 2.9

Gaseous stage output O F 2.9

Gaseous stage return NA F 2.9

Liquid stage output NA F 2.9

Liquid stage return NA F 2.9

Temperature gauge F F 2.9

Pressure gauge O O 2.10

Liquid level gauge O O 2.10

Equipotent bond and the grounding O O 2.10


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h. the effects produced by the loads caused by seism / earthquakes influencing thepiping system and / or the fitted equipment;

i. the effects produced by the loads caused by oscillations or vibrations influencingthe piping system and / or the fitted equipment;

j. the effects of the soil resistance against the movements, related to undergroundpiping and / or covered influencing the piping system and / or the fitted equipment;

k. the temperature, pressure and weight variations influencing the flange joints and

the tendency to leakages should be determined as well.

3.20. The data resulted from the evaluation constitutes a data base, in case these detailsare not included in the piping project.

Rotating and alternative equipment design

3.21. The rotating and the alternating equipment, hereinafter called machine, should beconsidered as very important equipment for the systems and they should be manufacturedand equipped such as to be able to make the transfer of the liquid, from one operatingarea to another operating area and should be designed and manufactured such as to meetthe essential health and security requirements.

3.22. This machines category includes all the devices with rotating or alternatingmovement, executed in accordance with the physical-chemical characteristics and thehydraulic ones for the transported LPG, respectively: the pumps, the compressors,expanders, vents, turbines, mixers, carousel type packaging equipment, including thegearing devices (engines, activating turbines), the transportation system of the cylinders tothe packaging installation (transportation chain), the palettes mechanical system, theactivating mechanisms for the sealing testing tube for the portable cylinders, etc.

3.23. These machines should be considered as potential sources of leakage andcontamination, because of the rotating and alternating movements, capable to producevibrations and fluctuations of the transported material.

3.24. The design and manufacture requirements regarding this type of machine shouldtake into account the service pressures (input/ aspiration and discharge/return), theservice temperatures, the debits which cause vibrations characteristic to pumping andcavity such as the risks related to the machine vibration to be minimized, based on thetechnical progress and the availability of the vibration reduction means.

3.25. When choosing these machines, you should take into account that they should bedesigned, manufactured and / or equipped such as the risks caused by gas, liquid or vaporleakage.

3.26. The design requirements should refer to the production materials quality duringtesting, under normal conditions and under emergency conditions.

3.27. The strength of the used material should be adequate for LPG characteristics,especially related to the fatigue, time resistance, corrosion and erosion.

3.28. The rigid pipes as well as the flexible one afferent to the machines, that use LPG,especially under high pressure, should resist to the internal and external tensionsstipulated and should be solidly fixed and / or protected against all types of external


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tension or aggression. Precautions have to be taken in order to ensure, if rupture occurs(sudden moves, high pressure streams etc), that they would not cause unacceptable risks.

3.29. Within the areas with high risk of earthquakes, special measures will be provided inthe project for diminishing the damages produced by seismic tensions.

3.30. Each machine should be provided with control device which allows the full stop in

security conditions. The control systems should be positioned such as their activationwould not cause additional risks.

3.31. The operators access to the control systems should be safely provided, should bevisible and easy to identify by adequate markings, should be positioned outside thedangerous areas, excepting the access to certain control devices, where it is necessary,for example the safety shut down devices.

3.32. By design, the machine selection should:a. eliminate or reduce the risks as much possible by ensuring a high safety;b. adopt the necessary protection measures for the risk that could not be

eliminated;

c. inform the users about the remaining risks caused by incomplete efficiency of theadopted precautions; indicate if special training is necessary and specify, if needed, theuse of a certain individual protection equipment.

3.33. All machines should be accompanied by operating instructions that include:a. detailed description of the machine;b. the information marked on the machine;c. drawings and execution procedures containing the mounting play and

adjustments;d. operating and maintenance instructions, including the commissioning;e. tribology information;f. details regarding the connecting devices to the LPG system (e.g. aspiration /

pressing pipes, supports, arresters, safety devices when pressure has risen, equipotentjoints, seismic buffers, etc).

g. handling instructions, indicating the machine weights and of its different partswhich are transported separately;

h. warnings for the situations when the machine can not be used, if necessary.

3.34. The system connection devices should be executed such as to induce tensions,reactions and torques into the connecting elements.

3.35. The jointing elements (threads, screws, bolts, nuts) should be manufactured out ofmaterials specified in the project.

