MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL...

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (Autonomous)

(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)

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SUMMER– 14 EXAMINATION Subject Code: 0806 Model Answer Page No: 01/ 41

Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer

scheme.

2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess

the understanding level of the candidate.

3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not

applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.

4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure.

The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any

equivalent figure drawn.

5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values

may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate‟s answers and model answer.

6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer

based on candidate‟s understanding.

7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent

concept.



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SUMMER – 14 EXAMINATION Subject Code: 0806 Model Answer Page No: 02/ 41

Q.1 Attempt any FIVE of the following (5 X 4) (20)

a) Give synonyms and molecular formula of (any 2)

i) Magnesium sulphate

ii) Antimony potassium tartarate

iii) Sodium Bicarbonate

iv) Bleaching powder

Ans: (One mark for each synonym and one mark for each molecular formula)

Magnesium sulphate :

Synonyms: Epsom Salt, Heptahydrate, Bitter salts

M. Formula: MgSO4. 7H2O

Antimony potassium tartarate :

Synonyms: Tartar emetic, Potassium antimonyl tartrate, Emetic tartar

M. Formula: [KOOC-CHOH-CHOH-COO (SbO). ½H2O] OR C4H4O7. SbK. ½ H2O

Sodium Bicarbonate :

Synonyms: Baking soda, bicarbonate of soda, sodium acid carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate

M. Formula: NaHCO3

Bleaching powder :

Synonyms: Chlorinated lime, Hypochlorous acid, calcium hypochlorite, Calcium oxychloride

M. Formula: Ca(OCl) Cl. H2O or CaOCl2

b) Define Expectorants and emetics. Give the properties and uses of Potassium iodide

Ans: (One mark for each definition and one mark for properties and uses)

Expectorants: The drugs or compounds that remove sputum form the respiratory tract are known as

Expectorants. These drugs either increase fluidity of sputum or increase the volume of fluids that have to

be expelled from respiratory tract.



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SUMMER– 14 EXAMINATION

Subject Code: 0806 Model Answer Page No: 03/ 41

Emetics: A drug or substance given to induce vomiting is known as Emetic.

OR

The drugs or compounds which expel contents from the GIT are known as emetics.

Potassium Iodide

Properties:

1. It occurs as a white colored granular powder.

2. It is very soluble in water, even more in boiling water, freely soluble in glycerin and soluble in

alcohol.

3. It is hygroscopic in nature.

4. Its aqueous solution is neutral or alkaline to litmus.

Uses:

1. It is used as expectorant.

2. It is also used as a source of iodine in prophylaxis and treatment of simple goiter.

3. In large dose it is used to treat certain overactive thyroid conditions (hyperthyroidism)

4. It is also used as a antifungal agent.

b) Write any four effects of impurities present in pharmaceutical. Discuss the importance of

quality control in pharmacy.

Ans: (Two marks for effects of impurities and two marks for importance of quality control in

pharmacy)

Effects of Impurities:

The impurity present in the pharmaceuticals may have the following effects.

1. Impurities which have toxic effect can be harmful or injurious when present above certain limits.

2. Impurities even when present in traces may show a cumulative toxic effect after certain period.

3. Impurities may cause technical difficulties in formulation and use of the substances.

4. Impurities sometimes harmless but are present in such a large proportion that the active strength

of substance is lowered and because of this therapeutic effect of drug is reduced.

http://www.medicinenet.com/hyperthyroidism/article.htm



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5. Impurities may bring a change in the physical and chemical properties of the substance thus

making it medically useless.

6. Impurities may lower the shelf life of the substance.

7. Impurities may bring about an incompatibility with other substances.

8. Impurities though harmless in nature may bring about changes in physiochemical properties of

preparation like color, odor etc.

Importance of Quality Control:

The term Quality control has assumed lots of importance in pharmaceutical field.

There cannot be any compromise in this regard & one cannot think of any second quality

in drugs and pharmaceuticals.

Presence of very small quantities (even few parts per million) of toxic impurities such as

arsenic in drugs and pharmaceuticals can be very harmful to patient.

As drugs and pharmaceuticals are used in the treatment of diseases, therefore it is very

important to maintain their quality, hence quality control becomes vital for drugs and

pharmaceuticals.

Standard for drugs and methods of quality control are monographed in pharmacopoeias

which are official publications made in various countries under the authorities of respective

governments.

The basis of maintaining the quality of products could be seen through the following

good manufacturing practices.

Since it is necessary that a good quality product should be available to the doctors to treat

patients or for the users; the responsibility of pharmacist and those of pharmaceutical industry

has increased considerably.

The term quality as applied to drugs and drug products include all those factors which

contribute directly or indirectly to the safety, effectiveness and reliability of product.

In order to have the above referred properties in a drug it is necessary to have quality

control.

To achieve Quality control a concept of total quality control is to be followed.



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Total quality control will include all those aspects starting with procurement of raw

material to the finished product available at the drug store and till it is consumed by the

customer.

Thus, it will include not only parameters of GMP but also the storage, handling and

preserving the sample till ultimate use.

The quality set for a drug is after consideration recommendations of various experts

bodies.

Various tests and procedures for analysis including finding and determining impurities

are laid down in the official books. This applies both to the drugs as raw material as well in the

form of finished products.

b) Define the following terms with suitable examples (ANY 4)

1. Achlorhydria

2. X- Ray contrast media

3. Astringents

4. Antioxidants

5. Antidotes

6. Half – life of a pharmaceuticals

Ans: (Half mark for each definition and half mark for example)

1. Achlorhydria :

When due to some reason, there is no secretion of hydrochloric acid in gastric

secretions; the condition is called as achlorhydria.

E.g.: Dil. Hydrochloric acid is used in treatment of Achlorhydria

2. X- Ray contrast media:

Chemical compounds which have the ability to absorb X-rays and block the passage of

X-ray thus, remain opaque on X-ray examination; such compounds and their

preparations are called as radio opaque contrast media.

