Machines Elements

8/6/2019 Machines Elements

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Classification of Machines ElementsThe machines elements are classified into two main types: general purpose elements and specialpurpose elements. These have been described below:1) General purpose elements: The elements which are common to various types of machines servingdifferent applications are called general purpose elements. Examples of these elements are nuts, bolts,keys, axles, shafts, couplings, bearings etc.2) Special purpose elements: The elements that are used only in the specific type of machine are calledas special purpose elements. For instance piston and connecting rods are used in the engines andcompressors, while blades are used in the turbines and blowers. Some other examples are cam shafts,push roads, crankshaft, cylinder etc.

Types of General Purpose ElementsThe general purpose elements, which are common in all types of machines, are classified into two types:fasteners and elements of rotary motion drive. These are described below:1) Fasteners: The fasteners are the machine elements that connect or join various parts of the machine.The joints can be of permanent type or temporary type. The permanent joints are the ones that cannot beseparated or disassembled into individual elements without destroying or damaging them. The examplesof permanent joints are welded joints, riveted joints etc. The temporary joints are the ones in which theindividual elements of the assembly can be separated easily without destroying or damaging them. The

joints obtained by nut and bolt, and the cotter joints are common and widely used examples of the

temporary joints.2) Elements of rotary motion drive: These are the elements that help transmit the motion or power to orfrom the machines. For example belt connected to the motor and pump helps running the pump. The fearbox helps transmit the motion and power from the engine to the wheels of the vehicles. Other examples ofelements of the rotary motion drive are rope, chain, gear, worm drives, shafts, axles, couplings, bearingsetc.

1.Eye bolts (eyebolts) are threaded bolts with a loop or eye at one

end. The eye is used to anchor a cable, rope or chain. Eye bolts are

rated for different types of applications and may pivot or swivel. Load-

rated eyebolts are designed for vertical lifting, but are not

recommended for angular lifting. Eye bolts that are not load-rated are designed for use withtie downs and guiding wires; however, they are not suitable for lifting applications.

2.,Slot Head Screw

The slot head screw has a single slot in the head, in onedirection. The slot is used to sink the screw into place in a piece ofwood or device. The slot head screw is often used inwoodworking because the head type allows this screw to becountersunk into a piece of wood. Countersunk heads are more easily covered because thescrew heads are flush with the surface material or sunk down into the material. Flatheadscrewdrivers are used to remove this type of screw. The one-way screw is a variation of this typeof screw, with a special slot requiring special tools in order to remove the screw.

3.Phillips Screw

The Phillips head screw is the second-most common type of screw. ThePhillips head screw has a cross-shaped slot on the head. This type ofscrew can be removed with a flat head screwdriver but is more easilyremoved using a screwdriver of the same name. The Phillips head screw prevents slipping andminimizes the amount of wear to the screw head from slipping during attempted removal. Phillipshead screws are both bulbous and flat, allowing them to either stick out from the surface or be


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countersunk. The Torx head screw is a variation of this type of screw, with a six-point slot insteadof a four-point slot.

4.Polygon Head Bolts

Bolts with square or hexagonal shaped heads require removal with awrench. The wrench may be adjustable or sized the same as the head of the

bolt. The bolts of this type sometimes have slotted heads for removal with screw drivers; this isoften done for convenience. These types of bolts sometimes have pointed tips, likescrews, instead of the common flat tip of most bolts.

5.Rounded Head Bolts

Some types of bolts have rounded heads. Rounded bolt heads typically stand out from asurface and are rounded to prevent danger to machine users. For example, roundedhead bolts are used on playground equipment to prevent cuts and bruises from rough edges ofthe bolt heads. Some rounded head bolts have slots to easy removal.

6.Connecting Rod Bearings

Connecting rod bearings are metal inserts that protect the wear and tear inbetween the connecting rods and the crankshaft. These rods are the linkbetween the pistons and the crankshaft. When the crankshaft rotates, it is theconnecting rods that move the pistons down and up in their cylinder bores. This constant motionmay cause the bearings to wear out over time, which will impact fuel efficiency and horsepower.

