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ManagingManaging WeW tet WeatherWeatherwithwith GreenGreen InfrastructureInfrastructure

JulyJuly 9,9, 20092009Hartford,Hartford, CTCT

JamesJames Houle,Houle, CPSWQ,CPSWQ, RobertRobert Roseen,Roseen, PEP ,E, PhD,PhD, ThomasThomas Ballestero,Ballestero,PEP ,E, PhD,PhD, PHP ,H, CGWP,CGWP, PG,PG, AliA sos nli on Watts,Watts, PhD,PhD, TiT mim PulsPuls

EnvironmentalEnvironmental ResearchResearch Group,Group, DepartmentDepartment ofof CivilCivil EngineeringEngineeringUniversityUniversity ofof NeN wew HampshireHampshire

GreggHall 35ColovosRoad Durham,New Hampshire03824-3534603.862.4024 http://www.unhsc.unh.edu

Dedicated to the protection of water resources througheffective stormwater management

Research and development of stormwater treatment systems

To provide resources to stormwater communities currently involved in designand implementation of Phase II requirements

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ImportantImportant Contributions:Contributions:

CoC ldold climateclimate evaluationsevaluations

ParallelParallel--non rmr aliza edeo m liz d testingtesting

ThirdThird--pap rtr ya ty evaluationevaluation

FieldField FacilityFacility atat tht ehe

UNU HNH WESTWEST EDGEEDGE LOL TOT UNHSCTcTc ~~ 1919 minutesminutesRESEARCHFACILITY

WatershedBoundary

TREEFILTER

POROUSASPHALT

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PerformancePerformanceEvaluationEvaluation

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Isolator Row Subsurface InfiltrationHydrodynamic Separator Filter Unit

Porous Asphalt Pervious ConcreteRetention Pond Stone Swale Veg Swale

Gravel Wetland Sand Filter Bioretention Unit Tree Filter

CurrentCurrent ResearchResearch ResearcResear hch11 shs owo sh ws thatthat mostmost SWSW TXTX failfail

2/2 3/3 ofof tht ehe timetime fof ror somesome WQWQ constituentsconstituents

TherT ehere isis aa lacklack ofof datadata examiningexamining stormwaterstormwaterdevicesdevices fof ror treatmenttreatment performanceperformance

existenceexistence thatthat ara ere littlelittle usedused thatthat mam yay bebe

TherT ehere ara ere aa largelarge numbernumber ofof devicesdevices inin

superiorsuperior

Report,Report, SubmittedSubmitted toto tht ehe NOAANOAA --UNU HNH CooperativeCooperative InstituteInstitute fof ror CoastalCoastal ana dnd EstuarineEstuarine EnvironmentaEnvironmenta ll

11 BallesteroBallestero T.P.,T.P., S.H.S.H. Jones,Jones, N.E.N.E. KinnerKinner (2004),(2004), WateW rater QualityQuality AssessmentAssessment ofof StormStorm WaterWater ControlControl SystemsSystems ,, FinalFinal

TechnologyTechnology (CICEET)(CICEET)

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Watershed Impacts:Major Stormwater Contaminants

SedimentSediment

PathogensPathogens

NutrientsNutrients

Toxic ContaminantsToxic Contaminants

Debris and Floating LitterDebris and Floating Litter

Temperature AlterationsTemperature Alterations ChlorideChloride

Impacts of Imperviousness

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Economic Impacts toWater Resources

1. Stormwater makes up roughly 80% of the wetweather bacteria load in the harbor.

2. Shellfishing beds and recreational beachescommonly closed after >1/4 inch of rainfall in 24hours

3. Loss of revenue due to impacts to tourism and

natural resources

4. Expenses from stress to municipal infrastructure

HoH wow ara ere municipalitiesmunicipalities dealingdealing withwiththt ehe increasingincreasing runoffrunoff volumesvolumes

NBN CBC RIRI hah sas begunbegun

milesmiles ofof undergroundundergroundconstructionconstruction ofof sis xix

projectedprojected costcost ofof $467$467storagestorage tunnelstunnels atat aa

millionmillion (1992(1992 dollars).dollars).

sewagesewage overflowsoverflows TunnelT sunnels willwill storestore tht ehe

duringduring intenseintense rainraineventsevents fof ror laterlatertreatmenttreatment

1212

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NeN wew YorkYork CityCity chosechose LIL DID ordinancesordinances

2030.2030. TheyThey chosechose toto disconnectdisconnect imperviousimpervious areasareasNYN CYC needsneeds toto eliminateeliminate 464 060 CSC OSO dischargedischarge pointspoints byby

fromfrom tht ehe sewersewer systemsystem ana dnd treattreat tht ehe runoffrunoff throughthroughinfiltrationinfiltration practices.practices.