3.36. Jointing elements manufactured from materials or sized differently or set updifferently from the threads when making the joints must not be used.

3.37. All the exposed mobile parts should be protected with protection parts adequatelymanufactured.

3.38. The machines should be certified according to the effective legal environment withregard to the electro-magnetic, electro-safety and service compatibility in explosiveatmospheres.


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3.39. The equipotent links provisioned should be adequate for ensuring the intrinsicgrounding.

3.40. The conventional sealing systems (sealing boxes with soft material), thehydrodynamic sealing and the mechanical sealing provided for the machines should berealized with special care.

3.41. The maintenance, the inspection and monitoring of the machine operation should bethe objective of detailed programs related to the development of such activities, focusingthe special monitoring of:

a. vibrations;b. pulsing shocks;c. leakage through acoustic emission;d. lubricating agents.

3.42. The adequate instrumentation for the system control, including the loop verificationdevices (manual mechanical scales or automatic electronic scales) should be provided inthe design stage.

3.43. The machines bases should be designed for appropriate loads and for seismic loadsby equipping with anti-seismic dumpers.

3.44. The machines that operate in areas with a high degree of seism should be providedwith automatic locking fittings for the technological flows when the seism starts.

3.45. The possible risks analyses should be prepared in the project and in the operatinginstruments for all the scenarios regarding the possible deterioration mentioned within thedocumentation, such as:

a. rupture risks during operation;b. risks associated with the rotating speed variation;

c. risks associated with electric overloads;d. risks associated to dropping or objects ejection;e. risks associated to the vehicles impact;f. risks associated with mounting errors;g. risks associated with operating errors;h. risks associated to terrorist or sabotage actions;i. fire or explosion risks.

3.46. The machines should be certified according to the effective legal environment andshould be accompanied by the conformity declarations;

3.47. The machines should be marked visibly and permanently at least with the followinginformation:

a. the name and address of the manufacturer;b. EC mark;c. indication of the series number and type;d. the manufacture serial number, if applicable;e. the manufacture year;f. information regarding the use in a potential explosive atmosphere.


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The control system

3.48. The used symbols, colors and the graphic should be in accordance with theapplicable effective standards.

3.49. The control systems on the control board may be: electric, electronic or electronicallyset and should meet the following functions:

a. monitoring, registration and organizing of a data base regarding the installationcondition and the process indices;

b. providing the operator with information such as they would not influence thesystem status;

c. the automat control of the process, of the control data during cycling, of the starton, of the normal operation, of the shut down and of the turbulences (operating controlwithin the security limits);

d. detecting the beginning of a danger and the automatic stopping or diminishingthe danger;

e. preventing the automatic or normal control operations that may initiate a danger.

3.50. These functions should be ensured via alarms, means of protection and process

control systems.

3.51. The communication interface should include a range of input / output componentssuch as: command board, peripheral devices, and indicators, signaling instruments,graphic terminals, synoptic schemes, diagrams and acoustic alarms.

3.52. The system interface should include input (sensors), output (activations) andcommunications (via cable, optical fiber, pneumatic, analogue / digital signals),transmissions, signal barrier, amplifiers etc.

3.53. The system integrity should be a performance and availability function which shouldensure the required security and the reduction of the risk level.

3.54. The design should take into account the following aspects regarding the systemsecurity:

1. preventing, limiting and / or reduction of the adjacent events surpassing (Dominoeffects);

2. ensuring the security of the constructions on the site and of the systems withinthe system location;

3. monitoring of the unauthorized person access;4. accessibility related to the services for emergencies;5. fast communication facilities with the services for the emergency cases;6. evaluating of the intrinsic security conditions.

3.55. The main principle of the intrinsic security should be the complete elimination of thedangers using the below means:

1. using the techniques mentioned under Section 3.4;2. evaluation of the danger indices (Dow / Mond) - that are used for the processes

or projects evaluation, by a classification based on the existent facilities and distributedbased In the accidents classification;

3. the explosion conditions evaluation, for which the intrinsic/in-house securitymethods should be:


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a. establishing the safety distances such as the adjacent installation are notaffected by the worst situation;

b. installation/providing barriers, dispersion panels, explosion proof walls,resistant constructions/ buildings;

c. providing with drainages, dams, taluses, slopes that are able to retain andcollect the leakages and to limit the negative influence over the environment;

d. directing the venting collectors, in case of explosion, away from the

vulnerable areas, buildings or communications means, towards the boarder of the sire;e. separate deposit of the flammable / explosive materials outside the

processing area;f. positioning the dangerous installations such as the main access ways to

the site are not affected;g. the safety fittings positioning (the activating mechanisms) outside the

vulnerable locations;h. positioning the systems in open air in order to ensure the rapid dispersion

of the LPG minor leakage, such as to prevent the concentration along the buildings thatmay start fires or explosions;

i. the classification of LPG dangerous area such as they indicate the areaswhere the ignition sources should be eliminated;

j. establishing the separation distances to houses such as the explosion, fireand dangerous emission are reduced;

k. avoiding the blocking or the interfering with the evacuation paths.

Active and passive protection against fires

3.56. The fire protection systems function should be the put off and control of the fire orfurnishing the protection against exposure in order to eliminate the Domino effect.

3.57. Through design, the measures that should be taken in order to ensure the active andpassive fire protection should include:

a. the ignition potential of the substance;

b. the substance toxicity and the generated smoke;c. the volume of the stored substance;d. the frequency of the dangerous operations;e. the distance to other dangerous installations;f. the accessibility to the fire position;g. the extinguish capacity within the system place;h. the response time of the fire department;i. the available resources of the fire department.

3.58. The recommended extinguish means recommended based on the nature of the fireare:

a. water;b. chemical foam;c. inert gases;d. chemical powders;e. halogenated hydrocarbon

3.59. The passive fire protection means, recommended for pressurized containers andpipes in case of fire exposure are:

a. protection covering of the metallic construction with masonry, cement or soil;b. covering with special expandable foam;


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c. sublimation cover;d. mineral fibers matting;

3.60. By design, the alarm systems should meet the following requirements:a. maximum reliability;b. should be independent towards the process control system and its alarm

systems;

c. ensure the response procedure when alarm is on;d. presentation such as it will not be taken for something ales and it has to be very

distinctive compared to other systems;e. verification possibility and immediate operation.

3.61. When designing the LPG leakage detection systems in order to ensure thesupervision and efficient detection, the following aspects are to be taken into account:

1. the way the human beings perceive the emitted signals;2. the objective of the detection signals;3. detector types;4. detector maintenance;5. detection system management and other sources identification, sources that may

contribute to major accidents or to dangers occurrence, such as:a. unawareness of the maximum risk areas, where the leak detectors should

be installed;b. lack of leak detectors or the existence of inappropriate leak detectors in

the maximum risk areas;c. leak detectors incorrectly positioned or installed on the system site;d. the low level of maintenance and control of the leak detection system;e. too much trust with the inefficient leak detectors;f. leak detectors that dont have the capacity to return to zero in order to

restart the detection activity;g. alarms, safety and protection devices unable to operate when commanded

to;

h. undetectable leakage;i. unwatched maintenance procedures;j. increasing of the incorrect operation risk related to the detection system or

to the transmission system.

3.62. When detecting the LPG leakage, the data in Table 4 have to be taken into account.

Table 4 The main data regarding LPG leakage detection

Natural Gas Propane Propane/air40% / 60%

ButaneFormula

mixture C3H8 C3H8 / air C4H10

The normal state under atmospheric pressure gas gas gas Gas

The specific weight compared to the air (air=1) 0.6 1.6 1.2 2

515

2.210

**

1.89

The ignition/explosion limits:- low % gas in air - LIE

- high % gas in air LSE* the limits refer to % gas in air and they are

the same for propane

3.63. The LPG leakage detection and the recommended detection methods that have tobe applied according to the written procedures are:a. the control with the deep detector able to detect 10 percent from LIE, in a collectedsample form a control point;


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b. application of a mixture of soap and water or other solution that forms bubbles in case ofleakage;c. verification by determining the pressure drop at the end of a sealed segment of thepiping;d. the ultrasonic inspection via a system which detect the ultrasonic energy generated by agas evacuation. The detector should be calibrated for the system pressure.

3.64. The LPG leakages and the action criteria when the case may be are shown in Table5.

Table 5. Classification of LPG leakages and action plan

Leakage degree Action criteria

DEGREE 1:Leakage represented by the existence or possibilityof risk endangering the people and the propriety andwhich need immediate repair or a continuous actionunder the condition of danger existence on shortterm.

