Malaysia HR1

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Human Rights

Ashraf Saad Galal, M.D

Professor of OphthalmologyChairman, Ethics Committee

Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria UniversityLicense of Law, Diploma in Public Law, Diploma in Private Law

Faculty of Law, Alexandria University


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What is meant by Human Rights?

These are the basic standard rights and

freedoms to which all humans are entitled and

without which people cannot live in dignity as

human beings.


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Why Human Rights for Medical Students?

1. Develop and promote attitudes respecting basic human rightsin professional practice of care.

2. Prevent professional practice violating basic human rights of

patients.

3. Contribute to the rehabilitation of victims of human rights

abuse.

4. Contribute to the protection of human rights at the local,

national and international levels.

5. Promote integration of human rights into health policy

decisions.


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The course is comprised of:

A) Ten (10) lectures (1 hour each).

* Five (5) lectures: general principles of

international human rights,* Five (5) lectures: human rights pertaining to

the medical profession; patient rights.

B) Two (2) self learning sessions (2 hours each).

C) Two (2) discussion and interactive evaluation

sessions (2 hours each).


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Lectures:Lecture 1: Introduction History of human rights

Lecture 2: Sources of international human rightsUniversal declaration of human rights

Covenants

International covenant on civil and political rights

International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights

Lecture 3: Sources of international human rightsTreaties and conventions:

International

Regional

Religion

Lecture 4: Categorization of human rights1st generation human rights (civil and political rights)

2nd generation human rights (economic, social and cultural rights)

3rd generation human rights

Lecture 5: Group rights

Women, Children, Minority, Refugee, Disability, Mentally ill,Indi enous eo le, Senior citizens


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Lectures:Lecture 6: Patient rights

Lecture 7: Confidentiality

Lecture 8: Informed consent

Lecture 9: Genome and research

Lecture 10: Patient Responsibilities


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Mesopotamia

Neo-Sumerian Code of Ur-Nammu (ca. 2050 BC):

The oldest legal codex extant today

The Code of Hammurabi (ca. 1780 BC):

It shows rules, and punishments if those rules are

broken, on a variety of matters, including women'srights, men's rights, children's rights and slave

rights.


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Persia

Cyrus cylinder Neo-Babylonian

Empire 539 BC,

a declaration of intentions by the

emperor Cyrus the Great


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India

Edicts of Ashoka - Maurya Empire272-

231 BC

The edicts are a collection of 33 inscriptions on the

Pillars of Ashoka

* Ashoka the Great adopted Buddhism.* He pursued an official policy of nonviolence

tolerance, equality and the protection of human

rights.

a * Ashoka also showed mercy to those imprisoned,allowing them outside one day each year, and

offered common citizens free education at

universities and free hospitals.

* Ashoka defined the main principles of nonviolence,


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Constitution of Medina ( )

It was drafted by Prophet Muhammad in 622 AD.

It constituted a formal agreement between Prophet Muhammad and allof the significant tribes and families of Yathrib.

The Constitution established:

* freedom of religion.

* the role of Medina as a sacred place (barring all violence and

weapons).

* the security of women.

* stable tribal relations within Medina.* a tax system for supporting the community in time of conflict.

* parameters for exogenous political alliances.

* a system for granting protection of individuals.

* a judicial system for resolving disputes.


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Constitution of Medina ( )

* Rights of non-Muslims:

1. The security (dhimma) of God is equal for all groups.

2. Non-Muslim members have equal political and cultural rights as

Muslims. They will have autonomy and freedom of religion.

3. Non-Muslims will take up arms against the enemy of the Ummah and

share the cost of war. There is to be no treachery between the two.

4. Non-Muslims will not be obliged to take part in religious wars of the

Muslims.


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Magna Carta

- An English charter originally issued in 1215.

- It influenced the development of the common law and

many constitutional documents, such as the United

States Constitution and Bill of Rights.- It was originally written because of disagreements

amongst Pope Innocent III, King John and the English

barons about the rights of the King.

- It explicitly protected certain rights, allowing appeal

against unlawful imprisonment and the right to due

process according to law.


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that all men are created equal,

that they are endowed by theirCreator with certain unalienableRights, that among these areLife, Liberty and the pursuit ofHappiness.

The United States Declaration of Independence 1776


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(From Article VI) "All the citizens,

being equal in [the eyes of the law], are

equally admissible to all public dignities,

places, and employments, according to

their capacity and without distinction

other than that of their virtues and oftheir talents."

France Declaration of the Rights of Man andof the Citizen 1789


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The Geneva Conventions (1864-1949):

consist of four treaties that set the

standards for international law forhumanitarian concerns.

The International Committee of the Red

Cross is the controlling body of the Geneva

conventions.

First Geneva Convention "for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded

and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field" (first adopted in 1864, last revision in

1949)

Second Geneva Convention "for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded,

Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea" (first adopted in 1949,

successor of the 1907 Hague Convention X)

Third Geneva Convention "relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War" (first

adopted in 1929, last revision in 1949)

Fourth Geneva Convention "relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time

of War" (first adopted in 1949, based on parts of the 1907 Hague ConventionIV

International Humanitarian Law (laws of war)


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World War II Crimes


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The United Nations 1945


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