Mackinder Democratie Si Realitate

8/14/2019 Mackinder Democratie Si Realitate

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THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY

OF CALIFORNIA

LOS ANGELES

GIFT

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M

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EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY



BY THE SAME AUTHOR

BRITAIN AN THE BRITISH SEAS!

S"#o$% E% ' o$!

T(" C) r"$%o$ +r",,!

N"' .! %!

THE TEACHING OF GEOGRA+HY

AN HISTORY!

S"#o$% E% ' o$!

M",,r,! G"or0" +( ) 1 & So$2 L'%!

N"' 34!

EMOCRATIC I EALS

AN REALITY



A STU Y IN THE +OLITICS

OF RECONSTRUCTION

BY

H! 5! MAC6IN ER2 M!+!

LON ON

CONSTABLE AN COM+ANY LT

7878

+r $'"% $ Gr" ' Br ' $



Co))"0"

L 9r r:

.34

+REFACE

THIS 9oo;2 ( '"v"r ', v )="2 , '(" o='-

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H! 5! M!

7,' F"9r= r: 7878!

7 .388O

CONTENTS

CHA+! +AGE



L +ERS+ECTIVE ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 7

IL SOCIAL MOMENTUM ! ! ! ! ! !

! THE SEAMANDS +OINT OF VIE? !!! 4

IV! THE LAN SMANDS +OINT OF VIE? ! ! 84

V! THE RIVALRY OF EM+IRES ! D! ! ! 7

VL THE FREE OM OF NATIONS ! ! !787

VII! THE FREE OM OF MEN ! !!!! !34

VIII! +OSTSCRI+T !!! ! ! ! ! 3 4

A++EN ICES

A! NOTE ON AN INCI ENT AT THE T AI DORSAY2



3 TH 5ANUARY 7878! ! ! ! ! ! 3

B! ANALYSIS2 ?ITH +AGE REFERENCES ! ! ! 3 8

C! LIST OV IAGRAMS ! ! !!! ! ! ! 3 3

+ERS+ECTIVE

OUR " or ", r" ,' )) f=)) of '(" v v % %"' )

of $ ))- 9,or9 $0 rf r" @ '("r" ,2 , '

"r"2 ,#r""$ 9"' ""$ =, $% '(" '( $0,

( #( ( 11"$"% " r) "r "v"$ $ o=r o $

) v",! B=' '(" ' " ( , ' ) ,' #o " 'o ' ;"

) r0"r v " ,2 $% " =,' 9"0 $ 'o '( $; of

o=r )o$0 ? r , of , $0)" 0r" ' "v"$'2

# ' r #' $ '(" ,'r" of ( ,'or:! T(" ) ,'

fo=r :" r, ( v" 9""$ o "$'o=,2 9"# =,"

'(": ( v" 9""$ '(" o='#o " of o$" #"$'=r:

$% '(" 1r")=%" 'o $o'("r! T"$, o$ 9"-



' ""$ '(" $ ' o$, ( % ,)o ): ##= =) '"%2

$%2 ( '(" ) $0= 0" of % 1)o #:2 '("r" ( ,

$o 9""$ %"'"$'"! T(" '" 1' ' o$ of '("

o "$' , 'o 9") "v" '( ' =$#" , $0 1" #"

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$"% '( ' '("r" ,( )) 9" $o or" r! B='

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'(o=0( ,)o ): ' f r,' @ '("r" , 0"$"r -

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3 EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY

V "$$ $ 7 7 for", '( ' +r=,, o=)%

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, 9)" for =, ,o 'o 0r %" '(" ,'r" 9"% of

f='=r" ( ,'or: , '( ' '("r" ,( )) 9" $o or"

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9"for" =, f " o=)% ( v" 1o,'"r ': '( $;



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or)%- r 9o=' "v"r: (=$%r"% :" r, for '("

) ,' fo=r #"$'=r ", r" '(" o='#o "2 % r"#'

or $% r"#'2 of '(" =$" = ) 0ro '( of $ ' o$,2

$% '( ' =$" = ) 0ro '( , $o' (o)): %="

'o '(" 0r" '"r 0"$ =, $% "$"r0: of ,o "

$ ' o$, , #o 1 r"% '( o'("r, @ $ ) r0"

" ,=r" ' , '(" r",=)' of '(" =$"v"$ % ,'r -

9=' o$ of f"r' ) ': $% ,'r '"0 # ) o11or'=$ ':

=1o$ '(" f #" of o=r G)o9"! I$ o'("r or%,2

'("r" , $ $ '=r" $o ,=#( '( $0 , " = ) ':

of o11or'=$ ': for '(" $ ' o$,! U$)",, I

(o)): ,r" % '(" f #', of 0"o0r 1(:2 I

o=)% 0o f=r'("r2 $% , : '( ' '(" 0ro=1 $0

of ) $%, $% ," ,2 $% of f"r' ) ': $% $ '=r )

1 '( :,2 , ,=#( , 'o )"$% ',")f 'o '("

0ro '( of " 1 r",2 $% $ '(" "J$% of , $0)"

?or)% E 1 r"! If " r" 'o r" ) ," o=r %" )



of L" 0=" of N ' o$, ( #( ,( )) 1r"v"$'

r $ '(" f='=r"2 " =,' r"#o0$ ," '(","

0"o0r 1( # ) r" ) ' ", $% ' ;" ,'"1, 'o

+ERS+ECTIVE 4

#o=$'"r '(" r $f)="$#"! L ,' #"$'=r:2 =$%"r

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'o '( $; '( ' '(o," for , of or0 $ , ' o$

,(o=)% ,=rv v" ( #( % 1'"% '(" ,")v",

9",' 'o '(" r $ '=r ) "$v ro$ "$'! To-% :

" r" ) ,"2 , " " "r0" fro o=r f "r: 'r )2

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,=1"r or 'o ,=#( "r" f ' ) , !

C v ) , ' o$ , 9 ,"% o$ '(" or0 $ , ' o$ of

,o# "': ,o '( ' " : r"$%"r ,"rv #" 'o o$"

$o'("r2 $% '(" ( 0("r '(" # v ) , ' o$ '("

or" $='" '"$%, 'o 9" '(" % v , o$ of



) 9o=r $% '(" or" #o 1)"K '(" or0 $ , -

' o$! A 0r" ' $% %v $#"% ,o# "': ( ,2 $

#o$," ="$#"2 1o "rf=) o "$'= @ '(-

o=' %",'ro: $0 '(" ,o# "': ',")f :o= # $$o'

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of ,o# "' ", ( #( r" fo))o $0 #o$v"r0"$'

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#o o$): 1r"f #", ( , $ rr ' v" of r '(

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f=,"% 'o ,"" '(" r ' $0 o$ '(" ))2 9=' '("

f #' ,2 '( '2 ) ;" "v"r: o'("r 0o $0 #o$#"r$2

$ ' o$ ) ,o# "': # $ 9" ,( 1"% 'o %", r"%

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#( r #'"r , f K"% $% ' , $# 1 9)" of $:

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#( )%r"$

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f )=r" of $'"r$ ' o$ ) ) 'o v"r' '(" Gr" '

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or)% 1o "r , ,( )) ,=ff #" 'o ;""1 '("

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+ERS+ECTIVE

r" ' o ro %, 'o ,=#( ':r $$:2 '(" o$"

'(" #o$ =",' of )) o'("r $ ' o$, 9: o$"

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0r" ' r"1) $$ $0 of (= $ ,o# "': " =,'

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'(" ro99"r r" 1r or f #', 'o '(" L of

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$o' "r"): , ) :"r, %"f $ $0 r 0(', $%

r" "% ",!

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0r" ' f" '=r", of o=r G)o9" , '",'"% 9: '("

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: 9",' % =,' o=r %" ), of fr""%o 'o '(","

) ,' $0 r" ) ' ", of o=r E r'(): Ho "! B='

f r,' " =,' r"#o0$ ," #"r' $ '"$%"$# ", of

(= $ $ '=r" , "K( 9 '"% $ )) for ,

1o) ' # ) or0 $ , ' o$!



II

SOCIAL MOMENTUM

D To ( '( ' ( '( ,( )) 9" 0 v"$!D

IN '(" :" r 7 8 '(" )=# % Fr"$#( +"o1)"2 $

', 9r $-'o $ of + r ,2 , v , o$,2 0"$"ro=,

v , o$, L 9"r':2 E = ) ':2 Fr '"r$ ':! B='

1r","$'): Fr"$#( I%" ) , )o,' ', (o)% o$

R" ) ':2 $% %r f'"% $'o '(" 0r 1 of F '"2 $

'(" 1"r,o$ of N 1o)"o$! ? '( ( , ) ' r:

"ff # "$#: N 1o)"o$ r",'or"% or%"r2 9=' $

%o $0 ,o or0 $ ,"% Fr"$#( +o "r '(" v"r:

) of (o," 9" $0 , %"$ ) of L 9"r':!

T(" ,'or: of '(" 0r" ' Fr"$#( R"vo)=' o$ $%

E 1 r" ( , $f)="$#"% )) ,=9," ="$' 1o) ' # )

'(o=0(' @ ' ( , ,"" "% 'r 0"%: $ '(" o)%

Gr""; ,"$," of % , ,'"r 1r"%",' $"% $ '("



v"r: #( r #'"r of R"vo)=' o$ r: I%" ) , !

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'(" r %" ) , , of or" #o 1)"K $ '=r"!

T(" 1r $# 1)" of N ' o$ ) ': , %%"% 'o

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0(' 9" ,"#=r"% 0 $,' '(" ov"rr" #( $0

SOCIAL MOMENTUM

or0 $ ,"r 9: '(" $%"1"$%"$' ,1 r ' of $ ' o$,!

U$for'=$ '"):2 $ '( ' :" r of r"vo)=' o$,2 '("

0oo% ,( 1 I%" ) , 0 $ %r 00"% ("r $#(or2

$% 9: $% 9: , , "1' : 9: F '"2 $

'(" 1"r,o$ of B , r#;! ? '( ( , +r=,, $

"ff # "$#: B , r#; 1"rv"r'"% '(" $" %" )

of G"r $ N ' o$ ) ':2 =,' , N 1o)"o$ ( %

1"rv"r'"% '(" , 1)"r Fr"$#( %" ), of L 9"r':



$% E = ) ':! T(" 'r 0"%: of N ' o$ ) I%" )-

, 2 ( #( " ( v" =,' ,""$ #o$,= '"%2

, $o'2 (o "v"r2 1r"%",' $"% $ '(" % ,or%"r

of L 9"r':2 9=' $ '(" '"r ) , 2 #o o$):

;$o $ , 6=)'=r2 of '(" or0 $ ,"r! T("

Fr"$#( 'r 0"%: , '(" , 1)" 'r 0"%: of '("

9r" ;%o $ of I%" ) , @ 9=' '(" G"r $

'r 0"%: ( ,2 $ 'r='(2 9""$ '(" 'r 0"%: of '("

,=9,' '='"% R" ) , !

I$ 787 '(" " o#r ' # N ' o$, of '("

(o)" E r'( '(o=0(' '(": ( % ,""$ 0r" '

( r9o=r ) 0(' ("$ '(" R=,, $ C r%o f"))

$% '(" A "r # $ R"1=9) # # " $'o '("

? r! For '(" ' " 9" $02 ' $: r '"2 '("

R=,, $ R"vo)=' o$ ( , 0o$" '(" #o o$

r"vo)=' o$ r: :2 9=' " ,' )) 1=' o=r (o1"

$ U$ v"r, ) " o#r #:! To '(" " 0('""$'(-

#"$'=r: %" ) of L 9"r':2 $% '(" $ $"'""$'(-

#"$'=r: %" ) of N ' o$ ) ':2 " ( v" %%"%

o=r ' "$' "'(-#"$'=r: %" ) of '(" L" 0=" of



N ' o$,! If '( r% 'r 0"%: "r" 'o "$,="2


' o=)% 9" o$ v ,' ,# )"2 for %" o#r ' #

%" ), r" 'o-% : '(" or; $0 #r""% of '("

0r" '"r 1 r' of (= $ ':! T(" G"r $,2

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r" ) ': ,o "'( $0 o'("r '( $ "r"): 1r #-

' # ) 1o) ' #, r"0 r% '( ' % , ,'"r , 9" $0

,oo$"r or ) '"r $"v ' 9)"! T(" ? r Lor%

$% '(" +r=,, $ ) ' r: # ,'" : ( v"

9""$ f 0(' $0 for '(" "r" $'"$ $#" of

'(" r 1o "r2 9=' ) r0" $% $'")) 0"$' ,"#' o$,

of G"r $ ,o# "': ( v" #'"% =$%"r '(" 1"r-

,= , o$ of 1o) ' # ) 1( )o,o1(: ( #( ,

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) "v"% ' 'o 9" ro$0! I$ '( , ? r G"r $

$' # 1 ' o$, ( v" 1rov"% ro$0 $ $: r"-



0 r%,2 9=' '( ' ( , 9""$ 9"# =," " ( v"

%" '(" ,o 9: f" ," 1r $# 1)", of

0ov"r$ "$'2 $% 9: ,'r"$=o=, "ffor'2 $o'-

'(,' $% $0 o=r ,' ;", $ 1o) #:! O=r

( r%",' '",' ( , :"' 'o #o "! ?( ' %"0r""

of I$'"r$ ' o$ ) R"#o$,'r=#' o$ , $"#",, r:

f '(" or)% , )o$0 'o r" $ , f" 1) #"

for %" o#r # ", A$% $ r"0 r% 'o '("

$'"r$ ) ,'r=#'=r" of '(o," %" o#r # ",2 ( '

#o$% ' o$, =,' 9" , ' ,f "% f " r" 'o ,=#-

#""% $ ( r$",, $0 'o '(" (" v: 1)o=0( of

So# ) R"#o$,'r=#' o$ '(" %" ), ( #( ( v"

$,1 r"% ("ro , $ '( , ? r T("r" # $

9" $o or" o "$'o=, =",' o$,! S( )) "

SOCIAL MOMENTUM 8

,=##""% $ ,o9"r): rr: $0 o=r $" I%" ) ,

'o R" ) ':



I%" ) ,', r" '(" , )' of '(" E r'( @ '(o='

'(" 'o ov" =,2 ,o# "': o=)% ,oo$ ,' 0-

$ '" $% # v ) , ' o$ f %"! I%" ) , ( ,2

(o "v"r2 9""$ ,,o# '"% '( ' o v"r: % ff"r-

"$' 1( ,", of '" 1"r! T(" o)%"r %" ) , ,2

,=#( , B=%%( , 2 S'o # , 2 $% M"% "v )

C(r ,' $ ':2 "r" 9 ,"% o$ ,")f-%"$ ) @ '("

Fr $# ,# $ Fr r, vo "% '(" ,")v", 'o C( ,-

' ':2 +ov"r':2 $% S"rv #"! B=' o%"r$

%" o#r ' # %" ) , 2 '(" %" ) , of '("

A "r # $ $% Fr"$#( R"vo)=' o$,2 , 9 ,"%

o$ ,")f-r" ) , ' o$! I', , '( ' "v"r:

(= $ 9" $0 ,( )) ) v" f=)) $% ,")f-r",1"#'-

$0 ) f"! A##or% $0 'o '(" 1r" 9)" of '("

A "r # $ "#) r ' o$ of I$%"1"$%"$#"2 ))

"$ r" #r" '"% " = ) $% "$%o "% '( '("

r 0(', of ) 9"r': $% '(" 1=r,= ' of ( 11 $",,!



T("," ' o '"$%"$# ", of %" ) , ( v" #orr"-

,1o$%"% ( ,'or # )): '( ' o %"v")o1 "$', of

r" ) ':! I$ o)%"r ' ", '(" 1o "r of $ '=r"

ov"r $ , ,' )) 0r" '! H r% r" ) ': 1='

) ', 'o ( , 9 ' o$,! I$ o'("r or%, '("

or)% , (o)" , 1oor2 $% r", 0$ ' o$

, '(" o$): 0"$"r ) ro % 'o ( 11 $",,! T("

f" #o=)%2 $o %o=9'2 o9' $ ,o " ,#o1" $


) f"2 9=' o$): ' '(" #o,' of '(" ,"rf%o of

'(" $:! Ev"$ '(" ,o-# ))"% " o#r #: of

A'("$, $% '(" +) 'o$ # U'o1 "r" 9 ,"%

o$ %o ",' # $% $%=,'r ) ,) v"r:! B=' '("

o%"r$ or)% , r #(! I$ $o , )) " ,=r"

$ $o #o$'ro), '(" for#", of $ '=r"2 $%

(o)" #) ,,",2 for "r): r", 0$"% 'o '(" r f '"2

( v" 9"#o " 9="% '( '(" %" '( ' '(



f r"r % v , o$ of " )'( '("r" ,(o=)% 9"

$" r"r 11ro #( 'o " = ) ': of o11or'=$ ':!

T( , o%"r$ r" ) ': of (= $ #o$'ro) ov"r

$ '=r"2 1 r' fro ( #( %" o#r ' # %" ),

o=)% 9" f=' )"2 , $o' (o)): %=" 'o '("

%v $#" of ,# "$' f # ;$o )"%0" $% $v"$-

' o$! T(" 0r" '"r #o$'ro) ( #( $ $o

")%, , #o$% ' o$ )2 $% $o' 9,o)='" ) ;"

'(" #o$'ro) of $ '=r" ov"r $ 9: f $" $%

1",' )"$#"! H= $ r #(", $% #o 1 r ' v"

,"#=r ': r" 9 ,"% 'o-% : o$ '(" % v , o$ $%

#o-or% $ ' o$ of ) 9o=r2 $% o$ '(" #o$,' $'

r"1 r of '(" #o 1) # '"% 1) $' ( #( ( ,

r"1) #"% '(" , 1)" 'oo), of 1r ' v" ,o# "':!

I$ o'("r or%,2 '(" o='1=' of o%"r$ " )'(

, #o$% ' o$ ) o$ '(" $'"$ $#" of o=r

,o# ) or0 $ , ' o$ $% # 1 ' )! So# "': ,

D 0o $0 #o$#"r$2D $% $o , )) 1 r' of o=r "))-

9" $0 : 9" #o 1 r"% '( '(" $' $0 9)"

* 0oo% )) D of 9=, $",,! T(" o $"r of



9=, $",, %"1"$%, o$ '(" ( 9 ', of ( , #=,-

SOCIAL MOMENTUM 77

'o "r, $o )",, '( $ o$ '(" r"0=) r r=$$ $0

of '(" #( $"r: $ ( , f #'or: @ 9o'( =,'

9" ;"1' $ r"1 r2 $% ("$ $ r"1 r '(":

( v" '(" v )=" of '(" D 0o $0 #o$#"r$ D @ 9='

,(o=)% '(" 9=, $",, ,'o12 '(": ( v" "r"):

9r" ;-=1 v )=" '(" #( $"r: 9"#o ", ,o

=#( ,#r 1 "' )2 $% '(" 0oo% )) , r"%=#"%

'o '(" 9oo; %"9',!

So# "': r"1o,", o$ '(" f #' '( ' $ ,

#r" '=r" of ( 9 '! B: $'"r)o#; $0 '(" v r o=,

( 9 ', of $: "$2 ,o# "': o9' $, ,'r=#-

'=r" ( #( : 9" #o 1 r"% '( '( ' of

r=$$ $0 #( $"! Mr,! Bo=$#"r , 9)" 'o

for , 1)" ,o# "': for '(" o##=1 ' o$ of



roo 2 9"# =," BoK ,)"1' 9: $ 0(' $% CoK

9: % :2 9=' ("r ,o# "': , % ,)o# '"% ("$

o$" of ("r )o%0"r, 'oo; (o) % :2 $% for '("

$o$#" #( $0"% ( , ( 9 '! L"' $: o$" 'r:

'o r" ) ," ( ' o=)% ( 11"$ 'o ( ,")f f

)) '(o," o$ (o (" %"1"$%, '(" 1o,' "$2

r ) : "$2 9='#("r,2 9 ;"r,2 1r $'"r,2 $%

v"r: $: o'("r, "r" ,=%%"$): 'o v r:

'(" r ,"'')"% ro=' $", @ (" )) '("$ 9"0 $ 'o

11r"# '" $ (o 0r" ' %"0r"" '(" 1o "r of

o%"r$ $ ov"r $ '=r" , %=" 'o '(" f #'

'( ' ,o# "': , D 0o $0 #o$#"r$2D or2 $ '("

) $0= 0" of '(" "$0 $""r2 ( , o "$'= !

S'o1 '(" r=$$ $0 )o$0 "$o=0( 'o '(ro "$D,

( 9 ', o=' of 0" r '( o$" $o'("r2 $%


,o# "': o=)% = #;): r=$ %o $ 'o '(" , 1)"



r" ) ': of #o$'ro) 9: $ '=r"! V ,' $= 9"r,

o=)% % " $ #o$," ="$#"!

+ro%=#' v" 1o "r2 $ ,(or'2 , f r or"

1or' $' ")" "$' of r" ) ': $ r") ' o$ 'o

o%"r$ # v ) , ' o$ '( $ , ##= =) '"%

" )'(! T(" 'o' ) v , 9)" " )'( of # v )-

,"% #o=$'r:2 $o' '(,' $% $0 '(" $' = ':

of ,o " of ', 'r" ,=r",2 , 0"$"r )): ",' '"%

, " = ) 'o '(" o='1=' of $o' or" '( $ ,"v"$

or " 0(' :" r,! T(" , 0$ f # $#" of '( , ,' '"-

"$' %o", $o' (" $ ', 1r"# ," ##=r #:2 9='

$ '(" r 1 % 0ro '( of ', 1r #' # ) " $ $0

for o%"r$ "$2 o $0 'o '(" r %"1"$%"$#"

o$ #( $"r: of 1ro%=#' o$2 "#( $ # ) $%

,o# )2 ( #( $ '(" 1 ,' fo=r or f v" 0"$"r -

' o$, ( , 9"#o " $#r" , $0): %") # '" $%

#o 1) # '"%! For "v"r: %v $#" $ '(" 1-

1) # ' o$ of ,# "$#" '("r" ( , 9""$ #orr"-

,1o$% $0 #( $0" $ ,o# ) or0 $ , ' o$! I'

, 9: $o "r" #o $# %"$#" '( ' A% S '(



, % ,#=,, $0 '(" % v , o$ of ) 9o=r ("$

5 ", ? '' , $v"$' $0 '(" ,'" -"$0 $"!

Nor2 $ o=r o $ ' "2 , ' 9: 9) $% #o $# %"$#"

'( ' 9", %" '(" $v"$' o$ of '(" $'"r$ ) #o -

9=,' o$ "$0 $" '(" ;": 'o '(" o'or-# r2

,=9 r $"2 $% "ro1) $" =,' 9" 1) #"%

$ =$1 r ))")"% "K'"$, o$ of '(" #r"% ' ,:,'" !

L=9r # ' o$ of "' ) #( $"r: %"1"$%, o$

SOCIAL MOMENTUM 74

'(" ( 9 ', of ) v $0 "$! T(" ,,= 1' o$

of ,o " ,# "$' f # "$'(=, ,', '( ' '(" ,'=%:

of '(" (= $" r', ( , #" ,"% 'o 9" 1or' $'

)) $o' 9" r "K $ ' o$ @ '(" $ 0" "$'

of "$2 ( 0( $% )o 2 , or" % ff #=)' $%

or" 1or' $' =$%"r '(" #o$% ' o$, of

o%"r$ r" ) ': '( $ ' "v"r ,!



?" %",#r 9" '(" $ 0"r, of '(" ,o# )

#( $" , Or0 $ ,"r,2 9=' =$%"r '( ' 0"$"r )

'"r r" #o o$): $#)=%"% ' o % ,' $#'

# '"0or ",! I$ '(" f r,' 1) #"2 " ( v" A%-

$ ,'r 'or,2 (o r" $o' ,'r #'): or0 $ ,"r,

' )) 9"0"''"r,2 '( ' , 'o , :2 of $" or0 $,

$ $ or0 $ , ! I' , '(" f=$#' o$ of '("

% $ ,'r 'or 'o ;""1 '(" r=$$ $0 ,o# )

#( $" $ r"1 r $% 'o ,"" 'o ', )=9r # -

' o$! ?("$ "$ % "2 or for r" ,o$, of ))-

(" )'( or o)% 0" r"' r"2 ' , ( , %=': 'o f ))

'(" v # $' 1) #", '( "$ ,= ' 9): 'r $"%

9"for"( $%! A for" $ of or;, , ",,"$' )):

$ % $ ,'r 'or! A 5=%0" % $ ,'"r, '("

L 2 "K#"1' $ ,o f r , $ f #'2 '(o=0( $o' $

'("or:2 (" : ;" '! I$ '(" or; of

'(" % $ ,'r 'or2 1=r" $% , 1)"2 '("r" ,

$o %" of 1ro0r",,! G v"$ #"r' $ or0 $ -

, ' o$2 "ff # "$#: , ( , %" ) 1"rf"#' , oo'(-

$",, of or; $0! H , #( r #'"r ,' # % ," ,"

, # ))"% D R"% T 1"!D A #o 1) # '"% ,o# "':2



")) % $ ,'"r"%2 '"$%, $ f #' 'o C( $","


,' 0$ ' o$ 9: '(" v"r: ,'r"$0'( of ', o "$-

'= ! T(" 0oo% )) of )o$0-",' 9) ,("% $%

"))- $ 0"% 9=, $",, : of'"$ 9" ,o)% for

) r0" ,= $ '(" r;"'! +"r( 1, '("

o,' ,'r ; $0 ))=,'r ' o$ of ,o# ) o "$'=

, 'o 9" ,""$ $ '(" o9 ) ': of r;"',

'(" ,")v",! Ev"r: ,"))"r ,(", 'o 0o ("r"

9=:"r, r" $ '(" ( 9 ' of #o$0r"0 ' $0 $

or%"r '( ' (" : 9" ,=r" of 1=r#( ,"r for

( , r",! O$ '(" o'("r ( $%2 "v"r: 9=:"r

0o",2 f (" # $2 'o '(" 1) #" ("r" ,"))"r, r"

o$' 'o ,," 9)" $ or%"r '( ' (" : 9=:

#(" 1): , '(" r",=)' of '(" r #o 1"' ' o$!

T(" ='(or ' ", ( v" of'"$ 'r "% $ v $ 'o

%"#"$'r ) ," '(" r;"', of Lo$%o$!



I$ or%"r 'o 11r"# '" '(" o'("r ':1" of

or0 $ ,"r2 '(" Cr" 'or of ,o# ) "#( $ , 2 )"'

=, 0 $ #o$, %"r for o "$' '(" #o o$

#o=r," of R"vo)=' o$,! A Vo)' r" #r ' # ,",

'(" r=$$ $0 #o$#"r$ ;$o $ , Fr"$#( Gov"r$-

"$' @ Ro=,," = 1 $', '(" %" ) of

( 11 "r ,o# "': @ '(" ='(or, of '(" 0r" '

E$#:#)o1"% # 1rov" '( ' '(" '"r ) 9 ,",

for ,=#( ,o# "': "K ,'! +r","$'): '(" $"

%" , ' ;" 1o,,",, o$ of ,o " "))- " $ $0

"$'(=, ,', $"K1"r "$#"%2 (o "v"r2 $ '("

% ff #=)' r' of #( $0 $0 '(" ( 9 ', of v"r 0"

$; $%! T(": ," " $ o11or'=$ ': for

)'"r $0 '(" ,'r=#'=r" of Fr"$#( ,o# "':!



SOCIAL MOMENTUM 7.

