MAJOR FOREST COMMUNITY TYPES
OF THE SAVANNAH RIVER PLANT:
AFIELD GUIDE
BY
STEVEN M. JONES, DAVID H. VAN LEAR,
AND S. KNIGHT COX~/
JULY 1981
l1Research Forester, Professor, and ForestryAide I, Department of Forestry, ClemsonUniversity, Clemson, S. C. 29631
This research was conducted under U. S. Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AS09-77SROI026
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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTI ON. ..~1ETHODS .CLASSIFICATION CONCEPTSSUCCESSIONAL PATTERNSUSE OF THE GUIDE ..KEY TO THE MAJOR FOREST
CDr1MUNITIES OF THESAVANNAH RIVER PLANT .
COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONSLoblolly pine-sweet gum-broom sedgeLoblolly pine-black cherry-
Japanese honeysuckle . .Loblolly pine-sweet gum-red bayLoblolly pine-swamp gum-naked
withe-rod . .Slash pine-black gum . .. .Slash pine-sassafras-dollarleaf .Slash pine-black cherry-water oakLongleaf pine-turkey oak-wire grassLongleaf pine-turkey oak-
bracken fern .Longleaf pine-moneywort .Longleaf pine-sassafras .Longleaf pine-black gum-sand hickoryTurkey oak-dwarf huckleberryBlackjack oak-deerberry-broom sedgeWhite oak-dogwood-pipsissewaSweet gum-red maple-red bay .. .Yellow-poplar-swamp gum-dog hobbleLaurel oak-water oakBald cypress-water gum-mixed
hardwood .. ..Bald cypress-water gum ..
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46
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Table of Contents (continued)
APPENDICESI. Synthesis tables of character
and constant species ....
II. Common and scientific names ofspecies listed in the synthesistables and communitydescriptions. . . . . . . . . 74
III. Drawings of herbaceous, shrub,and small tree species usedin the key to communi ti es 79
INTRODUCTION
The Savannah River Plant (SRP) is a
roughly circular section of federal land
covering 192,323 acres (176,000 acres
forested) in Aiken, Barnwell, and Allendale
Counties, South Carolina. Located north-
east of the Savannah River in the Upper
Coastal Plain, the SRP is divided into
two physiographic subregions: (1) the
Pleistocene Coastal Terrace, and (2) the
Aiken Plateau (Cooke 1936).1I Vegetative
site types range from swamps and marshes
to deep sandy ridges.
Five major stream drainages (Upper
Three Runs, Four Mile Creek, Pen Branch,
Steel Creek, and Lower Three Runs) flow
southward across the SRP toward the Savannah
lICooke, C. W. 1936. Geology of the CoastalPlain of South Carolina. Geologic SurveyBull. No. 867, U. S. Dept. of Interior.196 pp.
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River. The Savannah River floodplain includes
7.459 acres in the southwestern portion of
the plant. Frequency and duration of flooding.
water table depth. and physical condition of
bottomland soils are major determinants of
composition and productivity of Jowland
community types. Species inhabiting upland
community types are greatly influenced by
depth to a fine textured subsoil. which may
be 80 inches or more below the surface on
upland ridges. and its effects on available
soil moisture and fertility.
Present vegetation on most of the SRP
reflects past disturbance or manipulation
by man. When the area was purchased in 1950
by the U. S. Government. approximately
40 percent of the land was in old fields.
and the remainder was forested. The 1950
Atomic Energy Commission's announcement of
acquisition of the SRP stimulated accel
erated cutting of the more readily accessible
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forests, although frequent flooding and poorly
drained soils prevented the Savannah River
Swamp from being cut as extensively as the
uplands. In 1952, the SRP was closed to the
public and the U.S.D.A. Forest Service
initiated a timber management plan directed
toward watershed stabilization. Over 1 million
pine seedlings were planted in the first few
years on 75 thousand acres of land that had
been mainly old fields.
The purpose of this guide is to describe
associations of plant species, both overstory
and understory, recognized as major forest
communities of the SRP. These forest
communities dominate the SRP acreage and
occur on the major site types. The study
objective did not include description of
variations of the major forest communities,
nor were minor forest conmunities of restricted
acreage or unique sites, such as Carolina
bays, sampled.
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METHODS
A total of 115 forest stands were sampled
during the growing seasons of 1978 and 1979.
Forest stands were selected to represent the
major site and vegetative conditions found
on the SRP site. Communities sampled were
selected subjectively but without precon
ceived bias.
Within each sample stand, nested circular
plots were established. Within the plot
boundary, the forest stand was required to
be of homogeneous age, species composition,
and stocking; while the site was required to
be of uniform topographic position, slope,
exposure, and aspect.
Diameter and species of all trees larger
than 4.5 inches diameter at breast height
{4.5 ftl were recorded on each 0.1 acre
circular plot. Species and diameter of
saplings and shrubs less than 4.5 inches
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diameter at breast height and greater than
4.5 feet tall were recorded on a 0.025 acre
nested circular plot. Seedlings and shrubs
less than 4.5 feet tall were sampled by
species and size class on the inner 0.01
acre circular plot. Herbaceous species
were identified within each of 12 system
atically located meter-square quadrats
within the 0.1 acre plot. For each sample
stand, soil-site conditions were qualita
tively described, a photograph taken, and
the plot location identified on a SRP
topographic map. Scientific and common
names of plant species follow Radford,
Ahles, and Bell.1f
Data were summarized by species for
each sample stand. Relative density,
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1fRadford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell.1968. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the ..Carolinas. Univ. of N. C. Press. ChapelHill, N. C. 1183 pp. ...
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relative basal area, and importance value
(relative density + relative basal area/2
x 100) were calculated for all trees,
saplings, and tall shrubs. Importance values
for seedling and low shrub species were
based on relative density and for herbaceous
species on relative frequency.
Sample stands were classified into 20
community types by ordination and cluster
analysis techniques. Construction of
synthesis tables aided in identifying
character species diagnostic of a community
type.
CLASSIFICATION CONCEPTS
Certain species of plants are common
associates due to similar ecological require
ments and mutual compatibility. These groups
of plants form communities. Plant species
within the community interact among themselves
and with associated animals and microorganisms
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to form an ecosystem in conjunction with their
common habitat.
