LTE Technology Overview - RevB

LTE/EPC Technology overview

� LTE/EPC fundamentals� LTE/EPC architecture overview� Voice over LTE (VoLTE)

Agenda

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 2

Global LTE Commitments (May 2012)

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 3Source : www.gsacom.com

Global LTE devices

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 4Source : www.gsacom.com

LTE/EPC fundamentals

5

It’s going to be speedy

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

• 1xRTT

• 1xEVDO rA

The LTE Air Interface – LTE MIMO


Adaptive Modulation and Coding

UE4

64 QAM64 QAM

16 QAM16 QAM

QPSKQPSK

When will Who have What coverage Where?


Downlink peak data rates (64QAM)

Antenna config SISO 2x2 MIMO 4x4 MIMO

Peak data rate Mbps 100 172.8 326.4

Uplink peak data rates (Single antenna)

Modulation QPSK 16 QAM 64 QAM

Peak data rate Mbps 50 57.6 86.4

eNB

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE5

64 QAM requires 10dB Carrier to Interference ratio (C/I)64 QAM requires 10dB Carrier to Interference ratio (C/I)

LTE/EPC architecture overview

9

Uu

X2X2UE

S-GW

P-GW

S11

S5

S10

S1-U

GxPCRF

Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

LTE/EPC architecture

Sgi

Public

Data

Network


S1-C

Evolved Node B

UE

MMES6a HSS

The LTE protocol and network architecture is charac terized by three special requirements1. Support for the PS domain only. There will be no circuit switched (CS) domain nodes.

– Voice services need to be delivered using VoIP

2. Tight delay targets for small roundtrip delays

– 5 ms for bandwidths of 5 MHz and greater ; 10 ms for the bandwidths below 5 MHz

3. Reduced cost of the system

Serving NetworkServing Network

PS Core (Data)

Evolved 3GPP Network Architecture

Core & Services NetworkCore & Services Network

CS Core (Voice)

MSC/VLR

GSM-A

GPRS-Gb

Iu-CS

Gn

GSM/GPRS/EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN)GSM/GPRS/EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN)

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

BTS

MS

Abis

GSM

EDGE

Evolved EDGE

BSC

Um

UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)

RNCIub

Iur

UuPublic

Data Gi

SS7/SIGTRAN

SGWSMS

HLR/HSS

MGWMc

Nb

D/Gr

MGW

Nc


SGSN

Iu-CS

Iu-PSGGSN

Radio Network Subsystem

NodeBUE

RNC

Iur

W-CDMA

HSPA/HSPA+

Iub

HSS

CSCFMRF

Data

Network

PCRF

WSP Services

(IMS, VCC, …)

RxS4

S3 Gx

SGi

S1-C

S12

Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)

Uu

Evolved Node B

X2X2UE

LTE

LTE Advanced

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

S-GW

MME

P-GW

S11

S5

S10

S6a

S1-U

EPC Fundamentals - LTE Functional Nodes

Radio Resource Management

Scheduling• Dynamic resource

allocation to UE’s• Transmission of

Pages & broadcast information

Network Access Security (PDCP)• IP header

compression• Ciphering of user

data stream

EPC Network Selection

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION Page 12

eNBeNodeB

Management• Bearer & Admission

control• RF Measurement

Reporting

Selection• MME Selection at

UE attachment• User Plane routing

to SAE-GW

Combines the functionality of the UMTS NodeB & RNC


EPC Access

Mobility• MME Selection for

Intra-LTE handovers• SGSN Selection for

3GPP I-RAT Handover

UE Tracking and Reach-ability• Tracking Area List

Management (idle or active)

Bearer management


MMEMobility

Management Entity

• Attachment & Service Request

• Security & Authentication

management• Dedicated bearer

establishment• PDN GW & SAE-GW

selection

Equivalent to the SGSN for the Control Plane


Packet routing &

Local Mobility Anchor for Inter eNB handover

I-RAT Mobility Anchor Function• 3GPP 2G/3G Handover• Optimized Handover

Procedures (e.g. in LTE-CDMA)


S-GWSAE Gateway

Packet routing & forwarding

between EPC & eUTRAN

Lawful Interception

Equivalent to the SGSN for the User Plane


Policy enforcement

(QoS)

Charging support

Lawful Interception


P-GWPDN Gateway

UE IP address allocation

Mobility Anchor between 3GPP & non-3GPP

access systems

Equivalent to the GGSN

UEUE eNBeNB SS--GWGW PP--GWGW Peer Peer

E-UTRAN EPC Internet

LTE – It’s all about pipes


UEUE eNBeNB SS--GWGW PP--GWGW Peer Peer EntityEntity

Ext. BearerExt. Bearer

S5 BearerS5 Bearer

S1 BearerS1 Bearer

Radio S1 SGiS5/S8

End to End Service End to End Service –– IMS Control and User PlanesIMS Control and User Planes