I$# %"$' )):2 9=' =$for'=$ '"):2 '(": ,)o

%o $ ', r=$$ $0! S'o11 0" of or;2 #'= )

9r" ; 0" of '(" 1)" "$', of 1ro%=#' o$

$% 0ov"r$ "$'2 r" ov ) of 1r #' ,"% %-

$ ,'r 'or,2 $% ,=9,' '=' o$ of ,f '' $0

'"=r, #o 9 $" 'o r"%=#" '(" r '" of 1ro-

%=#' o$ of '(" $"#",, r ", of ) f"2 '( '("

r",=)' '( ' 1r #", r ,"2 $% #o$f %"$#" $%

#r"% ' f ))! T(" R"vo)=' o$ r: )" %"r, r"2

$o %o=9'2 )) $0 "$o=0( 'o 9" 1oor for

' " $ or%"r 'o r" ) ," '(" r %" ),2 9=' '("

(=$0r: )) o$, r ," =1 ro=$% '(" ! To

0 $ ' " '(" )) o$, r" )"% 'o ,=,1"#' '( '

'(" ,(or' 0" , %=" 'o ,o " $'"rf"r"$#" of

'(" %"1o,"% 1o "r,2 $% '(" T"rror $"v ' 9):

fo))o ,! A' ) ,' "$ 9"#o " f ' ) ,'2 $%2

9 $%o$ $0 %" ),2 ,""; ,o " or0 $ ,"r (o

,( )) r",'or" "ff # "$#:! T(" $"#",, ': , r" $-

for#"% 9: '(" f #' '( ' for" 0$ "$" ", r"



$v % $0 '(" $ ' o$ ) '"rr 'or:2 $% '( ' )",,

1ro%=#' o$ $% r") K"% % ,# 1) $" ( v" r"-

%=#"% '(" %"f"$, v" 1o "r of '(" S' '"! B='

'(" or0 $ ,"r $""%"% for '(" ' ,; of r"#o$-

,'r=#' o$ , $o "r" % $ ,'r 'or @ (" =,'

9" 9)" 'o %", 0$ $% ;"2 $% $o' "r"):

'o r"1 r $% )=9r # '" ,o# ) #( $"r:! So

C r$o'2 (o D or0 $ ,", v #'or:2D $% N 1o)"o$

'( ( , Co%" C v )2 $ "'"r$ ) f " 9:

#r" ' v" "ffor'!


T(" 1o,, 9 ) ': of or0 $ , ' o$ $ '(" #o$-

,'r=#' v" ,"$," %"1"$%, o$ % ,# 1) $"! R=$-

$ $0 ,o# "': , #o$,' '='"% 9: '(" :r %

$'"r)o#; $0 of '(" % ff"r"$' ( 9 ', of $:

"$ @ f '(" r=$$ $0 ,o# ) ,'r=#'=r" , 'o 9"

)'"r"%2 "v"$ $ ,o " r") ' v"): , )) r",1"#'2



0r" ' $= 9"r of "$ $% o "$ =,'

, =)' $"o=,): #( $0" v r o=, of '(" r ( 9 ',

$ #o 1)" "$' r: :,! I' , 1o,, 9)"

'o $'ro%=#" :) 0(' S v $0 "K#"1' 9: $

"% #' of Gov"r$ "$'2 for $: 1 r' ) %("r-

"$#" 'o '(" #( $0" of (o=r o=)% ( v" '(ro $

,o# "': $'o #o$f=, o$! T(" #( "v" "$' of

:) 0(' S v $0 ,2 '("r"for"2 %"1"$%"$'

o$ ,o# ) % ,# 1) $"2 ( #( , '(=, ,""$ 'o

#o$, ,' $o' $ '(" ( 9 ', of "$ 9=' $ '("

1o "r of , =)' $"o=, $% #orr") '"% #( $0"

of '(o," ( 9 ',! I$ $ or%"r"% S' '" '("

,"$," of % ,# 1) $" 9"#o ", $$ '"2 $% '("

1o) #" r" 9=' r r"): # ))"% =1o$ 'o "$for#" '!

I$ o'("r or%,2 ,o# ) % ,# 1) $"2 or '(" )'"r -

' o$ of ( 9 ' ' )) or #o $%2 ',")f

9"#o ", ( 9 '! M ) ' r: % ,# 1) $"2 $ ,o

f r , ' #o$, ,', of , $0)" #', ' '(" or% of

#o $%2 , of , 1)"r or%"r2 9=' '(" 1ro-

f",, o$ ) ,o)% "r ;$o , ")) '(" % ff"r"$#"

9"' ""$ ( 9 '= ) % ,# 1) $" $% "v"$ '("



o,' $'")) 0"$' f 0(' $0 9: = #;-'r $"% "$!

I$ ' ", of % ,or%"r '(" $'"r)o#; $0 of

SOCIAL MOMENTUM 7

1ro%=#' v" ( 9 ', 9r" ;, %o $ ,'"1 9: ,'"12

$% ,o# "': , (o)" 9"#o ", 1ro0r",, v"):

1oor2 '(o=0( ro99"r, of o$" ; $% or $o'("r

: for ( )" "$r #( '(" ,")v",! Ev"$

or" ,"r o=,2 (o "v"r2 , '(" f )=r" of '(" r

( 9 ' of % ,# 1) $"2 for '( ' 1) ", '(" )o,,

of '(" 1o "r of r"#=1"r ' o$! Co$, %"r 'o

( ' 1 ,, R=,, , 9ro=0(' 9: :" r of

#= =) ' v" r"vo)=' o$, @ ("r #o$% ' o$ ,

) ;" '( ' '"rr 9)" ,' '" of 1 r ):, , ("$ '("

$% ,' )) ,"", $% % r"#',2 9=' '(" $"rv", f )

'o ") # ' $: r",1o$," fro '(" =,#)",! A

$ ' o$ %o", $o' % " ("$ ,o , ''"$2 9=' '("



(o)" "#( $ , of ', ,o# "': =,' 9"

r"#o$,' '='"%2 $% '( ' = #;):2 f '(" "$

$% o "$ (o ,=rv v" ', 1ov"r ,( "$'

r" $o' 'o for0"' '(" ( 9 ', $% )o," '("

1' '=%", o$ ( #( '(" r # v ) , ' o$ %"1"$%,!

H ,'or: ,(o , $o r" "%: 9=' for#" =1o$

( #( 'o fo=$% fr",( $=#)"=, of % ,# 1) $"

$ ,=#( # r#= ,' $#", @ 9=' '(" or0 $ ,"r (o

r",', =1o$ for#" '"$%, $"v ' 9): 'o 'r" '

'(" r"#ov"r: of "r" "ff # "$#: , ( , "$%!

I%" ) , %o", $o' f)o=r ,( =$%"r ( , r=)"! I'

, 9"# =," ( ,'or: ,1" ;, 1) $): $ '( ,

r"0 r%2 '( ' ,o $: of '(" %" ) ,', of '("

) ,' ' o 0"$"r ' o$, ( v" 9""$ $'"r$ ' o$ ) ,'@

'(" ) ' r: r"#ov"r: of % ,# 1) $" , #o o$):

#( "v"% " '("r 9: #o$ =",' fro $o'("r

B




$ ' o$ ) 9 ," or $# %"$' )): 'o ,=##",,f=)

$ ' o$ ) r", ,' $#" 'o for" 0$ $v , o$!

T(" 0r" ' or0 $ ,"r , '(" 0r" ' r" ) ,'!

No' '( ' (" ) #;, 0 $ ' o$ v"r: f r fro

'( ' @ 9=' ( , 0 $ ' o$ '=r$, 'o D :, $%

" $,2D $% $o' 'o ")=, v" "$%,! H , , '("

$% of M r'( $% $o' of M r:! If (" 9"

C 1' $2 of I$%=,'r: '(" #o=$'"r, of ( ,

'(o=0(' r" ) 9o=r $% # 1 ' ) @ f (" 9"

G"$"r ) of Ar ", '(": r" =$ ', $% ,=11) ",!

H , or0 $ , $0 , "% ' $'"r "% '" "$%,

o$": f (" 9" $ $%=,'r )2 $% v #'or: f

(" 9" ,o)% "r! B=' o$": $% v #'or: r"

"r"): '(" ;":, 'o =)'"r or "$%,2 $% '(o,"

=)'"r or "$%, r" $ ")=, v" for ( '(ro=0(-

o='! H" % ", ,' )) ; $0 o$":2 or2 f ("

9" v #'or o=, ,o)% "r2 ""1, ) ;" A)"K $%"r

9"# =," '("r" r" $o or" or)%, 'o #o$ ="r!



H , o$" # r" , '( ' '(" 9=, $",, or '(" r :

( #( (" ( , or0 $ ,"% ,( )) 9" "ff # "$'):

% $ ,'"r"% @ (" , ( r% o$ ( , % $ -

,'r 'or,! A9ov" ))2 (" v )=", '(" ( 9 ' of

% ,# 1) $" @ ( , #( $" =,' $, "r 1ro 1'):

'o '(" )"v"r!

T(" or0 $ ,"r $"v ' 9): #o ", 'o )oo; =1o$

"$ , ( , 'oo),! H , , '(" $v"r," of '("

$% of '(" %" ) ,'2 for (" o=)% ov" "$

$ 9r 0 %", $% =,' '("r"for" ( v" r"0 r%

'o '"r ) ) ' ' o$,2 ("r" , '(" %" ) ,'

SOCIAL MOMENTUM 78

11" ), 'o '(" ,o=) $ " #( of =,2 $% ,o=),

r" $0"% $% # $ ,o r! I' %o", $o' fo))o

'( ' '(" or0 $ ,"r , # r")",, of '(" "))-

9" $0 of '(" ,o# "': 9"$" '( ( @ o$ '("



#o$'r r:2 (" r"0 r%, '( ' ,o# "': , ,o =#(

$-1o "r 'o 9" $' $"% $ "ff # "$'

#o$% ' o$! T( , , 'r=" ("'("r (" 9"

) ' r ,' or # 1 ' ) ,'2 1rov %"% '( ' (" 9"

f r-, 0('"%! I$ '(" ,1("r" of 1o) ' #, '("

or0 $ ,"r v " , "$ , "K ,' $0 for '(" S' '"

for '(" D L"v '( $ D of '(" S'= r' 1( )o-

,o1("r Ho99",! B=' '(" " o#r ' # I%" ) ,' !A

9 r"): 'o)"r '", '(" S' '" , $"#",, r: "v ) ^

for ' ) ', fr""%o !

I$ '(" ",' 9) ,("% " o#r # ", of '(" ?",'2

'(" %" ), of Fr""%o ( v" 9""$ 'r $, ='"%

$'o '(" 1r" =% #", of '(" v"r 0" # ' "$2 $%

' , o$ '("," D ( 9 ', of '(o=0(' D '( ' '("

,"#=r ': of o=r fr""%o %"1"$%,2 r '("r '( $

o$ '(" 1 ,, $0 "#,' , ", of %" ) , ! For

'(o=, $% :" r, ,=#( 1r" =% #", 'oo; roo' =$%"r

'(" $,=) r 1ro'"#' o$ of Br ' $ @ '(": r"

'(" o='#o " of #o$' $=o=, "K1"r "$'2 $%

=,' 9" 'r" '"% ' )" ,' '( r",1"#'2 =$)",,



" r" 1r"1 r"% 'o '( $; of o=r for"f '("r, ,

foo),! O$" of '("," 1r" =% #", , '( ' ' ,

=$ ," 'o ' ;" $ EK1"r' , M $ ,'"r of S' '"!

I$ '(" 1r","$' ' " of ? r2 ("$ fr""%o

"v"$ $ %" o#r #: =,' : ")% 'o "ff # "$#:2


'("r" r" '(o," (o o=)% ( v" =, , : '( '

'(" "K1"r', (o " ( v" for '(" ' "

9" $0 $,' ))"% $ ,o " of '(" ( 0( off #",

,(o=)% 9" ,=##""%"% ("$#"for'( 9: "K1"r',2

$% '( ' o=r 1r" =% #" , $' = '"%! No$"

'(" )",, "v"$ $ r ' " Br ' $ ( , r"'=r$"%

'o C v ) $ M $ ,'"r for ? r T(" f #' ,2

of #o=r,"2 '( ' '(" $"ff # "$# ", of '(" $or )):

or; $0 Br ' ,( Co$,' '=' o$ r" "r"): '("

o9v"r," of '(" 'r='( '( ' %" o#r #: , $-



#o 1 ' 9)" '( '(" or0 $ , ' o$ $"#",, r:

for r 0 $,' ='o#r # ",! ?("$ '("

1r","$' C( ) $ M $ ,'"r f r,' # " 'o E$0) $%

(" , "$'"r' $"% 9: ,o " " 9"r, of '("

Ho=," of Co o$,! R"f"rr $0 'o '(" Mo'("r

of + r) "$',2 , ,""$ fro '(" f r + # f #2

$% 'o '(" #(ro$ # 0r= 9) $0 $ r"0 r% 'o

+ r) "$' r: 0ov"r$ "$' ( #( (" fo=$% o$

( , rr v ) $ Lo$%o$2 (" "K#) "%2 D Yo=

for0"' '( ' o$" of '(" #( "f f=$#' o$, of

+ r) "$', , 'o 1r"v"$' '( $0, 9" $0 %o$" D

T(" '(o=0(' of '(" or0 $ ,"r , ",,"$' )):

,'r '"0 # )2 ("r" , '( ' of '(" 'r=" %" o#r '

, "'( # )! T(" or0 $ ,"r , '( $; $0 (o 'o

< =," "$ @ 9=' '(" %" o#r ' , '( $; $0 of '("

^C> r 0(', of "$2 ( #( r 0(', r" ,o $: ro#;,

> < ^ $ '(" : of '(" or0 $ ,"r! U$%o=9'"%):

'(" or0 $ ,"r =,' 9" ,'"r2 for2 0 v"$

'(" : r%$",, of (= $ $ '=r" $% '("



^ 2

,

SOCIAL MOMENTUM

37

$v"'"r #: of ( 9 '2 (" o=)% ;" ) '')"

1ro0r",, o'("r ,"! B=' (" , 9 % ,=1r" "

,'"r2 9"# =," of ( , D :, $% " $, D

$%!



T(" N" ", , of %" o#r ' # %" ) , 2 f '

9r" ; fro '(" 9o$%, of r" ) ':2 , '(" ,=1r" "

r=)" of '(" or0 $ ,"r $% of 9) $% "ff # "$#:!

T(" or0 $ ,"r 9"0 $, $$o#"$'): "$o=0( @ ( ,

"K"#=' v" $% r"vo)', fro '(" % ,or%"r2 $%

9ov" )) fro '(" $% ,# 1) $" ro=$% ( !

So)% "r): "ff # "$#: =$%o=9'"%): , v"% R"-

vo)=' o$ r: Fr $#"! B=' ,=#( , '(" 1"'=,

of '(" 0o $0 #o$#"r$2 '( ' ' , ""1, for r%

"v"$ ', o $ #r" 'or! To 1rov" '("

"ff # "$#: of ( , $-1o "r (" =,' $ '("

"$% ,""; 'o #o$'ro) )) ', #' v ' ", or; $0

$% '( $; $02 $o )",, '( $ f 0(' $0! H" ,

$ ,=1r" " #o $%2 $% $"ff # "$#: , 1 $

'o ( ! T("r"for" N 1o)"o$ %%"% 'o ( ,

Gr $% Ar : $% ( , Co%" C v )2 ),o ( ,

Co$#or% ' '( '(" + 1 #:2 ("r"9: '("

1r ",' , 'o 9"#o " ( , ,"rv $'! H" 0('

( v" "$ o:"% ) ,' $0 1" #" f'"r '(" Tr" ': !

of A "$,2 9=' =,' $""%, #o$' $=" 'o 1r"- VJ



1 r" r! F $ )): (" , 1"))"% 'o ( ,

Mo,#o 2 =,' , 0r" ' o$": ;"r )) '^

ov"rr" #( ( ,")f $% "$% $ 9 $;r=1'#:!

B , r#; , '(" N 1o)"o$ of '(" +r=,, $,2

'(" r $ of 9)oo% $% ro$2 :"' (" % ff"r"%


fro ( , Fr"$#( 1ro'o':1" $ #"r' $ r"0 r%,

( #(2 for o=r 1r","$' 1=r1o,"2 r" or'(

''"$' o$! H , "$% , =$) ;" '(" "$% of

N 1o)"o$! T("r" , $o 9 $ ,( "$' 'o E)9

f'"r Mo,#o 2 $o 1r ,o$ "$' $ S'!



H")"$ f'"r ? '"r)oo! Tr=" '( '2 f'"r

'( r': :" r, ' '(" (") 2 '(" o)% 1 )o' ,

%ro11"% $ 7 8 9: $" # 1' $ '(

$% 'o 1 r #:2 9=' ' , 9"# =," of ( ,

# =' o$ $% $o' 9"# =," of v =)' $0 9 ' o$!

- v Bo'( N 1o)"o$ $% B , r#; ( % ,=1r" "

^ ! $%, of '(" D :, $% " $, D or%"r2 9='

'("r" , ,o "'( $0 or" $ B , r#;! H"

> , $o' "r"): '(" 0r" ' 9=, $",, $2 ( #(

5 , E "r,o$D, %",#r 1' o$ of N 1o)"o$! No

,' '", $ "v"r % =,'"% r 'o 1o) #: '(

$ #"r =%0 "$' '( $ B , r#;! H" fo=0('



^ '(r"" ,(or' $% ,=##",,f=) # 1 0$,2 $%

%" '(r"" 'r" ' ", of 1" #"2 fro " #( of

( #( "$,="% ( rv",' of %v $' 0" 'o

+r=,, ! Y"' ( ' % ff"r"$' 'r" ' ", '(":

"r" Af'"r '(" ? r of 7 0 $,' "$-

r;2 B , r#; 'oo; S)", 0 $% Ho),'" $2

'( '(" %" 2 9":o$% =",' o$2 of 6 ")

C $ )! Af'"r '(" ? r of 7 0 $,' A=,'r

(" r"f=,"% 'o ' ;" Bo(" 2 $% '("r"9: ,o

off"$%"% ( , 6 $0 '( ' '(": "r" $o' f=)):

r"#o$# )"% =$' ) f'"r '(" v #'or ", of 7 !

T("r" # $ 9" $o %o=9' '( ' $ '( , #)" "$#:

SOCIAL MOMENTUM 34

B , r#; for", ' " ("$ +r=,, 0('

$""% '(" )) $#" of A=,'r ! I$ 7 72 f'"r

S"% $ $% '(" S "0" of + r ,2 B , r#;



: ")%"% 'o '(" 1r",,=r" of '(" ) ' r: 1 r':2

$% 'oo; Lorr $" , ")) , A), #"!

! ^*T

T(" 0r" ' C( $#"))or ( %2 $ 'r='(2 ( '

'(" +r=,, $2 , r=)"2 ) #;,2 $ $, 0(' $'o

'(" $%, of o'("r $ ' o$, '( $ ( , o $!

H , "'(o%, "r" 1,:#(o)o0 # ) 9: 1r"f"r-

"$#"! O$#" (" ( % #( "v"% G"r $ =$ ':

=$%"r +r=,, 2 (" 0"% $o or" r,! Y"'

(" ##o 1) ,("% 0r" ' '( $0, for ' " ("

r=)"% E=ro1" $% ( , "'(o% , $o "r"

"K1)o ' ' o$ of ) ' r: 1r",' 0"! A' '("

B"r) $ Co$0r",, of 7 (" ,"#=r"% '(" o##=1 -

' o$ of '(" 1rov $#", of Bo,$ $% H"r "-

0ov $ for A=,'r 2 $% '("r"9: %""1"$"%D '("

r v )r: of A=,'r $% R=,, $ '(" B ); $

+"$ $,=) ! A' '(" , " B"r) $ Co$0r",, ("

1r v '"): $# '"% Fr $#" 'o o##=1: T=$ ,2 $%

("$ Fr $#" 1r","$'): "ff"#'"% '( ' o##=1 -



' o$2 I' ):2 , (" for", 2 , ,( r1):

o=$%"%! T(" = ) A)) $#" '( A=,'r

fo))o "% $ 7 82 $% '(" Tr 1)" A)) $#" '(

A=,'r $% I' ): $ 7 7! I' , , '(o=0(

(" ( % ,"$' ( , ,(""1-%o0 ro=$% ( , f)o#; 'o

%r v" ( , ,(""1 'o ( ! B: ,=9')"' ", of '("

, " or%"r (" $' 0o$ ,"% Fr $#" $% Br ' $2

$% ),o Br ' $ $% R=,, ! So2 'oo2 % % ("

3

%" ) $ ( , %o ",' # 1o) #:! I$ 7 ("

#" ,"% fro ,'r=00) $0 '( '(" V ' # $2 $%

9ro=0(' ov"r '(" C '(o) # 1 r': 'o ( , ,=1-

1or'2 '("r"9: $"='r ) , $0 '(" ,o# ) ,' '"$%-

"$#: $ '(" $%=,'r ) 9=' C '(o) # +rov $#"



of '(" R( $") $%2 $% '(" 1 r' #=) r ,' '"$%-

"$#: $ '(" C '(o) # ; $0%o of B v r $

'(" ,o='(!

T(" 'r=" 1 r ))") , 'o 9" %r $ $o' 9"-

' ""$ N 1o)"o$ $% B , r#;2 9=' 9"' ""$

N 1o)"o$ $% '(" "$' r" +r=,, $ r=) $0 # ,'"!

T(" "$% of '( ' # ,'"2 ( #( " r" $o

'$",, $02 , ) ;" '(" "$% of N 1o)"o$ @ '("

9) $%): or0 $ , $0 $ 0o", 'o ( , Mo,#o 2

$% '(" 9) $%): or0 $ , $0 S' '" 'o ', Ar -

0"%%o$! 6=)'=r , '(" $ " 0 v"$ 'o '( '

1( )o,o1(: $% "%=# ' o$ ( #( 9="%

(o)" r #" '( '(" * :, $% " $, D $%!

T(" Fr"$#( r" $ r' ,' #2 $% '("r"for" $

%" ) ,' # 1"o1)" @ N 1o)"o$ 1ro,' '='"% '(" r

%" ) , '( '(" 0)or: of ( , 0"$ =,! B ,-

r#;2 o$ '(" o'("r ( $%2 , '(" #( )% of

'"r ) ,' # 6=)'=r2 9='2 0r" '"r '( $ '("

v"r 0" of ( , r #"2 (" #o=)% r"#;o$ ),o '(

,1 r '= ) for#",!



6=)'=r ( % ', or 0 $ $o' $ '(" v #'or ", of

Fr"%"r #; '(" Gr" '2 9=' $ '(" %"f" ' of

5"$ ! T(" r=)" of Fr"%"r #; $ '(" " 0('""$'(

#"$'=r: , 1"r,o$ ) r=)" ) ;" '( ' of

SOCIAL MOMENTUM 3.

N 1o)"o$2 ("r" , '(" +r=,, of '(" $ $"-

'""$'( #"$'=r:2 9"( $% ( '"v"r o'("r 1r"-

'"$#"2 , 0ov"r$"% 9: $ o) 0 r#(: of

$'"))"#'= ) D EK1"r', D ,' ff off #"r,2 9=r" =-

#r ',2 1rof",,or,! Fr"%"r #;2 ,o)" or0 $ ,"r2

r ,"% o$): % $ ,'r 'or,2 '( '(" r",=)'

'( ' ("$ (" % "% (" )"f' +r=,, "r"

"#( $ , 2 'o 9" 9ro;"$ o$ '(" f ")% of

5"$ !

I$ '(" v"r: $'"r of 5"$ '(" 1( )o,o1("r



F #('" # " 'o )"#'=r" $ B"r) $2 ( )" ' ,

,' )) $ '(" o##=1 ' o$ of '(" Fr"$#(! 7 T("r"

, $o U$ v"r, ': $ '(" +r=,, $ # 1 ' ) of

'(o," % :,2 $% '(" )"#'=r", "r" %") v"r"%

$o' 'o :o=$0 ,'=%"$',2 9=' 'o '(" '=r",'

9r $, of '(" #o=$'r: $ '(" f"v"r of 0r" '

#r , ,! F #('" ' =0(' '(" 1( )o,o1(: of + -

'r o' , ' ' " ("$ '(" G"r $ U$ v"r-

, ' ", "r" %"vo'"% 'o '(" 9,'r #' or,( 1

of ;$o )"%0" $% r'! I$ '(" $"K' f" :" r,2

9"' ""$ 7 $% 7 742 , ",' 9) ,("% '( '

#)o," #o$$"#' o$ 9"' ""$ '(" r :2 '("

9=r" =#r #:2 $% '(" ,#(oo),2 or2 $ o'("r

or%,2 9"' ""$ '(" $""%, of 0ov"r$ "$' $%

'(" , of "%=# ' o$2 ( #( #o$,' '='"% '("

",,"$#" $% 1"rv"r," ,'r"$0'( of '(" +r=,, $

,:,'" ! U$ v"r, ) ) ' r: ,"rv #" , #orr"-

7 S"" T("! Evo)=' o$ of +r=,, 2 9: M rr o'' $% Gr $' Ro9"r'-

,o$! C) r"$%o$ +r",,2 787.!




) '"% '( =$ v"r, ) #o 1=),or: ,#(oo) $02

$ =0=r '"% $ +r=,, ' o 0"$"r ' o$, 9"for"

'(" E$0) ,( E%=# ' o$ A#' of 7 @ '("

U$ v"r, ': of B"r) $2 '( 9r )) $' 1rof",-

,or '"2 , ",' 9) ,("% , , ,'"r 'o '(" Gr" '

G"$"r ) S' ff! T(=, ;$o )"%0" $ +r=,,

, $o )o$0"r 1=r,="% $): for ', o $

, ;"2 9=' , " $, 'o $ "$%2 $% '( '

"$% , '(" ,=##",, of S' '" ( #( ( %

"K1"r "$#"% 9 ''"r % , ,'"r! I' , C 1-

S' '"2 or"ov"r2 $ '(" %,' of 1) $2

'(o=' '(" $ '=r ) 9=) r;, of S1 $2

Fr $#"2 or Br ' $! T(" "$% %"'"r $", '("

" $,2 $% , $#" '(" +r=,, $ "$% , ) ' r:

,'r"$0'(2 9 ,"% of $"#",, ': o$ ,' r; % ,# 1-

) $"2 '(" " $, "r" $"v ' 9): '"r ) ,' #!

5=%0"% fro '(" ,' $%1o $' of B"r) $2 ' ,



o$%"rf=) '( $0 'o ( v" 1r",,"% 6=)'=r2

or S'r '"0 # ) "$' ) ':2 o$ '(" "%=# '"% #) ,,

of (o)" 1"o1)"2 9=' fro '(" ,' $%1o $'

of # v ) , ' o$ ' ) r0" ' , f ' ) o "$'=

'o ( v" 0 v"$ 'o $ ' o$ f ' )2 '( ' , 'o

, :2 $ '(" )o$0 r=$2 " '("r 'o # v ) , ' o$ or

'( ' $ ' o$!

?" ( v" ( % for 9: or% $ '("," ' ",

'(" G"r $ r 1! I' : 9" =",' o$"%2

(o "v"r2 ("'("r o,' 1"o1)" $ Br ' $ $%

A "r # ( v" f=)): r" ) ,"% '(" 1 r' 1) :"%

9: '(" 1 $ G"r $ "%=# ' o$ %=r $0 '("

SOCIAL MOMENTUM 3

1 ,' '(r"" 0"$"r ' o$,! M 1, r" '(" ",,"$-

' ) 11 r '=, of 6=)'=r2 $% "v"r: "%=# '"%

G"r $ , 0"o0r 1("r $ ,"$," '( ' ,



'r=" of v"r: f" E$0) ,( "$ or A "r # $,!

H" ( , 9""$ ' =0(' 'o ,"" $ 1, $o'

"r"): '(" #o$v"$' o$ ) 9o=$% r ", ",' 9-

) ,("% 9: ,#r 1, of 1 1"r2 9=' 1"r $"$'

1(:, # ) o11or'=$ ' ", D :, $% " $, D $

'(" ) '"r ) ,"$," of '(" or%,! H , R" )-

+o) ' ; ) v", $ ( , $% =1o$ "$' ) 1!

T(" ,"r o=, '" #( $0 of 0"o0r 1(: $ G"r $

H 0( S#(oo), $% U$ v"r, ' ", % '", fro '("

v"r: 9"0 $$ $0 of 6=)'=r! I' , or0 $ ,"%

$ '(" 0"$"r ' o$ f'"r 5"$ 2 $): 9: '("

) 9o=r, of fo=r "$ A)"K $%"r vo$ H= -

9o)%'2 B"r0( =,2 C r) R ''"r2 $% S' ")"r

(o "r" '' #("% 'o '(" $" U$ v"r, ': of

B"r) $ $% 'o '(" , $#" f o=, 1-(o=," of

+"r'(", of Go'( ! To '( , % :2 $o' '(-

,' $% $0 )) '( ' ( , 9""$ %o$" 9: ' o or

'(r"" "K#"1' o$ ) 1-(o=,", $ '( , #o=$'r:2

f :o= $' 0oo% 12 #o$v": $0 ##=r '"):

$% :"' 0r 1( # )): '(" f=$% "$' ) #o$-

'r ,',2 :o= =,' ( v" r",or' , of'"$ , $o'



'o o$" of G"r $ or 0 $! T(" r" ,o$ , '( '

$ G"r $: '("r" r" $: # r'o0r 1("r,

(o r" ,#(o) r): 0"o0r 1("r, $% $o' "r"):

,=rv":or, or %r f', "$! T(": # $ "K ,'2

9"# =," '("r" , %" 1=9) # "%=# '"% 'o


11r"# '" $% 1 : for $'")) 0"$'): %r $

1,! 7

I$ '( , #o=$'r: " v )=" '(" or ) , %" of

"%=# ' o$2 $% ' , 1"r( 1, $'= ' v"): '( '

" ( v" $"0)"#'"% '"r ) ,' # 0"o0r 1(:!