Although plants within a community share
a common habitat, individual species can and
do live outside the community. In fact, each
species exhibits a unique distribution along
an environmental gradient. Thus, a classifi
cation scheme cannot be devised whereby all
species within a community fit into a pattern
with rigidly described boundaries and charac
teristics. The exact composition and structure
of a generalized plant community cannot be
defined. However, plants with similar eco
logical requirements may create favorable
environmental conditions for each other and
as a result are associates. Therefore, a
community can be conceptualized as a loosely
grouped assemblage of plant species growing
together because of similar environmental
requirements and compatibility.
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SUCCESSIONAL PATTERNS
The 20 forest communities are represented
by 8 hardwood types and 12 types with a pine
dominated overstory. Each hardwood type is
related to specific site conditions, while the
pine types represent successional phases of the
hardwood types.
The hardwood forest community types occur
along an environmental gradient ranging from
xeric deep sand sites supporting turkey oak
and dwarf huckleberry to wet swamps of bald
cypress and water gum (Fig. 1). As a result
of past management practices, certain hard
wood types may be preceded by more than one
pine type. For example, longleaf pine-turkey
oak-wire grass and longleaf pine-turkey oak
bracken fern types are successional to the
turkey oak-dwarf huckleberry community type
of xeric, deep sands (Fig. 2).
Because the upland, sUb-xeric, sandy
soils have been intensively converted to
longleaf pine, it was not possible to
YELLOW-POPLARSWAMP GUM-DOG HOBBLE
HYDRIC
SWEET GUMRED MAPLERED BAY
WHITE OAKDOGWOODPIPSISSEWA
MESIC
BLACKJACK OAKDEERBERRYBROOM SEDGE
TURKEY OAKBLUEJACK OAK- DWARF HUCKLEBERRYSAND HICKORYTENTATIVE(REFER 19 PAGES8 AND 1)
XERIC,
<D,
12)
((
WHITE OAKPOST OAK
TENTATIVE(REFER TO PAGERIVER PLANT.,I
LAUREL OAKWATER OAK
SITE CONDITIONS AT THE SAVANNAH
IJ
BALD CYPRESSWATER GUM-MIXED HARDWOOD
HARDWOOD TYPES IN RELATION TO
BALD CYPRESSWATER GUM
,FIGURE 1.
t
I 1 I 1 . I I
+ TURKEY OAK-DWARF HUCKLEBERRY
SUCCESSIONAL PATTERNS ON UPLAND SITES
LOBLOLLY PINE-BLACK CHERRY-JAPANESE HONEYSUCKLE + BLACKJACK OAK-DEERBERRY-BROOM SEDGEALL SLASH PINE TYPES
LONGLEAF PINE-TURKEY OAK-WIRE GRASSLONGLEAF PINE-TURKEY OAK-BRACKEN FERN
+ BLUEJACK OAK-SAND HICKORY-TENTATIVE
LOBLOLLY PINE-SWEET GUM-BROOM SEDGE + WHITE OAK-POST OAK-TENTATIVESUCCESSIONAL PATTERNS ON BOTTOMLAND SITES
LOBLOLLY PINE-SWEET GUM-RED BAY + SWEET GUM-RED MAPLE-RED BAY
LONGLEAF PINE-MONEYWORTLONGLEAF PINE-SASSAFRASLONGLEAF PINE-BLACK GUM-SAND HICKORY
MIXED SHORTLEAF OR LOBLOLLY PINE-HARDWOOD + WHITE OAK-DOGWOOD-PIPSISSEWA I"-'oI
LOBLOLLY PINE-SWAMP GUM-NAKED WITHE-ROD
MIXED LOBLOLLY PINE-HARDWOOD
BALD CYPRESS-WATER GUM-MIXED HARDWOOD
+ YELLOW-POPLAR-SWAMP GUM-DOG HOBBLE
+ LAUREL OAK-WATER OAK
+ BALD CYPRESS-WATER GUM
Figure 2. Community succession at the Savannah River Plant.
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determine the hardwood type associated with
this site condition. However, observations
in older longleaf pine stands indicate that
such a hardwood community type would contain
bluejack oak and sand hickory in the over
story. On upland, high ridge flats and slight
slopes, the loblolly pine-black cherry
Japanese honeysuckle community type and all
slash pine community types are plantations
which are eventually replaced by the bluejack
oak-deerberry-broom sedge community type.
On moderate to steep slopes, the topography
precluded conversion to agriculture or pine
and these areas are dominated by the white
oak-dogwood-pipsissewa type. However, as a
result of logging activities, some stands
contain varying mixtures of shortleaf or
loblolly pine (Fig. 2).
In the low-lying areas of the Savannah
River Plant, the frequency and duration of
flooding has been a major determinant of
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land use and vegetation patterns. On low
flats not subject to flooding, agricultural
activity was extensive. Most of these sites
were planted to loblolly pine when the SRP
was established. As a result, it was not
possible to determine with absolute certainty
the hardwood type associated with these site
conditions. However, field observations of
small remnant stands indicate a probable
white oak-post oak overstory in the hardwood
community that succeeds loblolly pine planta
tions on this site type.
On well-drained stream terraces subject
to occasional flooding, the loblolly pine
sweet gum-red bay community type is succes
sional to the sweet gum-red maple-red bay
type. Where drainage is poorer, such as on
wet, mucky floodplains and upper stream
drainages, the loblolly pine-swamp gum
naked withe-rod community is successional
to the yellow poplar-swamp gum-dog hobble
community.
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The water oak-laurel oak type on flood
plains and wet flats subject to prolonged
flooding contain a mixture of species due to
widespread disturbance. No successional pine
type was identified on this site. However,
heavily disturbed stands may contain some
loblolly pine, as well as a higher proportion
of successional hardwoods like red maple and
green ash.
Floodplains which are flooded most of
the year are occuppied by the bald cypress
water gum community. On slightly drier sites,
or areas where disturbance has occurred,
laurel oak, red maple, sweet gum, or American
elm may be present (Fig. 2).
USE OF THE GUIDE
The identification of a stand starts
with the key to communiti es. The key is
dichotomous; that is, it has two choices at
each step until it dead ends at a community
type name. Common names are used throughout
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with the scientific name given the first
time a species is encountered. The key is
workable with a taxonomic knowledge of 27
trees, 7 shrubs, and 16 herbaceous species.
The herbaceous, shrub, and small tree species
used in the key are illustrated in Appendix
III. Drawings were prepared by Gerald
Wallace, former student, Clemson University .
A stand can be classified correctly,
even though one of the species constituting
the community type name may be absent.