EPS BearerEPS Bearer

EE--RABRAB

Radio BearerRadio Bearer

EPC Fundamentals – QoS Model

Today’s 3G Services use best effort QoS Classes parameters for all PS servicesToday’s 3G Services use best effort QoS Classes parameters for all PS services

• An LTE user can have up to 24 bearers , each with its own QoS Class• In the EPC, the QoS parameters are a function of guaranteed & non-guaranteed bit rates defined by 9

QCI labels.

Page 17

QoS Class QoS Class IdentifierIdentifier

L2 Packet L2 Packet Delay Delay

BudgetBudget

L2 L2 Packet Packet Loss Loss RateRate

Example ServicesExample Services


BudgetBudgetRateRate

QCI=1 (GBR) 100 ms 10-2 Conversational Voice

QCI=2 (GBR) 150 ms 10-3 Conversational Video (Live Streaming)

QCI=3 (GBR) 50 ms 10-3 Real Time Gaming

QCI=4 (GBR) 300 ms 10-6 Non-Conversational Video (Buffered Streaming)

QCI=5 (non-GBR) 100 ms 10-6 IMS Signalling

QCI=6 (non-GBR) 300 ms 10-6Video (Buffered Streaming)TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p file sharing, progressive video, etc.)

QCI=7 (non-GBR) 100 ms 10-3 Voice, Video (Live Streaming) Interactive Gaming

QCI=8 (non-GBR) 300 ms 10-6

Video (Buffered Streaming)TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp, etc.)

QCI=9 (non-GBR) 300 ms 10-6

EPC Fundamentals – QoS Model

RB-ID S1-TEID S1-TEID S5/S8-TEID

UL Service Data Flows DL Service Data Flows

Application / Service Layer

Non GBR – Service Dropping

Non Real-Time

Page 18Page 18


PDN -GWSGWeNBUE

UL-TFT RB-ID S5/S8-TEI DL-TFT

GBR – Service Blocking

Real TimeTFT = Traffic Flow Template

Radio Bearer

S1 Bearer S5 Bearer

LSTI test results


LSTI test results


LSTI test results


LSTI test results


Voice over LTE

� Voice has always been a backbone service for most of the operators ensuring a steady and healthy revenue stream.

� The actual situation for Voice Standards and Voice Delivery in LTE has for a long time been a source of heated debate, the complexities of delivering Voice has by some been exaggerated and by some underplayed.

� In this session some of the realities and facts will be discussed and some of the areas with inherent complexities will be examined to further understand how these can be managed.

Voice over LTE (VoLTE)Abstract

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation

NSD Mobile LTE SAE Technical Overview

Analytics Anywhere Everywhere

Copyright 2010-2011

Voice over LTE (VoLTE)

“The Talking Pipes” - Unraveling the Complexities

LTE World Summit 2011Page 24Page 24

� Device– “All in One” Smarts

– Basic Voice, SMS, and Add-ons Services

� Applications and Services– Stay Connected – Anywhere, Everywhere and Be Seen as Connected – Presence

– Productivity (Mobile Office), Networking, Chats, Payments, Gaming, Internet Browsing, Video

� Affordability

Consumer’s ViewKey Performance Indicators




Copyright 2010-2011




� Affordability – “Unlimited” Price Plans without worrying about incurring additional charges without notifications

– “Tiered” pricing in terms of Application Awareness, Spending Limits Gating and QoS control

� Living the Mobile Broadband Experience – Accessibility, Retainability, Integrity , Availability, Mobility

� Specific to Voice– Per current Circuit Switch (CS) Voice experience in terms of the above mentioned indicators at

equal or less cost as compared to GSM and UMTS, e.g.

• Lower or Equal Call Setup times with similar Quality

ComponentsComponents

Device

(IMS Agent/Codec)

Device

(IMS Agent/Codec)

E-UTRANE-UTRAN

Functions and Applications

Functions and Applications

Basic ConnectivityBasic Connectivity

Additional ServicesAdditional Services

KPI CategoriesKPI Categories

AccessibilityAccessibility

QoS ValidationQoS Validation

SubscribedSubscribed

Voice over LTEService Delivery




Copyright 2010-2011




E-UTRAN

(E-UTRA)

E-UTRAN

(E-UTRA)