B"for" '(" ? r $o' f" '" #("r,2 '( $ :

;$o )"%0"2 o9 "#'"% 'o 0"o0r 1(: , ,=9-

"#' of "%=# ' o$2 o$ '(" 0ro=$% '( ' '

'"$%"% 'o 1ro o'" I 1"r ) , 2 =,' , '(":

o9 "#'"% 'o 1(:, # ) %r )) 9"# =," ' '"$%"% 'o



) ' r , ! ?" : ) =0( ' ,=#( "K#",,",

of 1o) ' # ) # =' o$2 , "$ of for "r #"$'=r ",

,#off"% ' '(" $#(or '", (o ,"#r"'"% '(" -

,")v", fro '(" or)%2 9=' '(" 1ro'",' $ " #(

# ," , 0 $,' $ "K#",, $ '(" o11o, '"

% r"#' o$!

B"r) $-B 0(% %2 B"r) $-H"r '2 B"r) $-+"; $

$o' (" r% , "r" or%,2 9=' v ,= ) ,"% o$

'(" "$' ) r") "f 1 $vo)v" for o,' A$0)o-

S Ko$, $" o%" of '(o=0('2 ) '"): $%

1"rf"#'): $'ro%=#"% o$0 =, 9: '(" ro=0(

1, of '(" $" ,1 1"r,! B=' :o=r +r=,, $2

$% ( , f '("r2 $% ( , 0r $%f '("r ( v" %"-

9 '"% ,=#( #o$#"1', )) '(" r ) v",2 1"$# ) $

( $%! I$ rr $0 $0 '(" %"' )"% '"r , of

1" #"2 o=r ,' '", "$ ))2 $o %o=9'2 ( v" '("

7 I$ : A%%r",, 'o '(" G"o0r 1( # ) S"#' o$ of '(" Br ' ,(

A,,o# ' o$ ' I1, #( $ 7 8. )) 9" fo=$% $ ##o=$' of '("

r ," of '(" G"r $ ,#(oo), of 0"o0r 1(:!



SOCIAL MOMENTUM 38

%v #" of "K#"))"$' 0"o0r 1( # ) "K1"r',2 9='

'(" G"r $ r"1r","$' ' v", )) ( v" 9"( $%

'(" $o' "r"): f" "K1"r', 9=' 0r" '

0"o0r 1( # )): $,'r=#'"% 1=9) #2 )o$0 f ) r

'( "v"r: 1or' $' ,1"#' of '(" =",' o$,

( #( )) r ,"2 $% = #; 'o 0 v" f r-

, 0('"% ,=11or' 'o '(" r )" %"r,! T( , :

" , ): 9"#o " %"# , v" %v $' 0"2 ",1"# )):

,(o=)% o=r 1"o1)" 1 ,, $'o 0$ $ o=,

fr " of $%! ' o=)% 9" #=r o=, '( $0

f '(" ,=##",,", of T ))":r $% $% M"''"r$ #(2

$ '(" ,"#r"' % 1)o #: of 7 7 2 "r" r"1" '"%

9: '(" ,1o;", "$ of '(" %"f" '"% S' '", of

o=r o $ ' " =$%"r '(" #o$% ' o$, 1o,"%

=1o$ % 1)o #: 9: 1o1=) r 0ov" "$fTT 5



T(" 1 ( 9 ' of '(o=0(' , $o )",, 1r"0-

$ $' $ '(" ,1("r" of "#o$o #, '( $ ' ,

$ '( ' of ,'r '"0:! Tr=" '( ' L ,," -f r"

( % ) '')" =," for '2 9=' '(" D o,' f vo=r"%

$ ' o$ D #) =," ( #( G"r $: 1o,"% o$

%"f" '"% Fr $#" $ '(" Tr" ': of Fr $;f=r'

( % = '" % ff"r"$' " $ $0 for '(" ,'r '"0 -

# ) G"r $ $% 'o '( ' ( #( , '' #("%

7 I' , 'r=" '( ' '("r" , D (or,"-,"$," D of 0"o0r 1(: o$0

'(o," of =, (o ( v" 'r v"))"%! I' , 'r="2 ),o2 '( ' " ;""1 ') ,",

$ o=r off #", $% ) 9r r ",2 'o 9" #o$,=)'"% , " o=)% #o$,=)'

% #' o$ r: for '(" ,1")) $0 of or%! B=' #orr"#' ,1")) $0

%o", $o' ) :, 1): ) '"r r: 1o "r A 'r $"% ,"$," of

0"o0r 1( # ) 1"r,1"#' v" , ",,"$' ) 'o '(" o%" of '(o=0('

("r" $ =",' o$!




'o ' 9: (o$",' Co9%"$ '",! T(" G"r $

9=r" =#r ' 9= )' =1o$ ' (o)" ,'r=#'=r" of

1r"f"r"$#", for G"r $ 'r %"! Of ( ' =,"

'o Br ' $ =$%"r ("r $or'("r$ ,; ", , '("

o,' f vo=r"% $ ' o$ #) =," ("$ G"r $:

0r $'"% #o$#",, o$ 'o I' ): $ '(" ''"r of

1or' %=' ", o$ o) v"-o ) ?o=)% '("r" $o'

),o 9" r ) : 'r=#;, 'o 9" r"'=r$"% 'o I' ): D

( #( 0(' , ")) r"'=r$ )o %"% '(

G"r $ "K1or', T(" (o)" ,:,'" of o,'

vo)= $o=, $% $'r # '" #o "r# ) 'r" ' ",

9"' ""$ G"r $: $% ("r $" 0(9o=r, ,

D 9 ,"% o$ $='" ,'=%: of #o "r# ) ro='",

^ $% of '(" ) " of 1ro%=#' v" r" ,! T("

^ G"r $ off # ) , '( $; $0 $ '(" #o$#r"'"

%"' ) of D ) v $02D ( )" ( , Br ' ,( #o=$'"r-

1 r' , 9,or9"% $ '(" $"0 ' v" 1r $# 1)"

! of * )"'' $0 ) v"!D

* * * 8 *



6 ,"r ? )(") 'o)% =, '( ' '( , ? r ,

,'r=00)" 9"' ""$ ' o v " , of '(" or)%!

* V " D , #( r #'"r ,' # of '(" or0 $ ,"r @ ("

,"", '( $0, fro 9ov"! 6 1) $0 0r""% '(

'(" 6 ,"r2 9=' $ '(" ) $0= 0" of , 1)"

"$ 9")o 2 ("$ (" %"#) r"% '( ' '("r" ,

V

(= $ f"") $0 $% G"r $ f"") $0! T("

or0 $ ,"r2 , or0 $ ,"r2 , $"v ' 9): $(= $2

- or r '("r =$(= $! No %o=9' 9o'( 6 ,"r

SOCIAL MOMENTUM 47

$% 1o"' "K 00"r '"% $ or%"r 'o " 1( , ,"

o11o, $0 '"$%"$# ", @ "v"$ %" o#r #: =,'

( v" or0 $ ,"r,2 =,' , '("r" =,' 9" ,o "



r" $ $' of ; $%) $",, "v"$ o$0 '(" ,'=%"$',

of 6=)'=r! T(" r" ) =",' o$ , , 'o ( #(

,( )) ( v" '(" ) ,' or% $ '(" S' '" '("

%" ) ,', or '(" or0 $ ,"r,! I$'"r$ ' o$ ) ,',

r" $ f=' )" r"vo)' 0 $,' )) or0 $ , ' o$

("$ '(": o=)% ( v" r of '(" 1ro)"' r '

o$ '(" 9o=r0"o , "!

^ " o#r #: r"f=,", 'o '( $; ,'r '"0 # )):

* !=$)",, $% =$' ) #o 1"))"% 'o %o ,o for 1=r-

A 1o,", of %"f"$#"! T( '2 of #o=r,"2 %o", $o'

1r"v"$' %" o#r #: fro %"#) r $0 r for $!

%" )2 , , ,""$ %=r $0 '(" Fr"$#( R"vo)=- D

' o$! O$" of '(" $#o$, ,'"$# ", of o=r

1 # f ,', 'o-% : , '( ' '(": ,o of'"$ =r0"



$'"rv"$' o$ $ '(" ff r, of o'("r $ ' o$,!

^^

I$ '(" M %%)" A0", v ,' =$or0 $ ,"% #ro %,

,"' o=' 'o r#( 0 $,D' '(" $f %") $%

1"r ,("% f"#;)",,): 9: '(" :! I' , $o'

fro ) #; of r$ $0 '( ' '(" ?",'"r$ %"-

o#r # ", "r" =$1r"1 r"% for '(" 1r","$'

? r! A' '(" , " o "$'2 " r): $ '( ,

#"$'=r:2 'o # '" o$): '(" # ," of Gr" ' Br ' $2

'(r"" (o$o=r"% vo #", "r" 11" ) $0 'o o=r

,ov"r" 0$ 1"o1)" $% "r" $o' (" r% @ Lor%

Ro,"9"r: # ))"% for "ff # "$#:2 Mr! C( 9"r-

) $ for "#o$o # %"f"$#"2 $% Lor% Ro9"r',




for ) ' r: 'r $ $0! " o#r #: 1) ",

r=)" 9: #o$,"$' of '(" v"r 0" # ' "$2 (o

%o", $o' v " '( $0, fro '(" ( ))-'o1,2 for

(" =,' 9" ' ( , or; $ '(" f"r' )" 1) $,!

T("r" , $o 0oo% $ r ) $0 ' '(" #( r #'"r-

,' #, of 1o1=) r 0ov"r$ "$'2 for '(": r" ',

= ) ' ", $% $o "r" %"f"#',! +r", %"$'

? ),o$ % ', '(" ("$ (" , :, " =,'

;" '(" or)% , f" 1) #" ("$#"for'( for

%" o#r # ",! T(": "r" $o )",, % ''"% $

'(" Br ' ,( Ho=," of Co o$, ("$ r"-

,1o$, 9)" M $ ,'"r, 'oo; 1r %" $ '(" f #'

'( '2 , v" $ r",1"#' of '(" %"f"$, v" for#" of

'(" N v:2 " "r" $o' 1r"1 r"% for '(" ? r!

T(" %" o#r ' '( $;, $ 1r $# 1)",2 9" '(":

##or% $0 'o ( , % o,:$#r ,: %" ),2 1r"-

=% #",2 or "#o$o # ) ,! T(" or0 $ ,"r2 o$

'(" o'("r ( $%2 1) $, #o$,'r=#' o$2 $%2 ) ;"

$ r#( '"#'2 =,' #o$, %"r '(" 0ro=$% for

( , fo=$% ' o$, $% '(" '"r ), '( ( #(



(" )) 9= )%! I' =,' 9" #o$#r"'" $%

%"' )"% #o$, %"r ' o$2 for 9r #;, : 9" o,'

,= ' 9)" for ( , )),2 9=' ,'o$" for ( , ) $'"),2

$% ' 9"r $% ,) '" for ( , roof! If ' 9"

S' '" ( #( (" , "r"#' $0 o'2 9" ' $o'"%2

$ ' o$ ( #( , 0ro $0-v " =,' # r"f=)):

#o$, %"r '(" '"rr 'or: ( #$ ' , %", r 9)"

'o o##=1: $% '(" ,o# ) ,'r=#'=r", $o'

"#o$o # ) , ( #( r" 'o ( , ( $% , '("

SOCIAL JMOMENTUM 44

r",=)' of ( ,'or:! I So (" o11o,", ( , ,'r '"0:

'o '(" "'( #, of 'r " %" o#r '!

F "r#" or ) ,', ))o $o "K'"$= ' o$ for

, $ (o "v"r 1"r, ,'"$' '(" '" 1' ' o$2 $%



0r" ' =$%o=9'"%): =,' 9" '(" r" r% $

(" v"$ for '(" ,)= -% "))"r (o D ;""1,

,'r 0('!D B=' 1r #' # ) r"for "r, 0 v" =#(

of '(" r '(o=0(' 'o '(" Ho=, $0 1ro9)"

Of ) '" o=r 1o) ' # ) or ) ,', ( v" 9""$ v"r:

f "r#"! T(": 1r" #("% '(" $ rro : of

D $o $$"K ' o$,2 $o $%" $ ' ",!D I$ o'("r

or%,2 '(": r"f=,"% 'o r"#;o$ '( '("

r" ) ' ", of 0"o0r 1(: $% "#o$o #,! H %

" 9=' f '( , 0r $ of =,' r# ,""% $

v"r 0" (= $ $ '=r"2 #o=)% " $o' r" ov"

'(" o=$' $,

+r #' # ) ,"$,"2 (o "v"r2 r$, =, '( ' '

o=)% 9" ," 'o ," " '(" 1r","$' o11or-

'=$ ':2 ("$ for o$#" '(" %" o#r ' # $ ' o$,

r" "ff # "$'): r "%2 'o ;" '(" or)%

, f" 1) #" for %" o#r # ", ("$ 0o $0 9o='

'(" r or% $ r: 9=, $",,! I$ o'("r or%,2 "

=,' ,"" 'o '(" (o=, $0 1ro9)" of o=r

#o $ $0 L" 0=" of N ' o$,! ?" =,' r"#;o$



1r",# "$'): '( '(" r" ) ' ", of ,1 #" $%

' "2 $% $o' 9" #o$'"$' "r"): 'o ) : %o $

o$ 1 1"r 0oo% 1r $# 1)", of #o$%=#'! T("

0oo% : $o' ) :, 11" r '(" , " "v"$

'o '(o," (o r" $o A)) ",2 $% )) 1r"'':

#


,=r"): 11" r $o' 0oo%2 for ' " ' )" ,'2 'o

o=r 1r","$' "$" ",!

* No $$"K ' o$,2 $o $%" $ ' ", D , $o

%o=9' r )): $0 #r: $o' " $' 9: ', ='(or,

'o ,=11or' "K ,' $0 ':r $$ ",! B=' ' ,

,=r"): )"0 ' '" 'o r" r; '( ' '("r" ,

%" % ff"r"$#" 9"' ""$ '(" '' '=%" of '("

) :"r '( ( , 1r",= 1' o$, =$)",, '("r"



9" 1roof 'o '(" #o$'r r:2 $% '( ' of '("

9=, $",, $ =$' "% 9: for =) "! T(" o$"

%o", '( $0,2 $% '(" o'("r2 ' 9",'2 ))o ,

'(" 'o 9" %o$"!

I$ '(" 1 ,'2 %" o#r #: ( , )oo;"% '(

,=,1 # o$ o$ '(" #' v ' ", "v"$ of 1o1=) r

0ov"r$ "$',2 $% '("r" $ ( , ,(o $ ,"

,")f-;$o )"%0"! I' =,"% 'o 9" '(o=0('2 $%

,oo$"r or ) '"r )) 9" '(o=0(' 0 $2 '( ' '("

$ f=$#' o$ of '(" S' '" $ fr"" #o=$'r ",

, 'o 1r"v"$' ':r $$o=, '( $0, fro 9" $0

%o$" ("'("r 9: off"$%"r, ' (o " or $v %"r,

fro 9ro %! Av"r 0" # ' "$,( 1 , $o'

) ;"): 9 ," for % r $0 $$ov ' o$,! A%v"$-

'=r"r,2 ,o)" or #or1or '"2 =,' '("r"for" 9"

)"f' 'o 9) " '(" : 'o 1ro0r",,! I$ ) -

' r: $% 9=r" =#r ' # S' '", ' , o'("r ," @

N 1o)"o$ #o=)% 9" 1 o$""r2 , 0(' ( v"

9""$ 5o,"1( $! f ( , #o$,"rv ' v" ,=9 "#',

( % $o' ,=##",,f=)): r"vo)'"% 0 $,' ( !



I$ +r=,, )) 1ro0r",, ( , 9""$ S' '"-

SOCIAL MOMENTUM 4.

"$0 $""r"%2 9=' '("$ 1ro0r",, '("r" ( , " $'

"r"): $#r" ," of "ff # "$#:! 7

^To , v" %" o#r #:2 (o "v"r2 $ ', r"#"$'

"o1 r%: " ,=,1"$%"% '(" v"r: , f"0= r%,

of %" o#r #:2 $% ))o "% o=r 0ov"r$-

"$', 'o or0 $ ," =, $o' "r"): for %"f"$#"

9=' for off"$#"! H % '(" ? r 9""$ ,(or'2

'( , o=)% ( v" 9""$ "r" 1 r"$'(", , $

( ,'or:! B=' ' ( , 9""$ )o$02 $% ,o# )

,'r=#'=r", ( v" ,'"% $ 1 r'2 $% $ 1 r'

( v" 9""$ % v"r'"% 'o $" =,",2 ,o '( ' ( 9 ',

$% v",'"% $'"r",', ( v" % ,,o)v"%2 $% ))

,o# "': , , #) : $ o=r ( $%,2 f o$): "

( v" '(" #=$$ $0 'o o=)% ' ( )" ' , ,' ))

: ")% $0! B=' '(" r' of '(" #) :- o=)%"r2



, of '(" or;"r $ (o' "' )2 ) ", $o' "r"):

( ;$o $0 ( ' (" o=)% ;"2 9=' ),o $

))o $0 for '(" 1ro1"r' ", of '(" '"r )

( ( #( (" , or; $0! H" =,' $o' o$):

( v" r' ,' # ,2 9=' ),o '"#($ # ) ;$o -

)"%0" @ ( , (= $ $ ' ' v" =,' r"#;o$

'( r" ) ': @ (" =,' #=)' v '" ( , D :, $%

" $, D $%2 ( )" (" 'r ", 'o r" ' r$ ( ,

%" ), of for 2

A, '(" r' ,' "$%" vo=r, 'o ( , %: $0 % :

'o )" r$ "v"r or" 9o=' '(" "% = $ ( #(

(" or;, $% $o' "r"): or" $ ,# "$' f #

7 T ")v" :" r, 0o I "' +r=,, $ S' ff Off #"r (o 'o)% "

'( ' (" ,1"$' ( , ) f" 'r: $0 'o , v" ( )f $ (o=r o$ o9 ) , ' o$!




#vH- U I r >' P * I6* @ r! - * ' =-

,"$,"2 9=' $ 1r #' # ) D ' #' )" D :2 0 $ $02

, " , :2 0r" '"r #o $% ov"r ( , '"r )

,o ( , ' 9""$ '( '(" ;$o )"%0" of

(= $ ': ' ) r0" $ r"0 r% 'o '(" R" ) ' ",

of '(" ro=$% or)% o$ ( #( " =,' 1r #' ,"

'(" $'r # '" r' of ) v $0 'o0"'("r! I' , $o'

"r"): '( ' " ( v" ,,"% v ,' "$#:#)o-

1 "% , of f #'2 9=' '( '2 , " ) v" '(ro=0(

" #( $" "1o#(2 " ,"" )) '(" 1 ,' $% ))

'(" 1r","$' '( $" ":", $% fro $"

,' $%1o $',! I' , o9v o=, '( ' '("," fo=r

:" r, of r ( v" ro=0(' #( $0" $ (= $

o=')oo; '(" ) ;" of ( #( , $o' "ff"#'"% $

)) '(" 1r"v o=, ) f" of '(o," of =, (o ( v"

0r": ( r,! Y"'2 ("$ " )oo; 9 #; '(

o=r 1r","$' ;$o )"%0"2 , ' $o' #)" r '( ' '("

#=rr"$', of '(o=0(' $o r=$$ $0 ,o '= =)'=-

o=,): "r" )r" %: ,"'' $0 $ 0"$'): ,o "

' "$': :" r, 0o I$ '(" ) ,' :" r, of ) ,'



#"$'=r: $% '(" f r,' of '( ,2 '(" or0 $ ,"r,

' B"r) $ $% '(" $or ' ", $ Lo$%o$ $%

+ r , ( % )r" %: % ,#"r$"% '(" $" %r f' of

'(" ,'r ,! 7

I 1ro1o," 'r: $0 'o %"1 #' ,o " of '("

R" ) ' ",2 0"o0r 1( # ) $% "#o$o #2 ( '(" r

7 Mr! C( 9"r) $ r", 0$"% fro '(" C 9 $"' $ or%"r 'o fr""

( ,")f , )" %"r $ S"1'" 9"r 78 42 $% Lor% Ro9"r', r"-

, 0$"% fro Co$ $ $%"r- $-C( "f '( , ) r %" $ 5 $= r:

78 !

SOCIAL MOMENTUM 4

' "$' "'(-#"$'=r: 1"r,1"#' v"! T(" f #', ))

o,' of '(" 9" o)% $% f ) r! B='2 $ '("

) $0= 0" of '(" M"% "v ) ,#(oo) "$2 '("r" ,

0r" ' % ff"r"$#" 9"' ""$ V"r # =, $%



C =, # =, $, "r" # %" # )" r$ $0 $%

'(" r" ) , ' o$ ( #( 1"), 'o #' o$!

I))

THE SEAMANDS +OINT OF VIE?

D A$% Go% , %2 L"' '(" '"r, 9" 0 '("r"% 'o0"'("r

$ o$" 1) #"!D

THE 1(:, # ) f #', of 0"o0r 1(: ( v" r" $"%

,=9,' $' )): '(" , " %=r $0 '(" f f': or , K':

#"$'=r ", of r"#or%"% (= $ ( ,'or:! For",',

( v" 9""$ #=' %o $2 r,(", ( v" 9""$

%r $"%2 $% %","r', : ( v" 9ro %"$"%2

9=' '(" o=') $", of ) $% $% '"r2 $% '(" ) "

of o=$' $, $% r v"r, ( v" $o' )'"r"%

"K#"1' $ %"' )! T(" $f)="$#" of 0"o-

0r 1( # ) #o$% ' o$, =1o$ (= $ #' v ' ",



( , %"1"$%"%2 (o "v"r2 $o' "r"): o$ '("

r" ) ' ", , " $o ;$o '(" 'o 9" $% 'o

( v" 9""$2 9=' $ "v"$ 0r" '"r %"0r"" o$ ( '

"$ 0 $"% $ r"0 r% 'o '(" ! T(" o#" $

( , 9""$ o$" '(ro=0(o=' ( ,'or:2 9=' for

"ff"#' v" (= $ 1=r1o,", '("r" "r" ' o

o#" $,2 ?",'"r$ $% E ,'"r$2 =$' ) '(" C 1"

of Goo% Ho1" , ro=$%"% o$): fo=r (=$%r"%

:" r, 0o! So % % ' ( 11"$ '( ' A% r )

M ( $ $ '(" #)o, $0 :" r, of ) ,' #"$'=r:

THE SEAMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 48

#o=)% ,' )) 9 ," $" ",, 0" $ r"0 r% 'o

," -1o "r o$ '"K' fro '(" f r,' #( 1'"r of

G"$", ,! T(" o#" $ , o$" o#" $ )) '("

' "2 9=' '(" 1r #' # ) " $ $0 of '( ' 0r" '



r" ) ': , $o' (o)): =$%"r,'oo% =$' )

f" :" r, 0o 1"r( 1, ' , o$): $o 9" $0

0r ,1"% $ ', "$' r"':!

E #( #"$'=r: ( , ( % ', o $ 0"o0r 1( # )

1"r,1"#' v"! M"$ ,' )) ) v $02 '(o=0( 1 ,'

'(" 0" of ) ' r: ,"rv #"2 "r" ' =0(' fro

1 of '(" or)% o$ ( #( $" r): )) '("

$'"r or of Afr # , 9) $; @ :"' ) ,' :" r

G"$"r ) S =', #o=)% %%r",, '(" Ro: )

G"o0r 1( # ) So# "': o$ '(" G"r $ 9 ' o$

'o #o$'ro) '(" or)% fro '(" $o "K1)or"%

v $' 0"-0ro=$% of C"$'r ) Afr # ! T(" 0"o-

0r 1( # ) 1"r,1"#' v" of '(" ' "$' "'( #"$'=r:

% ff"r,2 (o "v"r2 fro '( ' of )) '(" 1r"v o=,

#"$'=r ", $ or" '( $ "r" "K'"$, o$! I$

o=') $" o=r 0"o0r 1( # ) ;$o )"%0" , $o

#o 1)"'"! ?" ( v" ) '"): '' $"% 'o '("

Nor'( +o)"2 $% ( v" fo=$% '( ' ' , $ '("

%,' of %""1 ," 2 $% 'o '(" So='( +o)"2

$% ( v" fo=$% ' =1o$ ( 0( 1) '" =!



? '( '(o," f $ ) % ,#ov"r ", '(" 9oo; of '("

1 o$""r, ( , 9""$ #)o,"%! No #o$, %"r 9)"

f"r' )" $" ) $%2 $o 1or' $' o=$' $-

r $0"2 $% $o f r,'-#) ,, r v"r # $ $: or"

9" '(" r" r% of %v"$'=r"! Mor"ov"r2 '("


1 of '(" or)% ( % ( r%): 9""$ ,;"'#("%

9"for" #) , 'o '(" 1o) ' # ) o $"r,( 1 of

)) '(" %r: ) $% ( % 9""$ 1"00"% o='!

?("'("r " '( $; of '(" 1(:, # )2 "#o$o #2

) ' r:2 or 1o) ' # ) $'"r#o$$"#' o$ of '( $0,

o$ '(" ,=rf #" of '(" G)o9"2 " r" $o for

'(" f r,' ' " 1r","$'"% '( #)o,"% ,:,'" !

T(" ;$o $ %o", $o' f %" $: )o$0"r '(ro=0(

'(" ( )f -;$o $ $'o '(" =$;$o $ @ '("r" ,

$o )o$0"r ") ,' # ': of 1o) ' # ) "K1 $, o$ $

) $%, 9":o$% '(" + )"! Ev"r: ,(o#;2 "v"r:



% , ,'"r or ,=1"rf)= ':2 , $o f")' "v"$ 'o '("

$' 1o%",2 $% : $%""% r"'=r$ fro '("

$' 1o%",2 , '(" r v", fro '(" "r=1' o$

of '(" vo)# $o 6r ; 'o $ '(" :" r 7 4 "r"

1ro1"))"% ( r $0, ov"r '(" G)o9" =$' ) '(":

#o$v"r0"% 'o 1o $' $ '(" o11o, '" (" -

,1("r"2 $% '("$#" % v"r0"% 0 $ 'o ""' o$#"

or" ov"r 6r ; 'o 2 '(" ," ' of '(" r or 0 $!

Ev"r: %""% of (= $ ': )) ("$#"for'( 9"

"#(o"% $% r"-"#(o"% $ ) ;" $$"r ro=$%

'(" or)%! T( '2 $ '(" =)' '" $ ):, ,2 ,

(: "v"r: #o$, %"r 9)" S' '" , 9o=$% 'o 9"

%r $ $'o '(" r"#"$' ? r2 f ' ) ,'"%2 , '

% % ) ,'2 )o$0 "$o=0(!

To '( , % :2 (o "v"r2 o=r v " of '("

0"o0r 1( # ) r" ) ' ", , #o)o=r"% for 1r #' # )

1=r1o,", 9: o=r 1r"#o$#"1' o$, fro '("

1 ,'! I$ o'("r or%,2 (= $ ,o# "': ,




,' )) r") '"% 'o '(" f #', of 0"o0r 1(: $o' ,

'(": r"2 9=' $ $o , )) " ,=r" , '(":

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I' , o$): '( $ "ffor' '( ' " # $ :"'

r" ) ," '(" $ '(" 'r="2 '(" #o 1)"'"2

$% '("r"for" %"' #("%2 1"r,1"#' v" of '("

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r 1 %):2 9=' '("r" r" ,' )) v ,' $= 9"r, of o=r

# ' "$, (o )oo; o=' o$ 'o v v % ?",'"r$

for"0ro=$%2 9=' o$): 'o v"r: % E ,'"r$

9 #;0ro=$%! I$ or%"r '("r"for" 'o 11r"-

# '" ("r" " $o ,' $%2 ' )) 9" or'( ( )"

'o #o$, %"r ,(or'): '(" ,' 0", 9: ( #( "

( v" rr v"%! L"' =, 9"0 $ '( '(" ,=##""%-

$0 1( ,", of '(" ," $D, o=')oo;!