This is done by considering the entire
floristic composition, stand conditions,
and soil and site conditions given in the
community descriptions. Community types
are described on the basis of characteristic
and associated species in overs tory, under
story, and herbaceous strata. If available,
past history of typical communities is
included, as well as general stocking levels
of the overstory. Common names are used
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throughout the descri pti ons wi th the sci enti fi c
names given in Appendix II. A photograph of
each type is included with the description
to aid in identification. Photographs of
the types were taken by Davi d Lewi s of the
Clemson University Communications Center.
Synthesis tables constructed to determine
constant and character species are included
in Appendix I. The tables were edited to
include selected constant species and
character speci es for each community type.
Constancy and importance value are given for
each species. For a given community type,
species constancy is defined as:
(Number of sample stand occurrences) X 100.(Total number of sample stands)
Species with a high constancy in a single
community type were recognized as character
species, while species with a high constancy
in several community types were recognized
as constant species.
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Communities are arranged by overs tory
species and site type as follows:
1. Loblolly pine community types
A. Upland sites1. Loblolly pine - sweet gum
broom sedge2. Loblolly pine - black cherry
Japanese honeysuckle
B. Stream terrace sites
l. Loblolly pine - sweet gum -
red bay
2. Loblolly pine - swamp gum -
naked withe-rod
11. Sl ash pine community types
A. Upland sites1. Slash pine - black gum
2. Slash pine - sassafras dollarleaf
3. Slash pine - black cherry
water oak
II 1. Longl eaf pi ne community typesA. Upland, deep sand sites
1. Longleaf pine - turkey oak wi re grass
2. Longleaf pine - turkey oak
bracken fern
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1. Longleaf pine - moneywort2. Longleaf pine - sassafras3. Longleaf pine - black gum
sand hickory
IV. Hardwood community typesA. Upland sites
1. Turkey oak - dwarf huckleberry2. Blackjack oak - deerberry
broom sedge3. White oak - dogwood - pipsissewa
B. Stream terrace and floodplain sites1. Sweet gum - red maple - red bay2. Yellow-poplar - swamp gum
dog hobble3. Laurel oak - water oak
c. Swamp sites1. Bald cypress - water gum
mixed hardwood2. Bald cypress - water gum
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KEY TO THE MAJOR FOREST COMMUNITIESOF THE SAVANNAH RIVER PLANT
A 50% or more of the standovers tory composed ofpine species.
B 50% or more of the standovers tory composed ofhardwood species.
KEY I
KEY II
Key 1. Key to the Pine Communities
1a Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) 2- the major canopy dominant.
1b Slash pine (Pinus eUiottii) 5or longleaf pine (Pinuspalustris) the major canopydominant.- 2a Stream terrace site. Red 3maple (Acer rubrum), red bay(Persea borbonia) , sweet bay- (Magnolia virginiana) and/orhighbush blueberry (Vaccini,@corymboswn) usually present.
2b Upland site. Broom sedge 4(Andropogon virginicus),dog fennel (&Jpatoriumcompositifolium) and/orpersimmon (Viospyrosvirginiana) usually present.
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3a Partridge berry (Mitchella Loblolly pi ne-repens), naked withe-rod swamp gum- -(Vibu-rnum nudum), naked withe-rodyellow poplar (Liriodendrontulipifera, tree-size -class), and/or swamp gum(Nyssa sylvatica var.bifloPa) usually present.Soil a poorly drained -wet muck.
3b Sweet gum (Liquidambar Loblolly pine- -styraciflua) may be sweet gum-present in the tree and/ red bayor sapling-size classes.Species listed in 3a absent. -Soil well drained.
4a Blackberry (Rubus argutus) , Loblolly pine-black cherry (Frunus black cherry-serotina, seedling-size Japaneseclass), and/or Japanese honeys ucklehoneysuckle (Lonicera -japonica) usually present.Broom sedge usually scarce. -4b Species listed in 4a Loblolly pine-absent or infrequent, sweet gum-sweet gum (Liquidambar broom sedge -styraciflua) may be present.Broom sedge usually abundant.
5a 51 ash pi ne the major canopy 6 -dominant.
5b Longleaf pine the major 8canopy dominant.
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~. (continued)
6a Black gum (Nyssa sylvatica) , 7sassafras (Sassafras albidum) ,and/or dog fennel (Eupatoriumcompositifolium) usuallypresent. Stand density andbasal area moderate to low(Usually less than 400 stems/acre and 120 ft2/acre).
6b Species listed in 6a Slashabsent. Herbaceous and blackshrub layers poorly waterrepresented. Stand densityand basal area high (usuallygreater than 400 stems/acreand 120 ft2/acre). Usuallyno thinning or burn history.
pinecherryoak
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7a Black gum usually present. Slash pine-Advance regeneration of black gumhardwoods may includesapling- or tree-size redmaple (Acer rubrum) , water
- oak (Quercus nigra), orwillow oak (Quercus phellos).No burn history or at least notsevere; density usually moderate(usually 150 to 350 stems/acre).
7b Sassafras, dollarleaf Slash pine-(Vesmodium rotundifolium) , sassafrasgoldenrod (Solidago spp.), dollarleafand/or bedstraw (Caliumhispidulum) usually present.Either burned or heavily thinned.Density moderate to low (less than150 stems/acre). Stand often verypoorly stocked due to ice damage.
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8b Upland, shallow sand site. 10Species listed in 8a absent.
Key 1. (continued)
8a Upland, deep sand site.Turkey oak (Quercus laevis),tree sparkleberry (Vacciniumarboreum), and/or dwarfhuckleberry (Gaylussaciadumosa) usually present.
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Longleaf pineturkey oakbracken fern
Longleaf pineturkey oakwire grass
9a Bracken fern (Pteridiumaquilinum) and/or yellowjessamine (Gelsemiumsempervirens) usuallypresent. Wire grass(Aristida stricta) absentor very scarce.
9b Spider plant (Stipulicidasetacea), St. Andrew'scross (Hypericumhypericoides) and/orwire 9rass usually present.Young plantation. Tree-sizeclass individuals occasionalor absent.
lOa Yellow jessamine Longleaf pine-(Gelsemium sempervirens), black gum-black gum (Nyssa sand hickorysylvatica), sand hickory(Carya pallidal and/or water/willow oak (Quercus nigra/phellos, sapling-size class)may be present. Natural standor mature plantation on uplandflat or slope. Stockingmoderate to low.
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Key 1. (continued)
lOb Species listed in lOa absent.Stocking moderate to high,usually young plantations orseeded stands
lla Sassafras (Sassafras Longleaf pine-- albidum) may be present. sassafras
Density moderate to high(usually 200 to 400 stems/acre). Usually an immatureplantation, frequently burnednatural stand, or matureplantati on.