- implementing of the system security plan;- the requirements for the possible evacuation of thepeople and assets;- access denied in the marked area;- deviation of the traffic;- elimination of ignition sources;- venting of the are;- shutting down of the gas flow by locking the fittingsor the other devices;

- announcing of the competent authorities foremergency situations;

DEGREE 2:Leakage recognized as non-destructive at themoment of detection, but which requires repairsbased on a future potential danger.

- dampening and migration of the gas;- avoiding the gas to get close to the buildings andthe elements under the ground level;- the existence of the pavement / asphalt;- the soil type and the soil conditions allow thepermafrost, moisture and natural ventilation;

DEGREE 3:The non-dangerous leakage at the time of detectionand which may reasonably be construed as non-dangerous after that.

These leakages should be reevaluated periodicallyuntil the first intervention or until the leakage degreeis reevaluated.

3.65. By design, the security report preparation is compulsory for all the systems (such asinstallations or adjacent locations) which are included under the Government Decision95/2003 provisions.

3.66. The main chapters provisioned to be treated with regard to a minimum of data andspecific information which have to be taken into account when preparing the securityreport are the following:

A. The description of the objective or location;B. The objective level and organization;C. The environment and the objective surroundings (Domino Effect) and a detailed

description.D. Meteorological data;

E. Geological, hydrological and hydrographic data;F. The detailed description of the dangerous substances features relevant to the

objective;G. Installations and dangerous operations description;H. Detailed data related to the technological process description;I. Detailed data regarding the objective design;J. Data regarding the auxiliary services;K. Identifications of the accident risks and the intervention in order to minimize the

consequences of the accident;


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3.74. The efficiency of the ventilation related to dispersion and explosive atmospherepersistence control, characterizes the ventilation level (strong, average or low), may, underspecific circumstances, modify the classification level of the dangerous areas.

3.75. The LPG concentration mixed with air defines the low and high explosion limits.

3.76. The classification of the explosion risk areas specific for LPG sector activities will be

elaborated according to the scheme shown in Figure 1.

3.77. When classifying the dangerous areas relevant to explosion risk, particular to theLPG sector activities, the following documents should be prepared: list of flammableliquids, their features and the list of discharge sources.

3.78. The list of inflammable liquids and their features should include:a. the name of the flammable liquid;b. composition;c. ignition point;d. LIE- the low explosion / ignition limit;e. data related to the liquid volatility: vapor pressure at 20C and the boiling point;

f. the relative gaseous density compared to the air;g. the ignition temperature of the gaseous explosive atmosphere;h. the temperature group and class;i. other relevant information and notes;

3.79. The list of the discharge sources should include:a. description, position and the discharge degree relevant to the discharge source;

b. the flammable liquid: type, service temperature and pressure, liquid or gaseous

status / phase;c. ventilation: type, degree, availability;d. the dangerous area: zone type, vertical and horizontal extent of the zone,

measured in meters;e. other relevant information and notes.


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Yes

1. The enclosure withlammable luids

2. The contained quantity of flammable fluid

is capable to produce a dangerous volume ofgaseous explosive atmosphere

No

4. Non-dangerous area

Yes

3. There are discharge sources No

Yes

5. The discharge sources can be eliminated Yes

No

6. The degree of each discharge should bedetermined; the indices influencing the type and extentof the areas, the discharge flow, speed etc should be

evaluated.

7. Continuousdischar es

8. Can be transformedin primary degree

discharge

Yes

No

9. Primary degreedischarge

10. Can be transformed insecond degree discharge Yes

11. Secondarydischar e

12. Can be eliminated

NoNo

13. The indices that influence the type and the extent of the areas should be evaluated

14. The atmospheric and climatic conditions are determined, including thewind sped and direction.

15. The ventilation level should be determined


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Figure 1. The simplified scheme recommended for the classification of dangerous areas relevant toexplosion risks particular to LPG sector activities

3.80. The possible initiators of the events might be:

A. Initiators outside the location:a. The impact with aircrafts;

b. Seism;c. Crushing;d. Weather extreme conditions:

1. excessive rain;2. excessive snow;3. very low temperature;4. high temperature;5. floods;6. storm, hurricane, sudden swirls;7. thunder lighting;