7.Crankshaft Main Bearings

Crankshaft main bearings are found in between your engine block and yourcrankshaft. These are also the bearings on which the crankshafts rotate.Different types of engines have a different number of main bearings. For

example, modern V8 engines have five main bearings while six cylinderengines have seven main bearings. The oil film coating around the bearings isimportant to keep consistent to ensure the crankshafts continue to spin.

8.Camshaft Bearings

Camshaft bearings are used to reduce friction with the rotation of thecamshafts. Camshafts (referred to as cams) are long rods with various lobessticking out that can either cover or uncover a valve in the engine. Opening and closing thesevalves control how much air or fuel is available for combustion. The camshaft is connected to thecrankshaft directly or by a gear mechanism so that the timing of both engine parts is in sync.

9.The fillister-head screw, coming with or without `drilled head, is generallyused in light-mechanism assemblies.

10.Set screws are used for holding wheels, knobs, or collars rigidly in placeon shafts. Socket-type set screws are turned by inserting a wrench made ofhexagonal hardened steel into the head of the screw.

11.Lag screws are used for attaching metal to wood, as a vise to the worktable.


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12.Sheet-metal screws, made of case-hardened steel, can make their own threads when screwedinto a tapped or punched hole. They do away with the need for tapping the hole or using a nut.One type resembles a wood screw; another resembles a machine screw.

13.The drive screw, also made of hardened steel, is designed for beingdriven into an untapped hole of a diameter slightly smaller than that of thescrew. It is chiefly used for plugging holes and attaching name plates.

14.Ball Bearings

Easily the most common type of wheel bearing, the ball bearing is also themost versatile. Ball bearings have the ability to absorb both radial and thrustloads. Radial load is the amount of weight put on a wheel. The thrust load is thecornering pressure. Ball bearings can be found in wheels as small as those onroller skates to tires as large as those on automobiles.

15Roller Bearings

Roller bearings are also commonly used wheel bearings; however, they do nothave the versatility of ball bearings. They handle radial load well, but do not hold up under thrust.This makes them virtually unusable in wheels that have to corner with even moderate amounts ofspeed. However, they work well for wheels on items like handtrucks orgrocery carts.

16Tapered Roller Bearings

Tapered roller bearings are most often used in standard car and truck andwheels. The cone shape allows for the reduction of friction during corneringwhen thrust load is at its greatest. When a car turns, the wheels angle tovarying degrees. Tapered roller bearings allow for this to keep shiftingparts from grinding.

17Precision Ball Bearings

Precision ball bearings are designed for high pressure and highperformance use. They reduce friction to a minimum, do not generate asmuch heat and have a higher rotation speed than standard bearings. Precision ball bearings areused in world class racing cars and airplane landing wheels. They are specifically designed forintense radial and thrust loads.

18.Radial Bearings

SKF group produces many different variants of radial bearings. Radialbearings, or ball bearings, are rolling element bearings that use balls tomaintain the separation of moving parts. The radial bearings that SKF groupproduce are as follows: deep groove ball bearings, Y-bearings, angular contactball bearings, self-aligning ball bearings, cylindrical roller bearings, full complement cylindricalroller bearings, needle roller bearings, tapered roller bearings, spherical roller bearings andCARB toroidal bearings. These radial bearings are produced with different dimensions andconfigurations to meet almost any application.

19Thrust Bearings

Thrust bearings are a type of rotary bearing that allows rotation between twoparts. They are mainly used in applications that call for a bearing to handle ahigh axle load. SKF produces a number of different variants of thrust bearings,


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such as thrust ball bearings, angular contact thrust ball bearings (with single direction and doubledirection applications), cylindrical roller thrust bearings (single direction and component types),needle roller thrust bearings, tapered roller thrust bearings (both single and double direction) andspherical roller thrust bearings (single direction).

20Track Runner Bearings

Track runner bearings are specifically designed to take heavy rolling orshock loads on track types. SKF produces three different variants of thetrack runner bearing: cam rollers (both narrow and wide designs), supportrollers and cam followers. Each of these track runner bearings have different applications inwhich they are used.