Evolved Packet Core

Evolved Packet Core

Policy ControlPolicy Control

IMS Core Network IMS Core Network

TransportTransport

Additional ServicesAdditional Services

MobilityMobility

RoamingRoaming

Non-LTE AccessNon-LTE Access

PrioritizedPrioritized

EmergencyEmergency

IntegrityIntegrity

RetainabilityRetainability

MobilityMobility

AvailabilityAvailability

ProvisionedProvisioned

Shaped/Gated/ Prioritized

Shaped/Gated/ Prioritized

UtilizedUtilized

ExperiencedExperienced

Voice over LTE (VoLTE)Evolution Path - Features

Voice over LTE via Generic

Access (VoLGA)

RoamingInterconnect

GSMA IR.65/88Emergency

Voice over HSPA (VoHSPA)

GSMA IR.58


CS Voice overCS or PS (HSPA)

CS FallbackSMS over

SGs

Voice over LTE(VoLTE)

SMS over IPGSMA IR.92

Single Radio Voice Call Continuity

GSMA IR.64[Reference: GSMA]

Over the Top(OTT)

E.g. Skype etc.

Video over LTE(V2oLTE)

GSMA IR.94

Single Radio Video Call Continuity

Voice over LTE (VoLTE)Evolution Path - Deployment

• Voice via OTT (E.g. Skype etc.)

• CS Fallback to Legacy Access

• SMS over SGs (3GPP Legacy Accesses) and S102 (non-3GPPP Legacy Accesses)

• Voice over LTE (VoLTE)• SMS over IP (SMSoIP)• Single Radio Voice Call

Continuity (SRVCC)

OptimizedOptimized • Video over LTE (V2oLTE)

• Voice over HSPA• Emergency• Preemption and

Prioritized Access• Single Radio Video Call

Continuity (vSRVCC)


Legacy Accesses)

EssentialsEssentials

Continuity (SRVCC)

• Potential Throttling of OTT-based Voice options for Added Differentiation

• Others include Rich Communication Suite ((e)RCS) Introduction

Continuity (vSRVCC)• Roaming and

Interconnect• PS Handover (Voice

and/or non-Voice)• Enhanced Multimedia

Priority Service (eMPS)

EvolvedEvolved

LTE

LTEGERANUTRAN

LTE

GERAN/UTRAN

LTE

GERAN/UTRAN

LTE

LTE

UTRAN

Radio Access Evolution evolution stork evaluation

Spotty LTE coverage

Areas withcontinues LTE coverage

No LTE coverage

LTE

Voice over LTE (VoLTE)Evolution Path – Radio Access

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 29

LTE LTE LTE

Circuit Switched

CSFBCircuit Switching

VoLTESRVCC

Circuit SwitchedPacket Switching

VoLTEVoHSPA

Packet Switching

Operators will follow different paths

� EPS Attach Procedure

– 6+ Interfaces

– 8+ Protocols

– 19+ Transactions

� Mobility increases complexity

– MME / SGW Relocations

– 2G I-RAT

– 3G I-RAT

Voice over LTEAccessibility - Attach and PDN Connectivity




Copyright 2010-2011




– 3G I-RAT

– CSFB

– SRVCC

� Additional Functions

– IPv6 Stateless Address Auto Configuration (SLAAC)

– Infrastructure Domain Name System (DNS)

[3GPP TS 23.401]

It takes the whole end to end network to deliver an

application/service to the end user.

� Policy and Charging Control (PCC)

– Mediates between IMS CN SS and EPS for Voice Service delivery over LTE

Policy and

Charging Control

E-UTRAEPCIMS CNEPCE-UTRA

Cell

Selection

Originating UE Core IMSeNB MME Terminating UE

I

D

L

E

T

O

A

C

T

S-GW/P-GW S-GW/P-GW

MME eNB

UE in IDLE

(default EPS bearer

established)

UE in IDLE

(default EPS bearer

established)

Start Timer

UE Triggered Service Request Procedure

(establishment of S1 and Radio bearers for IMS

signalling)

(3GPP TS 23.401, section 5.3.4.1)

Random Access Procedure

(establishment of RRC connection)

(3GPP TS 36.300, section 10.1.5)

I

D

L

E

T

O

P-CSCF P-CSCF

Voice over LTEAccessibility - Services Access




Copyright 2010-2011




I

V

E

SIP 180 RINGING

C

A

L

L

S

E

T

U

P

SIP INVITE (SDP offer)

Resource Reservation (Dedicated Bearer Activation

Procedure 3GPP TS 23.401, section 5.4.1)

A

C

T

I

V

E

C

A

L

L

S

E

T

U

P

Network Triggered Service Request Procedure=

paging+UE Triggered Service Request Procedure

(establishment of S1 and Radio bearers for IMS signalling)

