Managing the Naga City River: Where to Go From Here Naga ...title-raw... · past, including the...

Managing the Naga City River:

Where to Go From Here

Naga City, Bicol

Philippines

Cathy Pasion

School of Community and Regional Planning

University of British Columbia

Directed Study

July 5, 2007

i

Acknowledgements

This report would not have been possible without the generosity and

support of Willy Prilles and the City Planning and Development Office (CPDO) of

Naga City. It was an immense pleasure to meet and spend time with all of you.

In gathering data for this project the following people were a great help:

Oscar Orozco (CENRO), Jesus P. Bongalonta (CENRO), Rolly Campillos (UPAO),

Miles Arroyo (UDHB), Melchor Estrella Llantero (CENRO), Erlinda V. Bailey

(CENRO), Badette Rocco (LIGF), Atty Ojastro (City of Naga), Dada De La Rosa

(NCPC), and Ramon Antonio (Barangay Dinaga Captain). Without their insight

and knowledge this project would not have been possible. Thank you all so

much for your time and words of wisdom.

And finally, thank you Dr. Nora Angeles. Thank you for conceptualizing a

studio course in Naga City and for making this opportunity in mutual learning

possible. Being a Filipino-Canadian, this has been a very special and memorable

experience. For this I am especially grateful.

ii

Biography

Cathy Pasion is a School of Community and Regional Planning graduate student

at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. Cathy also holds

both an undergraduate and graduate degree in Civil and Environmental

Engineering from McGill University in Montreal, Quebec. Cathy has worked as

an environmental consultant in the remediation of contaminated sites and as a

researcher in the clearance of landmines and unexploded ordnance from

contaminated lands. She hopes to use her technical and planning skills to

continue to work with communities in the future.

iii

Executive Summary

The Naga City River is an important physical and cultural feature for the

city of Naga. Not only does the river serve a vital role in the city’s ecosystems,

but it is also the site of the Bicol region’s most prestigious religious ceremony,

the Peñafracia fluvial procession.

The importance of the river is evident, but the river’s water quality

remains below desired standards and is unfit for human uses such as bathing.

The city of Naga has made many concerted efforts to manage the river in the

past, including the development of the Naga City River Watershed Strategic

Management Plan in 1997. Much important progress has been made as a result.

This is evident from the marked improvement in water quality from its initial

state, the enactment of relevant ordinances and legislation, the establishment

of city departments dedicated to environmental issues, and the participation of

citizen’s groups in river management. These advances are substantial;

however, ten years have passed and many of the objectives initially stated in

this plan remain at a standstill. Naga City is in need of a renewed plan to help

rebuild momentum towards the river’s revitalization.

Based on a review of existing policies, ordinances and visioning

documents, and through stakeholder interviews, a series of recommendations

were made for the City of Naga to consider in the future management of the

Naga City River. These recommendations are informed by the principles of

sustainable development and look to foster the objectives initially stated

within the Strategic Watershed Management Plan developed in 1997. In

summary the recommendations include the following:

Assess the extent of progress on the Strategic Management Plan to date

and determine the costs and funding required to carry out the initial

objectives.

Make future plans incremental, with assessed incremental costs, so that

the city can put money forward for the first steps within the plan,

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thereby showing local initiative to Nagueños and outside potential

funders.

Consider public private partnerships in the development of the proposed

riverwalk.

Conduct campaigning on sustainability principles to foster the

understanding of the relationship between acquiring basic needs and

livelihoods, and caring for the Naga City River.

Consider transportation and land use in the resettlement of illegal river

dwellers. Ensure their accessibility to the river and to their livelihoods.

Improve the enforcement of regulations through the following: increase

the number of deputized personnel, create a culture of caring for the

river, encourage barangay level support, foster knowledge of applicable

national legislation, and aggregate market vendors along the riverwalk

and deputize them to enforce ordinances pertaining to the river.

Take advantage of political will in the local government to push forward

environmental initiatives and river management goals.

Take a holistic approach that considers sustainable development

principles in all future planning for river management. Consider the role

of the river in fostering the environmental, social, and economic well-

being for all Nagueños, both now and in the future.

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction________________________________________________________ 1

2. Problem Context ____________________________________________________ 2

2.1. Stakeholders __________________________________________________________ 3

2.2. Interviews _____________________________________ Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.3. Policy Context_________________________________________________________ 6 2.3.1. Policy Documents __________________________________________________________6 2.3.2. Legislation________________________________________________________________9

3. Guiding Principles – Sustainable Development __________________________ 13

4. Key Findings ______________________________________________________ 15

5. Recommendations __________________________________________________ 25

Bibliography__________________________________________________________ 31

Tables _______________________________________________________________ 33

Managing the Naga River: Where to Go From Here 1

1. Introduction

Naga City is a medium-sized

city, with a population of

approximately 150 000, in the province

of Bicol, Philippines. Through its

centre runs the Naga City River, which

originates in the foothills of Mt. Isarog

to the north and flows into the Bicol

River to the south. The Naga City River

is an important physical and cultural

feature for the city. Not only does the

river serve a vital role in the city’s

ecosystems, but it is also the site of

the Bicol region’s most prestigious

religious ceremony, the Peñafrancia

fluvial procession, an attraction to

hundreds of thousands of people every

year.

Although the importance of the Naga

City River is evident, through time, the

river has served as an outlet for many

forms of pollution and is unfit for

human uses, such as bathing and

swimming. The need to address these

water quality issues has been

recognized and efforts have been

made in its revitalization. The

highlight of these efforts took place in

1997, where with the support of

USAID, a comprehensive strategic

management plan was developed to

revitalize the Naga River. Since that

time, important progress has been

made; however, ten years have passed

and many of the objectives initially

stated in this plan remain at a

standstill. The initial momentum felt

when the management plan was first

developed has faded. Naga City is in

need of a renewed plan to help rebuild

momentum towards the river’s

revitalization.

As identified in the visioning

workshops and planning that led to the

Naga City River Watershed Strategic

Management Plan of 1997, the

revitalization of the Naga River would

be beneficial to Naga City on many

fronts. Cleaning the river and

development of the riverfront could

potentially benefit tourism and spur

economic development. Caring for the

quality of water in the river and the

delicate ecosystems it supports

contributes to environmental

sustainability and recognizes the

importance of the river to future

generations of Nagueños. Finally, the

seasonal flooding of the Naga River

and the erosion of its riverbanks are a

continual concern for the city.


Attention to the development of the

river will help alleviate these threats.