19. WeakS

15. The ventilation level should be determined

16. StrongP

17. AverageM

Yes

20. The ventilationdegree can be

changed to average

18. The ventilationdegree can be changed

to strong

Yes

No No

21. The zone type is determined

22. Zero zonein Zone 1 Yes

23. Zone 1 inZone 2 Yes

24. Zone 2

No No No

25. The extent of the area is to be determined using an adequate code or by calculations


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e. earth flows;B. Operation errors:

a. Unprotected system;b. Filling of an open system;c. Overloaded system;d. Excessive loads;e. Degraded contents;

f. Deterioration caused by inappropriate response to alarm signals;g. Wrong operation of the sealing fittings;

C. Abnormal loads:a. Impact with a vehicle;b. Impact with military bomb / missile;c. Impact with a dropping object;d. Temperature or pressure exceeding the designed service ranges;e. External temperature / pressure exceeding the design values;f. Container or pipe breaking;g. Vacuum;

D. Hostile actions / sabotage:a. Fire;

b. Explosion;c. Degraded / deteriorated security system;d. Contamination;e. Deteriorated control system;f. Contaminated / bugged system;

E. Deterioration and bad management:a. Corrosion / erosion;b. Cyclic loads;c. Inadequate material specifications;d. Chemical attack;e. Hidden defects;f. Deteriorations related to dangerous systems identification;

g. Deteriorations of the control processes;h. Accumulations of electro-static tensions;i. Inappropriate operation equipment and tools under the specific working

conditions; j. System power supply failure / lack of electricity;k. Lack of cooling water;l. Lack of nitrogen / inert gases;m. Lack of technological and / or instrumental air;n. Lack of steam.

3.81. In case of certain events occurrence, following psychological processed, which arenatural for the human being under these circumstances, unexpected behaviormodifications might appear, which eventually create crisis states.

3.82. Under crisis conditions, a lucid and experimental analysis should include:a. configuration of the case;b. evaluation of the crisis situation;c. configuration of the alternative action measures for emergencies;d. development and finalizing of emergency action plan;e. implementation of the emergency action plan.


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3.83. The emergency action plan should include:a. limiting and monitoring the incidents in order to minimize / reduce the effects and

to diminish the danger for people, environment and properties;b. implementing of the necessary measures for people, environmental and

proprieties protection;c. description of the activities that should be executed in order to control the

incidents related to the consequences limitation, including the description of the safety

equipment and of the available resources;d. notification of the local authorities and of the emergency departments;e. providing the assistance regarding the consequences attenuation / reduction

actions of such incidents.

System emergency insulation

3.84. The insulation of the system in crisis situation should be done in case of highprobability or occurrence of an event and it should include: the system, the technologicalpiping, the control system and the electrical system.

3.85. The aspects that should be taken into consideration when determining the

emergency isolation of the system are:a. the main danger relevant to the substance (toxicity, flammability, corrosion,

oxidation);b. the danger level (e.g. very flammable, a little flammable, low flammability, non-

flammable etc);c. the physical characteristics of the substance (volatility, ignition point etc);d. in case the vented / purged product may form dangerous accumulations or flows;e. if the operating personnel might be exposed to risks until the isolation of the

system;f. if there are auxiliary security / protection systems;g. the nature of the indices that influence the amount of the discharge (system high

pressure, large quantities that escaped or stored, long pipes, return / opposite direction

flows, interconnected containers, Domino effect for nearby systems);h. the evacuation potential causes: vulnerable pipes, equipment deterioration;

incidents caused by the nearby systems (Domino effect) and / or operation errors;i. the identification methods in case of leakages / escapes and the time interval;j. the possibility of dangerous escalation of the event;k. the characteristics of the people exposed to risks.

3.86. Thepossible scenarios concerning the major accidents related to LPG sector:a. Deterioration / rupture of the pressurized container;b. Discharge / escape of liquid LPG;c. Deterioration / breaking of an LPG piping;d. Deterioration / breaking of the vaporizer;e. Deterioration / breaking inside the packaging LPG in containers-cylinders;f. Deteriorations during the loading / unloading operations related to the road and /

or rail auto-tanks;g. Discharge at the gas venting chimney level;h. Damages discovered above the liquid LPG level within the container;i. Damages discovered under the liquid LPG level within the container;j. Overload;k. BLEVE (explosion of the vapors generated by the expansion of the boiling liquid);l. Discharge of the safety valve;


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m. Deterioration / rupture of the vaporization system vaporizer;n. Liquid LPG escape through the gas evacuation chimney;o. Flame absorption in case of fire and BLEVE occurrence;p. Rail and / or road transportation tank hose rapture;q. Heat shock caused by the flame jet;r. Overpressure caused by the explosion;s. Vapor stream caused by the heat radiation;

t. Vapor explosion in open space UVCE and/ or closed space VCE;u. Deterioration / rupture caused by explosion slivers / splinters;v. Increase of a lighted flame.