(3GPP TS 23.401, section 5.3.4.3)

SIP INVITE (SDP offer)

Resource Reservation (Dedicated Bearer Activation

Procedure 3GPP TS 23.401, section 5.4.1)

TOTAL CALL SETUP DELAY

Stop TimerSIP ACK

SIP 200 OK (SDP answer)

Interworking of

Multiple Devices, Domains, Network Elements, Interfaces, Protocols

[3GPP TS 23.203]

Voice over LTEE2e Complete Visibility

Multiple Dimensional Information Correlation, Measu rements and Analysis– Devices, Domains, Network Elements, Interfaces, Protocols

– Intra and Inter Layers

– Applications, Device and Network Elements Internals

User DeviceUser

DeviceAir

InterfaceAir

InterfaceNetwork

EquipmentNetwork

EquipmentNetwork

InterfacesNetwork

Interfaces

E2e Complete Visibility

E2e Complete Visibility


– Applications, Device and Network Elements Internals

Serving GW PDN GWS5/S8

UDP/IP UDP/IP

RelayPDCP

RLC

MAC

IP

TCP/UDP

UDP/IP

PHY

GTP-U

SGi/GmS1-UGmeNodeB

RLC

UDP/IP

PDCP

Relay

UE

GTP-UGTP-U

PHYPHYPHYPHYPHY

MAC

GTP-U

DATA DATA DATA DATA

IPSec ESPIPSec ESP IPSec ESP

PDCP Ciphering (UP)

IPSec Encryption (NDS)

IPSec ESP

SIP/SDP

IPSec Encryption (AKA)

P/S-CSCF

IP

PHY

IP

Cx

DATA

IPSec ESP

IPSec ESP

TCP/UDP

SIP/SDP

PHY

DATA

HSS

IP

PHY

SCTP

DATA

IPSec ESP

Diameter

IP

IPSec ESP

IP

PHY

SCTP

DATA

IPSec ESP

Diameter

SigComp SigComp

SigComp (SIP/SDP)

IPSec ESP

LTE/SAE – IMS CN SS Protocol Stack Signaling (SIP/SD P)

� 3GPP Release 9 baseline

– Introduced as part of Release 9, hence Not possible with Release 8

� Prioritized Access, Barring, Admission Control and Pre-emption

– Access and Non-Access Stratums

� Overload Control

– E2e E-UTRAN, EPC

� Security

– Unauthenticated IMSI

– Limited Service Mode (LSM)

Voice over LTEPublic Safety

KPI Categories

(Emergency Calls Context to be taken into Considerations)

KPI Categories

(Emergency Calls Context to be taken into Considerations)

AccessibilityAccessibility




Copyright 2010-2011




– Limited Service Mode (LSM)

� Emergency Configuration Data Provisioning

– APN, QoS profile, PDN GW Identity etc.

– PGW Selection

– Default Bearer QCI is per Operator configuration

� Policy and Charging Control (PCC)

� Mobility

– Handover Restrictions Bypass for Emergency Bearers

� Legacy Accesses Fallback

– CS Fallback

– Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC)

IntegrityIntegrity

RetainabilityRetainability

MobilityMobility

AvailabilityAvailability

� Service-based Top Down Analysis and Summarization

– Voice Call Success/Drop Rates, Quality

� Network-wide Events, Alarms Correlation and Analysis

– Analyzing fragmented, multi-ordered cascaded events could be tedious and time consuming

– Pinpoint Specific “Events of Interest” and Triggering Network Element

– Events of Interest can be Failures, Latency, Packet Loss, Inactivity Timeout, Congestions etc.

– Examine Relativity On-demand, e.g.

• Specific failures with certain device types

Voice over LTEUnraveling the Complexities




Copyright 2010-2011




• Specific failures with certain device types

• Failure to establish PDN connectivity due to IPv6 address assignment failures

• Time to access service too long, figuring out the long pole, e.g. DNS optimization

• Ciphering issues resulting in “squeaky” tones

• Call and Services Preempted due to Emergency Scenarios

• Call Attempt Failures due to RAN Congestion

MSF LTE IOT Event 2010

First LTE IOT event executed in March-2010– World’s First Large-Scale LTE Multi-Vendors EPC IOT Event

– Focuses on validating core network interfaces to ensure multi-vendor deployment strategies for LTE technology

– Introduces Robustness Testing as an Industry First Forum to include Security Validation, aiming to uncover unknown Security Vulnerabilities

Focus areas– Basic Interoperability

– Roaming


– Roaming

– 3GPP Legacy Access

– Handover/Relocation

– Non-3GPP (eHRPD) Access and Interworking

– Robustness

MSF LTE IOT Event 2010 White Paperhttp://www.msforum.org/interoperability/MSF%20LTE%20Interoperability%202010%20White%20Paper.pdf

Voice over LTE (VoLTE)MSF & GSMA VoLTE IOT Event 2011

Builds on initial LTE IOT event from March-2010– Complexity of the IMS standards => “OneVoice” initiative => GSMA VoLTE

– Inefficiencies in the radio interface standards => shared channels, smaller TTIs, semi-persistent scheduling, TTI bundling, E2e QoS support etc.