E.g.: Barium Sulphate



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3. Astringents:

Astringents are the agents which cause local or surface or mild protein precipitation

when applied to damaged skin or mucus membrane.

E.g.: Zinc chloride, Zinc sulphate, Aluminium sulphate, Alum, Aluminium subacetate

solution.

4. Antioxidants:

Antioxidant is an agent which is added to any preparation to prevent oxidation of

ingredients and subsequent deterioration of the product. Chemically they act as

reducing agents.

E.g.: Nitrogen, Sodium Metabisulphite, Sodium Bisulphate, Hypophosphorus Acid,

Sulphur Dioxide, Sodium Nitrite, Sodium Thiosulphate Etc.

5. Antidotes:

Antidote is any substance which counteracts the effect of poison. OR

Antidote is any substance or compound which is used in treatment of poisoning.

E.g.: Sodium Nitrite, sodium thiosulphate, activated charcoal, magnesium sulphate etc

6. Half – life of a pharmaceuticals:

The time in which the amount of radionuclide decays to half its initial value is known

as Half life of a pharmaceuticals.

E.g.:

Sr. No Element Half life

1 22

Na

2 to 6 yrs

2 131

I 8 days

3 32

P 14.3 days

4 65

Zn 150 days



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e) Name any four official compounds of calcium along with their chemical formula.

Ans: (Half mark for name and half mark for chemical formula)

Sr. No Name of Official Compounds of

Calcium

Chemical Formula

1 Calcium Acetate C4H6CaO4

2 Calcium Chloride CaCl2. 2H2O

3 Calcium Carbonate CaCO3

4 Calcium Gluconate C12H22CaO14.H2O

5 Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2

6 Calcium Lactate C6H10CaO6

7 Calcium Pentothenate C18H32CaN2O10

8 Calcium Phosphate Dibasic CaHPO4.2H2O

f) Write storage condition and uses of:

i) Nitrogen

ii) Carbon dioxide.

Ans: (One mark for storage condition and one mark for uses)

i) Nitrogen

Storage Condition: It is supplied in metal cylinder under pressure, painted gray with black on the neck

and shoulder. The name & symbol of the Nitrogen is stenciled on the body of the cylinder.

Uses:

1. It is used as antioxidant to protect pharmaceuticals by replacing air in containers of parenterals,

injectables etc.

2. It is used as diluents for oxygen.

3. Liquid nitrogen is used in food freezing process

4. Liquid nitrogen is used as a coolant in industry.

ii) Carbon dioxide.

Storage Condition: Carbon Dioxide is stored & supplied in metal cylinder under pressure painted in

gray color. The name & symbol of the Carbon Dioxide is stenciled on the shoulder of the cylinder.



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Uses:

1. It is used as a respiratory stimulant.

2. By combining with oxygen it is used in carbon monoxide poisoning.

3. It is used in treatment of drug addiction.

4. It is used to prepare dry ice, which is used in minor surgical operation for destroying tissue.

5. It is widely used in beverages industry for preparation of cold drinks

6. It is also used to replace air in some pharmaceutical preparations.

g) Write medicinal/pharmaceutical uses of following (ANY 4):

1. Talc

2. Sodium metaphosphate

3. Magnesium trisilicate

4. Ferrous sulphate

5. Povidone – iodine

6. Selenium sulphide

Ans: (One mark for each compound)

1. Talc:

Uses:

1. It is used as skin protecting dusting powder.

2. It is used as medicated dusting powder.

3. It is used as lubricant in tablet manufacturing.

4. It is used as filtering aid.

5. It is used as in preparation of cosmetics.

2. Sodium metaphosphate:

Uses:

1. It is an ingredient in dentifrices as cleaning-polishing agent and abrasive detergent.

2. It is mainly used as a water softening agent.



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3. Magnesium Trisilicate

Uses:

1. It is used as an antacid in the treatment of peptic ulcers.

2. It also used gastrointestinal protective agent with colloidal silica, which can coat gastrointestinal

mucosa conferring further protection.

3. It can also be used in oral pharmaceutical formulations and food products as a glidant.

4. It is used as a food additive.

4. Ferrous sulphate:

Uses:

1. It is used as Haematinic (treatment of anemia caused by iron deficiency)

2. It has disinfectant properties.

5. Povidone – iodine:

Uses:

1. Povidone -iodine is a broad spectrum antiseptic for topical application in the treatment and

prevention of infection in wounds.

2. It is used in first aid for minor cuts and burns.

3. It is used as a surgical scrub; for pre- and post-operative skin cleansing.

6. Selenium sulphide:

Uses:

1. It is used to treat dandruff and a certain scalp infection (seborrheic dermatitis). It reduces itching,

flaking, irritation, and redness of the scalp.

2. Selenium sulfide is also used for a condition that causes discoloration of the skin (tinea versicolor).

3. It is used as anti-infective.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antacid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptic_ulcer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloidal_silica

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucosa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glidant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_additive

http://www.medicinenet.com/seborrhea/article.htm

http://www.onhealth.com/seborrheic_dermatitis/article.htm

http://www.medicinenet.com/itch/article.htm

http://www.onhealth.com/tinea_versicolor/article.htm



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Q: 2 Solve Any THREE of the following (3 X 4) (12)

a) Explain Lowry - Bronsted theory for acids and base. Give advantages of this theory over

Arrhenius theory with examples.