Source: http://www.riverkeeper.org/special/Sustainable_Raindrops_FINAL_2008-01-08.pdf1313

PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia chosechose LIL DID ordinanceordinance

additionaladditional inin--linl einestoragestorage fof ror tht ehe

CosC tost fof ror buildingbuilding

sewerssewers systemssystems ==

storage,storage, nono treatmenttreatment$4.5/gallon$4.5/gallon ofof

(Montalto(Montalto etet al,.al,. 2007)2007)

betweenbetween $4$4 ana dnd $6$6

AlternativA elternative LIL DID costcost

dollarsdollars pep rer gallongallon(capital(capital costcost pep rerstorage/treatmentstorage/treatmentcapacity)capacity)

www.phila.gov/OHCD/government.htm

1144

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HaH sas tht ehe StormwaterStormwater ManagementManagement CommunityCommunityPracticallyPractically ConsideredConsidered ClimateClimate Change?Change?

Recent research examiningimpacts of climate change onrainfall depths showed a 28-60increase in Q25-Q100

Existing urban infrastructureprimarily culverts will be under-capacity by 35%

This in addition to stressedstormwater infrastructure fromland use change (Guo, 2006)

DesignDesign standardsstandards ara ere staticstatic ouo rur infrastructureinfrastructureisis obsoleteobsolete fromfrom tht ehe firstfirst dad yay afterafter constructionconstruction

Source: Stack et al.(2008)

1616

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Adapting RegulationsType Old Regs New Regs

Large Sensitive Sites

80% TSS (or sliding scale)

Most Sites

Effective BMPs targeting

TSS, NO3, TP

Sensitive Sites

Water

Quality

Meet TMDL or Anti-

degredation

Water

Quantity

All Sites Peak

Flow Match 2,10, 25year

storms

Most Sites

Infiltration and volume

reduction

Large Sites

Volume Reduction andPeak Flow Match 2,10, 25-

year storms

The Primary Cause of WQ Degradation isThe Primary Cause of WQ Degradation is

Altered HydrologyAltered Hydrology

Can be Corrected By LID design:Can be Corrected By LID design:

Storm volume reduction throughStorm volume reduction through

infiltrationinfiltrationthereby replacing lost hydrologic functions fromthereby replacing lost hydrologic functions fromimpervious surfaces by reducing hydrologic footprintimpervious surfaces by reducing hydrologic footprint

Water quality treatment by filtrationWater quality treatment by filtration ofofstormwater through engineered soil media which replaces thestormwater through engineered soil media which replaces the

lost treatment benefits of natural soils.lost treatment benefits of natural soils.

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BestBest Management PracticesManagement Practices

READY FIRE AIM

Repeat

Construct

Design

The Cycle of Job Security

Require Something New

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Require

Improve

Repeat

Measure Construct

Design

The Cycle of Best Management

Capital savings rangedfrom 15-80%

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A Closer LookA Closer Look

A Closer LookA Closer Look

The study assumed that conventionalThe study assumed that conventionalstormwater management practices wouldstormwater management practices wouldbe replaced entirely by LID techniques,be replaced entirely by LID techniques,with no advanced water quality treatmentwith no advanced water quality treatmentcriteria.criteria.

The proposed LID design reducedThe proposed LID design reduced

effective impervious area from 30% to 7%effective impervious area from 30% to 7%

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AnotherAnother CaseCase StudyStudyGreenland,Greenland, NHNH

Rooftops with Subsurface Infiltration

Gravel Wetland

Standard Pavement with Subsurface Infiltration

OnOn anan impairedimpaired waterwater necessitatingnecessitatingPorous Asphalt-~4 ac.advancedadvanced stormwaterstormwater treatmenttreatment

DecreaseD decreased EIE CIC byby 858 %5%

ReduceR deduced overalloverall capitalcapital costscosts byby $800,000$800,00028 ac site, initially >95% impervious, now

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Performance ResultsPerformance Results

BMP Removal EfficienciesBMP Removal Efficiencies

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BMB PMP Removal EfficienciesRemoval Efficiencies