I 0 $" v ,' ' $: %","r'2 r ,"% f"

(=$%r"% f""' 9ov" '(" ," )"v")! I 0 $"

v ))": '( 1r"# 1 'o=, ro#;: ,)o1", 'r"$#("%

$'o '( , %","r' 1) '" =2 $% '(" f)oor of '("

v ))": # r1"'"% '( ,'r 1 of 9) #; ,o )2

'(ro=0( '(" %,' of ( #( $%, $or'( r%

for f v" (=$%r"% )", , )v"r: $ v 0 9)"

r v"r! T( ' r v"r , '(" N )" f)o $0 fro

("r" '(" 0r $ '" ro#;, of A,,o= $ 9r" ;

', $ v 0 9 ) ': ' '(" f r,' # ' r #' 'o ("r"

', '"r, % v %" ' '(" (" % of '(" ")' !

Fro %","r' "%0" 'o %","r' "%0" #ro,, '("


v ))": , #ro -f): % ,' $#" of ,o " '"$ or

' "$': )",! S' $% o$ o$" of '(" 9r $;, '(

'(" %","r' 9"( $% :o= @ '(" ro#;: %",#"$' f )),

fro :o=r f""' 'o '(" ,'r 1 of 1) $ 9")o 2



$% : ov"r '(" f)oo%, of '(" ,= "r-

' "2 or '(" 0r""$

of '(" 0ro $0

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0o)%"$ ( rv",', of

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r" f #"% 9: '("

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r"#",,", $ '(o,"

ro#; fro$', "r"

# rv"% )o$0 0o $-

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) : CATARA#-r * ^ 1 ", $% 'o 9,2

V,>P ^ $% '(" , ) "$',

*: ^ ( 'o 0(': "ff -

*^ VH



0 ", of ; $0, $%

F ! 7! A r v"r- or)% 1 r'! 0O } , ! E0:1'2 $

'( , )o$0 ,=$;"$ 9")'2 , $# "$'): # v ) ,"%

9"# =," )) '(" ",,"$' ) 1(:, # ) %v $' 0",

"r" ("r" #o 9 $"% for "$ 'o or; =1o$!

O$ '(" o$" ( $% "r" r #( ,o )2 9=$% $'

'"r2 $% 1o "rf=) ,=$,( $" @ ("$#"

f"r' ) ': for '(" ,=11or' of 1o1=) ' o$

/>




$ ff)="$#"! O$ '(" o'("r ( $% ,

, oo'( '"r- : '( $ ( )f %o "$ )",

or )",, of "v"r: f ")% $ '(" #o=$'r:! T("r"

, ),o o' v" 1o "r for ,( 11 $02 , $#" '("

r v"r-#=rr"$' # rr "% v",,"), $or'( r%2 $%

'(" E'", $ $%, ;$o $

o$ '(" o#" $ , '(" 'r %"

$%, 9ro=0(' '("

,o='( r% 0 $! F"r' ) ':

$% ) $" of #o =$ # -

' o$, $-1o "r $%

f # ) ' ", for ', or0 $ , -

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' ) $0r"% "$', for ; $0-

%o !

?" r" ,;"% 'o 1 #'=r"

'(" " r): #o$% ' o$ of



E0:1' , '( ' of v ))":

(")% 9: #( $ of 'r 9",2

(o fo=0(' '( o$" $-

o'("r $ f)""', of 0r" ' r-

# $o",2 =,' , ) '"r 'r 9",

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7 ' o$ o11o, '"!

Co$0o $ o=r o $ ' "!

So " o$" of '("," 'r 9",2 ( v $0 %"f" '"%

', $" 0(9o=r,2 0 $"% 1o,,",, o$ of )o$0"r

,"#' o$ of '(" v ))":2 or" "K'"$, v"

'"r ) 9 , , for ', $-1o "r2 $% o$ '( '

9 , , or0 $ ,"% f=r'("r #o$ =",',! A' ) ,'




'(" (o)" )"$0'( of '(" v ))": , 9ro=0('

=$%"r , $0)" r=)"2 $% '(" ; $0, of ))

E0:1' ",' 9) ,("% '(" r 1 ) #" ' T("9",!

Nor'( r% $% ,o='( r%2 9: 9o ' o$ '("

N )"2 'r v"))"% '(" r % $ ,'r 'or, '(" r

",,"$0"r, $% '(" r 0 ,'r '",! E ,' r%

$% ",' r% ) : '(" ,'ro$0 %"f"$#" of '("

%","r',2 $% ' '(" $or'("r$ ) '2 0 $,' '("

," 1 r '",2 9")' of r,( ro=$% '(" ,(or"

of '(" ")' ! 7

No # rr: :o=r $% 'o '(" D Gr" ' S" 2D

'("^M"% '"rr $" $! Yo= ( v" '("r" ",,"$' -

)): '(" , " 1(:, # ) $0r"% "$', , $ E0:1'

9=' o$ ) r0"r ,# )"2 $% :o= ( v" 9 ,"%

=1o$ '(" $o' "r" ; $0%o 9=' '("

Ro $ E 1 r"! Fro '(" +(o"$ # $ #o ,'

for ' o '(o=, $% )", ",' r% ) ", '("

9ro % '"r- : 'o ', o='( ' G 9r )' r2

$% o$ " '("r ( $% r" f"r' )" ,(or") $%, '(

$'"r r $, $% ( rv",' ,=$,( $"! B=' '("r"



, % ,' $#' o$ 'o 9" %" 9"' ""$ '("

% "))"r, )o$0 '(" N )" 9 $;, $% '(o," )o$0

'(" M"% '"rr $" $ ,(or",! T(" #o$% ' o$, of

(= $ #' v ': r" r") ' v"): =$ for $ ))

1 r', of E0:1' @ " #( of '(" #o$,' '="$' 'r 9",

o=)% K- ( v" ', f r "r, $% ', 9o ' "$!

B=' '(" r #", ro=$% '(" M"% '"rr $" $

9"# " ,1"# ) ,"% @ ,o " "r" #o$'"$' 'o

7 S"" T(" $ of H ,'or:2 9: +rof",,or 5! L! M:r",!

THE SEAMANDS +OINT OF VIE? .

' )) '(" r f ")%, $% $ v 0 '" '(" r r v"r, '

(o "2 9=' o'("r, 0 v" o,' of '(" r "$"r0:

'o ," $,( 1 $% for" 0$ #o "r#"! S %"

9: , %"2 for $,' $#"2 % ")' '(" (o "-,' : $02

#or$-0ro $0 E0:1' $, $% '(" %v"$'=ro=,

+(o"$ # $,! A )o$0"r $% or" ,=,' $"%



"ffor' of or0 $ , ' o$ , '("r"for" $""%"%

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$'o , $0)" 1o) ' # ) =$ '!J

Mo%"r$ r"," r#( ( , %" ' 1) $ '( ' '("

)" % $0 ," f r $0 r #" of $' = ': # " '

)) ' ", fro '( ' , = r" of '"r 9"' ""$

E=ro1" $% A, ( #( , ;$o $ )'"r$ ' v"):

, '(" Ê0" $ S" $% '(" Ar#( 1") 0o2 '("

D C( "f S" D of '(" Gr"";,! S )or, fro '( ,

," o=)% 11" r 'o ( v" ' =0(' '(" +(o"$ -

# $, '(" r 'r %" $ % :, ("$ , :"' Gr"";

, $o' ,1o;"$ $ '(" DI,)", of '(" G"$ ' )",!D

I' , of %""1",' $'"r",' for o=r 1r","$' 1=r1o,"

'o $o'" '( ' '(" #"$'r" of # v ) , ' o$ $ '("

1r"-Gr""; or)% of '(" 5S0" $2 ##or% $0

9o'( 'o '(" $% # ' o$, of :'(o)o0: $% '("

r"#"$' "K# v ' o$,2 , $ '(" I,) $% of Cr"'"!

? , '( ' '(" f r,' 9 ," of ," -1o "r Fro

'( ' (o " % % '(" ," "$ f r" (o2 , ) $0

$or'( r%2 , '(" #o ,' of '(" r , $0 ,=$ 'o



'(" r r 0(' ( $%2 $% of '(" ,"'' $0 ,=$ 'o

'(" r )"f' ( $%2 $% $ "% '(" o$" A, $%

'(" o'("r E=ro1" ? , ' fro Cr"'" '( '


'(" ," -fo); ,"'')"% ro=$% '(" o'("r ,(or", of

'(" Ê0" $ D ," -#( 9"r2D for $0 'o '( ,

% : #o ,' ) v"$""r of Gr""; 1o1=) ' o$ $

fro$' of 1"o1)", of o'("r r #" f" )",

$) $% T("r" r" ,o $: ,) $%, $ '("

Ar#( 1") 0o '( ' '(" $ " ( , 9"#o "2 ) ;"

'(" ")' of E0:1'2 o$" of '(" #o o$

%",#r 1' v" '"r , of 0"o0r 1(:! B=' Cr"'"

, '(" ) r0",' $% o,' fr= 'f=) of '(" !

H v" " ("r" f r,' $,' $#" of '(" 1or' $#"

of '(" ) r0"r 9 ," for ," -1o "r T(" $-

1o "r of '(" ," =,' 9" $o=r ,("% 9: ) $%-

f"r' ) ': ,o " ("r"2 $% o'("r '( $0, 9" $0



" = ) ,=#( , ,"#=r ': of '(" (o " $%

"$"r0: of '(" 1"o1)" '( ' 1o "r )) #o$'ro)

'(" ," ( #( , 9 ,"% o$ '(" 0r" '"r r",o=r#",!

T(" $"K' 1( ," of ^0" $ %"v")o1 "$'

'" #(", 11 r"$'): '(" , " )",,o$! Hor,"-

r % $0 'r 9", of H"))"$ # ,1""#( # " %o $

fro '(" $or'( $'o '(" 1"$ $,=) ( #( $o

for ,2 '(" $) $% of Gr""#"2 $% ,"'')"%2

H"))"$ , $0 '(" " r) "r $( 9 ' $',! T(","

H"))"$", %v $#"% $'o '(" '"r $ ) ) 9 of '("

1"$ $,=) 2 '(" +")o1o$$","2 ,)"$%"r): '' #("%

'o '(" #o$' $"$' 9: '(" ,'( =, of Cor $'(!

T("$#"2 or0 $ , $0 ," -1o "r o$ '(" r r"-

) ' v"): #o$, %"r 9)" 1"$ $,=) r 9 ,"2 o$" of

'(" H"))"$ # 'r 9",2 '(" or $,2 #o$ ="r"%

Cr"'"2 , ))"r '(o=0( #o 1)"'"): $,=) r 9 ,"!




So " #"$'=r ", 1 ,,"%2 %=r $0 ( #( '("

Gr"";, , )"% ro=$% '(" ,o='("r$ (" %) $%,

of '(" +")o1o$$"," $'o '(" Io$ $ S" 2 $%

#o)o$ ,"% )o$0 '(" ,(or", of '( ' ," ),o!

So '(" 1"$ $,=) # " 'o 9" # ' %") $ '("

%,' of '(" Gr""; ," - or)%! A)o$0 '("

o='"r ,(or", of '(" ' $ '"r,2 Ê0" $ $%

Io$ $2 '(" Gr""; #o)o$ ,', "r" 9=' fr $0"

"K1o,"% 'o '' #; fro 9"( $%! O$): $ '("

#"$'r ) 1"$ $,=) "r" '(": r") ' v"): 2 )'(o=0(

, '(" ," =") ,(o , $o' 9,o)='"):2 , f"!

To '(" " ,'"r$2 o='"r ,(or" of '(" Ê0" $

'(" +"r, $, # " %o $ fro '(" $'"r or

0 $,' '(" Gr""; # ' ", 9: '(" ," 2 $% '("

A'("$ $ f)""' # rr "% % fro '(" 1"$ $,=) r

# ' %") 'o '(" '(r" '"$"% ; $,fo); ov"r '("

'"r2 $% ,,=" , o $"% 9"' ""$ ," -

1o "r $% ) $%-1o "r! A +"r, $ ," -r %

, %"f" '"% ' M r '(o$2 $% '(" +"r, $,

'("$ r",or'"% 'o '(" o9v o=, ,'r '"0: of 9 ff)"%



) $%-1o "r @ =$%"r 6 $0 "rK", '(": r#("%

ro=$%2 '(ro $0 9r %0" of 9o ', ov"r '("

r% $"))",2 $% "$'"r"% '(" 1"$ $,=) fro

'(" $or'(2 '( '(" %" of %",'ro: $0 '("

$",' ("$#" '(" ,1, " "r0"% ( #( ,'=$0

'(" $% f)" ")=, v"): :! T(" +"r, $

"ffor' f )"%2 $% ' , r","rv"% for '(" ( )f-

Gr"";2 ( )f-9 r9 r # M #"%o$ $,2 ",' 9) ,("%

$ '(" roo' of '(" Gr""; +"$ $,=) ',")f2 'o

THE SEAMANDS +OINT OF VIE?@ 8

"$% '(" f r,' #:#)" of ," -1o "r 9: #o$ ="r $0

'o ,o='( of '(" '(" Gr""; ," -9 ,"2 $% '("$

r#( $0 $'o A, 2 $% '(ro=0( S:r $'o

E0:1'2 $% o$ '(" : %",'ro: $0 T:r" of

'(" +(o"$ # $,! T(=, '(": %" * #)o,"%

," D of '(" E ,'"r$ M"% '"rr $" $ 9:

%"1r v $0 9o'( '(" Gr"";, $% '(" +(o"-



$ # $, of '(" r 9 ,",! T( ' %o$"2 '("

M #"%o$ $ 6 $0 A)"K $%"r #o=)% %v $#"

) 0('-(" r'"%): $'o U11"r A, ! ?" :

' ); of '(" o9 ) ': of ,( 1, $% of '(" )o$0

r of '(" f)""'2 9='2 f'"r ))2 ," -1o "r ,

f=$% "$' )): ''"r of 11ro1r '" 9 ,",2

1ro%=#' v" $% ,"#=r"! Gr""; ," -1o "r

1 ,,"% '(ro=0( '(" , " 1( ,", , E0:1' $

r v"r-1o "r! T(" "$% of 9o'( , '(" , "*@

'(o=' '(" 1ro'"#' o$ of $ v: #o "r#"

ov"% ,"#=r"): ov"r '"r- : 9"# =,"

)) '(" ,(or", "r" (")% 9: o$" $% '(" , "

) $%-1o "r!

* * * *

No " 0o 'o '(" ?",'"r$ M"% '"rr $" $!

Ro " '("r" 9"0 $ , for' f "% 'o $ o$ ( ))2

' '(" foo' of ( #( , 9r %0" $% r v"r-

( rf! T( , ( ))-9r %0"-1or'-'o $ , '("

# ' %") $% r;"' of , )) $ ' o$ of



f r "r,2 (o ' ))"% L ' = 2 '(" D 9ro % ) $% D

or 1) $2 9"' ""$ '(" A1"$$ $", $% '(" ," !

. EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY

* F '("r D T 9"r , for ,( 11 $0 1=r1o,",

"r"): #r"";2 $ v 0 9)" for '(" , )) ," -

#r f' of '(o," % :,2 ( #( "$'"r"% '(=, fro

'(" #o ,' f" )", $'o '(" %,' of '("

1) $2 9=' '( ' , "$o=0( 'o 0 v" Ro " '("

F ! ! L ' = 2 f"r' )" ," -9 ,"!



%v $' 0" ov"r ("r r v ),2 '(" 'o $, #ro $ $0

'(" A)9 $ $% E'r=,# $ ( )), of '(" $" 0(-

9o=r(oo%! Ro " ( % '(" 9r %0" $% '("

$ o,' 1or' =,' , ( % Lo$%o$!

B ,"% o$ '(" 1ro%=#' v ': of L ' = 2 '("

Ro $, ,,="% fro '(" T 9"r 'o 'r ff # ro=$%

THE SEAMANDS +OINT OF VIE? .7

'(" ,(or", of '(" ?",'"r$ M"% '"rr $" $!

Soo$ '(": # " $'o #o 1"' ' o$ '( '("

C r'( 0 $ $,2 (o "r" 9 ,"% o$ '(" f"r' ) ':

of '(" M" "r%"( v ))": $ '(" o11o, '" 1ro-

o$'or: of Afr # ! T(" F r,' +=$ # or

+(o"$ # $ ? r "$,="%2 $% '^" Ro $, =^^

v #'or o=,): (")% '(" ," ! T(": '("$ 1ro- *v*

#""#)"% 'o %"$ '(" r 9 ," 9: $$"K $0 ))



'(" 1"$ $,=) r 1 r' of I' ): , f r , '("

R=9 #o$ R v"r!

I$ '(" S"#o$% +=$ # ? r2 '(" C r'( 0 $ $ &A*

Q J D O 2 !! A^***

0"$"r )2 H $$ 9 )2 "$%" vo=r"% 'o o='f) $; -

'(" Ro $ ," -1o "r 9: r#( $0 ro=$% '2

, "rK", $% A)"K $%"r ( % %o$" ( r"0 r%

'o '(" ," -1o "r, o11o,"% 'o '(" ! H"

# rr "% ( , r : ov"r '(" ",'"r$ $ rro ,

fro Afr # $'o S1 $2 $% '("$ %v $#"%

'(ro=0( So='("r$ G =) $'o I' ):! H" ,

%"f" '"%2 $% Ro " $$"K"% '(" M"% '"r-

r $" $ #o ,', of G =) $% S1 $! B: ' ; $0 ^

C r'( 0" ',")f $ '(" T( r% +=$ # ? r2 ,("

%" D #)o,"% ," D of '(" ?",'"r$ M"% '"r-

r $" $2 for )) '(" ,(or", "r" (")% 9: o$"

$% '(" , " ) $%-1o "r!



T("r" r" $"% '(" ' ,; of =$ ' $0 '("

#o$'ro), of '(" ?",'"r$ $% E ,'"r$ 9 , $, of

'(" M"% '"rr $" $2 #o$$"#'"% 9: '(" S # ) $

S'r ' $% '(" S'r ' of M",, $ ! T(" Ro $

)"0 o$, 1 ,,"% ov"r $'o M #"%o$ $% '("$#"

-^ !

-J<

FIG! .! ^T o f o=, r#(", for '(" 1=r1o," of o='f) $; $0



M #"%o$ ^ --> r !

J

," -1o "r @ ),o v #'or: ( #( #)o$"% D '(" M"% '"rr $" $!

. EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY

$'o A, 2 9=' '(" % ,' $#' o$ 9"' ""$ L ' $

?",' $% Gr""; E ,' r" $"%2 , ,

"v %"$' ("$ # v ) r # " 'o 9" 0"%

9"' ""$ '(" Ro $ Gov"r$or, of '(" ?",'

$% '(" E ,'2 C ", r $% A$'o$:! A' '("

," f 0(' of A#' = 2 o$" of '(" %"# , v" 9 '')",

of '(" or)%D, ( ,'or:2 '(" ?",'"r$ f)""' of

v C ", r %",'ro:"% '(" E ,'"r$ f)""' of A$'o$:!



T("$#"for'( for f v" #"$'=r ", '(" "$' r"

M"% '"rr $" $ , D #)o,"% ," D @ $% "

'( $; ( #o$," ="$#" of '(" Ro $ E 1 r" ,

#( "f): ) $%-1o "r! No f)""' , $""%"%2

, v" f" 1o) #" v",,"),2 'o $' $ ,

#o 1)"'" #o $% of '(" r'"r ) ," - :

of '(" M"% '"rr $" $ , "v"r '(" 6 $0, of

E0:1' "K"r# ,"% ov"r '(" r N )"- :! O$#"

or" ) $%-1o "r '"r $ '"% #:#)" of #o -

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1o "r of ', 9 ,",! Tr=" '( ' '("r" ( % 9""$

'(" #=) $ ' $0 ," 9 '')" of A#' = 2 $%

'( ' C ", rD, f)""' ( % o$ '(" r" r% of ))

f $ )): ,=##",,f=) f)""',2 '(" #o $% ov"r

)) '(" ," ! B=' '( ' #o $% , $o'

f'"r r%, $' $"% =1o$ '(" ," 2 9='

=1o$ '(" ) $% 9: (o)% $0 '(" #o ,',!

THE SEAMANDS +OINT OF VIE? ..



?("$ Ro " ( % #o 1)"'"% '(" or0 $ , ' o$

of ("r 1o "r ro=$% '(" M"% '"rr $" $2 '("r"

fo))o "% )o$0 'r $, ' o$ ) "1o#(2 %=r $0

( #( '(" o#" $ # %"v")o1 "$' of ?",'"r$

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#o$,'r=#'"% for '(" !0r" '"r o9 ) ': of '("

r#( $0 )"0 o$,! Af'"r '(" #)o," of '("

+=$ # ? r, fo=r L ' $-,1" ; $0 1rov $#",

"$# r#)"% '(" ?",'"r$ M"% '"rr $" $ I' ):2

So='("r$ G =)2 E ,'"r$ $% So='("r$ S1 2

$% C r'( 0 $ $ Afr # ! T(" o='"r 9o=$% r:

of '(" Afr # $ 1rov $#" , 1ro'"#'"% 9: '("

S ( r ","r'2 $% I' ): ( % $ r" r '("

A%r ' # o '2 9=' $ G =) $% S1 $ Ro "

fo=$% ("r,")f '(" =$#o for' 9)" $" 0(9o=r of

$%"1"$%"$' C")' # 'r 9",! T(=, '(" f ) r

% )" of E 1 r" 1r","$'"% ',")f@ 'o %-

v $#" $% "$% '(" "$ #"2 or 'o "$'r"$#(

$% ,(=' ' o='2 9=' )" v" ' $ 9" $0! A ,' ))



v r )" 1"o1)" #(o," '(" for "r #o=r,"2 $%

'(" fro$' "r $% '(" ro %, "r" # rr "% '(ro=0(

'o '(" o#" $ )o$0 '(o=, $% )", of

fro$' 0" 9"' ""$ C 1" S'! V $#"$' $% '("

o='(, of '(" R( $"! A, #o$," ="$#"f 9("

L ' $ 1or' o$ of '(" E 1 r" # " 'o 9" 9 ,"%

o$ ' o f" '=r", of +(:, # ) G"o0r 1(: P o$

'(" o$" ( $% , '(" L ' $ S" '(" ?",'"r$

M"% '"rr $" $ @ $% o$ '(" o'("r ( $% , '("


L ' $ +"$ $,=) 2 9"' ""$ '(" M"% '"rr $" $

$% '(" o#" $!^55

5=) =, C ", r 1"$"'r '"% 'o '(" B : of



FIG! ! T(" L ' $ S" 2 ,(o $0 '(" Ro $ '"rr 'or:

f'"r '(" +=$ # ? r,!

B ,# :2 $% 9= )' f)""' ("r" '( (" %"f" '"%

'(" f)""' of '(" V"$"' of Br '' $:! T("$2

7 I %o $o' ;$o ("'("r '("," $ ",2 L ' $ S" $% L ' $

+"$ $,=) 2 ( v" 9""$ =,"% 9"for"( $%! I' ,"" , 'o " '( '

'(": ,"rv" 'o #r:,' )) ," 1or' $' 0"$"r ) , ' o$,2 $% I 1ro1o,"

=, $0 '(" ("$#"for'(!


9"# =," '(" C")', of Br ' $ "r" 0 v $0 (")1

'o '(" r G )) # ; $, "$2 (" #ro,,"% '("

C( $$") $% , o'" '(" $ '(" r ,) $% 9 ,"!



H A

FIG! ! T(" L ' $ +"$ $,=) 2 o##=1 "% 9: '("

o%"r$ Ro $#" $ ' o$,!

A (=$%r"% :" r, ) '"r '(" Ro $, #o$ ="r"%

)) '(" )o "r $% or" fr= 'f=) 1or' o$ of

Br ' $2 $% ,o ") $ '"% '(" r ,; of '("

r ," of ," -1o "r off '(" G )) # #o ,'! I$

'( , : '(" C( $$") ),o 9"# " D #)o,"%

," 2D #o$'ro))"% 9: ) $%-1o "r!

Af'"r fo=r #"$'=r ", '(" ) $%-1o "r of Ro "

$"%2 $% '(" ," , o$ " '("r , %" of '(" L ' $

+"$ $,=) '("$ ,oo$ #" ,"% 'o 9" D #)o,"%!D



T(" Nor," "$ r %"% ov"r '(" Nor'( S" fro

'(" r f or%,2 $% '(ro=0( '(" C( $$")2 $%

'(ro=0( '(" S'r ', of G 9r )' r2 "v"$ $'o

'(" r"#",,", of '(" M"% '"rr $" $2 "$v")o1 $0

'( '(" r ," -1o "r '(" (o)" 0r" ' 1"$ $,=) !

T(": ," "% for r% 9 ,", $ '(" ,) $%, of

Br ' $ $% S # ):2 $% "v"$ $ 99)"% ' '("

$) $% "%0", $ Nor $%: $% So='("r$

I' ):!

A' '(" , " ' " '(" S r #"$ # ")- "$

# " %o $ fro Ar 9 $% 'oo; C r'( 0"2

E0:1'2 $% S:r fro '(" E 1 r" '("

1rov $#",2 '( ' , 'o , :2 ,o='( of '("

M"% '"rr $" $! T("$ '(": ) =$#("% '(" r

f)""', o$ '(" '"r2 $% ," "% 1 r' of S # ):

$% 1 r' of S1 $ for ov"r," , 9 ,",! T(=,

'(" M"% '"rr $" $ #" ,"% 'o 9" '(" r'"r )

: of $ E 1 r"2 $% 9"# " '(" fro$' "r

o ' % v % $0 C(r ,'"$%o fro I,) ! B='

'(" 0r" '"r ," -1o "r of '(" S r #"$, "$ 9)"%



'(" 'o (o)% S1 $2 '(o=0( $or'( of '(" '"r2

=,' , ' $ " r) "r ' " '(" 0r" '"r ," -

1o "r of Ro " ( % "$ 9)"% ("r 'o (o)%

C r'( 0"2 '(o=0( ,o='( of '(" '"r!

For '(o=, $% :" r, L ' $ C(r ,'"$%o

, '(=, 1r ,o$"% $ '(" L ' $ +"$ $,=)


$% ', 11"$% $' ,) $% of Br ' $! F f'""$

(=$%r"% )", $or'(-" ,' r%2 " ,=r"% $

,'r 0(' ) $"2 'r"$%, '(" o#" $ # #o ,' fro

'(" S #r"% +ro o$'or: of '(" $# "$', 'o '("

S'r ', ' Co1"$( 0"$2 $% f f'""$ (=$%r"%

)", " ,' r%2 " ,=r"% $ '(" , " :2

) ", '(" , $=o=, M"% '"rr $" $ #o ,' fro '("

S #r"% +ro o$'or: 'o '(" S'r ', ' Co$-

,' $' $o1)"! A )",,"r 1"$ $,=) %v $#",



'o r%, '(" $ 1"$ $,=) ' " #( ,'r '2

S# $% $ v o$ '(" o$" ( $%2 $% A, M $or

o$ '(" o'("r @ $% 9"( $% '(" ) $% 9 r, ,o

for "% r" ' o ) $%0 r' 9 , $,2 '(" B )' #

$% B) #; S" ,! If Br ' $ 9" #o$, %"r"% ,

9 ) $# $0 I' ):2 '(" ,: "'r: of '(" % ,' )

"$% of '(" $ 1"$ $,=) , ,=#( '( ' :o=

0(' ) : L ' $ Cro,, =1o$ ' '( '(" (" %

$ G"r $:2 '(" r , $ Br ' $ $% I' ):2

'(" f""' $ S1 $2 $% '(" #"$'r" $ Fr $#"2

'(=, ':1 f: $0 '( ' "##)", ,' # ) " 1 r" of

'(" f v" $ ' o$, ( #(2 '(o=0( ,( f'"% $or'(-

r%2 , '(" "% "v ) (" r of '(" Ro $

C ", r,! To r%, '(" E ,'2 (o "v"r2 ("r"

'(" B )' # $% B) #; S" , f r,' 9"0 $ 'o %"f $"

'(" 1"$ $,=) r #( r #'"r of E=ro1"2 '(" o='-

) $" , )",, ,( 1"):2 for '(" B ); $ 1"$ $,=)

1ro'r=%", ,o='( r%2 o$): ' 1"r $0 f $ )):

$'o '(" ( ,'or # ) '')" 1"$ $,=) of Gr""#"!

