Management of Stress. _3 (General Student Population) (1)

8/18/2019 Management of Stress. _3 (General Student Population) (1)

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Management of Stress

E. Fagon FNP/Nurse Educator

Apr 10, 2016


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Obect!"es

# $ef!ne t%e term stress.

# $escr!be t%e p%&s!o'og& of t%e stress

response mec%an!sm !n t%e bod&.# (dent!f& some poss!b'e causes of stress.

# State some s!gns ) s&mptoms of stress.

# $escr!be some *a+ pos!t!"e ) *b+ negat!"ea&s !n %!c% peop'e manage stress.

# $!scuss t%e genera' management of stress.


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--

$ef An emot!ona' react!on to c%ange and

ma& be pos!t!"e or negat!"e. %e factors

%!c% promote t%e stress react!on are ca''edstressors and are e"ents, st!mu'! or s!tuat!ons

%!c% cause an !mba'ance !n t%e stressed

!nd!"!dua'. Pos!t!"e stress !s ca''ed eustress,%!'e negat!"e stress !s ca''ed d!stress.

Stress


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$EF(N((ON Stress !s a p%&s!o'og!ca' and

ps&c%o'og!ca' response to e"ents !n one3s

'!fe t%at upset one3s ba'ance !n some a&.4%en faced !t% a t%reat %!c% t%reatens

one3s e5u!'!br!um, t%e bod&3s defenses !c

(nto %!g% gear !n a rap!d, automat!c processnon as t%e f!g%t or f'!g%t response. E''en

7effe et a' *8nderstand!ng stress s!gns9+


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:

$EF(N((ON Stress as def!ned b& Se'&e !n

1;6 as t%e non


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t%e def!n!t!on of stress. rauer, !n 1;>6,

def!ned stress as an unp'easant state of m!nd

broug%t on b& s!tuat!ons %!c% are foundd!ff!cu't to %and'e. ?ompar!ng t%e def!n!t!ons ofSe'&e, a P%&s!o'og!st, and rauer, a Ps&c%o'og!st,

!t becomes e"!dent %o peop'e from d!fferent

bacgrounds "!e stress. 4%ereas Se'&e focused

on t%e p%&s!ca' c%anges, rauer as concerned

more !t% t%e be%a"!oura' aspects of stress.


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O"er"!e of Stress @esponse

Mec%an!sm

oda&3s nes !nc'ude round t%e c'oc co"erage

of natura' and man made d!sasters. Eamp'es

(nc'ude eart%5uaes, f'oods, ars ) terror!st

attacs ust to name a fe. 7ust a fe

m!nutes of atc%!ng t%e nes can mae one3s

stress 'e"e' soar. (f one %as a b!g presentat!on to

mae !n a s%ort t!me !t%out t%e c%ance to prepare

ade5uate'&, !t becomes a stressor.

=


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P%&s!o'og& of Stress @esponse

Mec%an!sm.?annon and Se'&e are noted for t%e!r t%eor!es

on stress. ?annon !n 1;-;,spoe of t%e F!g%t

or F'!g%t @eact!on, %ereas Se'&e, !n 1;6,

proposed t%e Benera' Adaptat!on S&ndrome.

?annon recogn!Ced t%e strong !n"o'"ement

of t%e catec%o'am!nes !n mob!'!C!ng t%e

resources for DF!g%t or F'!g%t3 dur!ng a stress

react!on. Se'&e proposed t%ree stages !n t%e


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Benera' Adaptat!on S&ndrome *BAS+, %!c%compr!sed *1+ a'arm stage %!c% represented

t%e acute p%ase of stress, and corresponded to t%e t&pe of stress descr!bed a'so b&

?annon *2+ @es!stance p%ase $ur!ng t%e

res!stance p%ase, t%e bod& ut!'!Ces t%ea"a!'ab'e resources to nu''!f& or a''e"!ate t%e

stressors !n t%e en"!ronment.


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EA8S(ON $ur!ng t%!s p%ase, t%e man&

adapt!"e mec%an!sms of t%e bod& beg!n to

s%o s!gns of fa!'ure, t%!s ma& be t%e case

!n c%ron!c stress, %en organs fa!'!ng !n t%e!r

effort to adapt cause d!seases.