BMB PMP Removal EfficienciesRemoval Efficiencies

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Cold Climate Issues

Seasonal Variations in PerformanceSeasonal Variations in PerformanceGravel

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

TSS TPH-D DIN Zn TP

Summer

Winter

Annual

Bioretention II

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

TSS TPHD DIN Zn TP

SummerWinter

Annual

Vegetated Swale

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

-

Summer

Winter

Annual

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

TSS TPH-D DIN Zn TP

Summer

Winter

Annual

The effect of T and [Cl-] is tonearly double the settling timefrom 3.4 to 1.6 cm/sec

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3333

Frost PenetrationFrost Penetration

Can be related to pavement failureCan be related to pavement failure

Measured with aMeasured with a fieldfield--assembledassembled

frost gaugefrost gauge (Ricard et al., 1976)(Ricard et al., 1976)

Show relationships betweenShow relationships between

pavements and soilspavements and soils

3434

Filtration Systems Frost PenetrationFiltration Systems Frost Penetration

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1/13/05 1/25/05 2/4/05 2/16/05 2/25/05 3/8/05 3/15/05 3/28/05

FrostDepth(cm)

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

Temp(C)

Sand filter Bioretention I Gravel Wetland

Rain Freezing Ave. Temp

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ChlorideChloride

There are now 3 chlorideThere are now 3 chlorideTMDLs in the NH alone!TMDLs in the NH alone!

Chloride is toxic to aquatic lifeChloride is toxic to aquatic life

No BMP targets removalNo BMP targets removal

CChhlloorriiddee LLeevveellss iinn FFiirrsstt OOrrddeerr

RReecceeiivviinngg SSttrreeaamm ((DDuurrhhaamm,, NNHH))

CChhrroonniicc

AAccuuttee

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Where should reductions occur?Where should reductions occur?

Sources of Salt Loading

From Vehicular Surface Deicing(Rockingham County, NH)

(NHDES 2007)

50%

3%27%

9%

11%

Parking Lots

Private Roads

Municipal Roads

State Roads

Other

Salt Reduction and Porous AsphaltSalt Reduction and Porous Asphalt

PA 1-HR AFTER PLOWING,11 AM -4*C

DMA 1-HR AFTER PLOWING,11AM -4*C

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3939

Conditions after thawing and refreezing of melt-water (3/18/07)(a) PA at 9AM (left); (b) DMA at 9AM (rt)

Conditions after thawing and refreezing of melt-water (2/16/08) (a) PC at 1PM (left); (b) DMA at 1PM (rt)

More snow & ice present on DMAMore snow & ice present on DMA

Comparison of snow/ice percent cover for Porous Asphalt studyarea (winter 06 07)

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Weighted skid resistance values as a function of surface cover for allpavement types ( 06 07)

WWeeiigghhtteedd SSRR aass aa mmeeaassuurree ooff ssaaffeettyy

HHiigghheerr BBPPNN = ssaaffeerr ppaavveemmeenntt

Maintenance

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Long-TermMaintenanceAlladvancedstormwatersystemsrequire

maintenance LIDmaintenanceoftensimple,lowcost Homeowner/landscapereducation ConsiderrequiringpermanentsuretiesOften Maintenance only occurs when there is failureThere is a perception that LID systems require moremaintenance

What is MaintenanceOften Maintenanceonly occurs when thereis failure

There is a perceptionthat LID systemsrequire moremaintenance

Some claim LIDsystems fail and willrequire expensiverepairs

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Influ

ent

Reten

tion

Influ

ent

Reten

tion

Influ

ent

Reten

tion

TSSEMC(mg/L)

Pond: 3-year Break Down TSS200

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

JustJust whatwhat

exactlyexactly isis youryour

point?point?

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100% Removal???

ThereThere ara ere nono silversilver bulletsbullets

regionalregional watershedwatershed ana dnd waterwaterDesignD sesigns shouldshould bebe basedbased onon

qualityquality objectives.objectives. (think(think locallylocallyaca tct locally!)locally!)

removal:removal:

WeWe ara ere movingmoving beyondbeyond 808 %0% TST SSS

Nutrients,Nutrients, PSD,PSD, effluenteffluentconcentrationsconcentrations

OutreachOutreach MaterialsMaterialsAnnual Reports Fact Sheets

Web Resources

http://www.unh.edu/erg/cstev

Designor just google UNHSCJournal Articles SpecificationsDesign Drawings

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FundingFunding

Funding is provided by the Cooperative Institute forCoastal and Estuarine Environmental Technology(CICEET) whose mission is to support thescientific development of innovative technologiesfor understanding and reversing the impacts ofcoastal and estuarine contamination anddegradation.