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High-performancegeosynthetics





GEOfabrics manufactures

needlepunched geotextiles and

the Protexia range of multi-layer

geocomposites, including geocuspate

products, using virtually any type of

geosynthetic material.

GEOfabrics’ geotextiles were conceived

with optimum performance in mind

i.e. maximum performance for

minimum weight. Rather than offering

products with specific unit weights,

individual grades are manufactured to

achieve performance-related values.

When designing with a geotextile it is

the mechanical and hydraulic

properties that are the most important,

not weight, to achieve value

engineering – the least material to

perform the design function(s).

With a standard width of 6m,

GEOfabrics’ non-woven, needlepunched

geotextiles are the widest made in the

UK. This wide width means fewer

overlaps are necessary so the products

are not only quick to install but provide

contractors with more efficient coverage

for a given area.

The main characteristics that prompt

engineers to specify GEOfabrics’

products time and again are their

robustness – any damage to a geotextile

is more likely to be generated during

installation, not in service – and their

proven ability to provide sustained

protection, separation and filtration in

the harshest conditions.

Whether it’s as a filter beneath rock

armour on the Atlantic coast or as a

protector at the base of a deep landfill

sitting in toxic leachate. GEOfabrics’

products have a long track record of

unrivalled performance.

Products

HIGH-PERFORMANCE

GEOSYNTHETICS 3



PRODUCTS

The HPS range

of geotextiles

The HPS products are produced

from high-performance (HP), staple,

polypropylene fibre. In addition to

the inherent chemical and biological

resistance associated with polypropylene,

the polymer contains 1% carbon blackto protect the long-chain molecules from

degradation by ultra-violet light.

Using a unique manufacturing technique,

GEOfabrics manufacture all their

geotextiles with equal strength in both

machine and transverse directions.

The best indicator of mechanical

performance for these textile types is

CBR puncture resistance and the

number in the HPS grade name is its

CBR value e.g. HPS7 has a CBR

puncture value of 7kN.

Geotextiles with specific unit weights

are available if weight is preferred to

performance-related criteria.

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GEOSYNTHETICS4

Each HPS grade is made with a fi bre density

to achieve a speci fi c puncture resistance level

e.g. HPS7 is formulated to provide 7kN CBR.



PRODUCTS

Protexia

geocomposites

HIGH-PERFORMANCE

GEOSYNTHETICS 5

SEPARATION

Geotextiles prevent intermixing of imported and

indigenous soils. But it’s also important that a

separator is robust enough to resist tearing/puncture.Grades from the HPS and MPS ranges are renowned

for their inherently high damage resistance.

FILTRATION

Wave action and turbulence place great pressure on a

geotextilefi lter to retain soil particles yet still allow the

free passage of water and thus avoid the build-up of

ydrostatic pressure. Excellent and sustained permeability

characteristics come as standard with GEOfabrics’fi lters.

REINFORCEMENT

Generally provided by geogrids or high-strength

textiles and used to reinforce both cohesive

and granular fi lls.

PROTECTION

High puncture resistance, extensibility and

tensile strength are necessary for a geotextile

used to protect more vulnerable materials,

such as containment liners.

DRAINAGE

The drainage function – the capacity to collect and convey

liquids and gases – is rarely used in isolation as the

working life of a drain is likely to be short lived without the

presence of afi lter to prevent the ingress of soil particles.

Thick geotextiles possess a level of in-planefl ow capacity

and can therefore drain through, and along, their length.

BARRIER

Low-permeability membranes which are

expected to resist the passage of water,

leachates and gases. These need to be welded

at overlaps to achieve continuity.

The functions associated with geosynthetics

The six functions associated with geosynthetics. A Protexia geocomposite can provideall of these functions in a single product but three or four are typical.

Adhesives are used to

bondfl ame-sensitivecomponents.

Flame bonding is used to

create composites from two,three or more components.

Drainage composites

using cuspated cores are

used in gas protection

systems, cut-off walls

around contaminated

land, at the rear of

bridge abutments and

retaining walls, and

around buried structures.

Geocomposites are multi-layered

combinations of geosynthetics.

These combinations give benefits over

individual layers by enhancing functions,

increasing interface friction angles and

increasing the speed of installation.

With careful design they can provide

drainage, protection, reinforcement,

filtration and barrier functions and

replace expensive and scarce mineral

resources.