I, ' $o' '" 1' $0 'o ,1"#=) '" o$ ( '




0(' ( v" ( 11"$"% ( % Ro " $o' r"f=,"% 'o

#o$ ="r " ,' r% of '(" R( $" ?(o # $

, : '( ' , $0)" 0(': ," -1o "r2 (o)):

L ' $ ,"% , f r , '(" B) #; $% B )' # S" ,2

o=)% $o' ( v" #o $%"% '(" or)% fro

', 1"$ $,=) r 9 ," B=' C) ,, # ) Ro "

, 1r r ): M"% '"rr $" $ $% $o'

1"$ $,=) r 1o "r2 $% '(" R( $"- $=9"

fro$' "r =,' 9" r"0 r%"% , %" r; $0

1"$"'r ' o$ fro '(" M"% '"rr $" $ #o ,'

r '("r '( $ , '(" $#o 1)"'" #( "v" "$'

of 1"$ $,=) r 1o) #:!

I' , '(" D o1"$ $0 D 0 $ of '(" ," , o$

" '("r ( $% ( #( f r,' #o 1 #'"% E=ro1" (

'(" 1"$ $,=) r ,"$,"! R" #' o$ ( % 'o 9"

or0 $ ,"%2 or '(" 1r",,=r", fro $or'( $%



,o='( o=)% ( v" o9) '"r '"% C(r ,'"$%o !

So C( r)" 0$" "r"#'"% $ E 1 r" ,'r %"

of '(" R( $"2 ( )f L ' $ $% ( )f G"r $

9: ,1""#(2 9=' (o)): L ' $ "##)", ,' # )):!

? '( '( , E 1 r" , 9 ," '(" Cr=, %", "r"

f'"r r%, =$%"r' ;"$! S""$ $ ) r0" 1"r-

,1"#' v" ' '( , % ,' $#" of ' "2 $% fro

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,=##",,f=)2 o=)% ( v" ( % for '(" r $

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O$ '(" o$" ( $%2 f)""', "r" ,"$' o=' fro



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V"$ #" $% G"$o 'o 5 ff $% A#r" o$ '("

S:r $ #o ,' @ o$ '(" o'("r ( $%2 r ",



r#("% '(ro=0( H=$0 r:2 )o$0 '(" f o=,

D #orr %or D of '(" Mor v $% M r ' v ))":,2

$% '(ro=0( Co$,' $' $o1)" $% A, M $or

$'o S:r ! T(" #o 1 r ,o$ , o9v o=, 9"-

' ""$ '("," # 1 0$, of '(" Cr=, %"r, 9:

) $%2 fro G"r $ 9 ," ro=$% 'o '(" 9 #;

of '(" M"% '"rr $" $ S" 2 $% '(" , ) r

# 1 0$ of A)"K $%"r fro ( , M #"%o$ $

9 ,"! A 0oo% $: 1 r ))"), 0('2 $%""%2

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$% '(" ( )f -L ' $ G"r $,! No Gr""; of '("

f=)) 9)oo% 9=' )oo;"% =1o$ M #"%o$ $ ,

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9":o$% '(" R( $" $% '(" A)1,!

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D r 9", "0"% $ '(" r (o ") $% 9: '(" Mo( -

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#"$'=r: % % T " r 1"$ for '(" 0r" ' %v"$-

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$o' =$' ) '("$ , ,(" fr"" fro '(" (o,' ) ':

of S#o') $%2 $% ("r,")f =$ '"%2 $% '("r"-

for" =$ '2 $ ("r r") ' o$, '( '(" $" 0(-

9o=r $0 #o$' $"$'! A "r # , 'o-% : =$ '2

)or -'(" A "r # $ 1"o1)" ( v" fo=0(' o=' D'(" r

$'"r$ ) % ff"r"$#",2 $% ' , $,=) r2 9"# =,"

"v"$', r" #o 1")) $0 A "r # $, 'o r" ) ,"

'( ' '(" r ,o-# ))"% #o$' $"$' ) ", o$ '(" , "

0)o9" , '(" Co$' $"$'!

+ #'=r" =1o$ '(" 1 of '(" or)% '( ,

? r , ' ( , 9""$ fo=0(' $ '(" :" r 787 !

I' ( , 9""$ r 9"' ""$ I,) $%"r, $%

Co$' $"$' ),2 '("r" # $ 9" $o %o=9' of '( '!

I' ( , 9""$ fo=0(' o$ '(" Co$' $"$'2 #( "f):

#ro,, '(" ) $% r% fro$' of 1"$ $,=) r

Er $o" @ $% r $0"% o$ '(" o$" , %" ( v" 9""$

Br ' $2 C $ % 2 '(" U$ '"% S' '",2 Br )2

A=,'r ) 2 N" " ) $%2 $% 5 1 $ - )) $-

,=) r! Er $#" $% I' ): r" 1"$ $,=) r2 9='

"v" '( '( ' %v $' 0" '(": o=)% $o'



<9 v" 9""$ $ '(" ? r 'o '(" "$% ( % ' $o'

9""$ for '(" ,=11or' of '(" I,) $%"r,! I$%

$% C( $ ,o f r , C( $ ( , 9""$ $


'(" ? r o$ '(" M $#(=r $ fro$' : 9"

r"0 r%"% , %v $#"% 0= r%, of Br ' ,(2

A "r # $2 $% 5 1 $"," ," -1o "r! ='#(

5 v , '(" o$): ,) $% of ) r0" 1o1=) ' o$

( #( , $o' $ '(" ?",'"r$ A)) $#"2 $% "v"$

5 v , $o' o$ '(" , %" of '(" Co$' $"$' ),!

T("r" # $ 9" $o ,' ; $0 '(" , 0$ f # $#" >

of '( , =$ $ ': of '(" I,) $%"r,! T(" #o)- '*J

) 1," of R=,, ( , #)" r"% o=r v " of '("

r" ) ' ",2 , '(" R=,, $ r"vo)=' o$ 1=r f "% Av#-^

'(" %" ), for ( #( " ( v" 9""$ f 0(' $0TW

T(" f #', 11" r $ '(" , " 1"r,1"#' v"



f " #o$, %"r '(" 1o1=) ' o$ of '(" G)o9"!

Mor" '( $ fo=r'""$-, K'""$'(, of )) (= $ ':

) v" o$ '(" Gr" ' Co$' $"$'2 $% $" r): o$"-

, K'""$'( or" o$ '(" #)o,"): off-,"' I,) $%,

of Br ' $ $% 5 1 $! Ev"$ 'o-% :2 f'"r

fo=r #"$'=r ", of " 0r ' o$2 o$): 9o=' o$"-

, K'""$'( ) v" $ '(" )",,"r #o$' $"$',! Nor

, ' " ) ;"): 'o #( $0" '("," 1ro1or' o$,

'"r )):! If '(" %%)"- ",' of Nor'(

A "r # #o ", 1r","$'): 'o ,=11or'2 )"' =,

, :2 $o'("r (=$%r"% )) o$ 1"o1)"2 ' ,

1ro9 9)" '( ' '(" $'"r or of A, )) ' '("

, " ' " # rr: ' o (=$%r"% )) o$, or"

'( $ $o 2 $% f '(" Tro1 # ) 1 r' of So='(

A "r # ,(o=)% f""% (=$%r"% )) o$, or"2

'("$ '(" Tro1 # ) 1 r', of Afr # $% '("

I$% ", : $o' 1ro9 9): ,=11or' ' o

-!o



o


(=$%r"% )) o$, or"! T(" Co$0o For",'

)o$"2 ,=9%="% 'o 0r #=)'=r"2 o=)% $' $

,o " fo=r (=$%r"% )) o$ ,o=), f 1o1=) '"%

'( '(" , " %"$, ': , 5 v 2 $% '(" 5 v $","

1o1=) ' o$ , ,' )) 0ro $0! H v" " $:

r 0('2 or"ov"r2 'o ,,= " '( '2 0 v"$ ',

#) '" $% ( ,'or:2 '(" $'"r or of A,

o=)% $o' $o=r ,( 1o1=) ' o$ , v r )" ,

'( ' of E=ro1"2 Nor'( A "r # 2 or 5 1 $

?( ' f '(" Gr" ' Co$' $"$'2 '(" (o)"



?or)%-I,) $% or ) r0" 1 r' of '2 "r" ' ,o "

f='=r" ' " 'o 9"#o " , $0)" $% =$ '"% 9 ,"

of ," -1o "r ?o=)% $o' '(" o'("r $,=) r

9 ,", 9" o='9= )' , r"0 r%, ,( 1, $% o='-

$$"% , r"0 r%, ," "$ T(" r f)""',

o=)% $o %o=9' f 0(' '( )) '(" ("ro ,

9"0o''"$ of '(" r ( ,'or ",2 9=' '(" "$% o=)%

9" f '"%! Ev"$ $ '(" 1r","$' ? r2 $,=) r

A "r # ( , ( % 'o #o " 'o '(" % of $,=) r

Br ' $2 $o' 9"# =," '(" Br ' ,( f)""' #o=)%

$o' ( v" (")% '(" ," , for '(" ' " 9" $02 9='

)",' ,=#( 9= )% $0 $% $$ $0 9 ," "r"

'o 9" ,,=r"% 'o G"r $: ' '(" +" #"2 or

r '("r Tr=#"2 '( ' Br ' $ o=)% $"v ' 9):

9" o='9= )' $% o=' $$"% f" :" r, ) '"r!

T(" ,=rr"$%"r of '(" G"r $ f)""' $ '("

F r'( of For'( , % ) $0 "v"$'2 9=' $ ))

,o9"r$",,2 f " o=)% ' ;" '(" )o$0 v " 2

=,' " $o' ,' )) r"#;o$ '( '(" 1o,, 9 ) ':





IV

THE LAN SMANDS +OINT OF VIE?

FOUR #"$'=r ", 0o '(" (o)" o=')oo; of $-

; $% , #( $0"% $ , $0)" 0"$"r ' o$ 9: '("

vo: 0", of '(" 0r" ' 1 o$""r,2 Co)= 9=,2

G 2 $% M 0")) $! T(" %" of '("

=$ ': of '6" o#" $2 9"for"( $% "r"): $f"rr"%

fro '(" ) ;"$",, of '(" ' %", $ '(" A') $' #

$% I$% $ '"r,2 ,=%%"$): 9"# " 1 r'

of '(" "$' ) " = 1 "$' of 1r #' # ) "$!

A , ) r r"vo)=' o$ , $ 1ro0r",, $ '("

1r","$' 0"$"r ' o$ $ '(" r 1 % r" ) , ' o$ of

'(" =$ ': of '(" Co$' $"$' o $0 'o o%"r$

"'(o%, of #o =$ # ' o$ 9: ) $% $% rT

T(" I,) $%"r, ( v" 9""$ ,)o 'o =$%"r,' $%D

( ' , ( 11"$ $0! Br ' $ "$' $'o '("

? r for '(" %"f"$#" of ("r $" 0(9o=r,2 B")0 =

$% Fr $#"2 ,"" $0 v 0="): 1"r( 1, '( ' ,(" /



, ("r,")f '(r" '"$"% '(ro=0( '(" r % $0"r2 V

9=' ) o,' =$ $ o=, $ ("r %"# , o$ o$): !f"#o

! J ^- K / 4 DJ*V^

9"# =," of or ) ' "2 ("r 9o$% $ r"0 r%

'o B")0 = ! A "r # , ,(o#;"% 9: '("

L=, ' $ 'r 0"%:2 $% , =)' '"): 9ro=0(' OL^

$


$ 9"# =," of '(" 0"$"r ) $fr $0" "$' of '("

r 0(', of $"='r ), 9: '(" G"r $ ,=9 r $",!

N" '("r of '(" A$0)o-S Ko$ $ ' o$, ' f r,'

#)" r): , '(" ,'r '"0 # ) " $ $0 of '("

? r! T(" r, , $ "K'"r$ ) v " of '("



Co$' $"$'2 ) ;" '( ' of '(" ," "$ (o $ "%

'(" G= $" 2 M ) 9 r2 Coro $%")2 $% M=r $

FIG! 7 ! S(o $0 '(" 0r" ' 1 r' of A, $% E=ro1" (o,"

r v"r, f)o " '("r 'o '(" #: $or'(2 or $'o , )' ) ; , '(o='

"K ' 'o '(" o#" $ @ ),o (o Afr # f #", E=ro1" $% A, for

)",! E = ) r" , 1ro "#' o$!W

D Co ,',!D N" '("r $ Lo$%o$ $or $ N" Yor;

"r" I$'"r$ ' o$ ) +o) ' #, #o o$): % ,-

#=,,"% $ '(" : $ ( #( '(": r" % ,#=,,"%

( '(" # f", of Co$' $"$' ) E=ro1"! I$ or%"r2

'("r"for"2 'o 11r"# '" '(" Co$' $"$' ) v "

" =,' r" ov" o=r ,' $%1o $' fro '(o='

'o '( $ '(" 0r" ' r $0 of '(" D Co ,',!D



THE LAN SMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 8.

L"' =, 9"0 $ 9: D9r 0 % $0D o=r % ' 2 for

o$): ,o ,( )) " 9" 9)" 'o r" ,o$ #o$v"$ "$'):

9o=' '(" r" ) ' ", ( #( '(" Co$' $"$' 1r"-

,"$', for ,'r '"0 # ) '(o=0('! ?("$ :o= r"

'( $; $0 of ) r0" '( $0, :o= =,' '( $; o$

9ro % ) $", @ '(" #o)o$") of 9 '' ) o$ '( $;,

$ #o 1 $ ",2 9=' '(" 0"$"r ) of % v , o$ $

9r 0 %",! For '(" 1=r1o," of for $0 o=r

9r 0 %",2 (o "v"r2 ' )) 9" $"#",, r: ' '("

o=',"' 'o 0o $'o ,o " %"0r"" of 0"o0r 1( # )

%"' )!

* 8 * 8 *

T(" $or'("r$ "%0" of A, , '(" I$ ##",-

, 9)" Co ,'2 9","' '( #" "K#"1' for $ rro

'"r ) $" ( #( o1"$, ("r" $% '("r" )o$0

'(" ,(or" $ '(" 9r "f ,= "r o $0 'o '("

")' $0 of '(" )o# ) #" for "% $ '(" $'"r



9"' ""$ '(" 0ro=$%"% f)o", $% '(" ) $%! I'

,o ( 11"$, '( ' '(r"" of '(" ) r0",' r v"r, $

'(" or)%2 '(" L"$ 2 Y"$ ," 2 $% O9 2 ,'r"

$or'( r% '(ro=0( S 9"r 'o '( , #o ,'2 $%

r" '("r"for" %"' #("% for 1r #' # ) 1=r1o,",

fro '(" 0"$"r ) ,:,'" of '(" o#" $ $%

r v"r $ v 0 ' o$,! 7 So='( of S 9"r r" o'("r

7 T( , , 'r=" =1 'o '(" 1r","$' ' "2 '(o=0(2 '( '(" % of

o%"r$ #"-9r" ;"r,2 '(" "ffor', ( #( r" 9" $0 %"2 ",1"# )):

9: T:$", %" "$'"r1r ,"2 'o o1"$ % r"#' ro='" 'o '(" o='(, of

'(" O9 $% Y"$ ," : 1"r( 1, r",=)' $ '(" ",' 9) ,( "$' of

," -9or$" ,= "r 'r ff # 'o ?",'"r$ S 9"r !


r"0 o$, ' )" ,' , ) r0"2 %r $"% $'o , )'

) ;", ( v $0 $o o=')"' 'o '(" o#" $ @ ,=#( r"



'(" 9 , $, of '(" Vo)0 $% Ur ) R v"r, f)o $0

'o '(" C ,1 $ S" 2 $% of '(" OK=, $%

5 K r'", 'o '(" S" of Ar L G"o0r 1("r,

=,= )): %",#r 9" '("," $ r% 9 , $, ,

7 Co$' $"$' )!D T ;"$ 'o0"'("r2 '(" r"0 o$,

of Ar#' # $% Co$' $"$' ) %r $ 0" " ,=r"

$" r): ( )f of A, $% = r'"r of E=ro1"2

$% for 0r" ' #o$' $=o=, 1 '#( $ '("

$or'( $% #"$'r" of '(" #o$' $"$'! T( '

(o)" 1 '#(2 "K'"$% $0 r 0(' #ro,, fro '("

#:2 f) ' ,(or" of S 9"r 'o '(" 'orr %2 ,'""1

#o ,', of B )=#( ,' $ $% +"r, 2 ( , 9""$

$ ##",, 9)" 'o $ v 0 ' o$ fro '(" o#" $!

T(" o1"$ $0 of ' 9: r ) :, for ' ,

1r #' # )): ro %)",, 9"for"( $% $% 9:

"ro1) $" ro='", $ '(" $" r f='=r"2 #o$-

,' '='", r"vo)=' o$ $ '(" r") ' o$, of "$

'o '(" ) r0"r 0"o0r 1( # ) r" ) ' ", of '("

or)%! L"' =, # )) '( , 0r" ' r"0 o$ '("

H" r') $% of '(" Co$' $"$'A

T(" $or'(2 #"$'r"2 $#T ",' of '(" H" r'-



) $% r" 1) $2 r , $0 o$): f" (=$%r"%

f""' ' o,' 9ov" ," )"v")! I$ '( '

0r" '",' )o ) $% o$ '(" G)o9" r" $#)=%"%

?",'"r$ S 9"r 2 T=r;",' $2 $% '(" Vo)0

9 , $ of E=ro1"2 for '(" Ur ) Mo=$' $,2

'(o=0( )o$0 r $0"2 r" $o' of 1or' $'


(" 0('2 $% '"r $ '" ,o " '(r"" (=$%r"%

)", $or'( of '(" C ,1 $2 )" v $0 9ro %

0 '" : fro S 9"r $'o E=ro1"! L"' =,

,1" ; of '( , v ,' 1) $ , '(" Gr" ' Lo ) $%!

So='( r% '(" Gr" ' Lo ) $% "$%, )o$0

'(" foo' of ' 9)") $%2 (o," v"r 0" ")"v ' o$

, 9o=' ( )f )"2 '( o=$' $ r %0",

5 r , $0 'o )" $% ( )f! T( , ' 9)") $%

56 V " r, =1o$ ', 9ro % 9 #; '(" '(r"" #o=$'r ",

! 6 ôf +"r, 2 Af0( $ ,' $2 $% B )=#( ,' $ @ for



#o$v"$ "$#" " : %",#r 9" '(" (o)" of '

, '(" Ir $ $ U1) $%! T(" H" r') $%2 $

'(" ,"$," of '(" r"0 o$ of Ar#' # $% Co$-

' $"$' ) %r $ 0"2 $#)=%", o,' of '(" Gr" '

Lo ) $% $% o,' of '(" Ir $ $ U1) $% @

' "K'"$%, '("r"for" 'o '(" )o$02 ( 0(2 #=rv $0

9r $; of '(" +"r, $ Mo=$' $,2 9":o$% ( #(

, '(" %"1r",, o$ o##=1 "% 9: '(" E=1(r '",

V ))": $% '(" +"r, $ G=)f!

No )"' =, 'r v") $ 0 $ ' o$ 'o '("

",' of Afr # ! T("r"2 9"' ""$ '(" ) ' '=%",

of '(" C $ r: $% C 1" V"r%" I,) $%,2 ,

","r' Co ,'P ' , '(" #( r #'"r of '( '

#o ,'2 ' )) 9" r" " 9"r"%2 ( #( ,o )o$0

9 ff)"% '(" "ffor' of '(" "% "v ) , )or, 'o

;" '(" ,o='( r% vo: 0" ro=$% Afr # !

? '( 9r" %'( of '(o=, $% )", '(" S ( r

,1r" %, '("$#" #ro,, '(" $or'( of Afr # fro

'(" A') $' # O#" $ 'o '(" V ))": of '(" N )"!



THE LAN SMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 88

T(" S ( r , $o' "v"r: ("r" $ =''"r %","r' @

'("r" r" $: o ,", 'r"$#("% v ))":, '(

")), 'o '(" '"r 1"r#o) ' $0 =$%"r0ro=$% $

'(" r 9o''o ,2 or ( )): 'r #', 0 $,' ( #( '

' ", '(" #)o=%, 0 '("r 9=' '("," r" $='"

$% ,# ''"r"% "K#"1' o$, =1o$ 9 rr"$ $%

r v"r)",, r" $" r): , ) r0" , )) E=ro1"!

T(" S ( r , '(" o,' =$9ro;"$ $ '=r )

9o=$% r: ( '(" or)% @ '(ro=0(o=' H ,'or: '

( , 9""$ 9 rr "r 9"' ""$ '(" ?( '" $% '("

B) #; "$!

B"' ""$ '(" S ( r $% '(" H" r') $%

'("r" , 9ro % 0 1 ( #( , o##=1 "% 9:

Ar 9 ! T(" ' o 9r $;, of '(" N )" V ))":

r" ;$o $ , L 9: $ 'o '(" ?",' $% Ar 9 $

'o '(" E ,' @ $% : 9":o$% '(" Lo "r



E=1(r '",2 ' '(" foo' of '(" +"r, $ Mo=$-

' $,2 , '(" % ,'r #' ;$o $ , Ar 9 ,' $ or

'(" #o=$'r: of '(" Ar 9,! I$ #o 1)"'" ( r-

o$:2 '("r"for"2 '( )o# ) =, 0"2 Ar 9

: 9" r"0 r%"% , ,1r" % $0 for )",

fro '(" N )" 'o 9":o$% '(" E=1(r '",! Fro

'(" foo' of '(" T =r=, Mo=$' $,2 $or'( of

A)"11o2 'o '(" G=)f of A%"$2 ' " ,=r", $o

)",, '( $ 7 )",! A, 'o o$"-( )f2 Ar 9

, %","r'2 $% , 'o '(" o'("r ( )f $): %r:

,'"11", @ )'(o=0( ' ) ", $ '(" , " ) ' '=%",

, '(" S ( r 2 ' , or" 1ro%=#' v" $%

# rr ", or" #o$, %"r 9)" 1o1=) ' o$ of

F o! 7 ! T(" ?or)%- I,) $%2 % v %"% $'o , K



'!=r ) r"0 o$,! E = ) r" , 1ro "#' o$!W


r

$%"r $0 B"%o= $! Mor"ov"r2 ' ( , ) r0"r

o ,",2 $% '("r"for" ) r0"r # ' ",! ?( '2

(o "v"r2 o,' % ,' $0= ,(", Ar 9 9o'( fro

'(" H" r') $% $% '(" S ( r , '(" f #'

'( ' ' , 'r v"r,"% 9: '(r"" 0r" ' '"r- :,

$ #o$$"#' o$ '( '(" o#" $ '(" N )"2 '("

R"% S" 2 $% '(" E=1(r '", $% +"r,

G=)f! No$" of '("," '(r"" :,2 (o "v"r2

)for%, $ '=r )): #o 1)"'" 1 ,, 0" #ro,,

'(" r % 9")'! T(" N )" , $ v 0 9)" fro

'(" M"% '"rr $" $ o$): 'o '(" f r,' # ' r #'2



% : #ro,, '(" %","r'2 '(o=0( )o#;, ( v"

$o 9""$ #o$,'r=#'"% ' A,,o= $ ( #( 0 v"

##",, , f r , '(" ,"#o$% # ' r #' @ $% '("

$ v 0 ' o$ of '(" E=1(r '", ,#"$%, o$): 'o

1o $' (=$%r"% )", fro '(" M"% '"r-

r $" $! To-% : ' , 'r=" '( ' '(" S=" C $ )

=$ '", '(" M"% '"rr $" $ 'o '(" R"% S" 2 9='

' , $o' o$): '(" ,'( =, ( #( for "r):

1"%"% '(ro=0( 'r ff # 9: '( , ro='" @ 1"r-

, ,'"$' $or'( $%, of '(" 'r %" $% #=rr"$'

9)o %o $ '(" $or'("r$ "$% of '(" R"% S" 2

( #( , 9","' '( ro#;,2 $% , ) $0 ,( 1,

%o $o' )) $0): ''" 1' '(" $or'( r%

vo: 0" 'o '(" C $ )2 ( #( o=)% '("r"for"

( v" 9""$ r") ' v"): =,")",, 9=' for ,'"

$ v 0 ' o$! T(" for "r R"% S" ro='" 'o

'(" M"% '"rr $" $ , fro 6o,," r o$ '("

",' #o ,' ov"r '(" %","r' 'o '(" N )" '



THE LAN SMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 7 4

6"$"(2 $% '("$ %o $ '(" N )" @ '( ' ,

'(" : fo))o "% 9: '(" Br ' ,( Ar : ("$

,"$' fro I$% 'o E0:1' or" '( $ (=$-

%r"% :" r, 0o2 ' '(" ' " of '(" N 1o)"o$ #

$v , o$ of E0:1' $% + )",' $"!

I' fo))o , fro '(" for"0o $0 %",#r 1' o$

'( ' '(" H" r') $%2 Ar 9 2 $% '(" S ( r

'o0"'("r #o$,' '='" 9ro %2 #=rv $0 9")' $-

##",, 9)" 'o ," f r $0 1"o1)"2 "K#"1' 9: '("

'(r"" Ar 9 $ '"r- :,! T( , 9")' "K'"$%,

#o 1)"'"): #ro,, '(" 0r" ' #o$' $"$' fro '("

Ar#' # 'o '(" A') $' # ,(or",! I$ Ar 9 '

'o=#(", '(" I$% $ O#" $2 $%2 , #o$,"-

="$#"2 % v %", '(" r" $%"r of '(" Co$' $"$'

$'o '(r"" ,"1 r '" r"0 o$, (o," r v"r, f)o

'o '(" #"-fr"" o#" $! T("," r"0 o$, r" '("

+ # f # $% I$% $ ,)o1", of A, @ '(" 1"$ $,=) ,

$% ,) $%, of E=ro1" $% '(" M"% '"rr $" $ @



$% '(" 0r" ' 1ro o$'or: of Afr # ,o='( of

'(" S ( r ! T(" ) ,'-$ "% % ff"r, fro '("

o'("r ' o r"0 o$, $ v"r: 1or' $' r",1"#'!

I', ) r0"r r v"r,2 '(" N 0"r2 9", 2 $%

Co$0o2 $% ),o ', , ))"r r v"r,2 ,=#( , '("

Or $0" $% L 1o1o2 f)o #ro,, '(" ' 9)"-

) $% of '(" =)'"r or2 $% f )) ,'""1): ov"r ',

"%0" 'o r") ' v"): ,(or' ," r% r" #(", $

'(" $ rro #o ,' ) )o ) $%,! T(" )o$0 =1-

) $% #o=r,", of '("," r v"r, r" $ v 0 9)" for

,"v"r ) '(o=, $% )",2 9=' r" for 1r #' # )


1=r1o,", , #o 1)"'"): %"' #("% fro '("

o#" $ , '(" r v"r, of S 9"r ! T(" , "2 of

#o=r,"2 , 'r=" of '(" N )" 9ov" '(" # ' r #',!

?" :2 '("r"for"2 r"0 r% '(" $'"r or of



) $%222 L"' =, ,1" ; of ' , '(" So='("r$

H" r') $%2 $ #o$'r % ,' $#' o$ 'o '(" Nor'(-

"r$ H" r') $% of A, $% E=ro1"!

No' '(,' $% $0 '(" r v"r: % ff"r"$' ) ' -

'=%", '(" ' o H" r') $%, 1r","$' o'("r

,'r ; $0 , ) r ' ",! A 0r" ' 9")' of for",'2

$): of '(" "v"r0r""$ ':1" of '(" 1 $",

$% f r,2 ,1r" %, fro Nor'( G"r $: $%

'(" B )' # ,(or" r 0(' #ro,, 'o M $#(=r 2

#o$$"#' $0 9: for",'-r 99o$2 , ' "r"2 '("

for",', of E=ro1" '( '(o," of '(" + # f #

Co ,'! So='( of '( , for",' o$" '(" H" r'-

) $% ) ", o1"$2 '( 'r"", o$): )o$0 '(" r v"r

9 $;, $% =1o$ '(" o=$' $,! T( , v ,'2

o1"$ 0ro=$% , )=,# o=, 1r r " )o$0 '("

,o='("r$ 9or%"r of '(" for",'2 $% 9r )) $'

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THE LAN SMANDS +OINT OF VIE? 7 .

S'"11", "r" 1ro9 9): '(" or 0 $ ) ( 9 ' '

of '(" (or,"2 $% ( '(" r ,o='("r$ 1 r', of

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<- L $", of Ar 9 $v , o$!