Focus areas– Voice over LTE

• Compliant to GSMA PRD IR.92

– Roaming and Interconnect

• Compliant to GSMA PRD's IR.65 and IR.88


• Compliant to GSMA PRD's IR.65 and IR.88

– GERAN/UTRAN Access to EPC

– Handover/Relocation

– Self Organizing Networks/Automatic Neighbor Relation

– Robustness Testing

MSF LTE VoLTE IOT Event 2011 White Paperhttp://www.msforum.org/interoperability/MSF_VoLTE%20_2011_WhitePaper.pdf

VoLTE/RCS MSF & ETSI, GSMA VoLTE/RCS IOT planned Event 2012

Builds on VoLTE IOT event from 2011– Adding RCS v5.0 to the infrastructure under test

Focus areas– Home/Single Network

• GSMA PRDs IR.92 & IR.90

– Roaming• GSMA PRDs IR.65, IR 88, IR.92 & IR.90

– Interconnect• GSMA PRDs IR.88, IR.92, IR.90 and IR.67

IMS Core


• GSMA PRDs IR.88, IR.92, IR.90 and IR.67

– Non-LTE Access

– Mobility

– Inter-RAT Priority Call Handover

IMS UA

MME

S-GW

HSS P-CSCF

P-GW

PCRF

UE

eNodeB

IMS Core

LTE-Uu S11

S5

Gx

SGi

Rx

S6a

S1-MME

S1-U

I/S-CSCF

MMTel / RCS Application

ServersSh

Mw

ISC

Cx

Ut

Sec-GW

DRAS6a

ShCx

Rx

Gx

IMS UA

UE

UTRAN

GERAN

S4 SGSN

S3

S4S12

S6d

IMS UA

UE

IBCF/TrGWMx

ENUM Server

ENUM

ENUM

Other PLMN

Ici/Izi

Ici/Izi

ENUM

IPX

Voice over LTESummary

� Voice Service Delivery over LTE introduces significant increase in complexity as compared to legacy CS Voice with requirements spanning across devices, domains, network elements, interfaces and protocols

– It is Essential to perform Interoperability Tests (IOT) between Multiple Network Element Vendors and Multiple Wireless Service Providers to ensure the full End-to-End service functions as expected

� Contextual Measurements and KPI taking into consideration of Relative QoS Prioritization and Preemption esp. with Congestion and Overload, Emergency Services scenarios

– Without this, the risk is that the real customer experience will not be fully understood




Copyright 2010-2011




� Service delivery challenges are not unique to VoLTE as they are fully applicable for all subscriber, devices, services management

� Public Safety usage of LTE (2012+)– NIST is one driver (US)

– Strong driver for QoS and Policy Control

� Network Sharing (2012+)– LightSquared, US

– Everything Everywhere,UK

Next wave of Technology after initial basic LTE

� Cloud based RAN access (2014+)– NSN Liquid Radio

– ALU lightRadio

– CMCC Cloud RAN

� Significant Network scalability, e.g. Internet of Things (2015+)

– 50B connected devices 2020

LTE Evolution and UsageSub waves

Technology evolutions


– Everything Everywhere,UK

– Scartel/Yota, Russia

– Telenor/Tele2, Sweden

� Core Network Consolidation (2013+)– SAE Core used for LTE, UMTS and

GPRS

– IMS used as converged CS platform

� LTE Femto (2013+)– Increased capacity and coverage

� LTE Advanced (2015+)– Increased peak performance

– 50B connected devices 2020

� Heterogeneous Networks (~2015+)– Referred to as HetNet

– Multiple Radio Access technologies including small cells co-operating to deliver best experience and capacity

– Required to manage data volume expected by 2015 – 2020. Even when significantly more spectrum is made available for LTE

Note that only HetNet represent atechnology discontinuity. The others are evolutions of LTE

JDSU Worldwide LTE Customer Presence


� Helping all major network Equipment manufacturers realize LTE

� Helping operators trial and evaluate LTE on every continent

� Committed to stay ahead of the technology wave and lead the industry

� Playing an important part in LSTI

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