GEOfabrics operates a state-of-the-art

manufacturing capability that is able to

produce an infinite number of composites,

up to 6m wide, using geotextiles,

geomembranes, geogrids and drainage

cores such as nets, band drains and

cuspated (egg-box-style) sheets.

These are bonded using heat or

adhesives to form composites with two,three or more components which are

often project specific to solve installation

and service-life objectives.





APPLICATIONS

Railways – permanent way

and civil engineering

GEOfabrics’ geotextiles possess excellent

damage resistance due to their ability

to extend under load and adapt to

the ballast profile without puncture.

To do this and still provide the

separation and filtration functions

makes them ideal to perform under

dynamic loading conditions.

Protexia geocomposites utilise the

same geotextiles bonded to geonets

and geogrids to further enhance

track performance over poor soils.

These products can be deployed to

prevent subgrade erosion and ballast

contamination for a longer,

maintenance-free period.

Lining for gabions and

rock fi ll to stabilise an

embankment.

Installing a Protexia composite beneath track

ballast to extend the maintenance interval.

Geotextile used in conjunction with steel

mesh and soil nails to stabilise a cut slope.

HIGH-PERFORMANCE

GEOSYNTHETICS 7

Geofabrics Limited

Link-up Certificate No: 7927

Supply of materials – geotextiles

Supply of general civil

engineering materials





The Company’s laboratory provides

cylinder-testing facilities so that

contractors can con fi rm the cost

effectiveness of a particular geotextile/

drainage stone combination in

the context of the Environmental

Agency’s standard – A methodology

for cylinder testing of protectors for

geomembranes on land fi ll sites.

This means that a contractor can,

on one hand, elect to use a relatively

inexpensive crushed stone with a

substantial geotextile protector, or a

more expensive, rounded stone with a

less substantial protector.

There is, at the time of publishing, only

one other UKAS accredited laboratory

offering this service in the UK.

APPLICATIONS

Landfi ll

engineering A Protexia GPT composite drain

comprises a geotextile protector,

pre-selected by the landfill contractor

to work with a particular grade of stone.

Longitudinal band drains are incorporated

within the textile at regular centres across

the roll width – typically 1.0m or 0.5m.

The result is a membrane protection layer

that can also collect and convey leachate,

surface water and methane.

The GPT products are typically used to

line cell side-slopes for leachate drainage

and beneath caps for gas drainage.

They are also used to reduce pore

water pressure beneath liners placed

on new slopes, where seepage is a

known problem, and also collecting

run off on caps.

Basal cell liner protection and side-wall

drainage using Protexia GPT geocomposites.

HIGH-PERFORMANCE

GEOSYNTHETICS 9



If containment is the chosen solution

then capping, cut-off walls and

collection of gases and liquids become

as important with contaminated

land as with engineered landfills.

Protexia geocomposites, incorporating

membranes, drainage nets, cuspates

and band drains, can fulfil many of

a project’s requirements in one,

easy-to-install product.

Cuspate-based systems are frequently

used for the venting of methane, radon

and other gases from beneath buildings.

The high air flow capacity of the

Protexia 25mm cuspates makes them

ideally suited for use as part of passive

and active venting systems.

Potential contamination of the underlying

soil prompted the installation of a combined

membrane protection and drainage compositeover a liner at this track-side wash down facility.

Protexia cuspates are used as

part of gas protection systems

to collect and convey gases from

contaminated ground.

APPLICATIONS

Contaminated land and

gas protection

GEOfabrics protection geotextiles can be

manufactured in colours to suit project-speci fi c

requirements. A vivid colour means that the

textiles can not only provide separation and

fi ltrat ion but also act as a warning layer if the

area is excavated at a later date.

Protexia FnF composite drains are based on

two-and three-layer nets with a geotextile fi lter on

either side. They are used extensively below track

ballast, to extend the maintenance cycle, and to

replace aggregate drainage layers in land fi lls and

earthworks.

In many instances, the use of a single composite

enhances the stability of new slopes by removing

the potential slip plane(s) that could otherwise

exist between loose-laid geosynthetics.

HIGH-PERFORMANCE

GEOSYNTHETICS10



APPLICATIONS

Maritime and

river worksNeedlepunched geotextiles possess

the properties required for coastal

engineering. Good abrasion resistance,

high permeability, fine filtration and

durability allow them to resist installation

stresses associated with placing of rock

armour and then to give the required

performance encountered under wave

and tidal attack.