T(" So='("r$ H" r') $% ),o ( , ', %"

o1"$ 0r ,,) $%,2 ( #( $ '(" S=% $ 0r %= )):

5


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Y" "$! So '(" S'"11", of Ar 9 2 "$fr -

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G $0",2 Br ( 1='r 2 Irr %:2 S ) "$2



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1r"%"#",,or,2 '(" +(o"$ # $, $% S("9 $,2

'(": 'oo; 'o '(" ," ! ?",' r% '(": 'r -

v"))"% )o$0 '(" $or'( #o ,' of Afr # 2 9o'(

o$ ," $% ) $%2 =$' ) '(": # " 'o ' o

#o=$'r ",2 B r9 r: $% S1 $2 (o," 9ro %

' 9)") $%,2 $" '("r =''"r): ,'"r )" ) ;" '("

S ( r 2 $or :"' for",'"% ) ;" o,' of '("


E=ro1" $ +"$ $,=) 2 r"1" '"% $ ,o " %"0r""

'(" #o$% ' o$, of '(" r o $ (o ") $%! O$

'(" o'("r ( $%2 " ,' r% fro Y" "$2 ' '("

o='( of '(" R"% S" 2 $% fro O $2 '

'(" o='( of '(" +"r, $ G=)f2 '(": , )"%

o$ '(" ,= "r Mo$,oo$ 'o '(" M ) 9 r #o ,'

of I$% 2 $% "v"$ 'o '(" f r M ) : I,) $%,2

$% r"'=r$"% (o " o$ '(" $'"r Mo$,oo$!



T(=, '(" Ar 9 %(o , ,;"'#("% o=' S" -

E 1 r"2 "K'"$% $0 fro '(" S'r ', of G 9-

r )' r 'o '(" S'r ', of M ) ## 2 fro '("

A') $' # 0 '" 'o '(" + # f # 0 '"!

T( , v ,' S r #"$ %", 0$ of $or'( r% $%

,o='( r% o $ o$ of C ")- "$ #ro,,"%

9: ",' r% $% " ,' r% o $ o$ of

S( 1 "$ , v ' '"% 9: o$" f ' ) %"f"#' @ '

) #;"% $ ', Ar 9 $ 9 ," '(" $"#",, r: $-

1o "r 'o ;" ' 0oo%! B=' $o ,'=%"$' of

'(" r" ) ' ", 9o=' ( #( =,' '=r$ '(" ,'r -

'"0 # ) '(o=0(' of $: 0ov"r$ "$' ,1 r $0

'o or)%-1o "r # $ ffor% 'o )o," , 0(' of '("

r$ $0 '(=, 0 v"$ 9: H ,'or:!

T(" S r #"$ E 1 r" , ov"r'(ro $2 $o'

fro E=ro1" or '(" I$% ",2 9=' fro '("

H" r') $% $ '(" $or'( , 0$ f # $' f #'!











'o r"1) #" '(" 0r ,, )o$0 '(" ) $" of '("

r ) :2 9=' '(" '(r" % of ,"'')"% 1o1=) ' o$ ,

,' )) $ rro o$"2 $% '(" T r' r $% 6( r0(

(or," "$ r" ,' )) $o % ov"r %" r" ,!

T(" "%0" of '(" for",' 9"$%, ,o='( r%

)o$0 '(" 9o=$% r: 9"' ""$ ?",'"r$ $%

E ,'"r$ S 9"r 2 for E ,'"r$ S 9"r , f ))"%

'( for",'"% o=$' $, $% ( )),2 ( #( f ))

$ ")"v ' o$ 0r %= )): fro '(" Tr $,9 ; ) $

+) '" = $'o '(" $or'(-" ,'"r$ 1ro o$'or: of

A, 'o r%, B"(r $0 S'r '! T(" Gr ,,:

o$" 9"$%, ,o='( '( '(" for",' $% #o$-

' $=", " ,' r% ov"r '(" )o "r )"v") of-

'(" Mo$0o) $ =1) $%,! T(" ,)o1" =1 r%

fro '(" Gr" ' Lo ) $% $'o Mo$0o) ,

'(ro=0( '(" * r: S'r ' D of =$0 r 2 9"' ""$

'(" T $,( $ Mo=$' $, o$ '(" ,o='( $%

A)' Mo=$' $, o$ '(" $or'(! B":o$% =$-

0 r '(" ,'"11",2 $o ' =1) $% )"v")2 #o$-

' $=" ro=$% '(" ,o='("r$ "%0" of '(" for",'"%



A)' $% Tr $,9 ; ) $ Mo=$' $,2 '(

'(" Go9 ","r' 'o '(" ,o='( of '(" 2 =$' )

'(": r" #( '(" =11"r 'r 9=' r ", of '(" A =r


R v"r! T("r" , for",' 9")' )o$0 '(" " ,'"r$2

o=' r% f #" of '(" 6 $0 $ R $0"2 9: ( #(

'(" Mo$0o) $ =1) $% %ro1, 'o '(" )o ) $%

of M $#(=r 2 9=' '("r" , ) ,' %"' #("%

0r ,,) $% $ M $#(=r 2 'o 9" #o 1 r"% '(

'(" , ) r): %"' #("% 0r ,,) $% of H=$0 r:

f v" '(o=, $% )", : ' '(" ",' "$% of

'(" ,'"11" 9")'! Gr ,,: M $#(=r %o", $o'2

(o "v"r2 "K'"$% '(ro=0( 'o '(" + # f # ,(or"2

for '("r" #o ,' r $0" of o=$' $,2 '( #;):

for",'"%2 "$fr ", '(" o1"$ #o=$'r: $%

%"f)"#', '(" " ,' r% f)o $0 A =r 'o

$or'( r% o='(!



L"' =, #)" r '( , )o$0 r 99o$ of ,'"11", of

', o%"r$ r ) :, $% #or$-f ")%,2 $% 1"o1)"

' 0 $ $ 0 $ ' o$ '( (or,"-r % $0

T r' r,2 (o r" $o$" o'("r '( $ T=r;, @ '

, , % '( ' '(" T=r; ,( ) $0= 0" of Co$-

,' $' $o1)" # $ 'o '( , % : 9" =$%"r,'oo% 9:

'(" Ar#' # 'r 9" ' '(" o='( of '(" L"$

R v"r! For ,o " r"#=rr"$' r" ,o$ ' :

( v" 9""$ o $0 'o ,1")), of %ro=0(': :" r,

'("," T r' r o9 )" (or%", ( v" fro ' "

'o ' " $ '(" #o=r," of ( ,'or: 0 '("r"%

'(" r (o)" ,'r"$0'( 'o0"'("r $% f ))"$ ) ;"

%"v ,' ' $0 v ) $#(" =1o$ '(" ,"'')"% 0r -

#=)'=r ) 1"o1)", " '("r of C( $ or E=ro1"!

I$ '(" ?",' " (" r of '(" f r,' , '(" H=$,2

(o $ '(" %%)" of '(" f f'( #"$'=r: f'"r

73 ̂ EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY





L"o of Ro "2 $%2 for ( '"v"r r" ,o$2 "$'

$o f r'("r2 '( '(" r",=)' '( ' '(" Ro $

S"" o$ 0r" ' 1r",' 0"! T(=, # $ ' 9"

, % '( =#( 'r='( '( ' fro '(" r" #' o$

of '(" Co ,' "$ 0 $,' '( , ( "r 9)o

fro '(" H" r') $%2 '("r" ro," '(" E$0) ,(

$% Fr"$#( $ ' o$ ) ' ",2 '(" ," -1o "r of

V"$ #"2 $% '(" ,=1r" " "% "v ) $,' '=' o$

of '(" + 1 #:! ?(o ,( )) , : ( ' 0r" '


$%2 )"' =, (o1"2 9"$"f #"$' '( $0, : $o'

0ro o=' of '(" r" #' o$ ( #( ( , 9""$ #o -

1"))"% 9: '(" ( "r 9)o of o=r o%"r$

H=$,



FIG! 33! For",' $% S'"11", $ E ,' E=ro1"! Af'"r

% 0r $ : 1 1"r o$ D T(" G"o0r 1( # ) + vo' o

H ,'or: D $ '(" G"o0r 1( # ) 5o=r$ ) for 78 !W

T(" H=$$ ,( r %, #" ,"% f'"r f" :" r,2

for ' , 1ro9 9)" '( ' '(" $-1o "r 9"( $%

'(" , $o' v"r: #o$, %"r 9)" @ '(" for#"

of 9)o : 9" %=" , =#( 'o ', ,1""% ,


'o ', " 0('! B=' ,o " H=$$ ,( r" $ $',

1ro9 9): ) $0"r"% $ '(" 0r ,,: v # $#: of '("

H=$0 r $ +) $2 'o 9" 9,or9"% 9: $" 'r 9",

of (or," "$ %v $# $0 ",' r%2 '(" Av r,2

0 $,' (o C( r)" 0$" %" r2 $%

1r","$'): '(" M 0: r,! I$ '(" :" r 7



'("," M 0: r T=r;,2 (o ( % %o$" =#(

r v 0 $0 $ G"r $: %=r $0 '(" 1r"v o=,

#"$'=r:2 "r" #o$v"r'"% 'o C(r ,' $ ': fro

Ro "2 $% 9"# " '("$#"for'( ,o " ,or' of

9=) r; 'o L ' $ C(r ,'"$%o 2 ,o '( ' $o

or" T r' r, "r" % ''"% $'o H=$0 r:!

B=' '(" "#o$o # ) f" of '(" M 0: r, #o$-

' $="% $ '(" $ 'o 9" '( ' of '(" ,'"11",

=$' ) )",, '( $ (=$%r"% :" r, 0o!

?("$ " r"f)"#' '( ' '(ro=0( ,"v"r )

#"$'=r ", of '(" r; A0", '(" Nor," 1 0 $,

$ '(" r ,( 1, "r" ' 1 r #: o$ '(" $or'("r$

," ,2 $% '(" S r #"$ $% Moor ,( $f %"), $

'(" r ,( 1, ' 1 r #: o$ '(" M"% '"rr $" $2

$% '( ' '(" (or,"-r % $0 T=r;, fro A,

r %"% '(=, $'o '(" v"r: (" r' of '(" C(r ,' $

+"$ $,=) ("$ ' , #) ,1"% 9: (o,' )"

," -1o "r2 " ( v" ,o " %" of '(" 1o=$% $02

, 9"' ""$ 1",')" $% or' r2 ( #( "$'

'o '(" ; $0 of o%"r$ E=ro1"! T("



1",')" , ) $%-1o "r fro '(" H" r') $%!


If '("," ( ,'or # ) "v"$', 9" fo))o "% o$ '("

12 '(" ,'r '"0 # ) f #' of %"# , v" " $ $0

( #( " "r0", , '( ' '(" #o$' $=o=, 1) $,

of '(" Gr" ' Lo ) $% ov"r) 1 fro '("

Co$' $"$' ) $% Ar#' # %r $ 0" of '(" H" r'-

) $% $'o '(" E ,' of '(" E=ro1" $ 1"$ $,=) !

T("r" , $o 1"% "$' 'o 1r"v"$' '(" (or,"-

"$ fro r % $0 ",' r% $'o r"0 o$, %r $"%

9: ,=#( (o)): E=ro1" $ r v"r, , '("

$ "1"r $% $=9"! I$ ,( r1 #o$'r ,' 'o

'( , o1"$ 1 ,, 0" fro '(" H" r') $% $'o

E=ro1" , '(" ,:,'" of 0(': 9 rr "r,

( #( ,"1 r '" '(" H" r') $% )o$0 ', " ,'"r$

$% ,o='(-" ,'"r$ 9or%"r fro '(" I$% ",!

T(" 1o1=)o=, ) $%, of C( $ 1ro1"r $%



I$% ) " ro=$% '(" " ,'"r$ $% ,o='("r$

,)o1", of '(" o,' ,, v" =1) $%, o$ '("

G)o9" @ '(" ,o='("r$ f #" of '(" H ) :

R $0"2 #=rv $0 for 7. )", )o$0 '(" $or'(

of I$% 2 r ,", fro )"v"), ' o,' o$): 7

f""' 9ov" '(" ," 'o 1" ;, of 3 2 $%

382 f""'! B=' '(" H ) : , o$): '("

"%0" of '(" T 9"' $ +) '" =2 ( #( , , ) r0"

, Fr $#"2 G"r $:2 $% A=,'r -H=$0 r:

1=' 'o0"'("r2 $% of $ v"r 0" ")"v ' o$

of 7.2 f""'2 or '(" 1" ; (" 0(' of Mo$'

B) $# $ '(" A)1,! A, #o 1 r"% '( ,=#(

f #', , '(","2 '(" % ,' $#' o$ 9"' ""$ '("

)o "r =1) $%, $% '(" )o ) $%,2 9"' ""$ '("

I




Ir $ $ U1) $%2 )"' =, , :2 $% '(" Gr" '

Lo ) $%2 9"#o ", )'o0"'("r ,=9or% $ '"!

T 9"'2 '( ', ''"$% $' H ) : 2 + r,2

6 r ;or 2 H $%= 6=,(2 $% T $,( $

# )) '(" 'o0"'("r '(" T 9"' $ H" 0(', ( ,

$o 1 r ))") o$ E r'( for #o 9 $"% (" 0(' $%

r" 2 or2 ( , $0)" or%2 for ,, v"$",,!

?("$ '(" S ( r ,( )) 9" #ro,,"% $% r"-

#ro,,"% % ): 9: '(" 'r ff # of # v ) , ' o$2 '

, 1ro9 9)" '( ' T 9"'2 '(" D roof of '(" or)%2D

)) ,' )) %"f)"#' ro=$% ', f) $;, $% %"):

,"1 r '" '(" ov"r) $% ro='", $'o C( $ $%

I$% 2 '(=, 0 v $0 ,1"# ) , 0$ f # $#" 'o

'(" Nor'(- ",' Fro$' "r, of '(o," ' o

#o=$'r ",!

Nor'( of T 9"'2 #o$, %"r 9)" 1 r' of ( #(

( , #o$' $"$' ) %r $ 0"2 $% ,2 '("r"for"2

$#)=%"% '( $ '(" H" r') $%2 ,1r" %, '("

Mo$0o) $ U1) $%2 ),o ) r0"): of '(" H" r'-

) $%! T( , Mo$0o) $ U1) $% , of =#(







9"#o " %"' #("% fro '(" r=)" of '(" S'"11"-

"$! So , '2 for $,' $#"2 '( '(" Mo0=),

A A

F o! 34! T(" T 9"' $ H" 0('* $% '(" 11ro #(*

'o C( $ $% I$% fro '(" H" r') $%!




of I$% 2 (o "r" %"r v"% fro '(" Mo$0o),

of '(" I$'"r or!

T(" #o$#)=, o$ 'o ( #( '( , % ,#=,, o$

)" %, , '( ' '(" #o$$"#' o$ 9"' ""$ '("

H" r') $%2 $% ",1"# )): ', or" o1"$

",'"r$ r"0 o$, of Ir $2 T=r;",' $2 $%

S 9"r 2 , =#( or" $' '" '( E=ro1"

$% Ar 9 '( $ ' , '( C( $ $% I$% 2

or :"' '( '(" So='("r$ H" r') $% of Afr # !

T(" ,'ro$0 $ '=r ) fro$' "r, of '(" S ( r

","r' $% '(" T 9"' $ H" 0(', ( v" $o

" = v )"$' ("r" '(" Nor'("r$ H" r') $%

"r0", '( Ar 9 $% E=ro1"! T(" #)o,"

#o$$"#' o$ of '("," '(r"" r"0 o$, , "))

':1 f "% 9: '( ' 0"o0r 1( # ) for =) $'o

( #( ' , ''" 1'"% 'o #r:,' )) ," =,'

$o #"r' $ ",,"$' ) ,1"#', of M",o1o' $

$% S:r $ ( ,'or: @ '(" 1)o=0( "$ of





FIG! 3 ! T(" H" r') $%2 '( '(" %% ' o$ of '(" 9 , $,

of '(" B) #; $% B )' # S" ,2 $% of '(" =11"r o,'

1) '" =W v ))":, of '(" C( $"," $% I$% $ r v"r,!

( #( , '(" ( 0( ,o='("r$ 9r $; of '(" 1"$ $-

,=) r =1) $% of A, M $or! T(" ,=rf #" of

A, M $or , 1 '#( of ,'"11",2 v"r0 $0 o$

%","r' $ '(" #"$'r"2 ("r" , )' ) ;", r"#" v"


,o " of '(" ,'r" , fro '(" T =r=, @ 9='

'(" ) r0"r r v"r, f)o $or'( r% 'o '(" B) #;

S" ! B":o$% '(" 9r" ; %" 9: '(" Ê0" $

S" 2 " ( v" '(" 0r" ' 9 , $ of '(" $=9"2

),o %r $ $0 $'o '(" B) #; S" @ '(" (" %-

,'r" , of '(" $=9" 'r 9=' r ", r ," ) o,'



'( $ , 0(' of '(" A%r ' #2 9=' ( 0( o$ '(o,"

I)):r $ U1) $%, (o," ,'""1 o='"r 9r $;

for , '(" o=$' $ )) 9ov" '(" 9" =' f=)

) ' $ #o ,'! T( ' )) " $ " '("

$ r # A)1,!

T(=, '(" T =r=, $% '(" $ r # A)1,

1r","$' ,'""1 fro$', 'o '(" M"% '"rr $" $ $%

A%r ' #2 9=' ,"$% )o$0 r v"r, %o $ 'o '("

B) #; S" ! B=' for '(" M0"&$ S" 2 9r" ; $0

'(ro=0( '(" =1) $%, 'o r%, '(" B) #; S" 2

$% 9=' for '(" r% $"))",2 (o," #=rr"$'

r #", ,o='( r% '( '(" '"r of )) '("

B) #; S" r v"r,2 '("," ( 0(2 o=' r% fro$',

of '(" T =r=, $% $ r # A)1, o=)% 9"

, $0)" #=rv $0 r $0"2 '(" "%0" of #o$' $=o=,

9 r of ) $% % v % $0 '(" $$"r B) #; S" fro

'(" o='"r M"% '"rr $" $ $% A%r ' #! ?"r"

' $o' for '(" r% $"))", '( ' "%0" o=)%

for '(" 9or%"r of '(" H" r') $%2 $% '("

B) #; S" $% )) ', r v"r, o=)% 9" %%"%



'o '(" D Co$' $"$' ) D ,:,'" , of %r $-

0"! ?("$ '(" r% $"))", r" #)o,"% 9:

) $%-1o "r 'o '(" ," -1o "r of '(" M"% '"r-


r $" $2 , '(": ( v" 9""$ $ '(" Gr" ' ? r2

'( ' #o$% ' o$ of '( $0, , $ "ff"#' r" ) ,"% ,o

f r , (= $ ov" "$', r" #o$#"r$"%!

T(" Ro $ E 1"ror, 1=' '(" r E ,'"r$

# 1 ' ) ' Co$,' $' $o1)"2 % : 9"' ""$

'(" $=9" $% E=1(r '", fro$' "r,2 9='

Co$,' $' $o1)" , 'o '(" or" '( $ '("

9r %0"-'o $ fro E=ro1" $'o A, ! Ro "2

'(" M"% '"rr $" $ +o "r2 % % $o' $$"K '("

$or'("r$ ,(or" of '(" B) #; S" 2 $% '( ' ," 2

'("r"for"2 , ',")f 1 r' of '(" fro$' "r of

'(" E 1 r"! T(" ,'"11", "r" )"f' 'o '("



S#:'( $,2 , '(" T=r;, "r" '("$ # ))"%2 $%

' o,' f" 'r % $0 ,' ' o$, "r" %o''"% 9:

'(" ," "$ )o$0 '(" #o ,' of '(" Cr " !

T(=, Co$,' $' $o1)" , '(" 1o $' fro ( #(

M"% '"rr $" $ ," -1o "r (")% '(" %%)" ," -

fro$' "r2 , '(" ) $%-1o "r of '(" L"0 o$, (")%

'(" ",'"r$ $% " ,'"r$ fro$' "r, )o$0 '("

r v"r,! U$%"r Ro "2 ," -1o "r '(=, %-

v $#"% $'o '(" H" r') $%2 f '( ' '"r 9"

=$%"r,'oo%2 $ ) r0"2 ,'r '"0 # ) ,"$,"2

, $#)=% $0 A, M $or $% '(" B ); $

+"$ $,=) !

L '"r ( ,'or: , $o )",, 'r $,1 r"$' 'o '("

=$%"r): $0 f #', of 0"o0r 1(:2 9=' $ '("

$v"r," % r"#' o$! So " of '(" T=r;, fro

C"$'r ) A, '=r$"% , %" fro '(" : %o $

$'o Ar 9 2 $% ro%" ov"r '(" M"% $ $%




Ar "$ $ =1) $%, $'o '(" o1"$ ,'"11" of

A, M $or2 $% '("r" %" '(" r (o "2 =,'

, '(" M 0: r T=r;, o$): #"$'=r: or ' o

" r) "r ro%" ro=$% '(" $or'( of '(" B) #; S"

$'o '(" H=$0 r $ S'"11"! U$%"r 0r" '

)" %"r, of # v )r: of '(" O''o $ %:$ ,':2

'("," T=r;, #ro,,"% '(" r% $"))",2 $%2 fo)-

)o $0 '(" D Corr %or D of '(" M r ' $%

Mor v v ))":, '(ro=0( '(" B ); $ Mo=$-

' $,2 #( "v"% '(" #o$ =",' of M 0: r H=$-

0 r: ',")f! Fro '(" o "$' '( ' '(" # ':

of Co$,' $' $o1)" f")) $'o T=r; ,( ( $%, $

7 .42 '(" B) #; S" , #)o,"% 'o '(" V"$"-

' $ $% G"$o"," ," "$! U$%"r Ro "2 '("

r" ) of '(" ," "$ ( % 9""$ %v $#"% 'o

'(" $or'("r$ ,(or" of '(" B) #; S" @ =$%"r

'(" O''o $ T=r;, '(" H" r') $%2 '(" r" )

of '(" (or," "$2 , %v $#"% 'o '(" $ r #

A)1, $% '(" T =r=,! T( , ",,"$' ) f #' ( ,





':2 ' , "v %"$' '( ' , $#" ) $%-1o "r # $

'o-% : #)o," '(" B) #; S" 2 '(" (o)" 9 , $

of '( ' ," =,' 9" r"0 r%"% , of '(" H" r'-

) $%! O$): '(" B v r $ $=9"2 of v"r:

) '')" v )=" for $ v 0 ' o$2 : 9" 'r" '"% ,

): $0 o=', %"!

O$" or" # r#= ,' $#" r" $, 'o 9" %%"%2

$% " ,( )) ( v" 9"for" =, '(" (o)" #o$#"1-

' o$ of '(" H" r') $% , ' " "r0", fro '("

f #', of 0"o0r 1(: $% ( ,'or:! T(" B )' # ,

," ( #( # $ $o 9" D #)o,"% D 9: ) $%-1o "r!

T(" f #' '( ' '(" G"r $ F)""' ' 6 ") , r"-

,1o$, 9)" for '(" $", $% ,=9 r $", ( #(

;"1' '(" A)) "% , = %ro$, fro "$'"r $0 '("

B )' # %o", $o'2 of #o=r,"2 $ $: : v ' '"

'(" ,' '" "$' '( ' '(" #)o, $0 , 9: ) $%-

1o "r@ '(" A)) "% Ar ", $ Fr $#" "r"

'("r" 9: v r'=" of ," -1o "r2 $% '(" G"r $

," %"f"$#", of '(" B )' # "r" '("r" ,

r",=)' of ) $%-1o "r! I' , of 1r " 1or'-





1o "r2 ( #( , ) #; $0 'o '(" (or,"-r %"

of ( ,'or:! T(" H" r') $% , '(" r"0 o$ 'o

( #(2 =$%"r o%"r$ #o$% ' o$,2 ," -1o "r

# $ 9" r"f=,"% ##",,2 '(o=0( '(" ",'"r$

1 r' of ' ) ", '(o=' '(" r"0 o$ of Ar#' # $%

Co$' $"$' ) %r $ 0"! T("r" , o$" ,'r ; $0

1(:, # ) # r#= ,' $#" ( #( ;$ ', ' 0r 1( -

# )): 'o0"'("r @ '(" (o)" of '2 "v"$ 'o '("

9r $; of '(" +"r, $ Mo=$' $, ov"r)oo; $0

'orr % M",o1o' 2 ) ", =$%"r ,$o $ '("

$'"r ' "! T(" ) $" $% # ' v" of $ v"r 0"

fr"" $0 '" 1"r '=r" for '(" (o)" o$'( of

5 $= r: 1 ,,", fro '(" Nor'( C 1" of Nor-

: ,o='( r%2 =,' '( $ '(" D G= r% D of

,) $%, )o$0 '(" Nor "0 $ ,(or"2 1 ,' "$-

r;2 #ro,, M %-G"r $: 'o '(" A)1,2 $%

fro '(" A)1, " ,' r% )o$0 '(" B ); $

r $0"!J}T(" B : of O%",, $% '(" S" of

A ofQ r" fro "$ ov"r $$= )):2 $% ),o '("





H" r') $%2 $% ,"" "% 'o '(r" '"$ )) '("

r0 $ ) ) $%, of A, $% E=ro1"! To-

r%, '(" "$% of '(" #"$'=r:2 (o "v"r2 '("

G"r $, of +r=,, $% A=,'r %"'"r $"%

'o ,=9%=" '(" S) v, $% 'o "K1)o ' '(" for

'(" o##=1 ' o$ of '(" H" r') $%2 '(ro=0(

( #( r=$ '(" ) $%- :, $'o C( $ 2 I$% 2

Ar 9 2 $% '(" Afr # $ H" r') $%! T("

G"r $ ) ' r: #o)o$ ", of 6 =#( = $%

E ,' Afr # "r" ",' 9) ,("% , '"r $ of '("

1ro "#'"% ov"r) $% ro='",!

To-% : r ", ( v" ' '(" r % ,1o, ) -$o'

o$): '(" Tr $,-Co$' $"$' ) R ) : 9=' ),o

'(" Mo'or-C r! T(": ( v"2 'oo2 '(" A"ro-


1) $"2 ( #( , of 9oo "r $0 $ '=r"2



" 1o$ of ) $%-1o "r , 0 $,' ," -1o "r!

Mo%"r$ r' ))"r:2 or"ov"r2 , v"r: for % 9)"

0 $,' ,( 1,! I$ ,(or'2 0r" ' ) ' r:

>- 59 "r $ 1o,,",, o$ of '(" H" r') $% $% of

v Ar 9 #o=)% ' ;" " ,: 1o,,",, o$ of '(" #ro,,-

:, of '(" or)% ' 74=" S" -1o "r o=)%

( v" fo=$% ' v"r: % ff #=)' 'o (o)% '(" C $ )

f f)""' of ,=9 r $", ( % 9""$ 9 ,"% fro

'(" 9"0 $$ $0 of '(" r o$ '(" B) #; S" !

?" ( v" %"f" '"% '(" % $0"r o$ '( , o## , o$2

9=' '(" f #', of 0"o0r 1(: r" $2 $% off"r

"v"r- $#r" , $0 ,'r '"0 # ) o11or'=$ ' ", 'o

) $%-1o "r , 0 $,' ," -1o "r!

I' , "v %"$' '( ' '(" H" r') $% , , r" )

1(:, # ) f #' '( $ '(" ?or)%-I,) $% , ,

'(" ?or)%-I,) $% ',")f '( $ '(" O#" $2

)'(o=0( ', 9o=$% r ", r" $o' = '" ,o

#)" r): %"f $"%! No' =$' ) 9o=' (=$%r"%

:" r, 0o2 (o "v"r2 , '("r" v ) 9)"

9 ," of $-1o "r ,=ff # "$' 'o 9"0 $ 'o



'(r" '"$ '(" ) 9"r': of '(" or)% fro '( $

'( , # ' %") of '(" ?or)%-I,) $%! No "r"

,#r 1, of 1 1"r2 "v"$ '(o=0( '(": 9" '("

r ''"$ #o$,' '=' o$ of L" 0=" of N ' o$,2

r" =$%"r '(" #o$% ' o$, of 'o-% : ,=ff # "$'

0= r $'"" '( ' '(" H" r') $% )) $o' 0 $

9"#o " '(" #"$'r" of ?or)%-? r! No ,

'(" ' "2 ("$ '(" N ' o$, r" f)= %2 'o #o$-

V ! 3 ! T(" ?or)%-I,) $% =$ '"%2 , ' "oo$ )) <"

o,' 1 r' 1 r ))") '(

9: r ) :,2 $% 9: "ro1) $" ro='",2 '(" ) ''"r for '("

'(" $ r ) :,!




, %"r ( ' 0= r $'"",2 9 ,"% o$ G"o0r 1( # )

$% E#o$o # R" ) ' ",2 # $ 9" %" v )-

9)" for '(" f='=r" ,"#=r ': of M $; $%!