22Tapered Thrust Bearings

Tapered thrust bearings are another type of thrust bearing. Taperedbearings have many rollers positioned in a tapering fashion. The axes meetat a fixed point on the bearing. The diameter of the narrow and wide endsand length of the bearings must be precisely placed so that the bearings donot skid off the axis when this requirement is not met. Tapered thrust bearings are used on thewheels in an airplane or a car. Tapered thrust bearings are more versatile and can handle greater

axle loads than ball bearings. However, tapered bearings are more expensive thanball thrust bearings.

21Ball Thrust Bearings

A ball thrust bearing is one of the more popular varieties of thrust bearing. It istypically used in a ball bearing and is supported by a ring. It is ideally suited formachines in which there is a low level of radial load. The bearing has a seriesof small rollers placed in such a way that all its axes sit on radial lines from themiddle of the bearing. When the machines are used, the rollers of the ballbearing rotate, reducing friction in the engine.

24Cylindrical

Cylindrical roller bearings are perhaps one of the most familiar and common forms of rollerbearing. The basic design is a pair of rings with bearings between. Thesebearings may be spherical in shape but typically are cylindrical. Cylindersallow for the width of the bearing to be larger than what would be possible with aball bearing alone. These types of roller bearings can handle a large radialload and moderate amount of thrust since the load is distributed acrosscylinders instead of spheres. They are commonly used for applications where anobject needs to slide along in a plane.

25Shperical

Spherical roller bearings are similar in construction to a cylindrical rollerbearing except that they often lack an inner ring and the entire construction iswarped in such a way that they wrap or caress a round object. These typesof roller bearings are used in applications where a round object needs to spinaround its axis. Because spherical roller bearings are designed to hug asphere, they tend to be self-aligning.

23Fluid Bearings

Fluid bearings are bearings in which the axial pressure or thrust is held by awafer-like layer of liquid, which gives the machine a very low degree of drag.Fluid bearings were developed in 1905 by George Mitchell.

27Shielded Bearings


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Shielded bearings place the bearings inside a channel so you can open and remove the bearingsfor cleaning and maintenance. Shields keep larger pieces of grime out of the bearing casing, butthey're not watertight nor are they sealed tightly enough to keep dust away from your bearings.Skaters who ride shielded bearings must commit to putting the maintenance time into theirbearings, periodically removing them, inspecting them and soaking them in cleaning solution.

28Sealed Bearings

Sealed bearings come in an all-in-one casing. You can't open the casingitself for maintenance, but it's closed up tight enough to keep water,grease and other road grime from befouling your bearings, somaintenance isn't much of an issue. Sealed bearings are slightly heavier,though, and more expensive than shielded ones. Also, in the case of bearing failure, you'll haveto replace the entire unit instead of simply swapping out a few ball bearings and rebuilding it.Most starting skateboarders opt for sealed bearings because of the ease of maintenance, whileweight considerations aren't much of a concern to the novice rider.

29Spring Bearings

You use a spring-bearing hinge anywhere a self-closing door is desired. Springhinges vary in size, shape and application. You find this type of bearing andhinge on fences around pools where safety is a concern or on the swingingdoors of a restaurant kitchen. Designers build the hinges with a loose pin to allow for adjustmentof the tension of the spring.

30Polymer Bearings

Polymer offer lower friction and wear but tend to handle less weight andstress. Manufacturers combine polymer coatings with metal bearings tocreate a polymer composite bearing. Auto builders use polymer andpolymer composite bearings in the manufacture of vehicle door hinges tomaintain the smooth operation, low clearance and positioning of the door. The polymer bearingsare ideal in any application exposed to corrosive elements or where durability is a major concern.

Frequently used hinges often call for polymer or polymer composite bearings.

31Plain Bearings

Generally cylindrical in shape, plain bearings come in straight and flangeddesigns. In comparison to roller element bearings, plain bearings cost lessand have relatively lower friction. Two types of plain bearings include bronzebearings and plastic bearings. When used in light load applications, theseself-lubricating bearings can make a perfectly sound linear motion system.