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lIb Moneywort (Rhynchosia Longleaf pine-reniformis) and/or sedge moneywort(Carex spp.) usuallypresent. Density extremelyhigh (300 to 1300 or morestems/acre). Young seededstands. Herbaceous and shrublayers poorly represented.
Key II. Key to the Hardwood Communities
- la Si te a stream terrace, 4fl oodp1ain, or swamp.
Ib Site an upland slope or 2fl at.
Turkey oakdwarfhuckl eberry
-2a Turkey oak (Quercus
laevis) the dominantspecies forming arelatively low overstory.Dwarf huckleberry (Gaylussaciadumosa) present.
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Key II. (continued)
2b Species listed in 2a absent. 3 -
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White oakdogwoodpipsissewa
Blackjack oakdeerberrybroom sedge
3b
3a White oak (Quercus alba)and black oak (Quercusvelutina) usually presentin the tree-size class.Dogwood (Comus [lorida)and pipsissewa (Chimaphilamaculata) usually present.Site an upland slope.
Species listed in 3aabsent or rare. Sapling-and tree-size classes maybe composed of a mixture ofpost oak (Quercus stellata),blackjack oak (Quercusmarilandica) , mockernuthickory (Carya tomentosa)and/or sand hickory (Caryapallidal. Deerberry(Vaccinium etcmi.neum'i andbroom sedge (Andropogonvirginicus) usually present.Site an upland flat.
4a Swamp site (flooded most orall of the year). Baldcypress (Taxodium distichum)and/or water gum (Nyssaaquabica.} forming the majorcomponent of the overs tory.
7
-4b Stream terrace or floodplain 5
site. Species 1is ted in 4aabsent or rare in the overstory. -
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5b Sweet gum not the major 6or only canopy dominant.
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Key II. (continued)
5a Sweet gum (Liquidambarstymciflua) the majoror only canopy dominant.Red maple (Acer rubrum)and red bay (Perseaborbonia) present.
Sweet gumred maplered bay
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6a Dominance in the tree-size Yellow poplarclass is shared by yellow swamp gumpoplar (Liriodendron dog hobbletulipifem), swamp gum(Nyssa sylvatica var.biflora) and/or sweet gum.Red bay or southernmagnolia (Magnolia~randiflora) and/or dog hobble(Leucothoe axillaris) present.
6b Laurel oak (Quercuslaurifolia) and/or wateroak (Quercus nigra) themajor canopy dominants.
Laurel oakwater oak
Bald cypresswater gum-mi xed hardwood
Bald cypresswater gum
7b Species listed in 7aabsent.
7a American elm (Ulmusamericana), laurel oak(Quercus laurifolia) and/or red maple (Acer rubrum)may be present in the overs tory.overs tory .
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Loblolly pine-sweet gum-broom sedge community
Site:
Low upland flat. Moderate productivity.Primarily found southeast of Highway125 on the Pleistocene Coastal Terracealthough may be found throughout .
Overs tory:
Loblolly pine plantation. Well managedstands with a history of prescribedburning.
Well stocked with density levels usuallygreater than 200 stems/acre.
Understory:
Seedling strata well developed,characterized by sweet gum and redmaple. May also be composed ofwater oak, persimmon, and loblollypine.
Only occasional individuals of thesespecies in sapling strata.
Herbaceous:
Common associates are broom sedge,poison ivy, catbrier, muscadine,and species of grass and beggar-lice.
Oog fennel, blackberry, and honeysuckle(characteristic of the loblolly pineblack cherry-honeysuckle type) arescarce or absent .
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Loblolly pine-black cherry-honeysuckle community
Site:Upland, high ridge flats and slight
slopes. Moderate to poor productivity.Primarily found northeast of Highway125 on the Aiken Plateau.
Overs tory:Loblolly pine plantation. Well managed
stands with a history of prescribedburning.
Well to poorly stocked with densitylevels usually less than 200 stems!acre.
Unders tory:Sapling strata absent or composed only
of loblolly pine.Seedling strata characterized by black
cherry and sassafras.Other common associates are loblolly
pine, persimmon, and water oak.Occasionally southern red oak and sand
hickory are present.
Herbaceous:The herbaceous strata is normally well
developed with a large number ofinfrequent species.
Characteristic species which may bepresent are blackberry, broom sedge,dog fennel, and Japanese honeysuckle.
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Loblolly pine-sweet gum-red bay community
Site:
Productive stream terraces which arenot normally subject to flooding ormay be subject to only occasionalflooding.
Soils are generally well drained withwet depressions.
Overstory:
A mixture of loblolly pine and sweetgum.
Loblolly pine usually forming thedominant upper canopy and sweet gumthe codominant or intermediate canopyposition.
Normally well stocked .
Understory:
Sapling strata composed of sweet gum,red maple, red bay, and occasionalcolonies of highbush blueberry.
Seedling strata composed of red maple,water oak, red bay, and Americanholly.
Herbaceous:
Often poorly developed due to highstocking of overstory.
Common associates may include catbrier,switch-cane, and yellow jessamine .
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Loblolly pine-swamp gum-naked withe-rod community
Site:
Highly productive floodplains and upperstream drainages.
Soils are poorly drained with a wet.mucky loam surface layer .
Overs tory:
A mixture of loblolly pine. swamp gum.and yellow-poplar.
Normally well stocked unless there hasbeen a recent disturbance.
Understory;
Well developed. composed of red bay.sweet bay. red maple. and swamp gumwithin the sapling strata.
Seedling strata composed of red maple.red bay. sweet bay. highbush blueberry.and naked withe-rod.
Herbaceous:
Characterized by the presence ofpartridge berry. cinnamon fern, andsensitive fern.
Occasionally switch-cane and poison ivyare common associates .
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Slash pine-black gum community
Site:
Upland, high ridge flats and slightslopes .
Productivity moderate to poor.
Overs tory:
Slash pine plantation. Occasionallyindividuals of black gum and blackcherry may be present.
Stands with a hardwood componentpresent in all strata due to theabsence of fire.
Stocking level highly variable butusually ranging from 150 to 350 stems/acre.
Understory:
Sapling strata is characterized byoccasional individuals of blackcherry, red maple, black gum, wateroak, and slash pine.
The only species characteristic in theseedling strata which may be presentis black gum.
Black cherry and water oak are commonassociates.
Herbaceous:
Common associates are poison ivy, dogfennel, blackberry, and broom sedge.Yellow jessamine and partridge pea areoccasional.