Ans: (Two marks for explanation and two marks for advantages)

According to Bronsted & Lowry Theory-

Acid- Acid is any substance capable of donating proton (H+) in a chemical reaction; in short acid is a

proton donor. Examples-

HCl H+ + Cl-

H2SO4 H+ +

H3O+ H+ + H2O

NH4+

H++ NH3

HSO4-

Base- Base is any substance capable of accepting a proton (H+) in a chemical reaction; in short base is a

proton acceptor. Examples-

OH-H+

+

H2SO4H++

H3O+

NH4+H+

+NH3

HSO4-

H2O

H2O H++

Advantages of Bronsted-Lowery Concept over Arrhenius Concept:

1. Water is not essential for a compound to act as acid or base i.e. it can also explain the acid-base

reactions in the non aqueous medium.

2. It can explain the basic character of substances like sodium carbonate, ammonia which do not contain

OH- group but still behave like bases.



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3. This concept is not limited to molecules but also covers even the ionic species which acts as acids or

bases.

Examples: bicarbonate ion, bisulphate ion, monohydrogen phosphate ion etc.

5. Amphoteric or Amphiprotic nature of few chemicals like H2O can be explained by this theory.

b) Explain dental caries and dentifrices. Give properties and uses of sodium fluoride.

Ans: (One mark for each, dental caries, dentifrices, properties and uses of sodium fluoride)

Dental caries:

Dental caries or tooth decay has been defined as a disease of the teeth caused by acids formed by the

action of microorganisms on carbohydrates and is characterized by decalcification of tooth accompanied

by foul mouth odour. Acids produced by bacterial metabolism of fermenting carbohydrates act on teeth,

produce lesions where bacteria get localized and dental caries is produced.

Dentifrices:

Dentifrices are agents used along with a toothbrush to clean and polish natural teeth. They are supplied

in paste, powder, gel or liquid form. There have been many dentifrices produced over the years, many

focusing on marketing strategies to sell products, such as offering whitening capabilities. The most

essential dentifrice recommended by dentists is toothpaste which is used in conjunction with a

toothbrush to help remove food debris and dental plaque.

Properties:

1. It is white colored crystalline powder.

2. It is odorless.

3. It is soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol.

4. Aqueous solution of the salts corrodes ordinary glass bottles and hence the solution should be made

in distilled water and stored in dark, Pyrex bottles.

Uses:

1. It is used as anticaries agent.

2. It is also used for the prophylaxis of dental caries.

3. Its solution may be used in cleansing of children‟s teeth.

4. It is also used in some insecticides and rodenticides.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_whitening

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentists

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpaste

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothbrush

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_plaque



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c) Draw well labeled diagram of Gutzeit apparatus. Give reactions involved in Arsenic limit test.

Ans: (Two marks for diagram and two marks for reactions)

Gutzeit apparatus:



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Reactions involved in Arsenic limit test:



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d) What are buffers? Give their types and explain mechanism of buffer action with suitable

examples.

Ans: (One mark for definition, one mark for types and two marks for mechanism)

Buffers - It composed of weak acid & its salt of strong base or weak base & its salt of strong acid

capable of resisting large change in PH.

Buffers are solutions or systems that resist a sudden change in pH upon addition of small quantities of

acids & bases.

Types of Buffers:

Neutral buffer:

It is composed of salts of weak acid and weak base.

E.g.: Ammonium acetate.

Acidic buffer:

It is composed of weak acid and strong conjugate base.

E.g.: Acetic acid and sodium acetate.

Basic buffer:

It is composed of weak base and strong conjugate acid.

E.g.: Ammonia and Ammonium chloride.

Mechanism:

Acidic buffer system

E.g. Acidic buffer system contains acetic acid and sodium acetate ( CH3COOH & CH3COONa)

i) CH3COOH - act as weak acid

ii) CH3COONa - act as strong conjugate base of acid

a) In acidic buffer solution, if small amount of HCl is added, H+

ion combine with acetate ion and form

acetic acid, resulting in no change in PH.

H+ + CH3COO

- -------- CH3COOH



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b) In acidic buffer solution if small amount of NaOH is added, hydroxide ion combine with acetic acid

and form acetate ion, resulting in no change in PH

OH- + CH3COOH -------- CH3COO

- + H2O

In this way acidic Buffer are solutions or systems that resist a sudden change in pH upon addition of

small quantities of acids & bases.

Basic buffer system

E.g. Basic buffer system contains Ammonium hydroxide/ ammonia and Ammonium chloride (NH4OH

& NH4Cl)

i) NH4OH/NH3 - act as weak base

ii) NH4Cl - act as strong acid of base

a) In basic buffer solution, if small amount of HCl is added, H+ ion combine with ammonium hydroxide

and form ammonium ion, resulting in no change in PH.

H+ + NH4OH

-------- NH4

+ + H2O

b) In basic buffer solution if small amount of NaOH is added, hydroxide ion combine with ammonium

ion and form ammonium hydroxide, resulting in no change in PH .

OH- + NH4

+ -------- NH4OH

In this way basic Buffer are solutions or systems that resist a sudden change in pH upon addition of

small quantities of acids & bases.



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e) Define mEq. Calculate the mEq od NaCl in 1 litre of 0.9% W/V solution.

Ans. (One mark defination and three mark calculation)

Defination: It is an unit used to express concentration of electrolytes in the body fluids.

mEq/L = mg of substance/L

Eq.Wt.

Wt of electrolyte in NaCl Solution = 0.9 gm/100ml

In 1000 ml = 9000 mg of NaCl

mEq/L = mg of substance/L

Eq.Wt.

Equivalent wt.= Molecular wt./Valency

Equivalent wt. of NaCl is 58.5

Therefore mEq/L= 9000

58.5

= 153.84 mEq/L of NaCl

Result: 0.9 % NaCl solution contains 153.84 mEq/L of Na+ and Cl

-



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Q.3 Solve any THREE of the following (3 X4) (12)

a) Explain the precautions to be taken while handling and storage of radiopharmaceuticals.

Ans: Handling and Storage of radiopharmaceuticals

Precautions should be taken while handling & storing radioactive material to protect the people

from harmful radiations & to protect radiopharmaceuticals.