P%&s!o'og!ca''&, t%e stress response !spract!ca''& un!form regard'ess of t%e t&pe of

stressor !n"o'"ed. o t%e P%&s!o'og!st, stress


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!s recogn!Ced as a cond!t!on of ma'adpat!on

t%at can generate obser"ab'e a'terat!ons !n

bod& t!ssues and c%em!str&. A p%&s!o'og!c

stress response !n"o'"e a great dea' of !nter


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4%en an !nd!"!dua' encounters a t%reat, t%e

%&pot%a'mus sets off an a'arm !n t%e bod&.

%roug% a comb!nat!on of ner"e and %ormona'

s!gna's, t%e s&stem prompts t%e adrena'

g'ands to re'ease a surge of %ormones


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1-1-

?ort!so', t%e pr!mar& stress %ormone, !ncreases

sugar !n t%e b'oodstream, en%ances t%e

bra!n3s use of g'ucose and !ncreases t%e

a"a!'ab!'!t& of substances t%at repa!r t!ssues.

?ort!so' a'so curbs funct!ons t%at ou'd be

none essent!a' or detr!menta' !n a DF!g%t


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?A8SES OF S@ESS

%e potent!a' causes of stress are numerous

and %!g%'& !nd!"!dua'. 4%at a person cons!ders

stressfu' depends on man& factors, !nc'ud!ng

ones persona'!t&, genera' out'oo on '!fe,

prob'em so'"!ng ab!'!t!es, and soc!a' support

s&stem. Somet%!ng t%at !s stressfu' to one

Person ma& not faCe someone e'se, or t%e&Ma& e"en eno& !t. For eamp'e, &our

morn!ng


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commute ma& mae &ou an!ous and tense

because &ou orr& t%at traff!c !'' mae &ou

'ate. Ot%ers, %oe"er, ma& f!nd t%e tr!p re'a!ngbecause t%e& a''o t%emse'"es more t%an

enoug% t!me and eno& '!sten!ng to mus!c %!'e

t%e& dr!"e. %e pressures and demands t%at causestress are non as stressors. Peop'e usua''&

t%!n of stressors as be!ng negat!"e, suc% as an


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e%aust!ng or sc%edu'e or a roc& re'at!on


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1>1>

Spec!f!c ?auses of Stress

MA7O@ G(FE ?ANBES Maor '!fe c%anges

are stressors. 4%et%er !t be a d!"orce, a c%!'d

'ea"!ng %ome, a p'anned pregnanc&, a mo"e

to a ne ton/%ome, a career c%ange,

graduat!on from co''ege, or a d!agnos!s of

cancer or ot%er maor %ea't% prob'ems area'' stressors. %e faster or more dramat!c

t%e c%ange, t%e greater t%e stra!n.


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1;1;

$A(GH ASSGES ) $EMAN$S 4%!'e maor '!fe

c%anges suc% as deat% and d!"orce are

%!g%'& stressfu', t%e& are a'so re'at!"e'& rare.

oe"er, one ma& batt'e traff!c, argue !t%

fam!'& members and orr& about ones

f!nances on a da!'& bas!s. Iecause t%esesma'' upsets occur so regu'ar'&, t%e& end up

affect!ng one t%e most.


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2020

$A(GH ?A8SES OF S@ESS (N?G8$E

# En"!ronmenta' Stressors


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2121

can a'' send stress 'e"e's s&rocet!ng.

# 4O@J S@ESSO@S

(n career


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SO?(AG S@ESSO@S

Ones soc!a' s!tuat!on can cause stress. For

eamp'e, po"ert&, f!nanc!a' pressures, rac!a'and seua' d!scr!m!nat!on or %arassment,

unemp'o&ment, !so'at!on, and a 'ac of soc!a'

support a'' tae a to'' on t%e 5ua'!t& of '!fe.


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2-2-

(NE@NAG ?A8SES of S@ESS

Not a'' stress !s caused b& eterna' pressures

and demands. Ones stress can a'so be se'f

generated. (nterna' causes of stress !nc'ude

# 8ncerta!nt& and orr!es

# Pess!m!st!c att!tude

# Se'f cr!t!c!sm

# 8nrea'!st!c epectat!ons or be'!efs

# Perfect!on!sm


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(NE@NAG ?A8SES of S@ESS

cont,d.