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-
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' .,,,- .~.~.: .:;.. . '. . ,· ~·'··i·1.' ·~ ... - .~ ;;" , .,~ .. '.... ~:- _. ~.a"_.. ~ ~ :'~ ....,.. --
;-'.: ..'. "/"'-::':'" "~:~~~t:. fo.:_l"-; -. ,-:,,",~~:"""...~l.oo...-.r. ~\. . '";,.' ....... '.....,...."~.. xc -~~~' ~.:; ,.
,f "", \ .... • - -it•.. ,1-..... . _ , .... '•• ,l~,' \.~'t'..U'", ." _ ' ..
-'~ r. • • ..... .'-".:. 411 - . ~.'" . .. •>i •'~""" - , ..,_....'. .. ... ', . "I'"~ .... .." . '_~. "" _.. ~""'\-~ -" -e . 't ,.. . , _ _.'-',,~{, .:-:..-- - '~~";":' :". ..
' '. ':' '- ' ~ ' , -.. " ---._-.'••,' .s-: ,.' -~~_." '"" {. ' ~l'- :.;-.'<.----~;~..~ .'C .:1i
,,- • I _ ,_ • .1' \'t o \f ~ T ...-s ' • ) ~ r ,, ' • ',\ . - .: - ....--.'\. &-"c, " "'~~/. . . '\ t J ~~"~....:;.. t·,"_'..J.~
--
-
-
--
-36-
Slash pine-sassafras-dollarleaf community
Site:
Upland, high ridge flats and slightslopes.
Produc ti vity modera te to poor.
Overs tory:
Slash pine plantation. Stands with ahistory of fire or heavily thinnedor both.
Stocking level often low with densitylevels usually less than 150 stems/acre.
Often poor stocking levels due to icedamage.
Unders tory:
Sapling strata absent or composedonly of slash pine.
Sassafras and slash pine are characteristic of the seedling strata.
Black cherry and water oak are commonassociates.
Herbaceous:
Characteristic species which may bepresent are hairy bedstraw anddollarleaf.
Common associates are dog fennel,blackberry, broom sedge, poison ivy,partridge pea, and yellow jessamine.
--
---
-
-38-
Slash pine-black cherry-water oak community
Site:
Upland, high ridge flats and slightslopes.
Productivity moderate to poor.
Overs tory:
Slash pine plantations. Over stockedstands usually with no fire history.May have been lightly thinned.
Stand density high with 350 to 400 ormore stems/acre.
Basal area level generally greater than100 to 120 ft2/acre.
Unders tory:
The only sapling size stems are suppressedslash pine individuals.
Seedling strata is not well developedprimarily composed of black cherryand water oak.
Herbaceous:
Poorly developed. There are no speciescommonly associated with this communitytype.
---
-
-
-42-
Longleaf pine-turkey oak-bracken fern community
Site:
Upland, high undulating to nearly levelridges and upper steep slopes adjacentto drainages.
Somewhat droughty, thick sands.
Overs tory:
Longleaf pine natural stands or very oldplantations often with a small amountof loblolly pine present.
Usually low to occasionally moderatestocking levels.
Understory:
Both sapling- and seedling-size classesare well developed and dominated byturkey oak and tree sparkleberry.
Occasionally sand hickory may be present.Dwarf huckleberry and deerberry are
common associated low shrubs.
Herbaceous:
Characteristic species usually presentare bracken fern and yellow jessamine.
A common associate is broom sedge.Wire grass and dog's tongue are usually
absent or scarce.
--
---
-
-44-
Longleaf pine-moneywort community
Site:
Upland, high undulating to nearly1eve1 ri dqes , sandy soil s .
Overs tory :
Longleaf pine young, seeded stands.Heavily stocked with density levels
of 300 or more stems/acre.
May occasionally include youngplantations.
Unders tory:
Sapling-size class is usually heavilystocked with suppressed longleafpi ne stems.
Common associates in the seedling-sizeclass are water oak and persimmonin low abundance.
Herbaceous:
Within the heavily stocked seededstands, the herbaceous developmentis usually poor.
An upland sedge species and moneywortmay be characteristics of thiscommunity type with broom sedge,panic grass, and prickly pear cactusoften present.
In young plantations, the herbaceouscomponent is better developed.
---
-
-46-
Longleaf pine-sassafras community
Site:
Upland, high undulating to nearlylevel ridges, sandy soils.
Overs tory :
Longleaf pine young plantations oroccasionally natural stands andmature plantations which wererecently burned.
Stocking level in the young plantationsis modera te to hi gh wi th densitylevels usually from 200 to 400 stems/acre.
In the natural stands and matureplantations, stocking is moderateor occasionally low.
Unders tory:
Sapling-size class is generally verypoorly represented and may oftenbe absent.
Common associates in the seedlingsize class are black cherry,persimmon, and sassafras usually inlow abundance.
Herbaceous:
The herbaceous component is of moderateto poor development.
Broom sedge is the most common associatewith spider plant as an inconspicuouscomponent.
-
-48-
Longleaf pine-black gum-sand hickory community
Site:
Upland, high undulating to nearlylevel ridges, sandy soils.
Overs tory :
Longleaf pine natural stands or veryold plantations occasionally with asmall amount of loblolly pine present.
Usually moderate to occasionally lowstocking levels.
Unders tory:
Sapling-size class may be characterizedfrom other non-turkey oak-longleafpine types by the presence of water orwillow oak and sand hickory, and theseedling-size class by the presenceof sand hickory and black gum.
Longleaf pine is usually common in thesapling-size class.
Common seedling associates are water orwillow oak and sassafras.
Deerberry is a common shrub associate.
Herbaceous:
The herbaceous component is of moderateto poor development. Broom sedgeis the most common associate.
___ J
/
-
-
-
-40-
Longleaf pine-turkey oak-wire grass community
Site:
Upland, high undulating to nearly levelri dges.
Droughty, thi ck sands with poorproducti vity.
Overs tory:
Either absent or occasional individualsof longleaf pine.
Young artificially seeded or naturalstands.
Unders tory:
Artificially seeded sapling-size classindividuals of longleaf pine.
Common associates are tree sparkleberryand turkey oak in both sapling- andseedling-size classes which are welldeveloped.
Dwarf huckleberry and deerberry arecommon associated low shrubs.
Herbaceous:
Characteristic species usually presentare St. Andrew's cross, wire grass,and dog's tongue. Broom sedge is acommon associate.