All of these benefits that would result

from comprehensive river management

are in line with the city’s objectives to

meet the UN Millennium Development

Goals for 2015 (UN Millennium

Development Goals, 2007).

The following report reviews the

management of Naga River in Naga

City to date. Within the research

interviews were conducted with

stakeholders and organizations

identified as critical to the river’s

management. Existing policies and

visioning documents were also

reviewed. Based on a synthesis and

analysis of this information, some

suggestions or recommendations for

Naga City and its approach to river

management are provided.

2. Problem Context

Past planning efforts in the city

of Naga have clearly demonstrated the

objective to manage their river in a

comprehensive way that integrates

social, economic and environmental

sustainability. The positive results of

these planning efforts are many. For

instance, relevant ordinances have

been established. As well, the Naga

River Council was initiated in 1993.

And, most significantly, the Strategic

Management Plan for the Naga River

Watershed was developed in 1997. All

of these developments clearly indicate

a motivation and concerted effort

towards managing the Naga River.

However, ten years after the plan was

first initiated, many of the objectives

that were established are unmet and

much work remains.

The following is a brief overview

of the progress that has been made in

the comprehensive management of the

Naga City River. The stakeholders

identified, and the existing legislation

and policy documents are presented.


2.1. Method: Interviews

The stakeholder interviews

conducted during the period June 12th

to 15th, 2007 are listed in Table 1. As

shown, in addition to members or

representatives from the organizations

discussed above, interviews were also

conducted with Attorney Miles Arroyo,

Chairperson of the Urban Development

and Housing Board (UDHB), and

Attorney Angel R. Ojastro III, the Naga

City Legal Officer.

These interviews provided

critical insights into the state of river

management practices in Naga City. A

setback in this research is the lack of

interviews with those who live along

the riverbanks of the river. Although

these interviews were not conducted,

interviews with Dada de Le Rosa of the

NCPC and Rolly Campillos of UPAO

helped to illuminate some of the needs

and concerns of these very important

stakeholders.

It should be noted that

consultations with these dwellers were

conducted during the development of

the Strategic Management Plan of 1997

and can be found in this report (City of

Naga, 1997).

2.2. Stakeholders

The management of the Naga

River is important to all Nagueños and

citizens of the Metro Naga Region.

There is a large range of stakeholders

who are affected by management

plans for the Naga River. For instance,

those living on the riverbanks, both

landowners and those who do not own

land but who have made the riverbank

their home, are largely affected by

decisions made regarding the river. As

well, business owners and market

vendors would also be affected by the

river’s development as this could

potentially increase the economic

vitality of the city by developing

commercial/retail areas and spurring

tourism. The river’s management

impacts the city environmentally,

economically, and socially. All

Nagueños are stakeholders in the

river’s management.

Many organizations that have

actively worked on revitalizing the

river are also stakeholders and are

critical to the success of a river

management plan. These include the

City Environment and Natural

Resources Office (CENRO),


City Planning and Development Office

(CPDO), Urban Poor Affairs Office

(UPAO), Ladies in Green Foundation

(LIGF), Naga City People’s Council

(NCPC), barangay leaders and their

councils and associations, the Urban

Development and Housing Board

(UDHB) and the Naga City River Patrol.

A brief description of these

organizations follows.

Naga City Planning and Development

Office (CPDO)

It is the role of the City Planning

and Development Office to both

facilitate and map the comprehensive

management of the Naga River. CPDO

also manages land use throughout the

city of Naga, in the Naga River

watershed and most significantly CPDO

manages the lands immediately

adjacent to the river. The

management of these lands will largely

determine the future of the river and

its uses.


Resources Office (CENRO)

CENRO is the executive

department of the City Government of

Naga that is primarily responsible for

the care and maintenance of the river.

CENRO was initially created as a task

force in 1997 as a result of the

Strategic Watershed Management Plan

of 1997. CENRO was then

institutionalized in July 1999. At

present this office monitors the quality

of water within the river as per the

Department of Environment and

Resource (DENR) requirements. As

well, CENRO provides input on

different technical forms of

intervention that are necessary to

improve and sustain an acceptable

quality of water in the river. For

example, recommendations for water

treatment or management of septic

tanks are made by CENRO. In

coordination with barangay captains

and the Philippine National Police

(PNP), CENRO enforces the city

ordinances that guide waste

management, littering, and uses of the

river.

Department of Environment and

Natural Resources (DENR)

DENR is the national level

department that manages

environmental issues and water bodies

throughout the Philippines. For


instance, the DENR requires the

monitoring of water quality within the

Naga River as per the Clean Water Act

guidelines (national legislation). This

monitoring is devolved to CENRO for

implementation.

Urban Poor Affairs Office (UPAO)

The Urban Poor Affairs Office is

a department within the City of Naga

government, which facilitates the

resettling of urban poor within the City

of Naga. Through the City’s Kaantabay

sa Kauswagan program UPAO locates

housing and resettlement areas for

those who have lived on public lands

for a period greater than five years.

This program secures tenurial rights

for urban poor beneficiaries. It is the

mandate of UPAO to find

resettlements that ensure the

livelihoods of those who are relocated.

UPAO has successfully facilitated the

resettlement of many urban poor

within Naga, including some of those

who had initially settled along the

riverbank.

Naga City People’s Council (NCPC)

In 1995, the Naga City

Government enacted the City

Ordinance No. 95-092, “An Ordinance

Initiating a System for Partnership in

Local Governance between the City

Government and the People of Naga”

otherwise known as the Empowerment

Ordinance of Naga City. The ordinance

recognized the Naga City People’s

Council, and gave them the task to

reform service delivery to make it

more responsive to the needs of the

people. Through the ordinance, the

Council has the power to send

representatives to all government

committees, councils, boards and task

forces. They participate in the

deliberation and evaluation of

government projects and activities.

The cleanup of the Naga River

was identified as one of three priority

areas for action through the “Naga

City Participatory Planning Initiatives”,

initiatives brought about through

multi-sectoral project planning. Under

this initiative the Naga City River

Watershed Strategic Management Plan

of 1997 (discussed further in Section

2.3.1) was developed based on inputs

from stakeholders who had approved

the plan themselves through a

Stakeholder Congress.


Ladies in Green Foundation (LIGF)

The Ladies in Green Foundation,

Inc. is a non-governmental

organization that has been actively

involved in the management of the

Naga River. LIGF was formed in

January 1999 and initially consisted of

the wives of City officials and female

Chiefs and Department Heads of the

City Government. Since then,

membership has now grown to over

1,000. LIGF first formed with the main

purpose of supporting the City

government’s environmental programs

with the specific mandate to look at

the rehabilitation and preservation of

the Naga River. LIGF is a member of

the Naga City’s People Council (NCPC)

and works in partnership with CENRO.