32Dovetail Slides

A dovetail slide is usually made from cast iron. It can support high loads andis manually operated or powered. The dovetail slide is available in basic and

hand wheel configurations. Dovetail slides can support vibrations and shockloads. They can be used in low-profile rigid mounting, linear positioning ofequipment, tooling, automation devices and instrumentation. A basic dovetailslide has sections such as a saddle, base, gib and gib adjusting screws.

34Ball bearing slides provide the lowest coefficient of friction. This occursbecause the rolling elements are separated from each other and arenot required to turn corners, which is the case for recirculatingdesigns. The balls run at the same length on two tracks. The


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This type is by far the most commonly used for four-wheel-drive trucks. Construction is similar tothe dead axle, but a live axle uses a gear, clutch or viscous fluid-driven differential in the center todeliver power to the wheels. The wheels are connect to the differential with axle shafts hiddenwithin the hollow, weight-bearing axle tubes. The axle shafts will utilize some type of constantvelocity joint-- as known as a CV joint--in the steering joint area for flexibility.

43Independent Front Axle

An independent front suspension/axle (IFS) utilizes a chassis-mounted center differential and a pair of CV joint on either ends ofthe axle shafts. This arrangement is similar to that used in front-wheel-drive cars, and helps to both reduce "unsprung" weight andeliminate the possibility of wheel movement on one side affectingtraction on the other. Unsprung weight is dead weight sitting on thevehicle's tires, and hurts traction and ride quality in most situations.

44Straight Axles

As its name suggests, a straight axle is a straight bar that looks very much like the typical axlefound in everything from toy cars to full size cars and boat trailers. Because of its design, astraight axle is usually made from heavier metal, designed to carry a load without bowing underthe weight.

45Dropped Axles

The two main differences between a straight axle and a dropped axle is price and height. Thedropped axle is really a straight axle that has been lowered (or dropped) in the center. Because aboat sits lower on a dropped axle there is a slight increase in gasmileage when trailering a boat, but the bigger benefit is being able tolaunch a boat from a lower profile, meaning you will not have toback your vehicle quite as far down the boat launch ramp to getyour boat off the trailer and into the water.

46Round Axles

Round axles tend to be more universal and are not brand specific, making them easy to replacesince they don't have specifically placed bolt holes like a squareaxle. However, round axles are usually not galvanized, whichmeans they may corrode sooner than a square axle and for thisreason should be avoided for saltwater boating.

47Square Axles

Square axles get their name from the rectangular metal they arecrafted from, unlike the tubular metal of a round axle. Squareaxles are usually made of galvanized metal and therefore will lastlonger than round axles. However, square axles tend to bebrand specific since each axle manufacturer adds bolt holes to their specific locations before thegalvanization process. This is not really a problem until you need to replace a square axle --make sure you get the same brand of axle as a replacement.

48Rigid Couplings

Rigid couplings are most often found when the two shafts are runningcoaxially, that is, they share the same axis of movement. This type ofshaft coupling can be split into three sub-types, rigid sleeve or muffcouplings, rigid flanged couplings and rigid split couplings.


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49Rigid Sleeve Couplings

Rigid sleeve or muff couplings are the most basic type of coupling available. They consist of asection of pipe with two threaded holes in the side through which the coupling is locked in place.

50Rigid Flanged Couplings

Rigid flanged couplings are essentially thick disks that are welded or fused tothe end of a shaft, and upon which another section of shaft can be connected.The two sides of the coupling are connected with bolts.

51Rigid Split Couplings

Rigid split couplings are used when it is necessary to be able to remove thecoupling with a minimum of problems. Rigid split couplings consist of two partsthat are removed, or "split."

52Flexible Couplings

Flexible couplings, also called compensating couplings, are for use when

the two shafts may not always be running in a coaxial manner. Theytend to have a piece of elastic between the two members of the coupling, and are thereforesometimes referred to as elastic couplings.

53Oldham Couplings

Oldham couplings are named after their inventor. They are used to transferrotary motion between shafs that are parallel but not necessarily always inalignment. They consist of two end disks and a middle disk. One of the enddisks has a coil spring mounted inside it, and these three pieces arepressed together. Should any of the elements shift, the coil spring will compensate for thedistance between them.