Radiopharmaceuticals should never be touched with hand but handled by means of forceps or

suitable instrument

Smoking, drinking, eating should not be carried out in laboratory where radiopharmaceuticals are

being handled

Sufficient protective clothing & shielding must be used.

Radiopharmaceuticals should be kept in suitable labeled container shielded by lead bricks, in a

remote area

Disposal of radiopharmaceuticals should be done with great care.

The shielding effect can be achieved by thick (1meter thickness) concrete blocks or with pure

distilled water layer. Water layer stops radioactive radiations allows visible light to pass while

thick concrete block stops all radiations.

b) Define antiseptics and disinfectants. Give mechanism of action of antimicrobial agents with

examples.

Ans: (Half marks each for antiseptics and disinfectants and Three marks for mechanism)

An antiseptic is an agent which prevents sepsis by destroying or inhibiting the growth of

microorganisms on the living tissues.

Disinfectants are the chemical agents used to destroy or inhibit the growth of pathogenic

microorganisms. Disinfectants are applied to inanimate objects and materials e.g. instruments,

equipments, rooms etc. to get rid of microorganisms.



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Mechanism of action of antimicrobial agents

Inorganic compounds generally exhibit antimicrobial action by any of the three mechanisms viz.

(i) Oxidation

(ii) Halogenation

(iii) Protein binding or precipitation.

1. Oxidation Mechanism:

Compounds acting by this mechanism belong to class of peroxide, peroxyacids, oxygen liberating

compounds like permanganate and certain oxo-halogen anions.

They act on proteins containing sulphadryl group and oxidizes free sulphadryl to disulphide bridge and

inactivate its function.

E.g. Hydrogen peroxide, Potassium permanganate etc

2. Halogenation Mechanisms:

Compounds which liberate chlorine or hypochlorite or iodine act by this mechanism.

This category of agents acts on peptide linkage and alter its potential and property.

The destruction of specific function of protein results in death of microorganisms.

E.g. Iodine, Povidone –iodine etc

3. Protein Precipitation:

Protein structure contain good no. of polar groups & groups having lone pair of electrons

They form complex with transition metal cations, results in precipitation of protein.

e.g. Borax, Silver nitrate, IB, IIB group metals- Cu(II), Ag(I), Zn(II), Hg(II)



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c) Define Cathartics and classify them with examples. Explain mechanism of action of

saline cathartics.

Ans: (One mark for definition, two marks for classification and one mark for mechanism of action

of saline cathartics)

Cathartics: Cathartics are the agents used to promote defecation or to relieve constipation.

Laxatives are mild cathartic and Purgatives are strong cathartics.

Cathartics Classification:

1. Laxatives

A) Bulk producing drugs- Isapgol, agar-agar, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxy methyl cellulose

B) Stool softners (Emollient) - liquid Paraffin

2. Strong purgatives

A) Irritant/Stimulant purgatives- senna glycoside, phenolphthalein, aloe, castor oil, rhubarb

B) Saline cathartics/ Osmotic laxatives

(i) Sodium Containing products- Sodium Potassium Tartrate, Sodium Phosphate

(ii) Magnesium Containing products- Magnesium hydroxide, Magnesium sulphate, Magnesium Citrate

(iii) Sulfur as cathartic

(iv) Non official Cathartics- Sodium Sulphate, Potassium Phosphate

Mechanism of action of saline cathartics.

Saline cathartics are salts of poorly absorbable ions (phosphate, sulphate, tartrate, magnesium) which

increases osmotic load in intestinal tract. This hypertonic condition is relieved by secretion of additional

fluid in intestinal tract. Therefore fluidity of intestinal content increases by retention of water in the

intestinal tract which stimulates the peristaltic movement. OR

Saline cathartics are salts of poorly absorbable ions (phosphate, sulphate, tartrate, magnesium) which

increases osmotic load in intestinal tract. The hyertonicity of the gut is relieved by the secretions and

drawing of additional fluids in to the intestinal tract. This increase the bulk in the intestine enormously,

consequently stimulates peristalsis and bowel movement.



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d) Explain protectives and adsorbents in general. Give properties and uses of Bismuth

subcarbonate and Calamine.

Ans:

(One mark for explanation of protectives and adsorbents and 1.5 marks each for properties and

uses of Bismuth subcarbonate and Calamine)

There are two types of protectives and adsorbents.

1. External protectives and adsorbents: Topical protectives and adsorbents are generally applied to the

irritated or inflamed areas of the skin. The irritation and inflammation is due to moisture, friction of

allergy.

2. Internal protectives and adsorbents: Protectives intended for use in the gastrointestinal tract are

internal protectives. Adsobent-protectives adsorb bacteria, toxins and viruses in addition to forming

protective covering over the intestinal mucosa. Internal protectives and adsorbents are used in the

treatment of diarrhea.

Properties of Bismuth Subcarbonate:

1. It contains 80-82.5% bismuth.

2. It is a white, odorless, tasteless powder.

3. Insoluble in water & alcohol, soluble in mineral acids.

4. Stable in air but affected by light.

Uses of Bismuth Subcarbonate:

1. Protective & adsorbent.

2. Antidiarrhoeal, treatment of enteritis, colitis and dysentery.

3. Astringent action- It is used in cosmetic lotion & face powder.

4. Antacid.



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Properties of Calamine:

1. It is a zinc oxide with small amount of ferric oxide (U.S.P.)

2. It is an amorphous, tasteless, odorless, pink or reddish brown color powder.

3. Insoluble in water, soluble in HCl with effervescence.

4. Ferric oxide imparts pink color to calamine.

5. Color depends on variety and amount of Ferric oxide.

Uses of Calamine:

1. It has a mild astringent action.

2. It is used in the form of dusting powder due to its soothing & protective property.

3. Used in cosmetic preparations like cream, lotion, ointment. E.g. calamine lotion.



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e) Give reactions of boric acid when

i) Heated at 1000C, 160

0C and above

ii) with glycerine

Ans:

i) Heated at 1000C, 160

0C and above

(One mark for each reaction)

H3BO3HBO2

+ H2O

Metaboric acid

100oC

Boric acid

4 HBO2H2B4O7

+ H2O

Tetraboric acid

160oC

H2B4O7

More than 160oC

2B2O3 + H2O

Boron trioxide

ii) With glycerine

CH2-OH

CH-OH

CH2OH

2

Glycerin

+ B

HO

HO

HO

Boric acid

CH-OH

CH

CH2 O

O

B

O

O

CH

CH2

CH2-OH

Glyceroboric acid complex

+ H3O++ 2H2O



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Q.4 Solve any THREE of the following (3 X 4) (12)

a) Mention allotropic forms of sulphur and describe properties and uses of precipitated sulphur

Ans:

(Two marks for allotropic forms of sulphur and two marks for properties and uses of precipitated

sulphur)

Allotropic forms of sulfur

1. Rhombic sulfur (α sulfur, sublimed sulfur, precipitated sulfur)

2. Monoclinic sulfur (β sulfur)

3. Liquid sulfur (λ sulfur)

4. Plastic sulfur

5. Amorphous sulfur

Properties of Precipitated sulphur

1. It is a greenish yellow or grayish yellow, soft, odorless, tasteless, amorphous powder.

2. Insoluble in water & alcohol, but soluble in CS2, alkali hydroxide like NaOH, Ca(OH)2

3. When heated burns with blue flame.

4. Very active element, so react with iron copper, zinc mercury etc.

Uses of precipitated sulphur:

1. Antiseptic, paraciticide

2. Scabicide ( used in the formation of lotion, ointment, cream, paste)

3. Antifungal agent

4. Keratolytic agent

5. Treatment of acne, psoriasis, seborrhea, eczema



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6. It is used as a Fumigant.

7. Mild laxatives.

8. Used in homeopathic medicine.

b) Define topical agents and classify with examples.

Ans:

(One mark for definition and three marks for classification)

Topical agents: Topical agents are compounds or preparations applied locally on the surface of skin or

mucous membranes. OR

Topical agents are substance applied on body surface, including application within the body cavities that

open to the outside. E.g. oral, vaginal, colonal, nose, ear, rectum etc.

Classification:

1. Protectives & Adsorbents: Talc, Zinc oxide, calamine, zinc stearate, titanium dioxide, silicon

polymers etc.

2. Antimicrobial agents:

a) Compounds acting by oxidation: hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, chlorinated lime

b) Compounds acting by halogenation: Iodine preparations e.g. Iodine, povidone iodine, Chlorinated

lime, Sodium Hypochlorite

c) Compounds acting by Protein precipitation: silver nitrate, mild silver protein, mercury & mercury

compounds like yellow mercuric oxide, ammoniated mercury, Boric acid, borax

3. Sulfur & its compounds: Sublimed sulfur, precipitated sulfur, selenium sulphide

4. Astringents: Alum, zinc sulphate, Aluminium chloride, etc.



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c) Give the mechanism of action and criteria for selection of inorganic antioxidants

Ans: (Two marks each for mechanism and criteria for selection of inorganic antioxidants)

Mechanism of Action of antioxidants:

1. Competitive antioxidants- Antioxidant is oxidized in place of the active constituent.e.g. Sulfur

dioxide, sulphites, bisulphites & metabisulphites

2. If the active constituent is oxidized, the antioxidant reduces it back to its normal oxidative state.

e.g. Hypophosphorus acid & thiosulphate

3. Inert gases like nitrogen gas replaces Oxygen in the container and prevents oxidation

Ideal properties or criteria for selection of antioxidant:

1. Antioxidant & its reaction product should be harmless or non toxic.

2. It should be effective in low concentration.

3. It should be physically & chemically stable.

4. It should not produce any solubility problem with drug.

5. It should not cause any incompatibility problems physiologically & chemically with any ingredients

of the preparation.

6. It should not give color, odor & taste to product.



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d) Define Inhalants and explain the role of oxygen in the biological system. Give the uses of

Oxygen.

Ans: (One mark for definition, 1 ½ marks for biological role, 1 ½ marks for uses of Oxygen)

Inhalants: Inhalants are gaseous substances directly administered by nasal or oral respiratory route for

its local or systemic effect. OR

Inhalants are drugs or chemicals which in vapor form are inhaled in the body.

Role of oxygen in the biological system:

1. Oxygen is important to the living cell

2. It is necessary for normal oxidative metabolic process in body for production of energy. The

energy is used by cells to synthesize ATP.

3. Transport of oxygen is carried by hemoglobin a constitute of blood.

4. Oxygen combines with hemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin.

Hb + O2 = HbO2

This complex rapidly dissociates to release oxygen in the cell.

Number of factors are responsible for association & dissociation of Oxyhaemoglobin.

Example-temperature, PH, electrolyte, carbon dioxide

5. By inhalation during respiration oxygenation of blood takes place in alveoli in the

Lungs. Thus more oxygen is needed in anoxic condition.

Uses of Oxygen:

1. It is a therapeutic/medicinal gas used in respiratory disease & gas poisoning.

2. Treatment of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, pulmonary edema.

3. Treatment of circulatory failure- Myocardial infarction, Cardiac arrest.

4. Gas/ Carbon monoxide poisoning.

5. Diluent of gaseous anesthetics.

6. Used at high altitude where oxygen content in the air is less.



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e) Classify antidotes with examples. Write mechanism of action of cyanide poisoning.

Ans: (Three marks for classification and one mark for mechanism)

Classification of Antidotes:

1. Physiological antidote: It counteracts effect of poison by producing other physiological effects.

E.g. Sodium nitrite ( It converts Haemoglobin in to methemoglobin in order to bind cyanide)

2. Chemical antidote: It changes chemical structure of poison and renders it nonpoisonous or non

toxic.

