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M4- DC Machines Unit 4.pdf

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M4DC MACHINES Unit 4 Dr. Prabodh Bajpai Associate Professor Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
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Page 1: M4- DC Machines Unit 4.pdf

M4‐ DC MACHINESUnit 4 

Dr. Prabodh BajpaiAssociate Professor

Department of Electrical EngineeringDepartment of Electrical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Page 2: M4- DC Machines Unit 4.pdf

M4‐ DC MachinesM4 DC Machines

• U4‐ DC GeneratorsU4 DC Generators – Generator types & characteristics

separately excited generator shunt generator– separately excited generator, shunt generator, series generator, Compound generator

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DC G tGenerator

S lSelf excited  Separately excited

Series  Shunt  Compound 

Cumulative DifferentialCumulative  Differential 

Long shunt Short shunt Long shunt Short shunt

Page 4: M4- DC Machines Unit 4.pdf

Classification 

• Separately excited– Field winding excited by a DC source, electrically independent of machine, in order to produce flux

S lf it d• Self excited– Field winding is connected in series, parallel, series‐parallel combination with armature terminalscombination with armature terminals

– Armature itself is a DC source capable of supplying electric power to load

– Initial flux is provided by residual magnetism which normally present in field poles 

Page 5: M4- DC Machines Unit 4.pdf
Page 6: M4- DC Machines Unit 4.pdf

Classification

• Compound generator– Two separate field coils wound over the field poles.

– shunt field coil have large number of turns andnumber of turns and thinner cross sectional area

– series field coil have few number of turns and large cross sectional area

– Series coil is connected in– Series coil is connected in series with the armature while the shunt field coil is 

d i ll lconnected in parallel. 

Page 7: M4- DC Machines Unit 4.pdf

Separately excited generator

• Field current is independent of armature terminal voltage

• The generator is driven by a prime mover at rated speed, say n rps.

h f ld d ll d• With S open, field current If is gradually increased to establish the flux per pole φ.

Page 8: M4- DC Machines Unit 4.pdf

• The armature terminal voltage will record the generated emf (EG = (pz/a)φn=kφn)emf (EG = (pz/a)φn=kφn) 

• EG versus Ifplot at constant speed n is called No load or Open circuit characteristic (OCC)Open circuit characteristic (OCC)

• O.C.C follows a straight line, but due to saturation, φ practically becomes constant and hence EG toop y G

• O.C.C follows the B‐H characteristic, hence also called the magnetisation characteristic of the machine. 

Page 9: M4- DC Machines Unit 4.pdf
Page 10: M4- DC Machines Unit 4.pdf

Load characteristic

• Describes variation of terminal voltage of armature V with respect to armature current Ia.p a

• So for Ia = 0, at rated speed, V = Eo should be the first point on the load characteristicpoint on the load characteristic  

• With S closed and by decreasing RL from infinitely large l I i ith d i t i l lt Vvalue, Ia increases with decrease in terminal voltage V

• V decreases due to armature resistance drop, brush voltage drop and armature reaction 

• Load characteristic is drooping in naturep g

Page 11: M4- DC Machines Unit 4.pdf

Shunt generator

• Is it possible to generate DC voltage without using another DC source? ‐ self excited generator.

• Let there exists some residual field and generator is driven at rated speed, – A small voltage (kφresn) induced across the armature that directly applied across the field circuit since it is connected in parallel with the armatureparallel with the armature. 

– Hence a small field current flows producing additional flux and if that aids the already existing residual flux, total flux now becomes more, generating more voltage. 

– This more voltage will drive more field current generating more voltage Both field current and armature generatedmore voltage. Both field current and armature generated voltage grow cumulatively.

Page 12: M4- DC Machines Unit 4.pdf
Page 13: M4- DC Machines Unit 4.pdf

Shunt generatorll l d d d d l fl b d• Initially voltage induced due to residual flux is obtained 

from O.C.C and given by Od. 

Th fi ld t th d d b bt i d f• The field current thus produced can be obtained from field circuit resistance line and given by Op. 