River Patrol

The Naga City River Patrol is run

through the Barangay Dinaga, situated

in the heart of the central business

district (CBDI). With the use of a

powerboat, the river patrol traverses

the river, enforcing all applicable

ordinances and helps clean up trash

and debris in the river. Barangay

Dinaga is the only barangay that is

equipped with such a powerboat;

however, all barangay captains are

deputized in enforcing the ordinances

that prohibit littering and the dumping

of wastes in the river.

2.3. Policy Context

2.3.1. Policy Documents

The Naga City River Watershed

Strategic Management Plan 1997

The Naga City River Watershed

Strategic Management Plan for the

Naga River was completed in 1997. Its

objectives include improving the water

quality within the Naga River,

preserving the critical watershed lands

around its headwaters on Mt. Isarog,

and developing the river within a 10

year timeframe to prevent floods,

encourage tourism, and preserve the

river’s cultural value. The Plan was

developed as part of the Philippine

government’s Governance and Local

Democracy (GOLD) Project, which was

assisted by the United States Agency

for International Development (USAID).


The project was implemented by the

Associates in Rural Development Inc.

(ARD), the authors of this plan.

Reforestation of the Naga River

watershed, building Naga River

revetments, dredging the river, and

the river’s beautification, were

identified as the number one priorities

for the city during the GOLD Project

Action Priorities Planning Workshop

held June 17-18, 1996. Present during

this meeting were local executives,

members of the Sanggunian Bayan,

members of the Local Development

Councils and Special Bodies, appointed

Officials, selected officers from the

national government agencies, and

representatives from the non-

governmental and private sectors.

An extensive process of

visioning workshops and stakeholder

consultations were conducted for the

Strategic Watershed Management Plan.

A multi-sectoral workshop took place

in September of 1996 where the

following objectives for the Naga River

were articulated:

To prevent floods,

To make the river clean and

safe,

To optimize tourism value; and

To preserve the cultural value

of the river.

The following strategies were

articulated:

River park development

Physical rehabilitation of the

river

Sustained pollution prevention

and control by households and

institutions

Restoration and maintenance of

watershed vegetative cover.

This plan set objectives with a

ten-year timeline for completion. Ten

years have passed and many of these

objectives remain unattained. For

instance, the river park remains

undeveloped, barring a small portion

in the CBDI in front of the Aristocrat

Hotel. This small portion of the river

park is built on private land and was

donated to the city by Pedro Lee, the

owner of the Aristocrat Hotel (Barry,

2007). Some reasons for the delayed

progress in meeting the objectives of

this plan are discussed in Section 3.0.

Although some of the objectives

of the Management Plan are at a

standstill, it should be recognized that

the work done for this plan was

extensive and provides a sound basis to


continue progressing towards the

identified objectives. As well, it is of

great benefit that it was within the

development of this plan that much of

the framework for people participation

within Naga City, and in the river’s

development, was initiated (i.e. the

creation of CENRO and involvement of

the NCPC etc.)

State of the City Report 2006 /

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

The City of Naga has included in

its mandate, as stated within the State

of the City Report for 2006, the

objectives to meet the United Nations

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

These goals, which were agreed upon

by nations across the globe and leading

development institutions, are to meet

the needs of the world’s poorest

people by the target date of 2015. The

goals range from promoting gender

equality and the empowerment of

women, to eradicating extreme

poverty and hunger. One of the goals

is ensuring environmental

sustainability, which, according to

United Nations, entails the following:

Integrating the principles of

sustainable development into

country policies and programs;

reverse loss of environmental

resources.

Reducing by half the proportion

of people without sustainable

access to safe drinking water.

Achieving significant

improvement in lives of at least

100 million slum dwellers by

2020.

The City of Naga is using the

MDGs as a framework to combat local

poverty with the intent of “attaining

growth with equity.” As stated, they

hope to address the many aspects of

poverty, including hunger, diseases,

illiteracy, environmental degradation,

and discrimination against women.

Within their Executive Legislative

Agenda for the period of 2007-2010,

the City set objectives with the

intention of meeting the UN

Millennium goals prior to 2015. Naga

City’s 2015 vision is encompassed in

Maogmang Ciudadano sa Maogmang

Lugar — “Happy citizens in a happy

place”. This vision will be pursued

through five key strategies: (a) re-

engineering Naga (b) reducing poverty


incidence (c) improving access to

quality basic services (d) enhancing

the quality of life through livable

communities; and (e) promoting good

governance and responsible

citizenship. “Re-engineering Naga”

looks to preparing Naga for future

natural disasters, like typhoon Reming,

the most recent typhoon that hit Naga

City in 2006. This strategy includes

plans to develop and manage the Naga

River to prevent future flooding.

“Enhancing the quality of life through

livable communities” looks to creating

a “clean and beautify Naga City”. The

strategy is to intensify investment in

urban aesthetics in order to make Naga

more attractive to visitors and

residents and water quality in the

Naga River is to be better managed.

From these visioning documents

it appears that the visions for the Naga

River remain in line with those stated

in the Strategic Management Plan of

1997. The comprehensive river

management proposed in the Strategic

Management Plan, is seen as a vital

part of meeting the Millennium

Development Goals by 2015 in these

other documents.

2.3.2. Legislation

National Legislation pertaining to

the Naga River

There are already a variety of

legal, regulatory and administrative

documents that relate to

environmental conservation and

management in the Philippines as a

whole. These include various

Commonwealth Acts, Republic Acts,

and Presidential Decrees.

Environmental management,

conservation and development in the

Philippines, are administered at the

national level by the DENR. Within the

DENR are several bureaus, including

the Environmental Management Bureau

(EMB), the Forest Management Board

(FMB), and the Land Management

Bureau (LMB).

With respect to the

management of water bodies in the

Philippines and the management of the

Naga River, DENR administers the

Republic Act 9275 also known as the

Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004. In

accordance with this act, the DENR has

prepared a Water Quality Management

Framework by which local government

units (LGUs) are to monitor and sustain


an adequate level of water quality in

their water bodies. This framework

provides the guidelines for LGUs to: a)

monitor water quality b) conduct

emergency response c) assess and

monitor compliance and d) coordinate

with other government agencies and

civil society and the concerned sectors

in the implementation of measures to

prevent and control water pollution.