# Go se'f esteem

# Ecess!"e or epressed anger

# Gac of assert!"eness.

@(SJ FA?O@S FO@ S@ESS%e presence of a stressor doesn3t automat!ca''&

resu't !n d!sab'!ng stress s&mptoms. %e degree

to %!c% an& stressfu' s!tuat!on or e"ent !mpactsones da!'& funct!on!ng depends part'& on t%e

nature of t%e stressor !tse'f and part'& on


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2:2:

Ku'nerab!'!t& to Stress

ones on persona' and eterna' resources.

S@ESS o "u'nerab'e are &ouL

# Nature of stressor Stressors t%at !n"o'"e centra' aspects of ones '!fe *marr!age, ob+

c%ron!c !ssues *p%&s!ca' %and!cap, '!"!ng

from pa&c%ec to pa&c%ec+ are more '!e'&to cause se"ere d!stress.


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# A ?@(S(S EPE@(EN?E Sudden, !ntense

cr!s!s s!tuat!on *be!ng raped, robbed at gun<

po!nt, or attaced b& a dog+ areunderstandab'& o"er%e'm!ng. 4!t%out

!mmed!ate !nter"ent!on and treatment,

deb!'!tat!ng stress s&mptoms !'' becomecommon.


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2=2=

# M8G(PGE S@ESSO@S O@ G(FE ?ANBES

Stressors are cumu'at!"e, so t%e more '!fe

c%anges or t%e more %ass'es one%as to

dea'!t% at an& one t!me, t%e more !ntense t%e

s&mptoms of stress .


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2>2>

# E PE@?EP(ON OF E S@ESSO@

%e same stressor can %a"e d!fferent effects

on d!fferent peop'e. For eamp'e, pub'!c

spea!ng stresses out man& peop'e, %!'e

ot%ers t%r!"e on !t. Add!t!ona''&, !f one !s ab'e

to see some benef!t to t%e s!tuat!on as !t ere

'!g%t at t%e end of t%e tunne', or a %ard 'esson

'earned


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2;2;

# ONES JNO4GE$BE AN$ P@EPA@A(ON

%e more one nos about a stressfu'

s!tuat!on, !nc'ud!ng %o 'ong !t !'' 'ast and

%at to epect, t%e better one !s ab'e to face

!t. For eamp'e, !f one goes !nto surger& !t%

a rea'!st!c p!cture of %at to epect post


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-0-0

# ONE3S S@ESS OGE@AN?E

Some peop'e ro'' !t% t%e punc%es, %!'e

ot%ers crumb'e at t%e s'!g%test obstac'e or frustrat!on. %e more conf!dence one %as !n

one3s se'f and one3s ab!'!t& to perse"ere, t%e

better ab'e one !'' be to tae t%!ngs !nstr!des.


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-1-1

# ONES S8PPO@ NE4O@J

A netor strong of support!"e fr!ends and

fam!'& members !s an enormous bufferaga!nst '!fe3s stressors. Iut t%e more 'one'&

or !so'ated one !s, t%e %!g%er one3s r!s of

stress.


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S(BNS ) SHMPOMS OF S@ESS

o get a %and'e on stress, one f!rst needs to

recogn!Ce !t !n one3s se'f. Stress affects t%e

m!nd, bod&, and be%a"!our !n man& a&s<a'' d!rect'& t!ed to t%e p%&s!o'og!ca'

c%anges of t%e DF!g%t


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----

Some peop'e pr!mar!'& eper!ence p%&s!ca'

s&mptoms, suc% and s!n outbreas. (n

ot%ers, t%e stress pattern centers aroundemot!ona' s&mptoms suc% as cr&!ng, or

%&persens!t!"!t&. For st!'' ot%ers, c%anges !n

t%e a& t%e& t%!n or be%a"e predom!nates.as 'o bac pa!n, or stomac% prob'ems,


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Spec!f!c S&mptoms of Stress

?OBN((KE SHMPOMS

#memor& prob'ems

#!ndec!s!"eness

#!nab!'!t& to concentrate#troub'e t%!n!ng c'ear'&

#poor udgment

#see!ng on'& negat!"e t%!ngs

#an!ous or rac!ng t%oug%ts

#constant orr&!ng

#'oss of obect!"!t& ) fearfu' ant!c!pat!on

-


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-:-:

P%&s!ca' S&mptoms

# %eadac%es or bacac%es

# musc'e tens!on and st!ffness

# d!arr%oea or const!pat!on

# nausea, d!CC!ness# !nsomn!a

# c%est pa!ns, rap!d %eartbeat

# e!g%t ga!n or 'oss# s!n breaouts *%!"es ecCema+

# 'oss of se dr!"e, and fre5uent co'ds


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Emot!ona' S&mptoms

# mood!ness

# ag!tat!on

# rest'essness

# s%ort temper # !rr!tab!'!t&, !mpat!ence

# !nab!'!t& to re'a

# fee'!ng tense and on edge

# fee'!ng o"er%e'med

# sense of 'one'!ness and !so'at!on

# depress!on or genera' un%app!ness


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Ie%a"!oura' S&mptoms

# eat!ng more or 'ess

# s'eep!ng too muc% or too '!tt'e

# !so'at!ng ones se'f from ot%ers

# procrast!nat!on, neg'ect!ng respons!b!'!t!es# us!ng a'co%o', c!garettes or drugs to re'a

# ner"ous %ab!ts *e.g. na!' b!t!ng, pac!ng+

# teet% gr!nd!ng or a c'enc%!ng

# o"erdo!ng act!"!t!es *e.g. eerc!s!ng or s%opp!ng+

# o"erreact!ng to unepected prob'ems

# p!c!ng f!g%ts !t% ot%ers


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->->

op en Stressfu' G!fe E"ents

1. Spouse3s deat%

2. $!"orce

-. Marr!age Separat!on

. 7a!' erm:. $eat% of a c'ose re'at!"e

6. (nur& or !''ness

=. Marr!age

>. F!red from ob

;. Marr!age reconc!'!at!on

10. @et!rement


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-;-;

Effects of Se"ere Stress and

rauma

Se"ere stress can resu't from sudden,

catastrop%!c e"ents or traumat!c eper!ences

suc% as a natura' d!saster, seua' assau't,

'!fe t%reaten!ng acc!dent, or part!c!pat!on !n

combat. After t%e !n!t!a' s%oc and emot!ona'

fa''out, man& trauma "!ct!ms gradua''& beg!n

to reco"er from !ts effect. Iut for some peop'e,

t%e stress s&mptoms don3t go aa&, t%e


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bod& doesn3t rega!n !ts e5u!'!br!um, and '!fe

doesn3t return to norma'. %!s se"ere and

pers!st!ng react!on !s non as post traumat!c

stress d!sorder *PS$+. ?ommon s&mptoms of

PS$ !nc'ude

# F'as%bacs, !ntrus!"e t%oug%ts, or n!g%tmares

# A"o!dance of p'aces and t%!ngs# &per"!g!'ance for s!gns of danger

# ?%ron!c !rr!tab!'!t& band tens!on, and depress!on


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?ommon ?op!ng @esponses

POS((KE ?OP(NB @ESPONSES

# G!sten!ng to mus!c

# P'a&!ng !t% a pet

# Gaug%!ng or cr&!ng# Bo!ng out !t% a fr!end *s%opp!ng, mo"!e d!n!ng+

# Pra&!ng or go!ng to c%urc%

# Eerc!s!ng or gett!ng outdoors to eno& nature

# $!scuss!ng s!tuat!on !t% a spouse or c'ose fr!end

# Barden!ng or ma!ng %ome repa!rs

# Pract!c!ng deep breat%!ng, med!tat!on or musc'e re'aat.


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Negat!"e ?op!ng @esponses

# ?r!t!c!C!ng &ourse'f *negat!"e se'f ta'+

# $r!"!ng fast !n a car

# ?%e!ng ones f!ngerna!'s

# Iecom!ng aggress!"e or "!o'ent# Eat!ng too muc% or too '!tt'e or dr!n!ng coffee

# Smo!ng or c%e!ng tobacco

# $r!n!ng a'co%o'

# &e''!ng at &our spouse, c%!'dren or fr!ends

# a!ng a recreat!ona' drug to ca'm se'f

# A"o!d!ng soc!a' contact


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@eferences

Sega' @. ,Sm!t% M. *201+ o to @educe, Pre"ent and

?ope !t% Stress.

%ttp//.ebmd.com/ba'ance/stress


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