• In this way voltage build up process continues along• In this way voltage build up process continues along the stair case.

• The final stable operating point (M) will be the point of• The final stable operating point (M) will be the point of intersection between O.C.C and field resistance line. 

• The field circuit resistance line which is tangential toThe field circuit resistance line which is tangential to the O.C.C is called the critical field resistance 

• For any speed below critical speed (n ), no voltageFor any speed below critical speed (ncr),  no voltage built up is possible in a shunt generator 

Page 14: M4- DC Machines Unit 4.pdf
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Conditions to built up voltage 

• The machine must have some residual field. 

• Field winding connection should be such that the residual flux is strengthened by the field current in the g ycoil. 

• Total field circuit resistance must be less than theTotal field circuit resistance must be less than the critical field resistance (Rf critical) 

S d f th i t b th iti l• Speed of the prime mover must above the critical speed (ncr), 

Page 16: M4- DC Machines Unit 4.pdf

Load characteristic of Shunt generator

• V=Eo and Ia = 0 is the first point in the load characteristic

• I = I + I So increase of I will mean increase of I as well• Ia = IL+ If , So increase of ILwill mean increase of Ia as well

• The drop in the terminal voltage will be caused by the usual Iara drop, brush voltage drop and armature reaction effect.

• In shunt generator, as terminal voltage decreases, field current hence φ also decreases causing additional drop 

l lin terminal voltage 

• For V versus IL characteristic, correct value of the field current should be subtracted from armature current

Page 17: M4- DC Machines Unit 4.pdf

P E0

Q

Page 18: M4- DC Machines Unit 4.pdf

Prediction of approximate load h i i f & licharacteristic from OCC & Rf line

Finding Ia, knowing VFinding Ia, knowing V

Page 19: M4- DC Machines Unit 4.pdf

Prediction of approximate load h i i f & licharacteristic from OCC & Rf line

Finding V knowing IFinding V, knowing Ia

Page 20: M4- DC Machines Unit 4.pdf

Series generator

• Field winding is connected in series with armature i diwinding

• Series field winding carries full armature current so have few turns and made of thick wires

• Resistance of series field winding is low and of sameResistance of series field winding is low and of same order as armature resistance

• Armature current field current and load current are• Armature current, field current and load current are same.

Page 21: M4- DC Machines Unit 4.pdf

Series generator

• Curve 1 is magnetization characteristic (OCC)

• Curve 2 is internal characteristic

• Curve 3 is voltage drop characteristic

• Curve 4 is external characteristic

Owing to effect of armature reaction, flux with load f i t i l th fl ith l dfor given current is less than flux with no load

(E<E0)

Page 22: M4- DC Machines Unit 4.pdf

Compound generator 

• Compound machines have both series and shunt field coils on each pole

• Series field coil has low resistance, fewer numbers of turns with large cross sectional area and connectedturns with large cross sectional area and connected either in series with armature or in series with the line.

• Shunt field coil has large number of turns higher• Shunt field coil has large number of turns, higher resistance, small cross sectional area and either connected in parallel across armature or connected inconnected in parallel across armature or connected in parallel across series combination of armature and series field.

Page 23: M4- DC Machines Unit 4.pdf

Compound generator 

Page 24: M4- DC Machines Unit 4.pdf

Cumulative compound generator 

• Series field coil produce mmf that aids shunt field mmf

• With the increase of load flux per pole increases thatWith the increase of load, flux per pole increases that increases the generated emf and terminal voltage

D di th t th f th i fi ld f• Depending on the strength of the series field mmf, terminal voltage at full load current may be same or more than no load voltagemore than no load voltage.

• Level compound generator‐ If terminal voltage at rated current is same that at no load conditioncurrent is same that at no load condition

• Over compound generator‐ If terminal voltage at rated current is more than the voltage at no load

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Differential compound generator p g

• Series field mmf acts in opposition with the shunt field mmf

• Terminal voltage decreases fast with the increase in the load rrentthe load current

Page 26: M4- DC Machines Unit 4.pdf

Load characteristics of DC generator 


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