E.g. Sodium Thiosulphate (convert toxic CN- to non toxic thiocyanate), Chelating agents- Sodium &

Calcium Edetate

3. Mechanical antidote: It prevents absorption of poison in the body.

E.g. Activated charcoal, copper sulphate, magnesium sulphate

Mechanism of action of cyanide poisoning

Cyanide combines with Fe+3

ions of Cytochrome oxidase which prevent electron transfer and thus stops

cellular respiration & oxidation-reduction reactions.



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Q.5) Solve Any Three of the following (3 X 4) (12)

a) Explain physiological acid base balance. Define metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.

(2 ½ marks for explanation & 1 ½ marks for definition)

Ans: The acid base balance in the body is well regulated by intricate mechanism.

Number of chemical reactions takes place in the cell and the activity of cell and the reactions occurring

inside is greatly influenced by pH or hydrogen ion concentration.

Acids are being constantly produced in process of metabolism. E.g. carbonic acid, lactic acid

Acids or alkalis produced in the body may cause change in PH. Most of metabolic reactions occur

between PH 7.38-7.42.

Required pH (7.38-7.42) of plasma is maintained by:

1) Buffering system: Three major system of buffering system occurring in the body are:

a) HCO3

-/ H2CO3/ carbonic acid found in plasma & kidney

b) HPO4-2

/ H2PO4- present in cells & kidney

c) Protein or buffer system

Proteins are composed of amino acids bound together by peptide linkage. However some amino acids

like histidine have free acidic group which on dissociation from base and H+ which participate in

buffering of the body fluid.

2. Respiratory mechanism

The other important pH control is through the control of respiratory centre. When this is stimulated it

alters the rate of breathing. Through the rate, the removal of CO2 from body fluid leads to the changes in

pH of blood.

Retention of CO2 in the body due to decrease in ventilation as a result of mechanical/muscular

impairment, lung disease, pneumonia, CNS depression due to narcotic drugs, CHF etc. induces

repiratory acidosis This can be overcome by renal mechanism by :

i) Increase in acid excretion by Na+-H

+ exchange

ii) Increase in ammonia (NH3) formation

iii) Increase in reabsorption of HCO3- (bicarbonate)



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In respiratory alkalosis there is excess loss of CO2 from body due to over breathing or hyperventilation

as a result of emotional factor, fever, hypoxia, loss of appetite, salicylate poisoning etc. This can be

overcome by renal mechanism by :

i) Increase in bicarbonate (HCO3-) excretion

ii) Decrease in ammonia (NH3) formation

iii) Decrease in reabsorption of HCO3- (bicarbonate)

3. Renal mechanism

The third mechanism is via elimination of some ions through urine by kidney.

Absorption of certain ions and elimination of other control the acid-base balance of blood and thus

of body fluids.

Metabolic acidosis & metabolic alkalosis:

Due to variety of causes, the body‟s acid levels may increase and / or alkali level decreases below

normal causing metabolic acidosis. Similarly, if the acid level decreases and / or alkali level increases

above normal it causes metabolic alkalosis. Thus metabolic acidosis is PH dropping slightly below 7.38

and metabolic alkalosis is PH increasing slightly above 7.42.

b) Write two identification tests for the following (any two)

(Two marks for each test)

Ans:

i) Acetate: a) Heat the substance with oxalic acid. It gives the acid vapours with the characteristic odour

of acetic acid.

b) Warm 1gm of substance with 1ml of sulphuric acid & 3ml of alcohol, ethyl acetate, recognizable by

its odour, is evolved.

c) Dissolve about 30mg of the substance being examined in 3ml of water; add 0.25ml of lanthanum

nitrate solution, 0.1ml of 0.1N iodine & 0.05ml of dilute ammonia solution. Heat carefully to boiling,

within a few minutes a blue ppt is formed or dark blue colour produced.



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ii) Chlorides:

a) Dissolve in 2ml of water a quantity of the substance being examined equivalent to about 2mg of

chloride ion. Acidify with dilute nitric acid & add 0.5ml of silver nitrate solution. Shake & allow to

stand ,a curdy white ppt is formed, which is insoluble in nitric acid but soluble after being well

washed with water, in dil. ammonia solution, which is reprecipitated by addition of dil. nitric acid.

b) Take 2mg of substance in test tube add 0.2gm of potassium dichromate & 1ml of sulphuric acid.

Place filter paper strip moistened with 0.1ml of diphenylcarbazide solution over the opening of the

test tube, the paper turns violet red.

iii) Lead:

a) Dissolve 0.1g of the substance being examined in 1ml of dil. acetic acid, add 2ml of potassium

chromate solution, a yellow ppt forms that is insoluble in 2ml of sodium hydroxide solution.

b) Dissolve 50mg of the substance being examined in 1ml of dil. acetic acid. Add 10ml of water &

0.2ml of potassium iodide, a yellow ppt forms. Heat to boiling for 1 or 2 minutes, and to cool, the

ppt is reformed as glistening yellow plates.

C) Explain electrolyte combination therapy with reference to oral rehydration therapy. Give

composition of ORS recommended by WHO and UNICEF.

(Two marks for combination therapy & two marks for composition)

Ans: Electrolyte combination therapy:

• Usually when patient is unable to take normal diet before or after surgery, the electrolyte combination

therapy is used.

• Infusions containing glucose and normal saline are used.

• But when the patient is deficient or in protracted illness, other electrolytes are also needed and in such

cases the combination of electrolytes are prepared and given as per the need of the patient.

• Various combinations of electrolytes, varying in concentration are available commercially.

• Electrolyte combination products are divided in two categories:-

-Fluid maintenance therapy.

-Electrolyte replacement therapy.