-
-50-
Turkey oak-dwarf huckleberry community
Site:
Upland, high undulating to nearlylevel ridges.
Droughty, thick sands with poorproductivity.
Overs tory :
Either absent or occasional tree-sizeclass individuals of turkey oak orlongleaf pine.
Unders tory:
Both sapling- and seedling-size classesare moderately to well developed anddominated by turkey oak. Treesparkleberry, bluejack oak, and scrubbypost oak may be present or locallyabundant. Dwarf huckleberry anddeerberry are common associated lowshrubs.
Herbaceous:
Herbaceous strata is moderately to welldeveloped.
Associated species usually present arewire grass, dog's tongue, goat's rue,grass-leaved golden aster, and broomsedge.
-52-
Blackjack oak-deerberry-broom sedge community
Site:
Upland, high ridge flats, and slightslopes.
Moderate to poor productivity.
Overs tory :
A mixture of sand hickory, mockernuthickory, blackjack oak, and post oak.Usually low basal areas and poorlyformed stems.
Unders tory:
Sapling- and seedling-size classes maybe composed of a mixture of sandhickory, mockernut hickory, blackjackoak, post oak, black gum, and treesparkl eberry.
Deerberry is a common low shrub.Occasionally loblolly or longleafpine is present.
Herbaceous:
Herbaceous strata is well developed.Associates are broom sedge, species oflegumes (primarily Desmodiwm.-andLespedeza) , white catbrier, andpoison ivy.
...
...
-54-
White oak-dogwood-pipsissewa community
Site:
Upland, moderate to steep slopes,usually occurring as narrow horizontal strips between drainagewaysand ridge tops. Productivity varieswidely with the lower and north-facingslopes the most productive.
Overs tory:
An oak-hickory mixture, varying widelyfrom site to site. Characteristicspecies usually present are white oakand black oak. Other associates arescarlet oak, southern red oak, andmockernut hickory. Species of minorimportance are pi~nut hickory, sandhickory, water oak, sweet gum, andloblolly pine. Stocking and basalarea varies widely with site dependingon the degree of logging in the past.
Understory:
Sapling and seedling strata arecharacterized by the presence ofdogwood, Georgia hackberry, andblack oak. Other common associatesare understory stems of the treespecies listed above as well asblack cherry and sassafras,
Herbaceous:
Characteristic species usually presentare pipsissewa and wild licorice(bedstraw). Common associates arepartridge berry, poison 'ivy, yellowjessamine, muscadine, white catbrier,flowering spurge, and birthwort .
-
-
-56-
Sweet gum-red maple-red bay community
Site:
Producti ve stream terraces not normallysUbject to flooding or may be subjectto only occasional flooding.
Soils are generably well drained withwet depressions.
Overs tory:
A pure or nearly pure stand of sweet gum.
Usually well stocked stands with amoderate to high basal area (generally150 to 200 ft 2jacre).
Understory:
Sapling and seedling strata is primarilycomposed of red maple, water oak,sweet gum, red bay, and sweet bay.
Herbaceous:
Often poorly to modera tely developeddue to high stocking of overstory.
Common associates include catbrier,poison ivy, muscadine, blackberry,Virginia creeper, and false nettle.
-
-
-
-58-
Yellow poplar-swamp gum-dog hobble community
Si te:
Highly productive floodplains and upperstream drainages.
Soils are poorly drained with a wet,mucky loam surface 1ayer ,
Overs tory:
Swamp gum, a characteristic species ofthis type, may be found in associationwith yellow poplar, red mapJe, andsweet gum.
Well stocked, mature stands can havebasal areas up to 300 ft2/acre.
Understory:
Well developed, composed of yellow poplar,swamp gum, red maple, sweet gum, redbay, American holly, blue beech, wateroak, and naked withe-rod. Yellowpoplar and swamp gum often absent inthe seedling strata.
Herbaceous:
Well developed, may be composed ofsensitive fern, climbing hydrangea,dog hobble, partridge berry, catbrier,switch-cane, poison ivy, and muscadine.
-
-60-
Laurel oak-water oak community
Si te:
Floodplains and wet flats subject toprolonged flooding during the wetseason (late winter and early spring).
Overs tory :
A widely varying mixture which is mostcommonly composed of laurel oak, wateroak, and sweet gum. However, redmaple, American elm, and swamp chestnutoak may also be present.
Well stocked, mature stands may havebasal areas approaching 200 ft2/acre.
Unders to ry:
Often poorly developed, may include redmaple, sweet gum, laurel oak, or bluebeech in the sapling strata. Theseedling strata may include laurel oak,red maple, or water oak.
Herbaceous:
Normally poorly developed, may includedwarf palmetto, switch-cane, trumpetcreeper, or perennial milkweed.
Occasionally switch-cane or dwarfpalmetto will form a conspicuousunderstory cover.
...
...
...
...
-62-
Bald cypress-water gum-mixed hardwood community
Site:
Floodplains which are flooded most of theyear. The depth and duration offlooding varies from site to site.
Overs tory:
Bald cypress and water gum dominate;however, due to past logging or aslightly drier site, a mixture oflaurel oak, red maple, sweet gum,green ash, or American elm may bepresent.
Basal areas up to 300 ft2/acre.
Understory:
Poorly developed. Both the seedlingand sapling strata may contain anyof the above ·overstory species;however, red maple and American elmare the most common species. Shrubspecies which may also be presentinclude Virginia willow and sweetpepperbush.
Herbaceous:
Poorly developed, may include duckpotato, lizard's tail, false nettle,or catbrier .
-
-
-
-64-
Bald cypress-water gum community
Si te:
Floodplains which are flooded mostor all of the year except duringdroughty periods. The depth andduration of flooding varies fromsite to site.
Overs tory:
lie11 stocked stands of bald cypressand water gum. Basal areasup to 600 ft2/acre.
Unders tory:
Poorly developed to nearly absent,may include water elm, baldcypress, or water gum.
Herbaceous:
Poorly developed to nearly absent,may include duck potato, lizard'stail, or catbrier.
Constancy and average importance value (constancy:average importancevalue) of selected cOnstant and character species2lin each uplandloblolly pine community type. Number of sample stands of each typeis shown in parentheses under the type name.