The high puncture resistance of the HPS

range allows heavy rock armour to be

place directly on them without the need for

intermediate bedding layers of graded rock.

The GEOfabrics’ design guide is based

upon the results of field trials, conducted

during the construction of the Cardiff

Bay Barrage Scheme, which involved

dropping rocks of various sizes onto

different grades of geotextile to ascertain

the safe working performance of each

grade. The design guide can be found

in Supporting Literature at

www.geofabrics.com.

Bridge abutments and piers.

Groyne construction on

the North Sea coast

Ferry terminal jetty.

Typical detail for a river revetment with a geotextile beneath

rock armour, stone- fi lled mattresses or pre-cast blocks.

The geotextiles can be pre-fabricated into bags to contain

locally-wonfi lls. These can be placed below water.

HIGH-PERFORMANCE

GEOSYNTHETICS 11



Canals, lakes, lagoons,

reed beds and reservoirs

The protection function is used

extensively in water and sludge

containment. It is high puncture

resistance and robustness, not unit weight,

which are important when specifying a

protection layer that could be in contact with sharp inclusions within the subgrade.

The same applies if the liner is to be

covered by ornamental rock, as the point

loads could be more intense.

APPLICATIONS

Liner

protectionReed beds under

construction with geotextile

protection between

soil- fi lled gabions and an

impermeable liner.

Installing a waterproo fi ng liner and the associated

protection on an existing railway bridge.

Installing a waterproo fi ng liner and

the associated protection at a new

canal marina.

HIGH-PERFORMANCE

GEOSYNTHETICS12



Protexia composites based on cuspated

sheets are used extensively to relieve

pore water pressure around buried

structures and at the rear of walls and

abutments.

The main requirement is for a cuspated

drainage core with a bonded filter to

prevent clogging of the core. These

composites can be placed vertically

against walls or laid horizontally

beneath floor slabs or on top of

structures such as the roofs of reservoirs.

APPLICATIONS

Drainage

around structures

HIGH-PERFORMANCE

GEOSYNTHETICS 13

10mm cup. 20mm cup.12mm stud withgeotextilefi lter.

25mm stud withgeotextilefi lter.

Rolls of cuspated drains ready for installation

over the roof of a buried Victorian reservoir.

Waterproofinginternal basement

wall

Highwayinterceptor drain

Wall,abutment

or buried

structure

Backfi l l

Waterproofi nginternal basement

wall



GEOfabrics is one of the few

geosynthetics’ manufacturers with

an active research and development

(R&D) program. This investment is

prompted by the pursuit of product

quality and the value placed on

customers’ needs.

Many of the R&D projects, both

past and present, have been

initiated directly by customers or

by GEOfabrics anticipating their

requirements as a result of revisedstandards, new legislation or

financial targets.

Laboratory

HIGH-PERFORMANCE

GEOSYNTHETICS14

The main laboratory at GEOfabrics

The full-scale rail r ig at GEOfabrics comprises a

4.5m x 1.8m x 0.4m subgrade, seven half-width sleepers and

three PC-driven ram actuators which can be applied up to

12Hz and with a an axle loading up to 120kN. Test duration is

1M cycles (6 days) which equates to fi ve real-time years.



The ISO 9001 Management System

uses customer feedback, continuous

assessment and independent auditing

to drive both the improvement and

the control required for a professional

manufacturing environment.

The UKAS accreditation involvesindependent auditing to confirm that

test methodology is followed, operators

are suitably trained and equipment is

correctly calibrated.

The majority of GEOfabrics’ products

are CE marked. This demonstrates that

the product meets the construction

products’ directive.

LABORATORY

Research and

development

HIGH-PERFORMANCE

GEOSYNTHETICS 15

The leachate immersion test is thought to be the

only long-term test of its type. The properties

of the geotextile samples are measured on a

regular basis. The test commenced 1995.

The Inclined Plane test rig is used to evaluate

interface fr iction angles between different

geosynthetics and soils.

In-plane gas- fl ow testing rig.

Testing laboratoryNo 1773



Further literature, in the form ofcase studies, design guides, installationprocedures, product specifi cations

and model specifi cations can bedownloaded from www.geofabrics.comGEOfabrics maintains a comprehensive web site with documentationin pdf format that is freely available to download – no registration isrequired. Some items, such as model specifications & application formsthat users may wish to cut and paste into their own documents, are in Word and Excel format.

Hard copies, if preferred, are available on request, as are samplesof individual products.

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