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Urban Mobility India, 2011 6 th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4 TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR DIRECTOR
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Page 1: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

Urban Mobility India, 20116th Environmental Sustainability Forum

4TH DEC 2011

MADHAV PAI

DIRECTORDIRECTOR 

Page 2: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

R d f t ld id A l iRoad safety worldwide: An alarming concern

Number of road 

Worldwide:

• 90% of road fatalities occur in low & middle income accident deaths per year worldwide

countries, which account for only 48% of vehicles.

• In many countries, road accidents are the most common cause of death in the age group of 15‐45.

Number of road accident injuries 

per year worldwide

• If this trend continues, road accidents will be the 5th highest cause of death by 2030.

Source: World Health Organisation (2004). 

2

g ( )“World report on road traffic injury prevention”. 

Page 3: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

Road traffic accidents in Indian cities

• As urban population increases, road fatality scenario will 

i ll18%

Road traffic accidents

In urban areas potentially worsen.In urban areas

Rest of India

300

400

Fatalities per million population (major Indian cities)

100

200

2001

2009

0

Ahm

edabad

Amritsar

Kolkata

Ludh

iana

Mum

bai

Patna

Hyderabad

Surat

Vado

dara

Chen

nai

Rajkot

Madurai

Kochi

Delhi

Bangalore

Nagpu

rPu

neAsansol

amshed

pur

Jabalpur

Indo

reNasik

Bhop

alCo

imbatore

Varanasi

Dhanb

adJaipur

Luckno

wKanp

urFaridb

adVijayw

ada

Meerut

Vizag

Agra

Allahabad

3

A Ja C

Source: National Crime Records Bureau (2009) “Accidental Deaths & Suicides in India – 2007”. New Delhi, National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs.

Page 4: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

Traditional approach to road safety

Traditional focus: Making fast travel safe for passengers inside the motor‐vehicle

But who is really vulnerable on urban roads

In Delhi, 63% of road fatalities are of pedestrians & bicyclists

• Traditional focus is more applicable for highways

• Within cities, the focus should be on reducing vehicle speed, to make 

4

g p ,them safer for pedestrians & bicyclists

Page 5: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

Further evidence from Bangalore

Pedestrian (51%)

Source: Bengaluru Road Safety & Injury Prevention Programme: Injury snapshots and activity profile – 2009National Institute of Mental Health & Neuro Sciences

20%7%

2%

Pedestrian fatalities: Pedestrian hit by

Car / Jeep

Two‐wheeler8%

Pedestrian activity at the time of fatality

Crossing the road20%

19%13%

9%Bus

Unknown

Truck

Van57%27%

8% Walking on the road

Standing on the road

Working on the road

Playing on the road

55

16%14%

Van

Autorickshaw

Others

Sleeping on the road

Unspecified

Page 6: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

The urban road conflict

A conflict of speed capacity

Non motorisedMotorised transport:

SAFETY

IMPACTIMPACTLow speed capacity

Non‐motorised transport: Walking, cycling

High speed capacity

Motorised transport: Trucks, buses, cars, 

rickshaws, motorbikes

EASE OF TRAVELEASE OF TRAVEL

Slow‐moving vehicles F t i

SAFETYA conflict of speed desirability

IMPACTIMPACT Accessibility accessing properties or local streets

MobilityFast‐moving, thoroughfare traffic

EASE OF TRAVEL

6

EASE OF TRAVELIn both conflicts, the critical factor is speed

Page 7: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

Western concept: Road hi hhierarchy, as a means to  avoid speed conflicts

Promotes fast movement of thoroughfare, motorized,  private transport

Discourages NMT & Discourages NMT & public transport

Neither practical, nor desirable in the  Indian context

77

Page 8: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

Road safety in the urban Indian context

Mixed land  Diverse modes High  Informal street  Lack of trafficuse with direct plot access

Diverse modes of transport pedestrian 

volumeactivity / vendors

Lack of traffic discipline

88Credit: TARU

Page 9: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

Road design principle:Considers how people will behave rather than how people should behave

9

Page 10: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

Guiding principles

Broad objective for road design

• To design a road network that effectively balances the thoroughfare and local access gneeds of all road users, thereby  improving their safety and ease of travel

The road safety objective

• To effectively control excessive speed of vehicles within urban areas

10

Page 11: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

Various uses of the road

Thoroughfare motor vehicle  Carriageway

Signals &traffic Signals & street lights

Pedestrian movement

Footpath

11

Page 12: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

Determination of the space utilisation of the Right of Way (ROW) 

Footpath Buffer area

Traffic lanes

Consistent widthContinuous lengthNo obstructions

Consistent widthContinuous lengthNo obstructions

To vary depending upon residual width of the roadT d tTo accommodate all other road elements

12

Page 13: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

The design principles for urban roads 

• Continuous length of footpath and traffic lanesContinuity

• Consistent width of footpath  and traffic thoroughfare lanesConsistency

• No obstructions in the footpath and traffic lanes. All other road elements to be incorporated in the buffer area

Clear

• Clarity to the road users of the right path, priority area, transfer area, conflict zones for all modes

Clarity modes

• Control of dangerous speed of vehiclesControl

13

Page 14: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

The concept

Continuous and consistent footpath 

Continuous and consistent carriageway

Buffer area to accommodate all other street elements

14

Page 15: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

Utility boxes and other street elements

15

Page 16: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

Buffer area design principle

• Presently this is a wasted area

Problem

• Presently this is a wasted area, neither needed for thoroughfare traffic, nor by pedestrians

• Left unused, it is prone to encroachment, silt accumulation, etc

• Can be used to accommodate essential street elements like

Recommendation

essential street elements, like bus stops, auto‐rickshaw stand, parking/waiting area, utility boxes, etc

16

Page 17: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

All street elements

To be accommodated in the buffer area

Footpath and carriageway to be kept free of obstacles

17

kept free of obstacles

Page 18: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

The treatment of bus stops

Bus‐stop not obstructing the footpath

Bus‐bay not obstructing the carriageway

BUS STOP

BUS BAY

Instead of bus‐bay curving into buffer area, carriageway curves into the opposite buffer area.