It should be noted that

Presidential Decree 953 requires all

owners of lands adjoining a river or

creek to plant trees at least five

meters from the edge of such bodies of

water (Ojastro, 2007). This would help

preserve the water quality within the

river and creeks as the trees and

plants would help remediate and filter

polluted groundwater and surface

water entering the river. As well, this

would help preserve lives of people

living along these bodies of water

especially now that flooding and

stronger typhoons are becoming more

common.

Much of the national legislation,

like the Presidential Decree 953, is not

abided by on the local level within

many Philippine communities. This is

also the case in Naga City. Some

possible reasons for this are discussed

further in Section 4.0.

City Ordinances pertaining to the

Naga River

A series of city ordinances have

been created to limit the amount of

pollution entering the Naga River and

to preserve the Naga River Watershed.

The following is a summary of those

ordinances pertaining to the

management of the Naga River.

Ordinance No. 86-019

Ordinance No. 86-019 was

established to amend 383, S. 1971

which prohibits littering in the city of

Naga. Within this ordinance littering in

the Naga River and its creek beds is

established as a criminal offence.


Ordinance No. 93-103 was

enacted on February 24, 1993. Its

major role was to establish the Naga

River Council, thereby defining the

Council’s powers, responsibilities, and

source of funding for its operations.

The intended role of the council was

to conduct an environmental


assessment, and to initiate, develop

and implement a comprehensive

program to “save, protect and develop

the Naga River.” It was also the role

of the council to conduct public

information campaigns and to

recommend to the city government of

Naga the enactment of legislations.

Council members included

representatives from the religious

sector, the urban poor sector,

academia, and city-based non-

government organizations primarily

concerned with environmental

protection. Also acting as Council

members was one representative from

the city engineer’s office of Naga and

one representative for the city mayor

of Naga.

The Naga River Council achieved

less than what it was designed to do

(City of Naga, 1997); however, the

enactment of Ordinance no. 93-013 did

result in the following:

• Preliminary surveys and meetings

with the homeowners along the

riverbanks were conducted.

• The following organizations and

campaigns were initiated:

• Salvog Salog or “Save the River”

is a group composed of volunteer

youth groups and citizens that

occasionally clean the riverbanks

• Bantay Salog or “River Watch”

are river patrols to monitor

ordinance violations

• Barangay Salog is a campaign to

encourage barangays to

coordinate with other programs

in their barangays to look after

the well-being of the river

• Forest protection and regeneration

actions were started in the

upstream portion of the Naga City

river catchment. Successfully, the

forest park at Malabsay Falls on Mt.

Isarog was initiated and is now a

tourist attraction.

Ordinance no. 2000-006


prohibits all gasoline stations, auto

repair shops, carwashing centers and

all other establishment of entities

from disposing and pouring used oil,

waste water/ liquid and any other

polluting/toxic liquid into drainage

canals that flow into the creeks and

into the Naga River and prescribes

penalties thereto.




establishes control measures in

preserving aquatic life at the Naga

River and prescribes associated

penalties. This Ordinance developed

largely as a result of the work done in

the Strategic Management Plan of

1997. Here the City enacted the

legislation to re-appropriate the city

right-of-way along the riverbank within

a 3 m easement along both sides of the

river’s edge. Section 4.1 of the

Ordinance reads as follows:

“ It shall be prohibited under

this ordinance to put up a building

and live in a house or living

quarters within the prescribed

three meter easement along the

whole stretch of the Naga River.

…4.1.1 Those already found

with such structures and/or living

quarters inside said easement or

under existing bridges are notified

by this ordinance to search for a

new living area outside of the

easement and/or vacate their

present abode.”

Those who erect a structure after the

enactment of this ordinance are found

in violation. The ordinance states that

that person will be ejected from the

structure, the structure will be

demolished; there will be a penalty of

2000 pesos and/or imprisonment of 6

months, upon discretion of the courts.

For those who had erected their

structure prior to the enactment of

this ordinance, the ordinance states

that they will be given notice to

vacate the area within a reasonable

time but not within six months after

apprehension.

Re-iterated in this Ordinance is

the prohibition of disposing solid or

liquid waste into the river and its

banks. As well, it is prohibited to build

pipes of any kind or type that serve as

outlets from the kitchen or septic

vaults that flow into the riverbank or

surface. The Ordinance states “any

such pipes existing shall henceforth be

cut or disconnected.”

The monitoring team created

to enforce this ordinance consists of a

five-person team largely from CENRO.

As well, the Philippine National Police

(PNP) has one person assigned to assist

the team in apprehending violators.

The barangay captains of the eleven

riverside barangays are authorized to


designate one person to be a

permanent member.

Ordinance N. 2003-013


established a caretaker group for

environment care known as “Bantay

Kapalibotan sa Maogmang Lugar”.

Their role is to enforce provisions of

city ordinances and other national and

local laws and rules more particularly

on anti-littering and solid waste

management. The primary objective of

the Ordinance is to organize a special

body in the city to pay specific

attention to the implementation of all

ordinances relating to environment

care, especially those associated with

anti-littering and proper disposal of

solid and liquid waste. This group is to

pay close attention to the care for the

Naga River and its creeks. The

monitoring force consists of members

of CENRO and all deputized officers, of

whom include barangay tanod,

barangay kagawad, PNP personnel,

market guards and traffic police.

3. Guiding Principles –

Sustainable Development

In 1987, the Brundtland

Commission, formerly known as the

World Commission on Environment and

Development (WCED), of the United

Nations, published the report “Our

Common Future”. Within this report

the most cited definition of

sustainable development was made.

In 2005, the UN World Summit

described sustainable development as

having “interdependent and mutually

reinforcing pillars” consisting of

economic development, social

development and environmental

protection, as shown in Figure 1.

“Sustainable development is

development that meets the needs of

the present without compromising

the ability of future generations to

meet their own needs.”

UN World Commission of

Environment and Development, 1987


Figure 1. The Pillars of Sustainable

Development

There have been some

criticisms of the term sustainable

development through time. The most

common is that it may be seen as a

contradiction unto itself. For instance,

how can policies based on growth and

depletion of resources be sustainable?

As well, there have been many

definitions and interpretations made

of the term since the time of the

Brundtland report. As a result, some

feel this has deflated the importance

of the term itself. However, it may be

most useful to consider sustainable

development as a framework to inform

decision-making and policies across

sectors and across different levels of

governance. Sustainable development

recognises the interdependence of

environmental, social and economic

systems and promotes equality and

justice through people empowerment

and a sense of global citizenship

(Atmosphere, Climate and

Environment, 2007).