54Adjustable Couplings

Adjustable couplings include a clamping bolt and an adjustingworm that allow for the two shafts to move at different ratesrelative to one another.

55Adjustable Flexible Couplings

Adjustable flexible couplings combine aspects of both the adjustable coupling and the flexiblecoupling.

56Fixed Pulley

A fixed pulley describes a pulley that issecured to a single spot. While the pulley'swheel will turn with the rope or chord that

passes through it, the pulley itself will remainstationary. Because of this, the force exertedon the object on the opposite side of thepulley will be exactly the amount of forceapplied on the user's side of the pulley. Thisis described as having a mechanicaladvantage of one, because the amount offorce you apply is precisely the amount offorce the machine will exert on the object youare trying to move.


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57Movable Pulley

A movable pulley is a pulley that moves with the load you are moving, as opposed to a fixedpulley which does not move. However, unlike the fixed pulley which exerts only as much force onthe object being moved as is applied to the machine, a movable pulley will multiple the forcewhich the user applies to the machine in doing work on an object. This means that less forcemust be applied by the user to do the same amount of work, effectively making the work what

might be described as "easier."

For example, if a man was using a fixed pulley to lift a box then he must apply a force which overcomesthe force of gravity on the box. Since the fixed pulley does not multiply force, this means he must applythat amount of force himself. In contrast, if he was using a movable pulley, which does multiply force, thenhe would only have to apply a fraction of the force necessary to overcome gravity, and the machine wouldmultiply that into the sufficient amount.

68Inclined Plane

Stairs are a type of inclined plane.

An inclined plane translates a small horizontal force over a largehorizontal distance into a larger vertical force that lifts an object a

smaller vertical distance. The mechanical advantage is the ratio of thehorizontal distance the object moves to the vertical distance the objectmoves.

69Wedge

Nails are a wedge used to separate wood.

A wedge is similar to a plane, but instead of the force being applied tothe object to be moved, the force is applied to the plane of the wedge,which in turn moves the object. Like a plane, the mechanical advantage is the ratio of the distance thewedge moves in one direction to the distance the object is moved in another direction.

70Tow Hitch Classes

The Society of Automotive Engineers has defined two hitches into four classes to distinguish theloads they can tow. Class I is rated for up to 2,000 pounds. Class II is rated for up to 3,000pounds. Class III is rated for up to 5,000 pounds and classIV is rated for up to 10,000 pounds, which makes itsuitable for towing boats, recreational vehicles and otherlarge loads.

71Receiver Tow Hitches

Receiver tow hitches are the most common andversatile tow hitches. They consist of metal barsattached to mounting points on the tow vehicle and anopening facing to the rear of the vehicle, which accepts a removable ball mount. This allows thevehicle to use different sized tow ball mounts to accommodate the trailer being towed.

74Flexible Shaft Couplings

Flexible shaft couplings come in a wide range of sizes and torque ratings. The range of torqueratings includes between 2 and 4,000 inch ounces. More than 30different sizes of flexible shaft coupling exist.

75Upper Temperature Limit

Typical flexible shaft couplings will operate properly up to 260degrees Fahrenheit. However, it is possible for certain kinds of


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couplings to be welded to hubs, which increase their maximum operating temperature to 350degrees Fahrenheit.

77Tees, Wyes and Crosses

Tee, wye and cross fittings are all used to combine or split pipe or tubesections. Their names describe the basic design of each: tee and wye fittings

each have one input and two outputs (or vice versa), intersecting at 90 and45 degree angles, respectively; cross fittings have one input and threeoutputs (or vice versa) that intersect at 90 degree angles. All three designs come in standarddesigns (in which all outlets/inlets are the same diameter) and reducing designs (in which one ormore is a different size).

78Couplings and Unions

Couplings and unions come in a number of different sizes anddesigns. The basic function of each is simply to connect twopieces of pipe or tubing. Therefore, couplings and unions aregenerally quite short fittings. The main difference betweencouplings and unions is that couplings are designed to besomewhat permanent and are often welded in place or secured by

a series of bolts and nuts, while unions are designed to be easilyremoved at any time.