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• In the fluid maintenance therapy, the fluid or solutions of electrolytes are administered intravenously

which provides the normal requirement of water and electrolytes to patients who cannot take food orally.

• All the fluid maintenance electrolyte infusions contain at least 5.0% glucose, which helps to reduce

formation of certain metabolites like urea, ketone bodies and phosphate, which are usually associated

with starvation.

• When there is a heavy loss of water and electrolytes e.g. in excessive vomiting, diarrhoea, or prolonged

fever, electrolyte combinations are used as electrolyte replacement therapy.

• Various electrolyte combinations in varying concentrations are commercially available as dry powders

to be dissolved in specified amount of water or in the form of prepared solutions as “oral electrolyte

solutions” or “oral rehydration salts”.

Some important products used in electrolyte combination therapy are as follows:

A) Sodium Lactate Injection (I.P., BP.) : (Sodium lactate intravenous infusion)

B) Compound Sodium Chloride Injection (I.P.): (Ringers injection)

C) Compound Sodium Lactate Injection (IP)/ Compound Sodium Lactate Intravenous Infusion (B.P.)

(Ringer lactate solution for injection, Hartmann's solution for injection)

D) Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS).

Composition of ORS recommended by WHO and UNICEF.

Ingredients Formula I (WHO) Formula II (UNICEF)

Sodium chloride 3.5 gm 3.5 gm

Sodium bicarbonate 2.5 gm -----

Sodium Citrate ------ 2.9 gm

Potassium Chloride 1.5 gm 1.5 gm

Dextrose or Glucose 20 gm 20 gm

Water To Prepare 1 liter 1 liter



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d) Enlist four units of radioactivity. Write the biological effects of radiations.

(Two marks for units & two marks for effects of radiations)

Ans: Units of Radiation:

1. Curie

2. Milli curie

3. MicroCurie

4. Roentgen

5. Radiation Absorbed Dose (RAD)

6. Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE)

Biological effect of Radiation

The effect of radiation upon biological tissue depends upon a number of factors such as:

Ability of the radiation to penetrate tissue.

The energy of Radiation

The kind of Tissue

Surface area of the tissue exposed

Dose rate of the Radiation

The radiation interacts with the molecules present in the tissue & forms abnormal chemical species like

ions &/or free radicals.

These ions or free radicals can alter the local PH in the tissue & initiate the undersirable free radical

chain reactions, producing peroxides & other compounds toxic to the tissue .this may lead to necrosis &

ultimately destroy the tissue or organ.

Water molecules in the tissue are the most probable reactive species in the path of ionizing radiation.

Other Free Radicals & Hydrogen peroxidases also formed.



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Free radicals formed from water can also abstract radicals from other molecules & produce various toxic

species which can alter the DNA in cells & cause cross linking between certain amino acids in proteins.

Thus the particular tissue gets destroyed.

Alpha particles also have a potential to produce a tremendous amount of ionization or free radicals but

the range & penetration of these particles are very slight. Therefore, the isotopes emitting alpha particles

must be close enough to the individual for the radiation to reach the skin, in order to get observable

effects.

Gamma rays have relatively low ionizing power, even though the range & penetrating power of this type

of radiation are high enough to produce significant damage in the particular tissue at distances of several

meters from the source.

e) Discuss the different sources by which impurities get incorporated in pharmaceutical.

Source of impurities in pharmaceuticals –(1 mark for each point)

Ans:

i) Raw Materials- When substances or chemicals are manufactured; the raw materials from which these

are prepared contain impurities. These impurities get incorporated into final product.

Example- arsenic, lead, heavy metal impurities.

ii) Chemical process- In synthesis of drug many chemical reactions like nitration, halogenations,

Oxidation, hydrolysis are involved. In these chemical process different chemicals, solvents are used.

When chemical reactions are carried out in reaction vessel, the material of these vessels (Iron, tin,

copper, aluminium etc.) is reacted upon by the solvents & chemicals & reaction product are formed.

These reaction products then occur as impurities in the final product. Thus impurities of iron, lead,

heavy metals, copper are due to the above mentioned reasons.

iii) Storage condition- The chemical when prepared is stored in different types of container.

Various types of materials are used for storage purpose. Reaction of substance with material of the

storage vessel may take place & product formed. The reaction may take place directly or leaching out

effect on the storage vessel.



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iv) Decomposition- Decomposition is caused by light, air, oxygen & causes contamination of final

product. A number of organic substances get spoiled, because of decomposition on exposure to the

atmosphere. e.g amines, phenol, potent drug.

v) Defects in the manufacturing process: Defects such as imperfect mixing, incompleteness of

reaction, non adherence to proper temperature, pressure, PH or reaction condition etc. may result in the

production of chemical compounds with impurities in them.

vi) Solvents: Water is the solvent easily available & cheap and is used in the manufacture of inorganic

chemicals .This can give rise to trace impurities such as sodium, calcium, magnesium, carbonate &

sulphate ions.

vii) Atmospheric contaminants: Atmospheric contamination may take place through dust, sulphur

dioxide, hydrogen sulphide & arsenic. Carbon dioxide & water vapour are possible contaminants of

substances which are affected by their action.



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Q.6) Solve Any Three of the following (3 X 4) (12)

a) Give principle and reaction involved in the limit test for iron IP.

Answer- (Two mark for Principle, & Two marks for reaction)

Limit test for Iron- Principle

Limit test for iron depends upon the interaction of thioglycolic acid with iron in the presence of citric

acid and in the ammonical alkaline medium.

This results in the formation of purple colored ferrous complex of thioglycolic acid. The limit test of

iron is carried out in two Nessler‟s Cylinders, one for the „Test‟ and other for „standard‟. The intensity of

purple color produced in the two is compared by viewing vertically downwards. If the intensity of color

is more in the „test‟ sample than in the „standard‟ it means that the sample contains more quantity of iron

impurity than the permissible limit and hence sample is declared as not of standard quality.