Sustainable development is positive

socioeconomic change that does not

undermine the ecological social

systems upon which communities and

society are dependent. Its successful

implementation requires integrated

policy, planning and social learning

processes; its political viability

depends on the full support of people

it affects through their governments;

their social institutions and private

activity.

Dr. William E. Rees

University of British Columbia

The following are a few

principles of sustainable development

taken from the International Institute

for Sustainable Development that may

be useful to keep in mind when

planning for managing the Naga City

River.

• Integrate the environment and the

economy in all levels of decision-


making. Utilize economic appraisals

that fully value the cost of goods

and services as well as environment

and social impacts.

• Revise how growth is measured and

valued to make it equitable, long-

term, and reflective of quality of

life elements.

• Improve governance through

coordinated efforts that link

agencies, departments and central

government with local government.

Incorporate project appraisal

techniques that include

environmental and social costs and

benefits. Involve citizens in

decision-making.

• Promote values and ethics that

reflect sustainable development –

the interdependence of the

environment and the economy, the

importance of fairness and equity

for long-term prosperity, and the

need for cooperation and

community.

4. Key Findings

Based on the review of the

existing policies, ordinances and

visioning documents, and through

stakeholder interviews, the data

collected were synthesized into the

following key findings.

Meeting the Objectives of the

Strategic Management Plan of 1997

A great deal of work has been

done to manage the Naga City River. It

is necessary to fully assess and

document the status of this Plan. Such

an assessment will allow the City to

approximate the costs associated with

moving forward with the objectives of

the Plan and will also allow for

reflection on the work that has been

done thus far. This research did not

include a complete assessment of the

status of the Plan; however, some

highlights of the achievements

include:

Stakeholder consultations and

visioning workshops were

conducted.

Creation of relevant ordinances.


Conservation of forested watershed

lands in the foothills of Mt. Isarog.

Creation of CENRO as an official

office within the city of Naga to

overlook environmental issues.

Creation of teams of personnel to

enforce the relevant ordinances.

Creation of citizen’s organizations

and NGOs to raise awareness about

river management issues, and to

help in river clean up campaigns.

Reduction in the amount of garbage

in the river as a result of the

creation of ordinances and river

clean up campaigns.

A portion of the river was

developed with revetments along

its riverbanks to help prevent

riverbank erosion and to alleviate

flooding.

Some drainage pipes with outlets

leading to the river have been

plugged by the city to eliminate the

entry of liquid wastes into the

river.

Improved water quality in the river,

especially upriver. This is largely a

result of the conservation of the

watershed lands in the foothills of

Mt. Isarog, but is also a result of

negotiations with farmers whose

agricultural lands were positioned

adjacent to the Naga River.

The work that has been done thus far

has established a very sound basis from

which to move forward with future

initiatives for the Naga River.

However, some of the original

objectives within of the Strategic

Management Plan of 1997 remain to be

addressed. Some of the major issues

requiring attention include the

following:

The riverfront walkway is not yet

developed. Although a small

section of the riverfront is

developed as public park space

with tables and chairs for sitting,

the remainder of the river’s edge

remains undeveloped.

Many drainage pipes entering the

river continue to serve as outlets

for liquid waste.

Many portions of the river initially

slated for revetments have not

been developed.

Liquid waste from an outfall at the

Naga City Market flows freely into

the Naga River without treatment.

The water quality in the river has

improved but has not attained the

levels required to meet criteria set


by national legislation or the

objectives set in the Strategic

Management Plan 1997.

Three barangay halls are built

within 3 meters of the river’s edge,

the easement width required for

the riverfront walkway.

Illegal dwellers continue to live

within 3 meters of the river’s edge.

The development of a riverpark

walk would require their

resettlement through the

facilitation of UPAO.

Many landowner titles extend to

the edge of the riverbank. The

development of a riverpark walk

would require negotiation and

settlement between the

landowners and the City of Naga.

There is a concern that subdivision

developments are encroaching on

the watershed lands, and the

foothills of Mount Isarog. This can

have detrimental effects on the

river.

Political Will and Financial

Resources

Both a lack of political will and

limited financial resources were the

most common responses to the

question “Why do you feel or think

more progress has not been made on

the objectives of the Strategic

Management Plan of 1997?” There

were feelings that the City government

needed to take more initiative and

start the river development in order to

gain momentum and the people’s

support. Discussions with the City

officials indicate that the financial

resources and limited skilled technical

personnel were the major barriers to

meeting the objectives of the

management plan.

Based on the cost assessment in

the River Management Plan, the

development of the river and the river

park would require a large amount of

money that the City does not have.

Enforcement of City Ordinances and

National Legislation

As discussed in Section 2.3.2,

there are a number of city ordinances

and existing national legislation that

look to keeping the Naga River clean

and environmentally sustainable.

However, these regulations are not

enforced. The following were

identified as possible reasons for this:


• Although the City Ordinances have

established teams of personnel to

enforce existing environmental

legislation, the enforcement

capacities in the City remain

relatively weak (Bongalonta, 2007).

City resources are limited and the

City’s budget can only afford a

limited number of skilled personnel

assigned to enforcing the

ordinances. The number of

personnel employed for the

enforcement of ordinances is

thought to be inadequate

(Bongalonta, 2007 and Antonio,

2007).

• Barangay captains are deputized to

enforce the anti-littering

ordinances; however, during the

election campaigning period, a

barangay captain may choose not to

enforce the ordinances as diligently

so as to keep a good rapport with

the citizens in the hopes of

retaining votes (Llantero, 2007).

• The City itself does not abide by the

ordinances. For instance, water

draining into the Naga River from

the Naga City Public Market is

untreated but contributes to

elevated water pollution levels. As

well, three barangay halls are built

in the 3 m easement of the river.

This sets a negative example for the

rest of the city and as a result

makes it less likely that citizens will

abide by the provisions of Ordinance

2000-06.

• There is a lack of political will to

meet long-term environmental

goals, like the comprehensive

management of the Naga River.

Local government units are often

more concerned with the attraction

of investments and short term

developments to attract votes in a

coming election. For instance, in

2004, CENRO identified 165

drainage pipes serving as outflows

to the Naga River. Most of these

were from the septic tanks of

households along the river. CENRO

was in the process of plugging the

drainage outlets, as per Ordinance

2000-018. However, after plugging

approximately 65% of the drains,

they were ordered to halt their

work, in the midst of election

campaigning so as to win the favor

and votes of those landowners along

the riverbanks (Orozco, 2007).


• National laws that set guidelines for

the management of Philippine

waterways are not adequately

enforced within Naga City by local

officials. This is not a problem

isolated to Naga City, but is largely

a problem for all local government

units. It is especially a problem that

the majority of Nagueños are

unaware of the City ordinances and

national laws and how, or why, they

are enforced.