79Compression Fittings

Compression fittings are generally made up of three pieces: a body,nut and gasket ring (or ferule). They use pressure to tightenconnections, thereby preventing leakage. These fittings are used inmany different industries, as well as many places throughout thehouse, such as in toilets and faucets.

80Caps and Plugs

Caps and plugs perform basically the same function but in differentways. A cap, as its name suggests, is a cap that goes over the end of apipe, creating a dead end. Plugs also stop up a pipe or tube system, butare plugged, like a stopper, into the end of the pipe.

81Valves

Valves, while considered fittings, are sometimesplaced in their own category because of theircomplexity and variety. There are many differenttypes of valves but the one unifying attribute is thatthey control the flow of fluids and gases through asystem. In addition, some valves are also used tocontrol temperature. Some common types of valves

are butterfly, gate, globe and ball. Sink andshower/bathtub faucets are among the mostcommon types of valves.

82Composition

Fittings may be composed of a number of differentmaterials. The most important consideration is thateach fitting be made of a material compatible withthe material composition of the rest of the pipe or


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tube system. Some of the most common materials used to create fittings are copper, steel, brassand PVC.

83Zippers

Zippers, also known as slide fasteners, are made of two strips offabric, each joined by a row of metal or plastic teeth and connected by

a slider. Zippers are often used as fasteners for pants, jackets,dresses and skirts. Strong, heavy zippers are used for jeans while lightzippers are used in summer dresses. Zippers' teeth are typicallyplainly visible unless hidden, as in the case of zipper flaps for jeans orinvisible zippers. Invisible zippers hide the teeth behind the fabricstrips and are usually used in skirts and dresses; however, the slider isoften still visible.

85Hooks and Eyes

Hooks and eyes are metal fasteners that consist of two parts, that aresewn to two pieces of fabric and can be temporarily locked together tofasten the garment. The first part is the "hook," which has a protrudingloop shape, the ends of which are connected to two tiny circles. These

circles are sewn onto the garment's first piece of fabric. The secondpart is the "eye," which has a flat protruding hook and two circles, thelatter of which are sewn onto the garment's second piece of fabric. Tofasten the garment, the hook is inserted into the loop.

87Grommets

Round grommets look like metal or plastic rings that help reinforceholes. A cord or lace threads through the hole, also known as theeye. A grommet press or a grommet setting tool and a smallhammer help fasten the grommet to the garment. (See Reference 3)Examples of grommets are found on laced running shoes and lacedclothing. A grommet belt allows a person to adjust the fit by insertinga buckle's metal pin through a reinforced hole.

89Snaps

Snap fasteners, or snaps, feature interlocking discs. Certain kinds of metal or plastic fastenersare hand-sewn on the garment. Another type of snap fastener requires special snap pliers thatpress the parts onto the garment. The two types of snaps are the post-style and the prong-style.The post-style features a shaft that pierces the fabric. The prong-style features prongs or metalteeth that pierce the fabric. Post-style snaps work well on heavy outerwear and denim jeans.Prong-style snaps suit children's wear and lightweight jackets. Snap tape includes two fabricstrips with rows of snap fasteners that snap together to close. The rows clasp to close a garment,such as the front placket of a Henley shirt.

91Nails

Nails are one of the most commonly used wood fasteners in the world. Most nails are made ofmetal and are often coated with zinc to help prevent rust. Nails are available in a variety of sizesfor a variety of types of wood. In addition to general nails, you can also find upholstery nails,paneling nails and finishing nails, where the heads are hidden from view inside the wood.

92Outside Snap RingAn outside snap ring is a component of thedrive shaft's U-joint available with either standard greaseable ornon-greaseable joint features for better bearing cap seal


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protection. It is recommended to match the measurement of the U-joint with the outsidesnap ring before installing it.

93Inside Snap Ring

Inside snap rings are commonly used in older models of Chevrolet, Dodge and GM vehicles. Aninside snap ring is a U-joint with improvised bearing cap sealscontaining snap rings. With U-bolts or straps, the U-joints can be

held in the yoke either on the output shaft of a transfer case or onthe pinion shaft of a rear axle. Unlike outside snap ring yokes, theinside yoke has no tabs at the bottom of the joint cap bores.