? '( '( , ( v " 2 ' )) 9" or'( o=r ( )"

'o ,"" (o '(" ,'or 0 '("r"% ( '(" H" r'-

) $% o$ '(" 1r","$' o## , o$!

V

THE RIVALRY OF EM+IRES

A MOST $'"r",' $0 1 r ))") 0(' 9" %r $

9"' ""$ '(" %v $#" of '(" , )or, ov"r '("

o#" $ fro ?",'"r$ E=ro1" $% '(" #o$-

'" 1or r: %v $#" of '(" R=,, $ Co,, #;,



#ro,, '(" ,'"11", of '(" H" r') $%!

Y"r ;2 '(" Co,, #;2 ro%" ov"r '(" Ur )

Mo=$' $, $'o S 9"r ( 7.442 '( $

%o "$ :" r,2 '( ' , 'o , :2 f'"r M 0")) $D,

vo: 0" ro=$% '(" or)%! T(" 1 r ))") 0('

9" r"1" '"% $ r"0 r% 'o o=r o $ % :,! I'

, $ =$1r"#"%"$'"% '( $0 $ '(" :" r 78

'( ' Br ' $ ,(o=)% $' $ = r'"r of

)) o$ "$ $ ("r r '( '(" Bo"r, '

% ,' $#" of )", ov"r '(" o#" $ @ 9='

' , , r" r; 9)" f" ' for R=,, 'o 1) #"

$ r : of or" '( $ = r'"r of )) o$

"$ 0 $,' '(" 5 1 $"," $ M $#(=r $

78 ' % ,' $#" of )", 9: r )! ?"

( v" 9""$ ( '(" ( 9 ' of '( $; $0 '( '

o9 ) ': 9: ," f r o='r $ o9 ) ': =1o$ '("

) $%2 $% ,o for ' " ' % %2 9=' ' , "))

7




'o r" " 9"r '( ' f f': :" r, 0o 8 1"r #"$'2

of '(" or)%D, ,( 11 $0 , ,' )) ov"% 9:

, ),2 $% '( ' )r" %: '(" f r,' r ) : ( %

9""$ o1"$"% #ro,, Nor'( A "r # !

O$" of '(" r" ,o$, (: " #o o$): f )

'o 11r"# '" '(" , 0$ f # $#" of '(" 1o) # $0

of '(" ,'"11", 9: '(" Co,, #;, , '( ' "

'( $; v 0="): of R=,, , "K'"$% $02 '(

0r %= )): % $ ,( $0 %"$, ': of ,"'')" "$'2

fro '(" G"r $ $% A=,'r $ fro$' "r, for

'(o=, $%, of )", " ,' r%2 ov"r )) '(" r"

#o)o=r"% o$ '(" 1 '( o$" ' $' $% ) 9"))"%

, o$" #o=$'r:2 , f r , B"(r $0 S'r '!

I$ 'r='( R=,, '(" r" ) R=,, ( #( ,=1-

1) "% or" '( $ 1"r #"$'2 of '(" r"#r= ',

for '(" R=,, $ r ", %=r $0 '(" f r,' '(r""

:" r, of '(" ? r , v"r: =#( , ))"r



f #' '( $ '(" , 1) # ': of '(" 1 o=)%

,"" 'o $% # '"! T(" R=,, ( #( , '("

(o ") $% of '(" R=,, $ 1"o1)"2 ) ", (o)):

$ E=ro1"2 $% o##=1 ", o$): 9o=' ( )f of

( ' " #o o$): # )) R=,, $ E=ro1"!

T(" ) $% 9o=$% r ", of R=,, $ '( , ,"$,"

r" $ $: 1) #", ) o,' , %"f $ '" , r"

'(" #o ,', of Fr $#" or S1 $! Tr #" ) $"

o$ '(" 1 fro +"'ro0r % " ,' r% )o$0 '("

U11"r Vo)0 'o '(" 0r" ' 9"$% of '(" r v"r '

6 $2 $% '("$#" ,o='( r% )o$0 '(" M %%)"

Vo)0 'o '(" ,"#o$% 0r" ' 9"$% ' C r ' $2

THE RIVALRY OF EM+IRES 7 8

$% f $ )): ,o='(- ",' r% )o$0 '(" )o "r

r v"r o$ 'o Ro,'of $% '(" S" of A of!

? '( $ '( , ) $"2 'o ,o='( $% ",' of '2 r"

or" '( $ (=$%r"% )) o$ R=,, $ 1"o1)"!





6 $ $% S r 'o '(" Ur ) R $0"2 $%

ov"r '( ' r $0"2 1 ,' '(" $", of E; '"r $-

9=r02 $'o S 9"r 2 $% r 0(' #ro,, ?",'"r$

S 9"r 'o Ir;=',;2 =,' ,(or' of L ;" B ; )!

T( , 9")' of 1o1=) ' o$ 9":o$% '(" Vo)0

7. EMOCRATIC I EALS AN REALITY

$= 9"r, 1"r( 1, ' "$': )) o$,! T(" (o)"

of '2 fro 6 $ $% S r 'o Ir;=',;2 $

,o f r , ' , o##=1 "% 9: 1)o=0( "$ $%

F o! 3 ! S(o $0 '(" ) ', of '(" %"$,"r R=,, $

1o1=) ' o$ - - !

$o' 9: $%"r $0 (or," "$2 , of r"#"$'





:o= ( v" '(" 9"0 $$ $0 of '(" v # $# ", of

C"$'r ) A, !

A ,'r ; $0 1r #' # ) #o "$' r: o$ '(","

0r" ' 1(:, # ) $% ,o# ) #o$'r ,', ( , 9""$

,=11) "% $ '(" ) ,' f" o$'(, 9: '(" C v )

? r $ R=,, ! I$ )) Nor'( R=,, '("r"

r" 9=' ' o or '(r"" 'o $, ) r0"r '( $

v )) 0"2 $%2 , $#" '(" Bo),("v ;, r" 9 ,"% o$

'(" 'o $ 1o1=) ' o$,2 Bo),("v , ( , ( %

) '')" (o)% $or'( of '(" Vo)0 ! Mor"ov"r '("

,1 r," r=r ) ,"'')" "$',2 #( "f): of for",'"r,2

( v"2 $ '(" r , 1)"2 #o)o$ ) #o$% ' o$,2 $o

A 0ro=$%, for 0r r $ 1o) ' # ) f"") $02 $%

'("r" , '(=, $o 1" , $' ,: 1 '(: for '("

-^Bo),("v ;,! A, r",=)'2 '(" r ) : fro

^ Ar#( $0") 'o Vo)o0% o$ '(" U11"r $





Mo=$' $,2 '( '(" ,=11or' of '(" Ur )

Co,, #;,2 '(": 'oo; S r ' '(" 1o $' ("r"

'(" r ) : r" #(", '(" M" %o B $;2 $%

'(": ," "% '(" 0r" ' 9r %0" ov"r '(" r v"r '

S: r $! T(": "v"$ 1"$"'r '"% ,(or' :

)o$0 '(" ) $" 'o +"$ '( $ '(" r" ) R=,, 2

9=' '(ro=0( r '("r ,1 r,"):-1o1=) '"% $" 0(-

9o=r(oo%! A),o2 '(": ,'r=#; =1 '(" r v"r 'o

6 $! I$ 'r='( '(": "r" '(=, (ov"r $0

ro=$% '(" "%0" of '(" r" ) R=,, $% '(r" '"$-

$0 ' fro o=', %"! T(" Br ' ,( "K1"% ' o$

fro Ar#( $0") 9: 9o ' =1 '(" $ R v"r

'o 6o') ,2 $% '("$#" 9: r ) : 'o V: ';

THE RIVALRY OF EM+IRES 7.4

o$ '(" Tr $, 9"r $ ) $"2 11" r, )",, foo)-

( r%: "$'"r1r ," ("$ ,""$ $ '(" ) 0(' of

'("," r" ) ' ",!





) $% r% 9o=$% r: r $ ,'r 0(' fro +"'ro-

0r % 'o 6 $2 $% '("$ )o$0 #=rv"% ) $"

fro 6 $ 9: '(" Vo)0 $% o$ R v"r, 'o

'(" B) #; S" 2 $% 9: '(" T=r; ,( fro$' "r 'o

$" r '(" (" % of '(" A%r ' #! A' '(" o$"

"$% of '( , E=ro1" , C 1" S'! V $#"$' ,' $%-


$0 o=' 'o ," @ ' '(" o'("r "$% , '(" ) $%

# 1" for "% 9: '(" Vo)0 ")9o ' 6 $!

B"r) $ , ) o,' "K #'): % : 9"' ""$ S'!

V $#"$' $% 6 $! H % +r=,, o$ '( ,

J MM&



vv

+ro! 3 ! T(" r" ) E=ro1"2 E ,' $% ?",'2 '( '(" %% ' o$

of B r9 r:2 '(" B ); $,2 $% A, M $or ,"" 11! 7.82 7 W!

? r ' , ("r $'"$' o$ '( ' Co$' $"$' )

E=ro1" fro S'! V $#"$' 'o 6 $2 '( '("

%% ' o$ of '(" A, ' # H" r') $%2 ,(o=)%

( v" 9"#o " '(" $ v ) 9 ," fro ( #(

,(" o=)% ( v" fo=0(' Br ' $ $% A "r #

$ '(" $"K' r!

L"' =, $o % v %" o=r E=ro1" $'o E ,'

$% ?",' 9: ) $" ,o %r $ fro '(" A%r ' #



THE RIVALRY OF EM+IRES 7..

'o '(" Nor'( S" '( ' V"$ #" $% '(" N"'("r-

) $%, : ) " 'o '(" ",'2 $ ),o '( ' 1 r'

of G"r $: ( #( ( , 9""$ G"r $ fro '("

9"0 $$ $0 of E=ro1" $ ( ,'or:2 9=' ,o '( '

B"r) $ $% V "$$ r" 'o '(" " ,'2 for +r=,,

$% A=,'r r" #o=$'r ", ( #( '(" G"r $

( , #o$ ="r"% $% or" or )",, for# 9):

T"='o$ ,"%! O$ '(" 1 '(=, % v %"% )"' =,

D '( $; '(ro=0( D '(" ( ,'or: of '(" ) ,' fo=r

0"$"r ' o$, @ ' )) ,,= " $" #o("r"$#:!

T(" E$0) ,( R"vo)=' o$ ) '"% '(" 1o "r,

of Mo$ r#(:2 $% '(" Fr"$#( R"vo)=' o$

,,"r'"% '(" r 0(', of '(" +"o1)"! O $0 'o

% ,or%"r $ Fr $#"2 $% ("r $v , o$ fro

9ro %2 '(" or0 $ ,"r N 1o)"o$ , '(ro $

=1! N 1o)"o$ #o$ ="r"% B")0 = $% S ' -







' o$, "r" 9o=' "v"$): 9 ) $#"%2 9=' '("

,=1"r or ': %=" 'o '(" ( 0("r # v ) , ' o$ of

7 A$% '("r"for" #ro,, '(" '"rr 'or: ( #( #o=)% ffor% ,=1-

1) ",2 'o '(" #o$'"$% $0 r ",!

THE RIVALRY OF EM+IRES 7.

?",' E=ro1" , $"='r ) ,"% 9: Br ' ,( ," -

1o "r!

Af'"r ? '"r)oo2 E ,' E=ro1" , =$ '"% f)

9: '(" Ho): L" 0=" of '(" '(r"" +o "r, -

R=,, 2 A=,'r 2 $% +r=,, ! E #( of '(" ^

'(r"" %v $#"% ",' r% ,' 0"2 , '(o=0( f /

%r $ 9: 0$"' $ '( ' % r"#' o$! R=,,

o9' $"% o,' of +o) $%2 $% '(=, "K'"$%"%

1o) ' # ) 1"$ $,=) $'o '(" (" r' of '("



1(:, # ) 1"$ $,=) of E=ro1"! A=,'r 'oo;

'(" ) ' $ #o ,'2 $% ),o V"$ #" $%

M ) $ $ '(" $) $% of Nor'("r$ I' ):!

+r=,, o9' $"% %"' #("% '"rr 'or: $ '("

o)% G"r $: of '(" ?",'2 ( #( '"rr 'or:

, % v %"% $'o '(" ' o 1rov $#", of '("

R( $") $% $% ?",'1( ) ! T( , $$"K ' o$

of G"r $, 'o +r=,, 1rov"% 'o 9" =#(

or" , 0$ f # $' '( $0 '( $ '(" %% ' o$ of

+o)", 'o R=,, $% of I' ) $, 'o A=,'r !

T(" R( $") $% , $ $# "$'): # v ) ,"%

#o=$'r:2 $% ,o f r ?",'"r$ '( ' ' ##"1'"%

'(" Co%" N 1o)"o$ for ', ) 2 ( #( ' ,' ))

r"' $,! Fro '(" o "$' '( ' '(" +r=,, $,

'(=, for#"% '(" r : $'o ?",' E=ro1"

,'r=00)" 9"# " $"v ' 9)" 9"' ""$ '("

L 9"r ) R( $") $% $% '(" Co$,"rv ' v" Br $-

%"$9=r0 of B"r) $! B=' '( ' ,'r=00)" ,

1o,'1o$"% for ' " o $0 'o '(" "K( =,' o$

of E=ro1"!







?",' G"r $:2 $$"K $0 H $ov"r $% '("r"-

9: o1"$ $0 '(" : $'o '(" R( $") $% for

5=$;"r ) ' r , ! A' '(" , " ' " B"r) $

" ;"$"% ("r #o 1"' 'or A=,'r 9: (")1 $0

'(" M 0: r 'o ",' 9) ,( '(" %= ) 0ov"r$ "$'

of A=,'r -H=$0 r:2 $% 9: %"1r v $0 A=,'r

of V"$ #"! Fr $#" ( % 1r"v o=,): r"#ov"r"%

M ) $ for '(" ?",'! T(" ? r of 7 9"-

' ""$ +r=,, $% A=,'r ,2 (o "v"r2 (

",,"$#" "r"): C v ) ? r @ '( , 9"# "

"v %"$' $ 7 3 ("$ +r=,, 2 ( v $0 ,(o $

'( ' ("r 1o "r , rr", ,' 9)" $ '(" ? r

0 $,' Fr $#"2 for "% '(" L" 0=" of '("

T(r"" E 1"ror,2 $% '(=, r"#o$,' '='"% for ^^

' " '(" E ,' E=ro1" of '(" Ho): A)) $#"! } O /

T(" #"$'r" of 1o "r $ E ,' E=r1 4" , $o 2 !

($T5 T frr' r Q P +$ $$ J $$TJT $ Ur$r$r T( $$ ! $r)

D ^^^^0J /

E ,' E=ro1" $ % ",' 9) ,("% #o$, %"r 9)"





A=,'r $ r",1"#' of '(" B ); $ +"$ $,=) 2

9=' ("r" '(" "ffor' of B , r#; , 'o (o)%

( , ' o )) ", 'o0"'("r! T("r"for"2 f'"r ;-

$0 '(" = ) A)) $#" '( A=,'r $ 7 2

B , r#; $"0o' '"% ( , ,"#r"' R" $,=r $#"

Tr" ': '( R=,, ! H" %", r"% ,o) % E ,'

E=ro1" =$%"r +r=,, $ #o$'ro)2 9=' % v %"%

?",' E=ro1"TW

* * * * *

T(" "v"$', ( #( " ( v" '(=, 9r "f):

# ))"% 'o $% r" $o "r" 1 ,' $% %" %

( ,'or:! T(": ,(o '(" f=$% "$' ) o11o, -

' o$ 9"' ""$ E ,' $% ?",' E=ro1"2 $

o11o, ' o$ ( #( 9"#o ", of or)%-, 0$ f # $#"

("$ " r" " 9"r '( ' '(" ) $" '(ro=0(

G"r $: ( #( H ,'or: $% # '", , '("

fro$' "r 9"' ""$ E ,' $% ?",' , '(" v"r:

) $" ( #( " ( v" o$ o'("r 0ro=$%, ' ;"$ ,

%" r; $0 '(" H" r') $% $ '(" ,'r '"0 # )



,"$," fro '(" Co ,') $%!

I$ ?",' E=ro1" '("r" r" ' o 1r $# 1 )


")" "$',2 '(" Ro $#" $% '(" T"='o$ #! A,

f r , '(" ' o #( "f $ ' o$,2 Br ' $ $% Fr $#"2

r" #o$#"r$"%2 '("r" , $% # $ 9" $ o%"r$

' ", $o =",' o$ of #o$ =",' of '(" o$" 9:

'(" o'("r! T(" C( $$") ) ", 9"' ""$ '(" !

A : 9 #; $ '(" M %%)" A0", ' , 'r=" '( '

for '(r"" #"$'=r ", Fr"$#( 6$ 0(', r=)"%

E$0) $%2 $% '( ' for $o'("r #"$'=r: '("

E$0) ,( 'r "% 'o r=)" Fr $#"! B=' '(o," r") -

' o$, "$%"% for 0oo% ("$ =""$ M r: )o,'

C ) ,! T(" 0r" ' r, 9"' ""$ '(" ' o

#o=$'r ", $ '(" " 0('""$'( #"$'=r: "r"

0"% 1r r ): 'o 1r"v"$' '(" Fr"$#(



Mo$ r#(: fro %o $ ' $0 '(" Co$' $"$' of

E=ro1"! For '(" r",'2 '(": "r" r, of

#o)o$ ) $% #o "r# ) r v )r:! So f r2 ),o2

, '(" T"='o$ # ")" "$' )o$0 '(" R( $" ,

#o$#"r$"%2 '("r" , #"r' $): $ '(" 1 ,' $o

v"r: %""1-," '"% (o,' ) ': 'o '(" Fr"$#(! T("

A), ' $,2 '(o=0( G"r $ 9: ,1""#(2 9"# "

' , o$" of '(" 0r" ' f #', of ( ,'or: o1"r -

' v" 'o '( , % : Fr"$#( $ (" r'! Ev"$ ( '

, $o '(" 6( $" 1rov $#" of +r=,, ##"1'"%2

, " ( v" ,""$2 '(" Co%" N 1o)"o$!

I$ E ,' E=ro1" '("r" r" ),o ' o 1r $# 1 )

")" "$',2 '(" T"='o$ # $% '(" S) vo$ #2 9='

$o " = ) 9r = ( , 9""$ ",' 9) ,("% 9"' ""$

'(" , 9"' ""$ '(" Ro $#" $% T"='o$ #

")" "$', of ?",' E=ro1"! T(" ;": 'o '("





-1" , $'r: , 'r=): G"r $2 '(" ) $% , (")%

9: , )) 1ro1r "'or,!

No %o=9' '("r" , % ff"r"$#" of 1r",, o$

%" o$ for" 0$"r, 9: '(" A=,'r $ , $% 9:

'(" +r=,, $, of $o9)" 9 r'( @ '( ' % ff"r"$#"

#o ",2 $o %o=9'2 fro '(" f #' '( ' '("

A=,'r $, %v $#"% " ,' r% fro So='(

G"r $ (o ",2 ("r" , '(" +r=,, $, # "

fro '(" ( r,("r Nor'(! B=' $ +r=,, $%

A=,'r ) ;"2 '(" 0r" ' ) $%o $"r, "r" ='o-

THE RIVALRY OF EM+IRES

7 4



#r ', 9"for" '(" ? r2 '(o=0( " #o o$):

'( $; of '(" 5=$;"r , +r=,, $ o$):! T("

1" , $'r: of 9o'( #o=$'r ", , $ ,' '" of

,"rf%o =$' ) #o 1 r ' v"): ,(or' ' " 0o!

H 9=r0

FIG- 38! T(" ,=rv v $0 ,) $%, of ?"$% ,( S) vo$ #W

,1""#( ' 6o''9=,2 "$# r#)"% 9: '(" f)o $0 ' %" of

G"r $ ,1""#(!

T(" ' o )o$0 ) 9, of '"rr 'or: '(r=,'

o=' 9: +r=,, $ $or'(-" ,'"r): $% ,o='(-

" ,'"r): % r"#' o$, ( v" %""1 ( ,'or # )



" $ $0 for '(o," (o r" % ( ,'or: o$ '("

12 r % ' , ( ,'or: o$ '(" 1 ( #( #o$-

,' '='", o$" of '(" 0r" ' r" ) ' ", '( ( #(

5


" =,' %" ) $ o=r 6"#o$,'r=#' o$! T(" 1

,(o $0 '(" % ,'r 9=' o$ of ) $0= 0", '")), $

'( , $,' $#" "v"$2 or" '( $ '(" 1o) ' # )

12 for ' ,(o , '(r"" 'o$0=", of G"r $

,1""#( $% $o' "r"): ' o! T(" f r,' ) ",

$or'(-" ,' r% )o$0 '(" B )' # S(or" @ '

r"1r","$', G"r $ #o$ =",' $% for#"%

T"='o$ , ' o$ of '(" ) '"r M %%)" A0",! B:

'(" #o ,' ," '"r- : '(" H $," ' # M"r-



#( $', of L 9"#; $% '(" T"='o$ # 6$ 0(',2

$o )o$0"r o##=1 "% $ Cr=, % $02 #o$ ="r"% ))

'(" ,(or") $%, 'o ("r" $o ,' $%, +"'ro-

0r %! B: ,=9," ="$' ( ,'or: ( )f of '( ,

,'r 1 of D "=',#('(= D , $#or1or '"%

'( '(" B"r) $ Mo$ r#(:2 $% '(" o'("r ( )f

9"# " '(" B )' # +rov $#", of '(" R=,, $

C r%o ! B=' '(" B )' # +rov $#", r"' $"%2

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THE RIVALRY OF EM+IRES 7

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THE RIVALRY OF EM+IRES 7 .

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0(': ," -9 ,"! I$ '(" B , r#; $ 1"r o%2

M


@ or"ov"r2 ("$ '(" #"$'r" of 0r v ': $ E ,'

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fro '(" r"vo)' of '(" S) v, 0 $,' '("

G"r $,! T(" "v"$', ( #( )"% =1 'o '

9"0 $ '( '(" A=,'r $ o##=1 ' o$ of '("

S) v 1rov $#", of Bo,$ $% H"r "0ov $ $

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$,=) r $% 1"$ $,=) r2 =,' $"#",, r ): 9"

o11o,"% 'o ( '"v"r +o "r ''" 1', 'o

or0 $ ," '(" r",o=r#", of E ,' E=ro1" $%



'(" H" r') $%! V " "% $ '(" ) 0(' of '( '

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for (=$%r"% :" r, 1 ,' ' ;", o$ ) r0"


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G"r $ R=,, $ C r%o 9"# =," R=,, ,

'(" %o $ ' $02 '(r" '"$ $0 for#" 9o'( $

E ,' E=ro1" $% '(" H" r') $% for ( )f

#"$'=r:! ?" "r" o11o,"% 'o '(" (o)):

G"r $ 6 ,"r%o 2 9"# =," G"r $: 'oo;

'(" )" % $ E ,' E=ro1" fro '(" C r%o 2

$% o=)% '("$ ( v" #r=,("% '(" r"vo)' $0

S) v,2 $% %o $ '"% E ,' E=ro1" $% '("

H" r') $%! G"r $ 6=)'=r2 $% )) '( ' '

" $, $ '(" : of or0 $ , ' o$2 o=)%

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' ," "$' of ,#or1 o$, , #o 1 r"% '( '("



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r v )r: of E 1 r", fro '(" 1o $' of v " of

,'r '"0 # ) o11or'=$ ' ",2 $% " ( v" #o "

'o '(" #o$#)=, o$ '( ' '(" ?or)%-I,) $% $%

'(" H" r') $% r" '(" f $ ) G"o0r 1( # ) R" ) -

' ", $ r"0 r% 'o ," -1o "r $% ) $%-1o "r2

$% '( ' E ,' E=ro1" , ",,"$' )): 1 r' of

'(" H" r') $%! B=' '("r" r" $, 'o 9" #o$-

, %"r"% '(" E#o$o # R" ) ': of $-1o "r!

?" ( v" ,""$ '( ' '(" =",' o$ of 9 ,"2 $o'

o$): ,"#=r" 9=' ),o 1ro%=#' v"2 , v ' ) 'o

," -1o "r @ '(" 1ro%=#' v" 9 ," , $""%"% for

'(" ,=11or' of "$ $o' o$): for '(" $$ $0







1r",,"% 9: r $! T(": % ff"r o$): $ '("

=$ ' of #o 1"' ' o$! I$ +o) ' # ) E#o$o :

'( ' =$ ' , '(" $% v %= ) or f r @ $ N ' o$ )

E#o$o : ' '"$%, 'o 9"#o " '(" S' '" o$0

S' '",! T( , , '(" f #' 11r"# '"% 9: L ,'2

'(" fo=$%"r of G"r $ N ' o$ ) E#o$o :2

=$%"r (o," 1=)," '(" +r=,, $ o))v"r" $

or C=,'o , U$ o$ , 9ro %"$"% =$' ) ' $-

#)=%"% o,' of G"r $:! T(" Br ' ,( +o) -

' # ) E#o$o ,', ")#o "% '(" o))v"r" $2

r"0 r% $0 ' , $ $,' ) "$' of '(" r o $

Fr"" Tr %"! I$ 'r='(2 9: r" ov $0 #o 1"' -

' o$ $ 0r" '"r or )",, %"0r"" 'o '(" o=', %"2

N ' o$ ) E#o$o : "% ' ,=9,' '=' $0 for

'E" #o 1"' ' o$ of "r" "$ '( ' of 0r" ' ! 2

$ ' o$ ) or0 $ , ' o$,! I$ or%2 '(" N ' o$ ) Q

E#o$o ,', '(o=0(' %:$ # )):2 9=' '("

+o) ' # ) E#o$o ,', $ '(" $ ,' ' # )): W

T( , #o$'r ,' of '( $; $0 9"' ""$ 6=6=r

$% " o#r #: , $o' ' f r,' of 0r" '



1r #' # ) , 0$ f # $#"! I$ '(" f f' ", $%

, K' ", of ) ,' #"$'=r: '(" G"r $, "r" '

'(" r r,! T(" Br ' ,( M $=f #'=r"r ,

'o1 5o02 $%2 , B , r#; o$#" , %2 Fr""

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=$' ) 7 2 '(" % '" of '(" f r,' ,# "$' f #


' r ff2 '( ' '(" "#o$o # , or% of G"r $:

, =$,(" '("%! T( ' % '" r;, 11roK -

'"): v"r: 0r" ' #( $0" $ '(" r', of

'r $,1or' 'o ( #( %=" " 0(' , $o' ) :,

'' #("%! I' , '("$ '( ' Br ' ,(-9= )'

r ) :, $ A "r # $% Br ' ,( ,'"")-9= )'

,( 1, o$ '(" A') $' # 9"0 $ 'o # rr: 9=);-

# r0o",!

?( ' '( , $" f #' of '(" # rr 0" of 9=);






'r ", %" $ $#r" ,"% %" $% for Br ' ,(

$=f #'=r",! So '(" Br ' ,( 1"o1)" 0r"

$ $= 9"r ' (o " , ")) , $ '(" Co)o$ ",

$% '(" U$ '"% S' '",! Co9%"$ $% Br 0('

( % for",""$ '( , @ '(": " $' 'o ( v" #(" 1

foo% $% #(" 1 r '"r ), ("r" '( 'o

;" #(" 1 "K1or',! B=' '(" r",' of '("

or)% )oo;"% =1o$ o=r Fr"" Tr %" , "'(o%

of E 1 r" r '("r '( $ of Fr""%o @ '(" r"-

v"r," of '(" "% ) , 1r","$'"% 'o '(" @

'(": "r" 'o 9" (" "r, $% %r "r, for Gr" '

Br ' $! T(" Br ' ,( I,) $%"r, =$for'=$ '"):

%" '(" ,' ;" of ''r 9=' $0 '(" r 1ro-

,1"r ': $): 'o '(" r fr"" 1or',2 ("r" ,

' , #( "f): %=" 'o '(" r 0r" ' D Go $0 Co$-

#"r$2 . $% '(" f #' '( ' ' ( % 9""$ ,"' 0o $0



9"for" ' ( % #o 1"' 'or,! I' , 9"# =,"

'(": "r" D '(" ,'ro$0 D $ 7 2 '( ' '(":

#o=)% %o1' Fr"" Tr %" '( "% '" %v $-

' 0" $% '(o=' ,"r o=, "% '" % , %-

v $' 0"!