Recovering the 3 m Easement along

the River’s edge

The development of the Naga

River Park cannot move forward

without consideration of

landownership and the lives of illegal

dwellers along the river’s edges. As

indicated in past visioning workshops,

the City would like to see the edges of

the river turned into a park, which

would include a walkway along either

side of the river, for walking and

jogging. Part of the strategy to make

this happen is the creation of a 3 m

width easement on either side of the

river as city right-of-way. This is

already reflected in Ordinance 2000-

018. However the City must consider

both illegal dwellers, and landowners

with titles within this 3 m width from

the riverbank.

Illegal dwellers

Like most rivers in the

Philippines, the Naga River is an

attractive spot for dwellers to settle

for a variety of reasons. Unfortunately,

dwellings along riverbanks are not

adequately equipped for proper waste

disposal and much waste, both solid

and liquid, enter the waterways. The

resettling of the illegal dwellers would

help the water quality within the river

for these reasons.

Since the Strategic Management

Plan of 1997 was approved, a portion

of the illegal dwellers along the river

has been resettled. In 1997 to 1998,

approximately 360 illegal dwellers

were identified. At this time, the City

relocated 110 families. This largely

took place in Barangay Dinaga and

Barangay Sabang, in the central

business district of the City (Orozco,

2007).

Naga City has set itself apart

from other cities in the Philippines

because of its very progressive

resettlement programs and policies. As


discussed in Section 2.0, the City,

through the work of UPAO, has very

successful pro-poor policies to help

resettle those illegal dwellers along

the riverbanks. In an interview with

Rolly Campillos, the chief of UPAO, he

stated that UPAO would facilitate the

resettlement of these families. He

stressed that in their resettlement, it

is critical to find a location that is a

manageable distance to the river, and

to the people’s livelihoods. He noted

that some families who had lived on

the river for generations were

relocated to a settlement area far

from the river. Although these families

were given access to tenurial rights in

this new settlement area, they

returned to the river to re-establish

their homes, in order to be closer to

their livelihoods and maintain their

way of life on the river. Some other

dwellers are known to have

established homes along the river to

be closer to their location of work

(Orozco, 2007). Some of these dwellers

have relatives and homes on the

outskirts of the City but find it is more

beneficial to build homes along the

river than to travel from outside the

City to the downtown core.

The City must give the access to

livelihoods full consideration when

locating resettlement land. It also

appears beneficial for the City to

better understand why people are

settling along the river and integrate

this knowledge into landuse and

transportation decision-making and

planning.

As the cost of land within the

City of Naga steadily increases, cost

remains the biggest barrier to

resettlement (Prilles, 2007).

Land Title along the Riverbanks

The Naga City River has changed

shape through time, as a result of the

natural process of erosion. Erosion of

the riverbanks has blurred the lines of

landownership along the river’s edge.

In an interview with Attorney Miles

Arroyo of the Urban Development and

Housing Board she described how along

some portions of the river, if a 3 m

easement was in place originally, this

was either eroded away with time, or

is within the width of the revetment if

one was built. As a result many of the

landowner land titles extend right to

the edge of the riverbank.


Landowners along the river are

largely concerned that if a riverwalk is

built, and the City wants the easement

area, they will be losing even more of

their land (De La Rosa, 2007). The City

must undertake a negotiation process

with the landowners. This is

potentially a very costly endeavor for

the City.

The land titles do not

necessarily extend to the river’s edge

on both sides of the river for its entire

length that is proposed for

development. It will be necessary for

the City to assess where property

boundaries lie and be prepared to

negotiate with landowners where

appropriation of the city right-of-way

is necessary to better understand the

costs involved with this endeavor.

Improving Water Quality

The water quality within the

Naga River has improved markedly

since Strategic Management Plan was

developed. Based on the requirements

of the Clean Water Act, the river

water is tested for total suspended

solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand

(COD), biological oxygen demand

(BOD), turbidity, pH, temperature and

dissolved oxygen (DO).

According to Erlinda V. Bailey,

the Chief of the Socio-cultural Division

of City Environment, the water quality

in the river is monitored at eight

stations in the river. All but two

stations show water quality levels at

level B. The remaining two stations

indicate a lower water quality level at

level C. This is a large improvement

from the initial level D quality of

water in the river at some stations.

Greatest Areas of Concern

The major source of pollution

within the river is coming from the

residential and commercial/business

areas in the form of liquid waste

(Orozco, 2007). The BOD increases

further down river, with the lowest

levels in its headwaters, and highest

levels in the residential and

commercial areas. The increased BOD

indicates elevated levels of biological

waste. This is reflected in the opinion

of most of those interviewed who

stated the major contributor to river

pollution is the mismanagement of

liquid wastes.


There are 16 major outflows

draining to the Naga River that are

monitored by CENRO, in addition to

the 8 sampling stations. These

outflows collect surface water from a

variety of areas, including residential,

commercial, and agricultural land

uses. Businesses ranging from gasoline

stations to marketplaces contribute to

this surface water flow. According to

Oscar Orozco, head of CENRO, a large

amount of polluted outfall water

comes from city suburbs. Also, the

most polluted outfall in the City is on

General Luna Street, the location of

the public market. This outfall not

only carries liquid waste from market

water but also collects runoff from the

direct vicinity, which includes runoff

from areas without septic tanks. For

instance, CENRO conducted a survey

and found that many contributing to

this drainage had make shift toilets,

the liquid waste from which was going

straight into the drainage.

Planning Progress

CENRO has made concerted

efforts towards addressing the issue of

liquid waste entering the Naga River.

There is on going campaigning to clean

septic tanks once every 3 to 5 years,

called “poso negro”. CENRO has also

developed a plan for water treatment,

the cost of which would be

approximately 7.5 million. They are

also planning to push for an ordinance

that will require all new developments

to have septic tanks.

CENRO and the Ladies and

Green are working together to submit

concepts for a master plan for the

development of the Naga River. This

will be a comprehensive development

plan that will include among other

items, a liquid water treatment plan,

revetments, the development of the

river for tourism, and plans for

footbridges integrated with a

greenway along Ojeda St and the costs

for establishing city right of way along

the river.