94Conversion U-joint

Conversion U-joints are mostly used when upgrading an oldermodel of drive shaft to a better and stronger one. Conversion U-

joints match up to your vehicle, ensuring an accuratemeasurement across the U-joint in both directions with fullycompressed caps. Measuring all four cap diameters ia also recommended when converting.

95Slip Yoke

The slip yoke is located internally at the rotatingspline tube that slips in and out of the transfer caseoutput housing to support the constant change indrive shaft length. Late model, 4x4 vehicles aretypically equipped with this kind of drive shaft.Because slip yokes have a small U-joint size, smalltubing and are limited in movement, machinists andservice mechanics do not always recommend themto customers.

96U-bolt

As their name implies, U-bolts are shaped like the letter U and are made of galvanized orstainless steel. Because of the tightening action of torque, pin needles are broken down, and the

U-joint eventually melts. A U-bolt can help prevent this.

97Bearing Strap

The bearing strap looks like an elongated strap made offlexible steel. Numerous bearing buttons are attached fromthe other side of the strap that can be fastened to theopposite side to hold the strap firmly in place.

98Constant Velocity (CV) Joint Parts

This part of the drive shaft consists of several bolts that transmit torquefrom one part of the car to the another. This transmitted torque, however,can be a disadvantage when high performance and high speeds arerequired.

99V-Belts

V-belts, or Vee belts, are typically used for light-duty power equipment and appliances. V-belts fitin a deep, Vee-shaped groove inside of the pulley wheels, and provide high-traction power.

100Poly-V Belts


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Poly-V belts, also called serpentine belts, are flat on the outside and have multiple Vee-shapedgrooves on the inside. This type of drive belt provides the high-traction power of a traditional V-belt in only one belt.

101V-Link Belts

V-link belts are similar to traditional V-belts, but are open-ended and don't require the use of

metal fasteners. V-link belts are typically used when obstructions make it difficult to reach thedrive belt. This type of drive belt tends to be expensive and has a limited load capacity.

102Flat Belts

Flat belts are light-weight drive belts that can handle high speeds. This type of drive belt has atendency to slip because there is less traction.

103Timing Belts

Timing belts, sometimes called synchronous belts, are generally used in low-power applications.Timing belts have teeth on the inside and do not depend on friction. Timing belts have a morelimited power capacity than other types of drive belts

A drive shaft, driveshaft, driving shaft, propeller shaft, or Cardan shaft is amechanical component for transmitting torqueand rotation, usually used to connectother components of a drive train that cannot be connected directly because ofdistance or the need to allow forrelative movement between them.

Drive shafts are carriers oftorque: they aresubject to torsionand shear stress, equivalentto the difference between the input torque andthe load. They must therefore be strongenough to bear the stress, whilst avoiding toomuch additional weight as that would in turnincrease their inertia.

Drive shafts frequently incorporate one ormore universal joints orjaw couplings, and sometimes a splined joint orprismatic jointtoallow for variations in the alignment and distance between the driving and drivencomponents.

In mechanical engineering, a key is a machine element used to connect a rotatingmachine element to a shaft. Through this connection the key prevents relativerotation between the two parts and allows torqueto be transmitted through. For akey to function the shaft and rotating machine element must have a keyway, alsoknown as a keyseat, which is a slot or pocket for the key to fit in. The whole systemis called a keyed joint.[1][2] A keyed joint still allows relative axial movement betweenthe parts.

Commonly keyed components include gears, pulleys, and couplings.

Splines are ridges or teeth[1][2][3] on a drive shaftthat mesh with grooves in a matingpiece and transfer torque to it, maintaining the angularcorrespondence between them.

For instance, a gear mounted on a shaft might use a male spline onthe shaft that matches the female spline on the gear. Thesplines on the pictured drive shaft match with the female
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splines in the center of the clutch plate, while the smooth tip of the axle is supported in thepilot bearing in the flywheel. An alternative to splines is a keyway and key, though splinesprovide a longer fatigue life.[2]

A bleed screw is a device used to create a temporary opening in an otherwise closedsystem, which facilitates the removal of air or another substance from the system byway of pressure and density differences.