Risk evaluation methodology

3.87. The risk evaluation methodology should answer the following questions:a. What system are we talking about?b. Which are the risks linked to the operation and exploitation of the system?c. Are there any incidents we expect they will occur?d. Which one is the most dangerous?e. Which are the possible consequences?

f. Which is the level of occurrence?g. Which is the chain of events that might cause damages?h. Can the potential consequences estimated as probable be acceptable?i. Which are the advantages and costs of an alternative technology?

3.88. The risk evaluation criteria are defined by the below elements:1. Static elements: the access path, mixture of the transported substance, the roads

and the rail roads, signals, signal transmitting devices and deterioration identification tools,bridges, tunnels, protection walls, high voltage lines and poles, construction elementsnecessary for the access into the system and other infrastructure rail stations, cabins,storage houses etc;

2. Dynamic elements: maintenance, personnel qualification level, qualification

methodology, transportation process planning, logistics, forecast processes and controlprocedures;

3. External elements: population density along the location, presence of the storageindustrial areas and the risk related to the stored dangerous substances, the position ofthe power installations, intersection of the piping routes (water, gas, power conducts),conflict areas between two transportation systems (parallel systems of rail and road,intersections and passages, bridges, tunnels), weather influence (foggy areas, intensiverains, snow, glazed frost, the natural light period, wind direction and speed etc).

3.89. The risk evaluation should be based on the following principles (Table no. 6):1. The determination of the intended use;2. Dangers, dangerous situations and events should be identified;3. Risk consequences / probability evaluation;4. Residual risk estimation;5. Risk evaluation;6. Analyzing the risk diminishing options.

3.90. Within the risk evaluation matrix included in Table no. 6, each objective is shown bya row, and the scenarios are represented by the columns. The last row contains the riskcharacteristics related to the scenarios, and the last column contains the riskcharacteristics related to the objective.


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Table 6. The risk evaluation matrix

Scenarios

S1 ..... Sj ..... SmThe risk matrix for Es

p1 ..... pj ..... pm

The riskvalues

related to theobjectives

O1

.....

Oiaij = (tij)kij = pjaijdij = i(lij)

=

=m

j

ijis kk1

=

=m

j

ijijij dkd1

.....

Objective

On

The risk values relatedto the scenarios

=

=n

i

ijj kk1

=

=n

i

ijijj dkd1

=

=n

i

iss kK1

=

=n

i

iss dD1

The symbols meaning is the following:Es stands for the situation in which the risk analysis is executed;Sjis the defined scenario based on possible events;Oi is the objective / element in discussion;pjthe probability conditioned by thejscenario to occur in given s situation;tijstands for the time of the event occurrence for object i, within scenarioj; stands for the time transformation function related to the event occurrence within

the probability frame;aijthe conditioned probability that the object i is affected by the given scenarioj;kij the probability that object iis affected by scenarioj;lij the occurrence impact intensity over object i, supposing that the event occurred

due to the given scenarioj;i the function which estimated the damages suffered by object i;dij the damage caused to the object i, supposing that the event occurred due to the

given scenarioj;Kis the probability that the object iis affected by the given scenario s is given by the

following formula:

( )

=m

j

ijis kk1

1 ; (if probabilitiespj of the individual scenarios are very low, the

formula in the matrix may be employed);dis expected damage caused to the object i, for the given situation s;

kj the expected number of objects which will be affected by scenarioj;dj the expected number of damages caused by scenarioj;ks the total number of objects expected to be affected by the given situation s;Ds the total expected number of damages caused for the given situation s;


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4. REQUIREMENTS REGARDING THE WORKS EXECUTION WITHIN LPG SECTOR

4.1. The execution should be carried out using correctly selected materials and employingadequate techniques so that the system is not affected by defections and damages.