Attention to Sustainable

Development Principles

Meeting Basic Needs

In an interview with DaDa de la

Rosa of the NCPC, I asked the question

“Do you think the River should be a

priority for the City?” His response

was no. He stated: “The environment


is secondary.” He felt that

“environmental issues” are secondary

to meeting basic needs and economic

survival. He also felt that participation

in river management and

environmental issues will increase

once people’s basic needs are

answered. He said, “You can see this

here. There are still people throwing

their garbage.” DaDa’s comments

indicate the importance of meeting

the basic needs for Nagueños, and how

issues of the environment can fall

wayside in light of these needs. Yet,

on the other hand, it can be argued

that a more sustainable river

management could also lead to new

economic opportunities that primarily

benefit the poor and the river bank

dwellers. Prioritizing basic economic

needs, particularly livelihood, should

not come at the expense of

environmental sustainability. Further

environmental degradation could not

only impair people’s health and well-

being, but also pose limits to the

ability of the people to maintain their

livelihoods. From this it is evident that

the connection between caring for the

environment and meeting the basic

needs of Nagueños should be

recognized. Without recognition of this

significant link between environmental

management and basic human needs,

it will remain very difficult to motivate

citizens towards environmental

stewardship. As discussed in Section

3.0, there are three tenets of

sustainability, the environmental,

social and economic. All three are

interconnected and nurturing of all

elements is necessary for sustainable

development. Without an

understanding of how caring for the

river and meeting basic needs are

connected, there is little hope that

progress will be made in improving the

river’s water quality or and meaningful

progress in the river’s management is

less likely.

Visioning Language

As discussed in Section 2.3.1,

the Legislative Agenda set goals for

the City of Naga for the period of

2007-2010. The document pointed out

the importance of pressing issues that

Naga City is faced with and gave

strategies for approaches to them. It

was noted that the well being of the

environment and the Naga River were

only considered in terms of


“cleanliness” and the river’s

“beautification”. Again, if a stronger

connection between the well being of

the river, beyond its aesthetic beauty,

and social and economic well being of

Nagueños could be made, a stronger

culture of care for the river would be

fostered. Policy language that is more

rooted in the principles of sustainable

development can help foster such a

culture.

Typhoon Reming and Climate

Change Initiatives

The disastrous effects of

typhoon Reming that took place in

2006 are fresh in the minds of all

Nagueños. The consideration of river

development in relation to climate

change and its resulting unexpected

weather patterns and disasters, is not

fully considered in present policy and

visioning documents. River revetments

and dredging is the only strategy given

for alleviating the effects of river

flooding in the future. But there are

many other necessary strategies that

will alleviate flooding effects. For

instance, tree planting along the

river’s edge would both help clean

pollution in the groundwater and

waters entering the Naga River, and

would limit erosion of the riverbanks

especially during heavy rainfalls and

possible flooding situations. Re-

engineering Naga to be better

prepared for future disaster events

will be most effective when if its plans

incorporate a diverse range of

strategies, and fully consider the role

of a well managed river watershed in

alleviating disaster impacts.


5. Recommendations

Naga City has made a great

number of advances in caring for the

Naga City River. This is evident in the

improvement of its water quality, the

enactment of relevant ordinances and

legislation, the establishment of city

departments dedicated to

environmental issues, and the

participation of citizen’s groups in

river management. These advances are

substantial; however, as was agreed

upon by all stakeholders interviewed,

there are still improvements that can

be made. The following are some

suggestions that may be considered

when moving forward in the future

management of the Naga City River.

1. Assess the Extent of Progress on

the Strategic Watershed

Management Plan

It is recommended that a

detailed study be conducted to assess

the extent to which the objectives

stated within the Strategic

Management Plan have been met to

date. This will require the collection

and analysis of a large range of data.

Some of the data needs include the

following:

• Survey of property lines and land

titles along the river’s edge.

Determine where the property

lines lie relative to the 3 m

easement proposed for the river

walk.

• Determine the number of

dwellers living along the river’s

edge and their locations relative

to the 3 m easement proposed

for the river walk.

• Determine the number of

dwellers requiring resettlement.

• Assess the number of outfalls

that continue to drain into the

Naga River.

• Re-identify all pollution sources

along the river and the extent of

their contribution to pollution

levels within the river.

• Assess the liquid treatment needs

along the river. Determine the

numbers of dwellers with and

without septic tanks.

From these data needs, future costs

required to carry out the objectives

stated in the Strategic Watershed

Management Plan could be

approximated. Included in this


assessment should be the cost to

establish the city right of way in the

3 m easement along either side of the

river, and the cost of wastewater

treatment.

2. Explore Many Funding

Considerations

Many of the objectives within

the Strategic Management Plan were

not met because of the substantial

associated costs (Prilles, 2007). Some

possible suggestions for acquiring

funding include the following:

• It is recommended that future

planning be incremental with

incremental associated costs. If the

city can put money forward for the

initial steps of this plan, this will

show local initiative to Nagueños

and will re-kindle momentum

towards the river’s revitalization.

This local initiative will also be

looked favorably upon by outside

funders. Funders from the private

sector and international agencies

may be more likely to provide

funding for further river

management and development

needs once they see this local

initiative is taken (Arroyo, 2007).

• A variety of funding sources should

be approached, especially in

countries that are known to support

sustainability projects, to maximize

the possibilities of acquiring

funding.

• The city could consider developing

partnerships with private business.

Such partnerships could result in

projects similar to the public park

development in front of the

Aristocrat Hotel.

3. Promote Campaigning and

Education on Sustainability

Principles

It is recognized that the

concerns of the majority of Nagueños,

are focused on meeting basic needs

and sustaining viable livelihoods. The

present general perspective is that

issues of the environment are

secondary. It is highly recommended

that campaigning and education stress

the connection between meeting these

basic needs and caring for the Naga

River through the lens of sustainable

development. If the interdependence

between basic needs, livelihoods, and

the environment can be understood, a


renewed stewardship for the river will

be fostered.

5. Consider Transportation and Land

Use in the Resettlement of River

Dwellers

The City has made great strides

in its Kaantabay sa Kauswagan program

through the efforts of UPAO. It is

recognized that the livelihoods of

those relocated are considered in this

program, and it is re-iterated here the

importance of considering the

accessibility of their livelihoods from

their new settlement locations. As was

discussed in Section 3.0, many of those

living along the river are partly doing

so to be closer to their livelihoods. It is

recommended that the City considers

issues of landuse and transportation

when locating future areas of

resettlement.

6. Limit the Encroachment of

Subdivision Development on

Watershed Lands

The City of Naga is quickly

growing and the development of

subdivisions is encroaching on the

foothills of Mt. Isarog. It is

recommended that the City control

this development as it can have

extremely detrimental effects on the

Naga River watershed.