Reaction:



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Role of Thioglycolic acid-

1. Iron impurity may be present in trivalent ferric form or in the divalent ferrous form. If it is in ferric

form thioglycolic acid converts ferric form of impurity into ferrous form.

2. It produces purple colored ferrous thioglycolate complex by acting as complexing agent.

Role of Citric acid- To prevent precipitation of iron (ferrous) with ammonia by forming ammonium

citrate buffer.

Role of Ammonia- To maintain alkaline condition.

b) Define radioactivity. Give properties of Alpha, Beta, Gamma rays.

Ans: (One marks for definition & three marks for properties)

Radioactivity: Many heavy elements like uranium, thorium, radium & their compounds emit radition

spontaneously. These radiations can penetrate through solid material; can ionize gases & produce glow

on zinc sulphide screen, affect photographic plate. The substances which emit such radiation are called

radioactive substances & the phenomenon of spontaneous & continuous emission of such radiations is

called as radioactivity.

Properties of Alpha Particle:

1) It carries two units of positive charge & four units mass

2) They have high ionizing power.

3) The velocity of alpha particle is 0.1 the speed of light. (Speed of light is 3.0 X 1010

cm/sec.)

4) The range i.e. the distance upto which radioactive properties can be shown in very small 8.12 cm

5) They cause luminescence on zinc sulphide screen.

6) They have low penetrating power.

7) It is represented as helium nucleus 2He4.

8) When α particle are emitted out atomic number decreases by 2 units & mass number by 4 units.



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Properties of Beta Particle:

1. It carries unit negative charge with very negligible mass.

2. It is represented as β-

3. Ionization power is less than that of alpha particle.

4. The velocity of beta particle is 0.9 the speed of light.

5. Penetrating power is 100 times that of α particle.

6. They cause luminescence on zinc sulphide screen.

7. When β particle is emitted out, atomic number increases by one unit, mass number remains

unchanged.

Properties of Gamma Radiations

1. They are electromagnetic waves with very short wave length.

2. It is represented as γ

3. Ionization power is relatively low.

4. Velocity is same as that of light.

5. Penetrating power is 100 times that of β particles

6. No effect on zinc sulphide screen.

7. There is no change in atomic number or mass number but a lowering of the nuclear energy level of

the element.

C) Explain intra & extra cellular fluids with diagram & name four major anions and cations.

(Two marks for explanation & two marks for names)

Ans. The electrolytes concentration of body fluids differs in various fluid compartments. The various

body fluid compartments as follows.

Intracellular fluids : The fluid present inside the cell .e.g.cytoplasm.

Interstitial fluids: The fluids present between the cells.



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Plasma (vascular fluid): The fluids present within the blood vascular system. The second & third

category is termed as extracellular fluid.

The three fluid compartments are separated from each other by membranes. These membranes are

permeable to water & certain inorganic & organic componenets persent in the body fluids. These

membranes do not allow the transfer of certain molicules like proteins as a result they are impermeable

to these molecules.for certain ions like sodium,potassium,& magnesium the membranes show selective

permeability.Thus the composition & concentration of various solutes in body fluids is definite & differ

from one another.

The body fluids contain various inorganic ions which are either anionic or cationic in character.

Examples of major anions:

Bicarbonates, Chlorides, Sulphates, Phosphates

Examples of major cations :

Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium etc.



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d) Define antacids. How they are classified? Give requirements of ideal antacids.

Ans.: (One mark for definition and 1 ½ marks for classification & 1 ½ marks for requirements)

Defination:

Antacids are substances used to decrease the hyperacidity in the stomach or lower the acidity of gastric

contents. OR

Antacids are substances or compounds used to neutralize excess amount of HCl present in the stomach.

Classification of antacids is as follows:

A) Systemic/ Absorbable antacids- Sodium Bicarbonate

B) Non systemic/ Non absorbable antacids:

Aluminium containing antacids- Aluminium Hydroxide, Aluminium Phosphate, Basic

aluminium carbonate

Calcium containing antacids- Calcium carbonate, Calcium Phosphate

Magnesium containing antacids- Magnesium carbonate, Magnesium oxide, Magnesium

hydroxide, Magnesium trisilicate

C) Combination antacids- Aluminium Hydroxide and Magnesium hydroxide, Aluminium Hydroxide gel

and Magnesium trisilicate

Ideal requirements of an antacid-

1. It should not be absorbable and cause systemic alkalosis.

2. It should not be laxative or cause constipation.

3. It should exert effect rapidly & over a long period of time.

4. It should buffer in pH 4-6.

5. It should not produce large volume of gas.

6. It should be palatable & inexpensive.



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7. It should probably inhibit pepsin.



8. It should be insoluble in water & have fine particle size.

9. It should not have side effects.

e) Enlist various radioactivity detecting and measuring devices and explain G.M.counter.

Answer- (Two marks for devices and two marks for explanation)

Various devises used in measurement of radiations

1. Ionization Chamber

2. Proportional Counter

3. Geiger-Muller Counter

4. Scintillation Counter

5. Autoradiography.

6. Semi conductor detectors

Construction & working of GM counter

It consists of stainless steel or glass cylinder with silver on the inner side which acts as a cathode.

A fine metal wire is mounted coaxially inside the cylinder which acts as an anode. The cylinder is fitted

with argon gas Radiation enters through the window. Due to radiations, argon gas is ionized. A high

voltage (800-1300 V) is maintained between the electrodes.

Due to ionization of argon gas, positively charged ions are attracted towards cathode & negatively

charged ions are attracted towards anode. The passage of these ions through the tube constitutes flow of

current. Each particle of radiation causes a brief flow or pulse of current which is recorded by a device

known as “scaler”. Scaler shows total number of pulses & results are analyzed.



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