4.2. The commissioning of the equipment should be accompanied by a series of

documents which have to emphasize the followings:1. the certification related to the mechanical execution operations and to the

interoperation hand over;2. certification related to the mechanical testing carried out;3. system performance testing execution;4. certification that the system performance has been accepted;5. the witness samples for the inspections and testing;6. the witness samples for the performance testing;7. cleaning and pressure testing of the system;8. certification of the non-destructive testing through visual inspection to determine

if there are any discrepancies in execution;9. certification for the mechanical equipment testing according to the technical

standards or codes;10. certification for the execution materials testing from the sizing and security

correctness point of view;11. certification for the threaded components from the sizing and security

correctness point of view;12. inspection of the pipes isomers and of the P&I plans / schemes;13. certification for the joints adjustments and of the pipes schemes;14. certification for the pressurized equipment testing (pressure testing, sealing

testing, protection devices testing);15. records of the pressurized equipment testing;16. certification for the dynamic testing of the sub-systems and systems;17. simulation and testing of the utilities systems;

18. simulation and testing of the instruments and tools;19. certification for the rotating machines testing, running-in;20. simulation involving the process computer;21. spare parts inventory;22. records of the security inspections and the ones for emergency situations;23. records for the environment inspections;24. the notes list related to the finalization of the execution, including the final

inspections dates;25. registering of the final certification regarding the security conditions

accomplishment according to the effective legislation which has taken over the Europeandirectives regarding the system in discussion;

26. focusing on a certain number of preliminary testing which certifies theequipping, correct installation and system tests;

27. the machines inspection, including the verification of the rotating direction of therotating and alternating equipment;

28. preliminary running-in;29. checking for the connection to the registering devices;30. inspection of the instruments and tools and simulations on adjusting loops;31. inspections and simulations of the power supply systems;32. inspections of the utility systems;33. checking of the safety and emergency system;


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34. checking and simulating for the signaling and alarm systems;35. vacuuming and making the system inert;36. filling with the service liquid and checking for adequate sealing.

Execution inspection criteria

4.3. The recommendations related to the pressurized container inspections involved in the

LPG sector are shown in Table no. 7.

Table no. 7. Recommendations related to the pressurized container inspectionsinvolved in the LPG sector

ID Inspection field Result

1 The data involved in the container analysis: Duplicate of the containerdrawing containing the important details according to the sampledrawing included in the container manual;

S SatisfactoryN - UnsatisfactoryNA Not applicableNV Not verified

2 The data involved in the LPG system analysis: According to the project;

3 The analysis of the normal operation written procedures for the LPGsystem;

4 The analysis of the container operation written procedures;5 The analysis of the emergency procedures or of the abnormal

operations;

6 The analysis of the compulsory equipment that need to accompany theLPG container or system;

7 The analysis of the protection and safety against incidents;

8 The analysis form the point of view of the safety separation distances;

9 The analysis of the ignition protection systems caused by staticelectricity, thunder lightning and hazardous droughts;

10 Analysis of the safety access under normal conditions and in accidentalsituations: accumulations nearby the container, the adjacentunderground areas, drainage areas dams, banking, collecting drains,sites neighboring properties etc;

11 The analysis of the overloading protection systems;

12 The analysis of the potential dangerous area in case of leakages;13 The analysis of the protection systems against corrosion regarding the

underground, covered and / or aboveground containers or / and tanks:- the original structure of the soil potential;- pipes sealing from the container for an auxiliary protection;- the potential linked to the soil structure neighboring sites;- the electricity from the cathodes protection;- continuity of the structures in case of unique protection.

14 The analysis of the equipotent connections continuity.

15 The analysis of the external corrosion;

16 Analysis of the repairing works, modifications and remedies history: allrepairing works / modifications mentioned in the containers record or inthe installation record from the moment of the construction and thechanges in the service indices should be included;

17 The analysis of the venting-evacuation, degassing, purging systems etcfor normal conditions and emergency operation: sizing of the orifices, ofthe discharge capacity of the safety valves etc;

18 The analysis of the measurement and control devices;

19 The analysis of the pressure control systems: pressure regulators,overflow devices, heat valves etc;

20 The analysis of the consumption devices of the system;

21 The analysis of the history related to the initial testing required in thetechnical regulations: pressure testing, sealing testing, compulsory andoptional non-destructive testing.


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4.4. The recommendations related to the pressurized piping inspections involved in theLPG infrastructure are shown in Table no. 7.

Table no. 7. Recommendations related to the pressurized piping inspectionsinvolved in the LPG infrastructure

ID Inspection field Result

1 Specifications related to the materials:- manufacturer name;- manufacture standard (norm);- functional indices work pressure, temperature etc;- external diameter;- pipe wall thickness

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