7. Improve the Enforcement of

Regulations

The City ordinances and

national legislation provide a sound

legal basis for monitoring and

penalizing actions that are detrimental

to the management of the watershed.

Unfortunately these regulations are

not adequately enforced. The

following are recommendations

regarding the enforcement of

regulations related to river

management.

a. Increase the Number of

Deputized Personnel

One main reason given by

CENRO as to why regulations are not

enforced is that there are a limited

number of personnel who are given the

authority to enforce the regulations.

An increase in the number of personnel

could be considered; however, it is

recognized that it is an expense to the

city. It is therefore important to also

consider alternate reasons why the

present number of personnel is


struggling with enforcing the

regulations.

b. Create a Culture of Caring

for the River

Creating a culture of caring for

the river will encourage all Nagueños

to abide by the City ordinances.

Creating this culture takes root in

campaigning and education and

communicating the river’s importance.

Knowledge of the ordinances and an

understanding of why their

enforcement is necessary are needed.

Educational campaigning and programs

that foster caring for the river may

help encourage this understanding.

c. Encourage Support at the

Barangay Level

The support of the barangays is

critical (Rocco, 2007). There is a

proposal put forth to the City to

require any developer who wants to

develop along the riverbank to provide

funding to the barangay in which the

development is to be located that will

be dedicated to maintaining the

cleanliness of the river. It is

recommended that this proposal be

supported.

d. Foster Knowledge of

National Legislation

There is limited knowledge of

national environmental legislation. For

instance, according to Attorney

Ojastra, there is a national law under

Presidential Decree that the edge of

the river, up to 5 m, must have trees

planted. This is unknown to the

majority of Nagueños. When asked

how implementation of the law should

be approached he stated the first and

most important step is education.

Secondly, a tree planting campaigning

would be essential. Campaigning and

education are key to making this

legislation enforceable. All those who

are in the position to enforce the

regulations should also have a full

knowledge and understanding of the

regulations (Ojastra, 2007).

e. Aggregate and Deputize the

Market Vendors

Aggregating the market vendors

along the riverfront and in the

proposed greenway system will be

beneficial for many reasons. Their

aggregation will increase foot traffic

and business by creating a known

commercial space within the city for

buying their goods and as a result the

vendor’s livelihoods are enhanced. The

vendors should also be aggregated


along the proposed greenway for the

city. The greenway is to integrate with

a pedestrian footpath across the river.

The aggregation of vendors here will

encourage sustainable transportation,

tourism, and economic vitality in the

downtown core of the city.

It is recommended that the

market vendors be deputized to

penalize those who are not abiding by

the ordinances. This will encourage a

sense of ownership of the commercial

space by the market vendors and will

also encourage a collective sense of

caring for the river by all the vendors.

8. Take Advantage of Political Will

It is recommended that the City

of Naga take advantage of the new

political landscape that is taking place

at the city level that is posed to push

forward environmental initiatives. The

election of Ladies in Green President

Badette Rocco (LIGF) to the City

Council will provide the city with

momentum to meet river management

goals and objectives.

9. Promote A More Holistic Approach

to River Management

Within future visioning policy

and objectives set for the city, it is

recommended that river management

be considered in a more holistic

manner that goes beyond considering

the benefits of beautification. For

instance, the development and care of

the river will be key in helping to

alleviate the effects of future flooding

events. It is recommended that policy

documents communicate important

issues such as this and other benefits

of comprehensive river management.

This holistic approach to river

management was already taken in the

Strategic Management Plan of 1997. It

is recommended that future visioning

documents approach river

management planning in this same

holistic manner.

It does not appear that all Nagueños

fully see the importance of the Naga

River on an environmental, social and

economic level. As discussed through

this report, this is evident in the

continued disposal of waste in the

river and lack of consideration of the

river’s impact on the state of the city,

both present and potential. It is

recommended that river management

be approached in terms of sustainable


development, whereby the role of the

river in fostering environmental, social

and economic well-being for all

Nagueños, both present and future,

are fully considered.


Bibliography

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accessed 4 July 2007.

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Natural Resources. Chief Socio-Cultural Division.

Bongalonta, Jesus P., 12 June, 2007. Personal Interview. City Environment and

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City, Philippines.

Campillos, Engr Rolly. 12 June 2007. Personal Interview. Urban Poor Affairs

Office (UPAO), Chief. Naga City Philippines.

City of Naga, Strategic Management Plan of the Naga City Watershed,

November 1997, Governance and Local Democracy Project, ARD Associates in

Rural Development,Inc.

De La Rosa, Dada. 15 June 2007. Telephone Interview. Naga City People’s

Council (NCPC). Naga City Philippines.

Ladies in Green Website: http://ligfinc.tripod.com/what_is_LIG.htm accessed

on 19 June 2007.


Llantero, Melchor Estrella, 13 June 2007. Personal Interview. City Environment

and Natural Resources Office, Acting Senior Environmental Specialist. Naga

City, Philippines.

Naga City. 2007. State of the City Report, Putting Our People First:

Development that Matters.

Naga City Land Use Plan. 2000.

Naga City Website: www.naga.gov.ph accessed on 21 May, 2007.

Ojastro, Atty. Angel R., 14 June 2007. Personal Interview. City Legal Officer.

Naga City, Philippines.

Orozco, Oscar. 12 June 2007. Personal Interview. City Environment and Natural

Resources Offices, Officer. Naga City, Philippines.

Prilles, Willy. 12 June 2007. Personal Interview. City Planning and Development

Office. Naga City, Philippines.

Rocco, Badette. 14 June 2007. Personal Interview. Ladies in Green. Incoming

City Councillor. Chief of the Committee on Gender and Development. Naga

City, Philippines.

UN Millennium Development Goals Website:

http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ accessed on 19 June 2007.


Tables

Table 1. Persons Interviewed during Data Collection

Interviewee Designation Organization

Jesus P. Bongalonta Senior Environmental

Specialist



Rolly Campillos Chief Urban Poor Affairs Office (UPAO)

Oscar Orozco Officer City Environment and Natural


Miles Arroyo Chair Urban Development and Housing Board

(UDHB)

Melchor Estrella

Llantero

Acting Senior

Environmental

Specialist



Erlinda V. Bailey Chief, Socio-cultural

Division



Badette Rocco President Ladies in Green Foundation (LIGF)

Attorney Angel R.

Ojastro III

Naga City Legal

Officer

City of Naga

Dada De La Rosa Co-ordinator Naga City People’s Council (NCPC)

Ramon Antonio Barangay Captain

Dinaga

Barangay Dinaga/ River Patrol

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