18

Therefore, curvature can be lesser

Page 19: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

A poor  pedestrian crossing

Unmarked, with no indication to pedestrians or motoristspedestrians or motorists

Narrow width, not consistent with footpathwith footpath width

Not at level height. Can 

No physical treatment to slow down speeding vehicles

potentially be a tripping hazard as pedestrians try to cross quickly

19

Page 20: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

Is this really disabled friendly??

20

Page 21: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

Raised zebra crossingZebra crossing raised to footpath height by sloping the carriageway, to make it disabled friendly and also to slow downdisabled friendly, and also to slow down cars approaching the crossingPedestrian waiting 

area in buffer area

Median width increases atBollards prevent

21

Median width increases at crossing to accommodate stranded pedestrians

Bollards prevent vehicles from entering footpath

Page 22: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

Alternating bus stops on either side of zebra crossing

Opposite side bus stops share one zebra crossing

BUS STOPBUS BAYBUS STOP

BUS STOPBUS BAY

Zebra crossing behind bus‐bay for better visibility to motorists of crossing pedestrians

22

Page 23: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

On‐street parking / waiting area

Accommodated in buffer area

Gap is kept between parking / waiting area and footpath, so that car door opening does not hamper pedestrian movement

PA R K I N G

Clearly demarcated from traffic lanes

Not too long to discourage motorists 

23

from traffic lanes from using it as a traffic lane

Page 24: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

Existing informal rickshaw queuing area

Wasted space

24

Page 25: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

Taxi stand

Clearly demarcated from general parking area

PA R K I N G

TA X I   S TA N D

Wide gap between taxi stand and footpath to accommodate commuter queue

25

to accommodate commuter queue 

Page 26: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

Existing property accesses

• Slopes to access property gates are present on the footpath, creating a 

Problem

p p p y g p p , gtripping hazard, and also hampering ease of walking

• Alternatively, the footpath is dropped at property gates, creating the same kind of hazards and difficulties, but to a lesser extent

26

Page 27: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

Property gates

P bl

• Property gates that open outward obstruct the footpath

Problem

obstruct the footpath

Recommendation

• These gates must be made to open inward, or replaced with sliding gates

27

Page 28: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

Property access

Footpath does not drop at propertdrop at property gate Bollards on 

footpath to prevent vehicles from

Access is through slope accommodated in

vehicles from entering footpath

accommodated in the buffer area Property gates to be 

made to open inward or have sliding gates

28

Page 29: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

Compromised road width

When road width is compromised, eliminate the buffer areabuffer area

Curvature should be gradual, and not at right angles

Where unavoidable, provide dropped curb access to property gates

29

Page 30: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

Immovable obstacles along footpath line

Curve footpath into buffer area and then back into line of footpath where obstacles end

Curve should be gradual and not at 90 degrees. It should appear natural to the pedestrian

Clear difference in treatment of footpath and buffer area: colour,

30

footpath and buffer area: colour, surface material, height

Page 31: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

Major junction Bollards along footpath prevent vehicles from entering footpath

Zebra crossings in line with Completely raised junction t f t th h i ht

vehicles from entering footpath

footpathto footpath height

Carriageway curvature accommodated in the buffer area

Diagonal crossings if All Red traffic signal exists

31

Page 32: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

An example of an existing major junction

32

Page 33: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

And an improved design…

33

Page 34: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

Minor junction (unsignalized) Stop lines sufficiently set b k f b i

Zebra crossings in 

Completely raised junction to footpath 

back from zebra crossing

line with footpathheight

Z b i idthRight turn lanes provided, since this is an unsignalised crossing

Zebra crossing width consistent with footpath width

34

Page 35: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

An example of an existing minor junction

35

Page 36: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

And an improved design

36

Page 37: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

The sustainable approach to urban road safety

37

Page 38: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

EMBARQ’s activities in this space• EMBARQ is partnering with City Governments to carry out road safety 

audits/inspections in a number of cities that have proposed/existing mass transit corridors.

• The rationale is that these corridors will generate high volumes of pedestrian traffic, 

No Location City Time

thus significantly impacting the road safety and accessibility of the roads along these corridors. 

1 Proposed BRT corridor  Indore Jun 2011

2 Under construction elevated Metro corridor Mumbai Aug 2011

3 BRT corridor New Delhi Aug 2011

4 BRT corridor Ahmedabad Nov 2011

5 Elevated metro corridor Bangalore Dec 2011*

6 BRT corridor Surat 2012*6 BRT corridor Surat 2012*

*Proposed

• EMBARQ is also conducting research on road accidents along these corridors, with the intent of releasing a publication in 2012 on road safety in the context of Indian Cities

38

intent of releasing a publication in 2012, on road safety in the context of Indian Cities.

Page 39: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

EMBARQ Th WRI C t f S t i blEMBARQ, The WRI Center for Sustainable Transport, catalyzes and helps implement

t i bl t t l ti thsustainable transport solutions than enhance quality of life and the environment

Page 40: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

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Page 41: MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR - Regional development · Urban Mobility India, 2011 6th Environmental Sustainability Forum 4TH DEC 2011 MADHAV PAI DIRECTOR

Thank you!

www.embarqindia.org


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