A retaining ring is a fastener that holds components or assemblies

onto a shaft or in a housing/bore when installed in a groove. Once

installed, the exposed portion acts as a shoulder which retains the

specific component or assembly.

Self-locking retaining rings may be installed in applications whereno groove exists.

Retaining rings are typically made from carbon steel, stainless steelor beryllium copper and may feature a variety of finishes for

corrosion protection depending on the type of environment in which they are used.

A rivet is a permanent mechanical fastener. Before beinginstalled a rivet consists of a smooth cylindrical shaftwith a head on one end. The end opposite the head is

called the buck-tail. On installation the rivet is placed in a

punched or pre-drilled hole, and the tail is upset, or

bucked (i.e. deformed), so that it expands to about 1.5

times the original shaft diameter, holding the rivet in

place. To distinguish between the two ends of the rivet,

the original head is called the factory head and thedeformed end is called the shop head or buck-tail.

A split pin, also known in U.S. usage as a cotter pin

or cotter key,[1] is a metal fastener with two tines

that are bent during installation, similar to a staple or

rivet. Typically made of thick wire with a half-circular cross section, split pins come in multiple

sizes and types.

A spring is anelastic object used to store mechanicalenergy. Springsare usually made out ofhardened steel. Small springs can be wound

from pre-hardened stock, while larger ones are made

from annealedsteel and hardened after fabrication. Somenon-ferrousmetals are also used includingphosphor bronze andtitanium for parts

requiring corrosion resistance andberyllium copperfor springs carrying

electrical current (because of its low electrical resistance).

A gasket is a mechanical seal that fills the space between two mating

surfaces, generally to prevent leakage from or into the joined objects
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while under compression. Gaskets allow "less-than-perfect" mating surfaces on machine parts where they

can fill irregularities. Gaskets are commonly produced by cutting from sheet materials, such as gasket

paper, rubber, silicone, metal, cork, felt, neoprene, nitrile rubber, fiberglass, Polytetrafluoroethylene

(otherwise know as PTFE or Teflon) or a plastic polymer (such as polychlorotrifluoroethylene).

Gaskets for specific applications[which?] may contain asbestos. However, asbestos can cause asbestosis, so

it is widely unused and unpopular[citation needed]; other forms of non-asbestos materials with the samequalities are available[which?].

It is usually desirable that the gasket be made from a material that is to some degree yielding such that it is

able to deform and tightly fills the space it is designed for, including any slight irregularities. A few gasketsrequire an application of sealant directly to the gasket surface to function properly.

A brake is amechanical devicewhich inhibits

motion. Its opposite component is a clutch. Therest of this article is dedicated to various types of

vehicular brakes.

Brakes are generally applied to rotating axles or

wheels, but may also take other forms such as the

surface of a moving fluid (flaps deployed intowater or air). Some vehicles use a combination of

braking mechanisms, such as drag racing cars with

both wheel brakes and a parachute, or airplanes

with both wheel brakes and drag flaps raised into

the air during landing.

Wire rope is a type ofropewhich consists of

several strands of metalwire laid (or 'twisted') into ahelix.

Initiallywrought iron wires were used, but today steelis the main material

used for wire ropes.

Historically wire rope evolved from steel chains which had a record ofmechanical failure. While flaws in chain links or solid steel bars can lead to

catastrophic failure, flaws in the wires making up a steel cable are lesscritical as the other wires easily take up the load. Friction between the

individual wires and strands, as a consequence of their twist, further

compensates for any flaws.

A chain is a series of connected links which are typically made of metal. A chain may consist of two or

more links.

Chains are usually made in one of two styles, according to their intended use:

Those designed for lifting, such as when used with ahoist; for pulling; or for securing, such as with

abicycle lock, have links that are torusshaped, which makes the chain flexible in twodimensions (The

fixed third dimension being a chain's length.)

Those designed for transferring power in machines have links designed to mesh with the teeth ofthe sprocketsof the machine, and are flexible in only one dimension. They are known asRoller chains,

though there are also non-roller chains such asblock chain.
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