Species
Communitv
Loblolly pinesweet gumbroom sedge
(2 )
TypeLoblolly pine-black cherry~
japanese honeysuckle( 7)
-
sweet gum 1,2
persimmon 3
loblolly pine
water oak 3
muscadine
broom sedge
sassafras
dog fennel
blackberry
black cherry 3
Japanese honeysuckle
sand hickory 3
hairy bedstraw
50 62
100 11 57 16
100 100 100 99
100 27 71 18
100 17 57 8
100 21 100 39
50 2 57 4
50 8 71 13
57 12
100 27
71 23
28 2
43 17
-
-
liThe numbers I, 2, and 3 following the names of woody speciesrepresent the tree, sapling, and seedling size class, respectively.
--
Constancy and average importance value (constancy:~verage importance ..value) of selected constant and character species2!in each streamterrace loblolly pine community type. Number of sample stands ofeach type is shown in parentheses under the type name.
Community Type -Loblolly pine- Loblolly pine-swamp gum- sweet gum-
Species naked withe-rod red bay(3 ) (3 ) -partridge berry 100 58
yellow poplar 3 100 9
naked withe-rod 3 100 78 -yellow poplar 1 66 19
poison ivy 100 33
swamp gum 1 100 25 -cinnamon fern 100 14 33 8
sensitive fern 100 58 33 17 -sweet bay 1,2.3 100 15 33 4
red maple 1 100 8 33 2
loblolly pine 1 100 SO 100 67 -water oak 3 66 1 100 19
muscadine 66 8 33 50 -swi tch- cane 66 46 66 54
highbush blueberry 100 23 66 85
red bay 2,3 100 18 100 51 -red maple 2 100 44 100 58
sweet gum 1,2 100 47 -~/The numbers 1, 2, and 3 following the names of woody speciesrepresent the tree, sapling, and seedling size class, respectively.
---
Constancy and average importance value (constancy:~verage importancevalue) of selected constant and character speciesY in each slash pinecommunity type. Number of sample stands of each type is shown inparentheses under the type name.
33 33
100 100
66 82
33 8
100 97
75 71
100 34
88 25
62 25
75 60
SO 15
75 22
62 47
62 27
88 22
62 25
62 17
50 17
Slash p:tnesassafrasdollanecr£
( 8)
533
100 100
66 12
Slash p:tneblack cherrywater oak
(3 )
Communi t y Type
Slash p:tne-black gum
Species (5 )
red maple 2 40 11
black gum 1 40 10
black gum 2 80 16
black gum 3 60 6
black cherry 1,2 60 3
slash pine 1 100 90
slash pine 2 60 38
black cherry 3 100 34
water oak 3 100 28
blackberry 100 23
broom sedge 80 42
poison ivy 80 19
dog fennel 60 11
yellow jessamine 40 71
partridge pea 40 8
slash pine 3
sassafras 3
dollar leaf
hairy bedstraw
-
liThe numbers 1. 2. and 3 following the names of wood speciesrepresent the tree, sapling, and seedling size class, respectively.
-
--
Constancy and average importance value (constanCY:iverage importancevalue) of selected constant and character species~ in each upland, ..deep sand longleaf pine community type. Number of sample stands ofeach type is shown in parentheses under the type name.
Community Type -Longleaf pine- Longleaf p1ne-turkey oak- turkey oak-
Species bracken fern wire grass(4 ) (4 ) -sand hickory 3 50 26
sand hickory 2 50 6
yellow jessamine 75 64 -bracken fern 100 90
longleaf pine 1 100 69 75 66
broom sedge 100 20 100 71 -sparkle berry 2 100 88 50 100
deerberry 75 20 100 24 -black gum 3 50 29 50 36
sparkleberry 3 75 100 100 88
turkey oak 2 75 91 100 53 -turkey oak 3 50 12 100 63
dwarf huckleberry 50 21 100 42 -wire grass 25 8 100 20
dog's tongue 25 8 75 9
St. Andrew's cross 100 8 -spider plant 75 33
bluejack oak 2 75 3 ..liThe numbers I, 2, and 3 following the names of woody species
represent the tree, sapling, and seedling size class, respectively.
-
-
Constancy and average importance value (constancy:average importancevalue) of selected constant and character speciesY in each upland,shallow sand longleaf pine community type. Number of sample standsof each type is shown in parentheses under the type name.
Communi t.y Type
Species
Longleaf p1nemoneywort
( 4)
Longleaf p1ne~sassafras
( 3)
Longleaf p1neblack gumsand hickory
( 4)
-
--
-
loblolly pine 2 75 23
sedge 100 17
longleaf pine 1 100 100 100 100 100 91
broom sedge 100 21 100 22 75 19
grass 100 19 33 17 25 8
water oak 3 SO 24 33 SO SO 61
deerberry 25 8 25 8 75 25
black cherry 1 25 17 66 24 SO 6
persimmon 3 25 33 100 32 25 2
spider plant 25 33 66 8
beggar's lice 25 8 66 8
moneywort 75 11 25 8
black cherry 2 66 100
sassafras 3 66 25 75 62
sand hickory 3 25 33 SO 16
bl ue j ack oak 2 75 33
black gum 3 75 24
yellow jessamine SO 8
1../The numbers 1, 2, and 3 following the names of woody speciesrepresent the tree, sapling, and seedling s I ze class, respectively.
--
Constancy and average importance value (constancy:average importancevalue) of selected constant and character species~in each uplandhardwood community type. Number of sample stands of each type isshown in parentheses under the type name. ..
Communi t y Type
~/The numbers 1, 2, and 3 following the names of woody speciesrepresent the tree, sapling, and seedling size class, respectively.
deerberrylongleaf pine 2
broom sedge
turkey oak 1,2,3
bluejack oak 1,2,3
scrubby post oak 1,2,3
dwarf huckleberry
goat's rue
grass-leavedgOlden aster
white oak 1 81 27
white oak 2,3 81 15
dogwood 1,2.3 94 22
black oak 1 75 22
water oak 2,3 81 17
southern red oak 1 44 17
bedstraw 94 27
pipsissewa 88 49
muscadine 100 26
yellow jessamine 56 31
flowering spurge 81 19
white ca tb r i e r 75 27
mockernut hickory 1 69 24
sand hickory 1,2,3 56 20
post oak 1,2,3
blackjack oak 1.2,3
black gum 2,3
tree sparkleberry 2,3
100 23
75 23
100 37
100 22
75 12
100 14
50 32 60 31
100 38 100 18
50 8 40 54
100 50 100 92
100 65
100 38
60 39
100 73
100 22
100 15
-
--
..
-
..
--
-..
Turkey oakdwarfhuckleberry
( 5)
Blackjack oakdeerberrybroom sedge
(4)
White oak~
dogwoodpipsissewa
(16)Species
..