Fro 7 G"r $: 9"0 $ 'o 9= )% =1 ("r

$-1o "r 9: ,' =) ' $0 " 1)o: "$' '

(o "! O$" of ("r "'(o%, , '(" ,# "$' f #

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D ,#r""$"%2D ,o '( ' '(": ,(o=)% #o$' $

$ = of ) 9o=r $% ",1"# )): of ,; ))"%

) 9o=r! B=' "v"r: o'("r " $, , r",or'"%

'o for '(" 1=r1o," of r , $0 Go $0 Co$#"r$


( #( ,(o=)% : ")% 0r" ' 1ro%=#' o$ ' (o "!

T(" R ) :, "r" 9o=0(' 9: '(" S' '"2 $%



1r"f"r"$' ) r '", 0r $'"%! T(" B $;, "r"

9ro=0(' =$%"r '(" #o$'ro) of '(" S' '" 9:

,:,'" of $'"r)o#;"% ,( r"(o)% $02 $% #r"% '

, or0 $ ,"% for $%=,'r:! C r'"), $%

Co 9 $", r"%=#"% '(" #o,' of 1ro%=#' o$ $%

% ,'r 9=' o$! T(" r",=)' , '( ' 9o=' '("

:" r 78 G"r $ " 0r ' o$2 ( #( ( % 9""$

,'" % ): f )) $02 #" ,"% )'o0"'("r2 "K#"1' $ ,o

f r , 9 ) $#"% 9: 0r ' o$!

T(" "#o$o # off"$, v" , $#r" ,"% 9:

"'(o%, of 1"$"'r ' o$ 9ro %! S( 11 $0

) $", "r" ,=9, % ,"%2 $% 9 $;, "r" =,"% ,

'r %" o='1o,', $ for" 0$ # ' ",! I$'"r$ ' o$ )

Co 9 $", "r" or0 $ ,"% =$%"r G"r $ #o$-

'ro)2 v"r: ) r0"): '( '(" (")1 of '(" 5" ,

of Fr $;f=r'! F $ )):2 $ 78 .2 G"r $:

1o,"% ,=#( ,:,'" of #o "r# ) 'r" ' ",

o$ ,"v"$ % o $ $0 $ ' o$, , " $' '(" r

"#o$o # ,=9 "#' o$! O$" of '("," $ ' o$,

, R=,, 2 '("$ " ; fro r $% r"vo)=-



' o$! T(o," 'r" ' ", r" , % 'o ( v" ' ;"$

'"$ :" r, 'o '( $; o=' #( r #'"r ,' #

"ff)or",#"$#" of 6=)'=r

T(" r 1 % G"r $ 0ro '( , 'r = 1(

of or0 $ , ' o$2 or2 ( o'("r or%,2 of '("

,'r '"0 # )2 '(" D :, $% " $, D "$' ) ':!

T(" f=$% "$' ) ,# "$' f # %" , "r"2 o,'

THE RIVALRY OF EM+IRES 7 .

of '(" 2 1or'"%2 $% '(" v =$'"% G"r $

T"#($ # ) E%=# ' o$ , "r"): for of

or0 $ , ' o$! T(" (o)" ,:,'" , 9 ,"%

o$ #)" r =$%"r,' $% $0 of '(" R" ) ': of '("

Go $0 Co$#"r$ Or0 $ ,"% M $-1o "r!

B=' '(" Go $0 Co$#"r$ , r")"$')",,

f #'2 for '(" f r,' 1o) ' # ) ''r 9='" of '("



$ ) M $ , (=$0"r! I$ '(" '"$ :" r,

9"for" '(" ? r G"r $: , 0ro $0 ' '("

r '" of )) o$ ,o=), :" r '(" % ff"r"$#"

9"' ""$ %" '(, $% 9 r'(,! T( ' " $' '( '

'(" 1ro%=#' v" Go $0 Co$#"r$ =,' $o' o$):

9" $' $"%2 9=' '( ' ', D 0o $0 D =,'

9" #o$,' $'): ##")"r '"%! I$ '(" #o=r," of

for': :" r, '(" (=$0"r of G"r $: for r;"',

( % 9"#o " o$" of '(" o,' '"rr 9)" r" ) ' ",

of '(" or)%! T(" f #' '( ' '(" #o "r# )

'r" ': '( R=,, o=)% #o " =1 for r"-

$" ) $ 787 , 1ro9 9): $o' =$#o$$"#'"%

'( '(" for# $0 of '(" ? r @ G"r $: r"-

= r"%2 ' )) #o,',2 ,=9 "#' S) v%o 'o

0ro foo% for ("r $% 'o 9=: ("r r",!

T(" "$ (o2 ' B"r) $2 1=))"% '(" )"v"r

$ 787 2 $% ,"' fr"" '(" % "%-=1 f)oo%

of G"r $ $-1o "r2 ( v" r",1o$, 9 ) ':

( #( ( , 9""$ $ ):,"% $% f K"%2 ,o f r ,

o=r $for ' o$ :"' 0o",2 '( ;""$ r"," r#(



9: '(" =$for'=$ '" 0"$"r ' o$ ( #( ( , ( %

'o f 0(' '(" f" rf=) %=")! B=' 9"for" H ,'or:


'(" r 0= )' )) 9" ,( r"% 9: '(o," (o2 $

:" r, 1 ,'2 ,"' '(" Co$#"r$ Go $0! I$ '( ,

''"r Br ' ,( S' '", "$ $% '(" Br ' ,(

+"o1)" )) $o' 9" (")% (o)): 9) ")",,!

I' , '(" '("or: of Fr"" Tr %" '( ' '("

% ff"r"$' 1 r', of '(" or)% ,(o=)% %"v")o1 o$

'(" 9 , , of '(" r $ '=r ) f # ) ' ",2 $% '( '

% ff"r"$' #o =$ ' ", ,(o=)% ,1"# ) ," $%

r"$%"r ,"rv #" 'o o$" $o'("r 9: "K#( $0 $0

'(" r 1ro%=#', fr""):! I' , f r ): 9") "v"%

'( ' Fr"" Tr %" '(=, %" for 1" #" $% '("

9ro'("r(oo% of "$! T( ' : ( v" 9""$

'"$ 9)" '(" " $ '(" ' " of A% S '(



$% for 0"$"r ' o$ or ' o f'"r r%,! B='

=$%"r o%"r$ #o$% ' o$, '(" Go $0 Co$#"r$2

or2 $ o'("r or%,2 ##= =) ' $0 F $ $# )

$% I$%=,'r ) ,'r"$0'(2 , # 1 9)" of o='-

" 0( $0 o,' $ '=r ) f # ) ' ",! T(" Go $0

Co$#"r$ of '(" L $# ,( r" Co''o$ I$%=,'r:

, $ $,' $#" of '( , o$ 0r" ' ,# )"! A

v"r: , )) % ff"r"$#" of 1r #" $ #(" 1 ) $", of

"K1or' )) (o)% or )o," r;"'2 $% '("

0r" ' Go $0 Co$#"r$ # $ 9",' ffor% 'o #='

1r #",! H"$#" L $# ,( r" ( , $' $"% ("r

#o''o$ $%=,'r: for #"$'=r: 0 $,' )) #o -

1"' 'or,2 '(o=0( '(" ,o=r#", of '(" r '"-

r ) $% '(" 1r $# 1 ) r;"', for '(" f $ ,("%

0oo%, r" $ % ,' $' 1 r', of '(" or)%! Co )

$% o ,' #) '" r" ("r o$): $ '=r )






D r;"'-(=$0r:2D for $o'( $0 , ))"r '( $

'(" (o)" or)% , r;"' "$o=0( for ("r

$ ("r o $ ,1"# ) ) $",!

Br ' $ ( % $o ' r ff v ) 9)" , 9 , ,

for 9 r0 $ $0 @ ( '( ' r",1"#' ,(" ,'oo%

$ ;"% 9"for" '(" or)%! T("r"for"2 ("$

'(r" '"$"% $ ,o " v ' ) r;"'2 ,(" #o=)%

9=' r"'=r$ '(r" ', of ," -1o "r! Co9%"$ 1ro-

9 9): for", '( , ( ( , ) '"r % :, ("$ ("


%"#) r"% '(" $""% for ,'ro$0 Br ' ,( N v:2

9=' '(" r $; $% f )" of '(" M $#(",'"r S#(oo)

"r" ,o 1"r,= %"% '( ' Fr"" Tr %" %" for

1" #" '( ' '(": 0 v" ) '')" '(o=0(' 'o '("

,1"# ) $%=,'r ) r" = r" "$', of ," -1o "r @

$ '(" r v " $: 'r %" , " = )): 0oo%



1rov %"% ' "r" 1rof ' 9)"! Y"' Br ' $ ,

f 0(' $0 for ("r So='( A "r # $ r;"', ("$

("r f)""' $' $"% '(" Mo$ro" %o#'r $"

0 $,' G"r $: $ '(" M $ ) $# %"$'2 $%

for ("r I$% $ r;"' ("$ ("r f)""' ;"1'

G"r $: ' 9 : %=r $0 '(" So='( Afr # $

? r2 $% for '(" o1"$ %oor 'o ("r C( $

r;"' ("$ ("r f)""' ,=11or'"% 5 1 $ $ '("

R=,, $ ? r! % L $# ,( r" r" ) ," '( ' '

, 9: for#" '( ' '(" fr"" 1or' of #o''o$,

, 1o,"% o$ I$% U$%o=9'"%): I$%

( , 1rof '"% v ,'): o$ 9 ) $#" 9: '("

Br ' ,( R 2 $% $o 0r" ' " 0(' of 0= )'

$""% r",' o$ '(" L $# ,( r" #o$,# "$#" $ '( ,

''"r @ 9=' '(" f #' r" $, '( ' r"1" '"%):2

9o'( '( $ $% '(o=' '(" E 1 r"2 fr""-

'r % $02 1" #"-)ov $0 L $# ,( r" ( , 9""$

,=11or'"% 9: '(" for#" of '(" E 1 r"! G"r-

$: 'oo; $o'" of '(" f #' $% 9= )' ("r f)""'2

$% '( ' f)""' $ 9" $02 $% ,' )) $ 9" $0 'o

'(" "$% of '(" ? r2 $"='r ) ,"% 0(':



Br ' ,( "ffor' ( #( o=)% ( v" 9""$ v ) 9)"

o'("r ," ( ,=11or' of o=r r : $ Fr $#"!

THEJ RIVALRY OF EM+IRES 7 8

o "$'= of '(" Go $0 Co$#"r$ ,

v"r: % ff #=)' 'o #( $0" $ %" o#r #:! T("

o$" (o1" of '(" f='=r" , '( '2 , r",=)' of

'(" )",,o$ of '( , ? r2 "v"$ %" o#r #: :

)" r$ 'o ' ;" )o$0"r v " , W I$ $ "#o$o - T

# )): )o1-, %"% #o =$ ': '(" or ': ,

o$ '(" ov"r-%"v")o1"% , %"2 $% ' , '("

or ': ( #( #(oo,", '(" r=)"r, $ %"-

o#r #:! T(" v",'"% $'"r",', , #o$,"-^

="$#" '"$% 'o v",' "v"r %""1"r2 9o'( '("^1 IK ^

$'"r",' of ) 9o=r $ " r$ $0 $% 9=: $0 $ ^

1 r' #=) r :,2 $% of # 1 ' ) $ ; $0 1rof '

$ '(o," , " :, @ o$ '(" v"r 0" '("r" ,



$o'( $0 'o #(oo," 9"' ""$ ) 9o=r $% # 1 ' )

$ '("," r"0 r%, @ '(": 9o'( ' ;" ,(or' v " ,!

B=' '("r" , '(" , " % ff #=)': of #( $0-

$0 '(" Go $0 Co$#"r$ ( $ ='o#r #:2 )-

'(o=0( '( ' % ff #=)': , f")' $ % ff"r"$'

:! T(" or ': $ %" o#r #: )) $o'

#( $0" ', "#o$o # ro=' $"2 9=' ='o#r #:

of'"$ %o", $o' % r" 'o %o ,o! G"r $: =$%"r

'(" 6 ,"r%o "% ' ?or)% E 1 r"2 $%

'o #( "v" ' r",or'"% 'o 11ro1r '" "#o$o #

"K1"% "$', for 9= )% $0 =1 ("r $-1o "r@

1r","$'): ,(" % r"% $o' #( $0" ("r o$): 'oo

,=##",,f=) 1o) #: "v"$ ("$ ' , for# $0 ("r

'o r2 for '(" )'"r$ ' v" , r"vo)=' o$!

L ;" Fr $;"$,'" $ ,(" ( % #o$,'r=#'"% $

=$ $ 0" 9)" o$,'"r!




I$ : 9") "f2 9o'( Fr"" Tr %" of '(" ) ,," -

f r" ':1" $% +ro'"#' o$ of '(" 1r"% 'or:

':1" r" 1o) # ", of E 1 r"2 $% 9o'( ;"

for ? r! T(" Br ' ,( $% '(" G"r $, 'oo;

," ', $ "K1r",, 'r $, o$ '(" , " ) $"2 9='

o11o, '" % r"#' o$,! +ro9 9): fro 9o='

/7 8 #o)) , o$ , $"v ' 9)" @ '("r" #o ",

o "$' ("$ '(" 9r ;", ( v" $o )o$0"r

' " 'o #'! T(" % ff"r"$#" $ Br ' ,( $%

G"r $ r",1o$, 9 ) ': : 1"r( 1, 9" ,' '"%

'(=, P '(" Br ' ,( %r v"r ,' r'"% f r,'2 $%

r $ # r")",,):2 $"0)"#' $0 '(" , 0$ ),2 ("r" ,

'(" G"r $ %r v"r %") 9"r '"): ,'r"$0'("$"%

$% r o=r"% ( , 'r $ 'o ,' $% '(" ,(o#;2

1=' ' o$ '(" ro$0 ) $"2 $% ' '(" ) ,'

o "$' o1"$"% ( , '(ro'')" v )v",!

T(" Go $0 Co$#"r$ ,2 $ '("," % :,2 '("

0r" ' E#o$o # R" ) ': @ ' , =,"% #r -

$ )): 9: '(" G"r $,2 $% 9) $%): 9: '("



Br ' ,(! T(" Bo),("v ;, =,' ( v" for0o''"$

'( ' ' "K ,'"%!

VI

THE FREE OM OF NATIONS

THE A)) ", ( v" o$ '(" ? r! B=' (o ( v"

" o$ T(" 1ro#",, , f=)) of r$ $0!

?" "r" , v"%2 $ '(" f r,' 1) #"2 9: '("

r" % $",, of '(" Br ' ,( F)""'2 $% 9: '("

%"# , o$ ( #( ,"$' ' 'o ," @ ,o Br ' ,( #o -

=$ # ' o$, '( Fr $#" "r" ,"#=r"%! T( '

r" % $",, $% %"# , o$ "r" '(" o='#o " of

'(" Br ' ,( ( 9 ' of )oo; $0 'o '(" o$" '( $0

",,"$' ) $ '(" %,' of $: '( $0, '( '

" )" v" ,) 1,(o% @ ' , '(" : of '(" # 1 9)"

'"=r! ?" "r" , v"%2 $ '(" ,"#o$%

1) #"2 9: '(" o$%"rf=) v #'or: of Fr"$#(



0"$ =, o$ '(" M r$"2 1r"1 r"% for 9: $:

:" r, of %""1 '(o=0(' $ '(" 0r" ' Fr"$#(

f #o)" M ) ' r" @ $ o'("r r",1"#', '(" Fr"$#(

Ar : , $o' , r" %: , ' 0(' ( v" 9""$2

"K#"1' ( #o=r 0"! ?" "r" , v"% $ '("

'( r% 1) #" 9: '(" , #r f #" ' , $o )",,

of '(" o)% Br ' ,( 1rof",, o$ ) r : ' Y1r",2

$ " '( ' )) ,' $% $ ( ,'or: 9", %"

T("r o1:) "! ?" "r" , v"%2 $ ,(or'2 9:

787


"K#"1' o$ ) 0"$ =, $% "K#"1' o$ ) ("ro ,

fro '(" r",=)', of $ v"r 0" r"f=, ) 'o

for","" $% 1r"1 r" P ")o ="$' '",' o$:



5 9o'( 'o '(" ,'r"$0'( $% '(" " ;$",, of

%" o#r #:!

T("$ for ' o :" r, '(" f 0(' $0 , ,' 9 -

) ,"%2 $% 9"# " r of 'r"$#(", o$ ) $%

$% of ,=9 r $", ' ," 2 r of ''r ' o$

$ ( #( ' " 'o)% $ f vo=r of Br ' $ 9='

0 $,' R=,, ! I$ 787 R=,, #r #;"% $%

'("$ 9ro;"! G"r $: ( % #o$ ="r"% $ '("

E ,'2 9=' 1o,'1o$"% '(" =''"r ,=9 "#' o$ of

'(" S) v, $ or%"r f r,' 'o ,'r ;" %o $ ("r

?",'"r$ fo",! ?",' E=ro1" ( % 'o # ))

$ '(" (")1 of A "r # 2 for ?",' E=ro1"

)o$" o=)% $o' ( v" 9""$ 9)" 'o r"v"r,"

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$""%"%2 9"# =," A "r # 2 '(" '( r% of '("

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'(" , #r f #" of Br ' ,( "r#( $' ,( 11 $02

$% '(" "$%=r $#" of '(" Fr"$#( $% Br ' ,(



,o)% "r, 0 $,' $ off"$, v" $ Fr $#" ( #(

)) 9=' ov"r (") "% '(" ! I$ ,(or'2 "

o$#" or" 1 ''"% #( r #'"r $% r 0(' $-

, 0(' $'o ",,"$' ), 0 $,' G"r $ or0 $ , -

' o$2 $% " =,' $ 0"% 'o $! A' '("

")"v"$'( (o=r Br ' $ ##"1'"% '(" 1r $# 1)"

THE FREE OM OF NATIONS 784

of '(" , $0)" ,'r '"0 # ) #o $%2 0 v $0

,#o1" o$#" or" 'o '(" E#o)" M ) ' r"!

B=' '( , (o)" r"#or% of ?",'"r$ $%

O#" $ # f 0(' $02 ,o ,1)"$% % $% :"' ,o

(= ) ' $02 ( , v"r: ) '')" % r"#' 9" r $0 o$

'(" I$'"r$ ' o$ ) R","'')" "$'! T("r" ,

$o "% '" = rr") 9"' ""$ E ,' E=ro1"

$% ?",' E=ro1"@ '(" ' " 0 1 ,' ("$

Fr $#" o=)% ( v" '' #;"% G"r $: 'o



r"#ov"r A), #" $% Lorr $"! T(" ? r2 )"'

=, $"v"r for0"'2 9"0 $ , G"r $ "ffor' 'o

,=9%=" '(" S) v, (o "r" $ r"vo)' 0 $,'

B"r) $! ?" )) ;$o '( ' '(" =r%"r of '("

A=,'r $ G"r $W Ar#(%=;" $ S) v Bo,$

, '(" 1r"'"K'2 $% '( ' '(" A=,'r $Q G"r-

$W =)' '= 'o S) v S"r9 , '("

"'(o% of for# $0 '(" ? r! B=' ' # $$o'

9" 'oo of'"$ r"1" '"% '( ' '("," "v"$', "r"

'(" r",=)' of D f=$% "$' ) $' 0o$ , 9"-

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$ E ,' E=ro1"2 $% '(" S) v,2 (o r"f=,"%

'o ,=9 ' 'o '(" H % G"r $: ")"#'"%

'o ,' $% o$ '(" %"f"$, v" o$ ("r ,(or' fro$' "r

'o r%, Fr $#"2 $% ( % ,(" '(ro $ ("r $

,'r"$0'( 0 $,' R=,, 2 ' , $o' 1ro9 9)"

'( ' '(" or)% o=)% 9" $o $ )): ' 1" #"

'o-% :2 9=' ov"r,( %o "% 9: G"r $ E ,'

E=ro1" $ #o $% of )) '(" H" r') $%!

T(" Br ' ,( $% A "r # $ $,=) r 1"o1)",



N


o=)% $o' ( v" r" ) ,"% '(" ,'r '"0 # ) % $0"r

=$' ) 'oo ) '"!

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'(" ,,=" 9"' ""$ G"r $ $% S) v $ E ,'

E=ro1"! Yo= =,' ( v" 9 ) $#" , 9"-

' ""$ G"r $ $% S) v2 $% 'r=" $%"1"$%-

"$#" of " #(! Yo= # $$o' ffor% 'o )" v"

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'oo $ rro ): fro '(" r"#"$' % $0"r!



A v #'or o=, Ro $ 0"$"r )2 ("$ ("

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?(o r=)", '(" H" r') $% #o $%, '("

?or)%-I,) $% P

?(o r=)", '(" ?or)%-I,) $% #o $%, '("

?or)%!



THE FREE OM OF NATIONS 78.

V ,#o=$' Gr": o$#" ''r 9='"% '(" (o)"

'r 0 # #o=r," of r"#"$' "v"$', 'o '(" 9r" #(

of '(" 1=9) # ) of E=ro1" ("$ A=,'r

'or" =1 '(" Tr" ': of B"r) $ 9: $$"K $0

Bo,$ $% H"r "0ov $ $ 78 ! U$-

%o=9'"%): '( ' , )",'o$" $ ( ,'or:2

9=' '(" or 0 $ ) o##=1 ' o$ of '("," ' o

S) v 1rov $#", of T=r;": 9: A=,'r $ 7 2

=$%"r '( ' v"r: B"r) $ Tr" ':2 , 1"r( /1,

$" r"r 'o '(" ,o=r#"! I' " $' 'o '(" S) v

$% $o' #" '( ' '(" +r=,, $ G"r $ ,'oo%

9"( $% '(" A=,'r $ G"r $ $ ( , %v $#"

ov"r '(" #o=$'r: for ( #( '(" S) v ( %

fo=0(' '( '(" T=r;2 for '(" ? r of 7 2 '

=,' 9" r" " 9"r"%2 ( #( )"% =1 'o '("

Co$0r",, of B"r) $2 9"0 $ '( r , $0 of '("

S) v, of Bo,$ $% H"r "0ov $ 0 $,'

T=r;":2 $% 9"# " E=ro1" $ 9"# =," of '("

,: 1 '(: of '(" $" 0(9o=r $0 S) v, of S"r9



$% Mo$'"$"0ro2 ( #( 1"))"% '(" ),o

'o f 0(' 0 $,' '(" T=r;! Af'"r 7 '("r"

fo))o "% f" :" r, of R=,, $ (", ' $#:

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$ -1o "r! T("$2 $ 7 8.2 # " '(" A)) $#"

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R=,, $""%"% $ A)): 9"# =," of '(" G"r $

9=)): 9: ("r , %"! R=,, $% Fr $#" "r"


$o' "% '" $" 0(9o=r,2 ,o '( ' '(" $-

#o 1 ' 9 ) ': of " o#r #: $% A='o#r #:

, $o' =$%"r '(" # r#= ,' $#", $ 1"% -

"$' ,=ff # "$' 'o for9 % '(" rr 0"! B='

' , $o$" '(" )",, ,o " " ,=r" of '(" $""%

$ ( #( R=,, ,'oo%!



I$ 78 .2 ("$ R=,, , " ; f'"r '("

5 1 $"," ? r $% ("r f r,' r"vo)=' o$2 G"r-

$: 1o,"% =1o$ ("r 1=$ ,( $0 T r ff!

I$ 78 R=,, "$' ,o f r2 $ #o$," ="$#"2

, 'o ##"1' $ =$%"r,' $% $0 "v"$ '(

Br ' $2 ("r r v ) of ' o 0"$"r ' o$, $% '("

)): of ("r ) '" "$" :2 5 1 $! A0 $ "

( v" "v %"$#" of '(" ,'r",, '( ' , o$ ("r2

",1"# )): f " r" " 9"r '(" G"r $ $f)=-

"$#", $ ("r Co=r' $% B=r" =#r #:!

?("$2 '("r"for"2 $ 78 2 A=,'r 'oo; '( '

f=r'("r #' o$ $ r"0 r% 'o Bo,$ $% H"r "-

0ov $ 'o ( #( V ,#o=$' Gr": '' #("% ,=#(

1or' $#"2 ,(" %" )' 9)o ("r" '("r" "r"

)r" %: 9r= ,",! T(" ) '')" $" 0(9o=r S"r9

1ro'",'"%2 $% '(" 9 0 , ,'"r R=,, ,=1-

1or'"% ("r2 for ' " $' '(" %"f $ '" #)o, $0

of '(" %oor 'o '(" ( ,'or # ,1 r ' o$, of

S"r9 $ $ ' o$ ) ':2 1ro=%): (")% "v"r , $#"



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#"$'=r:! B=' '(" 6 ,"r of B"r) $ 1=' o$

( , D ,( $ $0 r o=r D ' V "$$ 2 $% ,(oo;

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+"'ro0r %! A f" or" =$#o for' 9)" :" r,2

$% '("$2 $ 78732 # " '(" F r,' B ); $ ? r2

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G"r $-'r $"% T=r; ,( Ar :! I$ 7874 '("

B=)0 r $ S) v,2 $,'" % of ,=9 '' $0 '("

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T(" S"#o$% B ); $ ? r "$,="%2 $ ( #( '("

B=)0 r $, "r" %"f" '"% o $0 'o '(" $'"r-



v"$' o$ of '(" R= $ $,2 $% '(" Tr" ':

of B=#( r",' r"0 ,'"r"% ,"v"r" #("#; 'o

G"r $ 9 ' o$2 $% 0 v" $" (o1" 'o '("

,=9 "#' S) v, of A=,'r !

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of B=#( r",'2 9: M! 5=)", C 9o$2 '(" Fr"$#(

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Fr $ F"r% $ $%2 G"r $: ( % %"# %"% 'o

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$ '(" =r%"r , $o fr"" $ ' o$ #o=)% ##"1'2

$% ("$ S"r9 ( % 0o$" 'o '(" =' o,' ) '

of #o$#",, o$2 $% "v"$ A=,'r (", ' '"%2

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H % R=,, ,=9 ''"%2 , $ 78 2 ,(" o=)%

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$o o1' o$ 9=' ,=rr"$%"r $'o "#o$o #

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f 0(' $0 ( , 9""$ $ '(" ?",'!

Ho # " ' '( ' G"r $: %" '("

%o=9)" ,' ;" of $v % $0 Fr $#" $% of

$v % $0 ("r '(ro=0( B")0 = G"r $:

;$" '(" " ;$",, of R=,, @ '("r" , $o



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r;"',2 for r '"r ),2 $% for %"r



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'(" r" $%"r of '(" H" r') $%2 " ( v" 'o

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THE FREE OM OF NATIONS 3 7

1o $',2 $% " ,( )) 9" ," f " #' o$ '("

,,= 1' o$ '( ' ( , ; $% )) 9r""% 'r=" 'o

', ':1"! Ho "v"r 0r" ' '(" %"f" ' ( #( $

'(" "$% " : ( v" $f) #'"% o$ o=r #( "f

"$" :2 " ,(o=)% o$): 9" #(" 1"$ $0 o=r

o $ #( "v" "$' f " % % $o' r"#o0$ ," $

'(" Nor'( G"r $ o$" of '(" '(r"" or fo=r

o,' v )" r #", of $; $%!

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T(" G"r $ r"vo)=' o$, of 7 "r" ) o,'

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( , o$): 9""$ o$" G"r $ C( $#"))or '(

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%"#) r"% ( $ , 9oo; o$ I 1"r ) G"r $:

'( ' D'(" G" $ ( , ) :, ##o 1) ,("%



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f r 0= % $#"! T(" "$% of '(" 1r","$' % ,-

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THE FREE OM OF MEN

FROM '(" #o$, %"r ' o$ of '(" R" ) ' ", 1r"-

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H

THE FREE OM OF MEN 34

of 0r" '"r ( 11 $",, $ '(" r o $ ) v", or $

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A++EN ICES

A

NOTE ON AN INCI ENT AT THE UAI DORSAY

3.TH 5ANUARY 7878

THE r"1r","$' ' v", of '(" A)) "% N ' o$, "r" ,," 9)"% $

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M)

A++EN ICES 3 8

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B

ANALYSIS

BEING TH6 HEA S O+ ARGUMENT IN THIS BOO62 ?ITH

CHA+TEE AN +AGE REFERENCES

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A++EN ICES 3 7



'o o##=1: '(" H" r') $%2 7 3 @ B=' L ,," -f r" ),o 1o) #: of

E 1 r"2 7 @ C) ,( of '(" ' o 1o) # ",2 7 @ I$"v ' 9)" fro

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,"'' $02 3 4 @ Of '(" , v $0 v r'=" of N" 0(9o=r) $",,2 3 !



3 3 EMOCRATIC 5 EALS AN REALITY

LIST OF MA+S AN IAGRAMS

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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY2 LOS ANGELES

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