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MANAGEMENT OF BIO-MEDI C AL WASTE DR. VIT THAL KAN DEKA R
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MANAGEMENT OF
BIO-MEDICAL WASTE
D R . VI T
T H A L KA N D E K A R
“LET THE WASTE OF THE ‘SICK’ NOT CONTAMINATE THE LIVES OF ‘THE HEALTHY.’’
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WHAT IS BMW Biomedical waste (BMW) is solid waste generated
during the diagnosis, testing, treatment, research or production of biological products for humans or animals (WHO).
WHO estimates 85% of hospital waste is non-hazardous 10% is infectious 5% is non-infectious but consists of hazardous chemicals like
methylchloride and formaldehyde.
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BIO-MEDICAL WASTE ( MANAGEMENT & HANDLING ) RULE, 1998.
* Came in to force on 28th July, 1998.* Prescribed by Ministry of Environment & Forests, under the Environment Protection Act of India.* Proper management of biomedical waste is a statutory requirement.* This rule applies to those who generate, collect, receive, store, dispose, treat or handle bio-medical waste in any manner.
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TYPES OF BIOMEDICAL WASTESWASTE CATEGORY TYPE OF WASTE
Category No. 1 Human Anatomical WasteCategory No. 2 Animal Waste
Category No. 3 Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste
Category No. 4 Waste Sharps
Category No. 5 Discarded Medicine and Cytotoxic drugs
Category No. 6 Soiled WasteCategory No. 7 Solid Waste Category No. 8 Liquid WasteCategory No. 9 Incineration AshCategory No.10 Chemical Waste
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WHY BMW MANAGEMENT Hospital waste is a potential reservoir of pathogenic micro-
organisms and requires appropriate, safe and reliable handling.
Pathogens in infectious waste may enter the human body through a puncture, abrasion or cut in the skin, through mucus membrane by inhalation or ingestion.
The main risk associated with infection is sharps contaminated with blood.
Bio-Medical Waste may have serious public health consequences and a significant impact on the environment.
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PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH BMWORGANISM DISEASES
CAUSEDRELATED WASTE ITEM
VIRUSES HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis A,C, Arboviruses, Enteroviruses
AIDS, Infectious Hepatitis,Dengue, Japaneseencephalitis, tick-bornefevers, etc.
Infected needles, bodyFluids, Human excreta, soiled linen, Blood, body fluids.
BACTERIASalmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, Clostridium Tetani, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus
Typhoid, Cholera, TetanusWound infections,septicemia, rheumaticfever, endocarditis, skinand soft tissue infections
Human excreta andbody fluid in landfills andhospital wards, Sharps such as needles, surgical blades in hospital waste.
PARASITESWucheraria Bancrofti, Plasmodium
Cutaneous leishmaniasis,Kala Azar, Malaria
Human excreta, blood andbody fluids in poorlymanaged sewage system ofhospitals.
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NEED FOR BMW MANAGMENTNosocomial infections in patients from
poor infection control practices and poor waste management.
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DRUGS WHICH HAVE BEEN DISPOSED OF, BEING REPACKED AND SOLD OFF TO UNSUSPECTING BUYERS.
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RISK OF AIR, WATER AND SOIL POLLUTION DIRECTLY DUE TO WASTE, OR DUE TO DEFECTIVE INCINERATION EMISSIONS AND ASH.
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PRINCIPLES OF WASTE MANAGEMENTThe Cradle to grave concept of waste management
• Each institution should develop its own bio waste management policy and ensure that the health care workers are adequately trained to handle biological waste.
• Measures such as universal safety precautions, hand washing and proper segregation of waste material should be encouraged.
• Hospital waste requires management at every step from generation, segregation, collection, transportation, storage ,treatment to final disposal.
• Segregation of wastes into the prescribed categories must be done at the source i.e. at the point of generation.
• Colour coded bags as per international norms need to be placed in appropriate containers with the appropriate label/logo eg. Biohazard symbol for infectious waste.
• Proper house-keeping is essential and the hospital premises should be kept clean and well-ventilated.
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STEPS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF HOSPITAL WASTE INCLUDE:
1.Survey of waste generated2.Segregation of hospital waste.3.Collection & Categorization of waste.4.Internal Transportation5.Storage of waste.( Not beyond 48 hrs. 6.Transportation of waste7.Treatment of waste8.Final disposal.
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COLOR CODING FOR SEGGREGATION OF BMW
COLOR WASTE TREATMENTYellow Human & Animal
anatomical waste / Micro-biology waste and soiled cotton/dressings/linen/beddings etc.
Incineration / Deep burial
Red Tubing, Catheters, IV sets.
Autoclaving / Microwaving / Chemical treatment
Blue / White
Waste sharps ( Needles, Syringes, Scalpels, blades etc. )
Autoclaving / Microwaving / Chemical treatment & Destruction / Shredding
Black Discarded medicines/cytotoxic drugs,Incineration ash, Chemical waste.
Disposal in secured landfill
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TYPE OF CONTAINER Colour Coding Type of Container
Yellow Plastic Bag
Red Disinfected container/Plastic bag
Blue/White Translucent
Plastic Bag / punch proof containers
Black Plastic Bag
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CONCLUSION• Safe and effective management of waste is not only
a legal necessity but also a social responsibility.• Proper collection and segregation of biomedical
waste.• Try to reduce the waste generation. • Individual awareness and participation.• Label with agent, concentration and
hazard warnings.• Communicate about workplace hazards.
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ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 The Biomedical Waste (Management & Handling)
Rules, 1998 The Municipal Solid Waste (Management &
Handling) Rules, 2000 The Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling)
Rules, 1989 The National Environmental Tribunal Act, 1995 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1981
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