Sweet gumred maplered bay
( 2)(22)
Laurel oak- Yellow pop aT-water oak swamp gum
dog hobble(10)
Species
constancy and average importance value (constancy:~verage importancevalue) of selected constant and character species~/in each streamterrace and floodplain community type. Number of sample stands ofeach type is shown in parentheses under the type name.
Commun~tv TYie
-
1,2,3
-
laurel oak 1
laurel oak 2,3American elm 1,2,3,
swamp chestnut oak
dwarf palmetto
perennial milkweedwater oak 1
blue beech 1,2,3
switch-cane
Sweet gum 2,3
red maple 1
swamp gum 1
yellow poplar 1
American holly 1,2,3
naked withe-rod 3
sensitive fern
Climbing hydrangea
dog hobblepartridge berry
Sweet gum 1
red maple 2
red maple 3
ca tb r i e r
poison ivy
red bay
muscadine
blackberry
Virginia creeper
false nettle
91
91
82
36
64
36
64
55
64
55
27
64
45
27
43
51
14
24
29
8
22
26
59
31
33
23
41
22
50 5
70 19
80 26
80 21
70 5
70 23
60 29
90 23
50 28
90 55
60 40
80 50
90 68
100 2S 100 100
80 15 100 58
70 18 100 58
100 36 100 54
90 2S 100 91
70 16 100 6
70 16 100 46
100 62
100 7S
100 17
~7The numbers 1, 2, and 3 following the names of woody speciesrepresent the tree, sapling, and seedling size class, respectively.
-
--
Constancy and average importance value (constancy:tverage importancevalue) of selected constant and character species~ in each swamphardwood community type. Number of sample stands of each type isshown in parentheses under the type name. -
Community Type
Bald cypress- Bald cypress M
water gum water tum-Species mixed ardwoods -( 3) (5 )
water elm 2,3 66 76
bald cypress 1 100 61 100 20 -water gum 1 100 37 100 26
water gum 2 66 54 60 17 -ca tbrier 66 62 100 50
lizard's tail 66 8 100 42
duck-po t a to 66 1 40 4 -red maple 1 80 40
red maple 2 80 42
red 100 27 -maple 3
laurel oak 1 80 20
laurel oak 2,3 60 28 -green ash 1 100 16
green ash 2,3 80 26
American elm 1,2.3 80 38 -sweet gum 1 100 9
Virginia willow 40 58 -false nettle 40 13
sweet pepperbush 40 6
~/The numbers I, 2, and 3 following the names of woody speciesrepresent the tree. sapling, and seedling size class, respectively. -
---
-
-
-
-
-74-
APPENDIX II
Common and scientific names of species
listed in the synthesis tables
and site descriptions
Common Name
American elm
American holly
ba1d cypress
beggar-lice
bi rthwort
blackberry
black cherry
black gum
blackjack oak
black oak
bl ue beech
bluejack oak
bracken fern
broom sedge
ca tbri er
ci nnamon fern
climbing hydrangea
deerberry
dog fennel
dog hobble
dog I s tongue
dogwood
doll arl eaf
Scientific Name
Ulmus americana
Ilex opaca
Taxodium distichum
Desmodium spp.
Aris to lochiaserpentaria
Rubus argutus
Prunus serotina
Nyssa sylvatica
Quercus marilandica
Quercus velutina
Carpinus caroliniana
Quercus incana
pteridium aquilinum
Andropogonvirginicus
Smilax spp.
Osmunda cinnamomea
Decumaria barbarea
Vaccinium stamineum
Eupatoriumcompositifolium
Leucothoe axillaris
Eriogonum tomentosum
Coxmue florida
Desmodiumrotundi iol.ium
-...
...
...
...
-•
--...
...
-...
---
--
--
Common Name
duck-potatodwarf huckleberrydwarf palmettofalse nettleflowering spurgeGeorgia hackberry
goat's ruegrass-leaved
golden astergreen ash
hairy bedstrawhighbush blueberry
honeysucklelaurel oaklizard's tailloblolly pinelongleaf pinemockernut hickorymoneywortmuscadinenaked withe-rodpanic grasspa rtri dge berrypartridge peaperennial milkweed
Scientific Name
Sagittaria latifolia
Gaylussacia dumosa
Saba]. minor
Boehmeria cylindrica
Euphorbia corollata
Celtis georgiana
Tephrosia virginiana
He tero thecagraminifoZia
Fraxinus pennsylvanicavar. subintegerrima
Galium hispidulum
Vaccinium corymbosum
Lonicera japonica
Quercus l.aur-ifol.ia
Sauruus cernuus
Pinus taeda
Pinus palustris
Capya -tomentosa
Rhynchosia reniformis
Vitis rotundifoZia
Viburnum nudum
Panicum spp.Mi bche ZZa repens
Cassia fasciculata
Asclepias perennis
COlllTIon Name
persimmonpignut hickorypi psi ssewa
poison ivy
post oakprickly pear cactusred bayred maplesand hi ckorysassafrassearl et oak
scrubby post oaksedge
sens iti ve fernslash pinesouthern red oakspider plantSt. Anderw's crossswamp chestnut oakswamp gum
sweet baysweet gum
sweet pepperbushswitch-cane
Scientific Name
Diospyros virginiana
Carya ql.abra
ChimaphiZa macuZata
Rhus radicans
Quercus e tel.lata
Opuntia compressa
Persea borbonia
Acer »ubrum
Carya pal.l.i.da
Sassafras aZbidum
Quercus coccinea
Quercus margaretta
Carex spp.OnocZea sensibiZis
Pinus eUiottii
Quercus faZcata
StipuZicida setacea
Ascrynum hypericoides
Quercus michauxii
Nyssa syZvaticavar. bif lora
MagnoZia virginiana
LiquidambarstyracifZua
CZethra aZnifoZia
Arundinaria gigantea
-..-....-------..--
Common Name Scientific Name
- tree sparkleberry Vaccinium arboreum
turkey oak Quercus laevis
- Virginia creeper Parthenocissusquinquefolia
Virginia willow Itea virginica
water elm Planera aquatica
water oak Quercus nigra
water gum Nyssa aquatica
whi te catbrier Smilax glauca
white oak Quercus alba
wild licorice Galium circaezans
wi 11ow oak Quercus phel.l.oe
wi re grass Aristida stricta
yellow jessamine Gelsemium- sempervirens
yellow poplar Liriodendrontul.ipi.fera
-
---
-79-
APPENDI X I II
Drawings of herbaceous, shrub, and
small tree species used in the
key to communities
---------
--
--