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purpose of cleaning them. The failure that occurred out inAshanti was, therefore, one concerning quantity more than’quality, and a little more care in their construction maypossibly obviate this defect in the future. All use of vul-,canised rubber should be avoided, and, if it were possible,- automatic rather than manual power should be employed fortheir operation. In war time, especially during the forward’march of troops, it may be rather difficult at times to securesufficient men to turn the handles of these filters, whichmanipulation must be provided for if a proper supply-of pure and wholesome water has to be kept up. Speakingone day to Surgeon-Colonel Taylor about the unsatisfactoryworking of the filters that had been supplied for the use of’the expedition, he happened to remark that., he had noticeda small narrow stream crossing the road about half a mile- out of camp and had seen natives collecting water thereat,"and " he wondered whether this was of better qualitythan that obtained from the river," and " could I trace,it up to its source? " Of course I consented, and lefthim with the determination of searching for the

- spring of this rivulet as soon as I could. The oppor-tunity for starting on this search presented itself very- early the following morning. About 4 A.M. I left camp;and came upon the stream in question about three-quarters,of a mile on the Barracou road. It was scarcely six inches inibreadth. Tracing it in a north-north-east direction for somehalf a mile or so I found it divided, one branch, the north-east portion, running to the River Prah, while the othercoursing but a short distance seemed to be joined byanother little rivulet down which water very clear and

bright seemed to be coming from a south-south-east-direction. I had much difficulty from the immense.amount of tangled undergrowth that lined its banks in

tracing this stream up to its source, some four hours being-occupied in the endeavour, but its spring was at last dis-- covered and I had the satisfaction of bringing back to- camp a bottle of the clearest and best water that was- ever secured en route. Surgeon-Colonel Taylor was

delighted with the pure supply that I had through hishint been enabled to discover. From this time no more’river water was required during our stay at Prahsu.

Across the Monsi Hill I had another opportunity of test-’ing a spring of really excellent water, which coursed down,and supplied the troops at the rest camp of Kwissa (viderillustration).

MANCHESTER.(FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.)

Manchester and Saljord Sanitary _lssociation.ON Sunday evening a sermon was preached in the Man-

chester Cathedral on behalf of the above association by theSRev. C. V. Gorton, Vicar of Morecambe. His subject was11 The Laws of Health, the Laws of God." He said that inithe Scriptures the word cleanliness was synonymous withholiness, and that the Mosaic priest was really the medical-officer of health. The old Greeks, whose aim was the pby-sical perfection of the man, deemed sanitary law a portion of?the moral code. He quoted Xenophon as giving one of thebest descriptions of the officer of health : ’’ When people.are sick, physicians cure them ; they are menders of oldgarments. But your care is to be of another kind : it is for

you to prevent the army from becoming sick." (If our

.military authorities looked at matters more like Xenophon,there would be less cause for discontent in the Army MedicalService.) "It was strange," he said, "that in the early’days of the development of Christianity and after the fall ofthe Roman Empire we looked in vain amongst European,peoples for that regard for the law of God. The Church

prayed, From plague and pestilence, good Lord, deliver us,’but was content to remain unmindful that national judg-ement was a natural consequence of national negation of thelaw of God." He reminded his hearers of Lord Palmerston’sreply to a deputation requesting the appointment of a day ofhumiliation and prayer on the outbreak of cholera about themiddle of the present century from the neglect of sanitary1.aw: " When man has done his utmost for his own safety thenis the time to invoke the blessing of heaven to give effect to’his exertions." It was, he said, a good thing that theManchester Sanitary Association was doing its best to

improve all this. "It would be still better if the societywere so supported that it could inaugurate branches in every

town in the country which would investigate the physical. causes of disease, note the rise of epidemics, educate public

opinion, and organise the working classes to demand pure airand pure water, and not only a grave to be buried in, butsuilicient space in which to properly live." It might havebeen as well if he had suggested to the "working classes"that when they got their pure air they should not do all theycan, as is too much the case at present, to pollute or excludeit from their dwellings.

CM?* -M-SMty.Under the auspices of the Milk Dealers’ Protection Society

of Manchester, Salford, and Surrounding Districts, a lecturewas given on April 20th by Mr. W. Cox on Milk as

Food in relation to Health. The chair was taken by amember of the city council, who said " the associationexisted for the purpose of protecting from undue inter-ference a trade in an article that was indispensable tohealth. It, had no sympathy with any milk dealer whoviolated the rules that were necessary for safeguarding thepublic health." He considered that the association wasright in suggesting that the work of the corporationinspectors should not be confined within the city, but shouldbe extended to the shippons and dairies from which themilk came ; and in this we should all agree. Mr. Cox in hislecture did not speak from the standpoint of the man ofscience, and he would apparently laugh to scorn the patientlabours of the bacteriologist, for he is reported as follows:"The idea that the germs of disease were spread by milk hedescribed as ‘a craze."’ Save in exceptional cases, in whichthe germs of scarlet fever or typhoid fever had been directlycommunicated to the milk by the persons manipulating it,milk had never proved injurious. These are pretty con-siderable exceptions to start with. He then contended thatthe facts (lisproved the idea that the "tubercle bacteria"could be communicated from the affected animal through themilk to the consumer of the milk. May it be inferredfrom this that Mr. Cox would advise the giving ofmilk from tuberculous cows to delicate children so

long as the poor creatures were able to supply it?"He believed that such infantile diseases as were oftenattributed to milk were due either to the lack of milk orto the insanitary condition of the houses of the poor;and he said that the healthiness of the children of farmersand dairymen was the best answer to those who said thatmilk was not healthy." He believed that greater attentionshould be paid to the periodic inspection of shippons and dairiesbut apart from that everything that was necessary was atpresent one to ensure the purity of our milk-supply." The retaildealers are, of course, immaculate and always take the mostscrupulous care to avoid contamination by any even of those" germs which Mr. Cox holds in such contempt. It is a

pity that anyone should discourage the efforts made to securegood quality and purity in a food of such importance asmilk, and especially that such discouragement should comefrom a member of the veterinary profession.

Ancoats Healthy Homes Soeiety.This society, of which Mr. Aldred is president, gave the

last lecture and entertainment for the season on Thursdayevening last, when Mr. W. P. Montgomery, assistant surgeonto the Ancoats Hospital, addressed about 800 people onExercise and Training. The primary object of the society isto give instruction of a useful kind, and this work has beencarried on for several years amongst the poorest people of theworking-class district of Ancoats ; but in order to bringtogether those who without some such attraction would notattend the additional bait of musical performances, betweenwhich the lectures are sandwiched, has been found verysuccessful. The young people in Manchester as elsewhereare open to this influence, and these combined attractionshave been successful in securing an average attendance of650 people at the twenty-nine lectures given during the lastsession. The lectures and the services of the musical helpersare entirely gratuitous and admission to the entertainment isfree. 11 useful information is given and something done tobrighten what to most of us would seem the dull monotonyof the daily life of these poor mill hands.

77<6’ Manchester and Salford Refor1llatory.The fortieth annual report of this institution contains a

very important little point. Referring to the falling off inthe number of admissions, the report says that if this werelue to a diminution of crime it would be a subject for con-gratulation, but the governors desire deliberately to place

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on record their conviction " that it is due to the magistrates tcommitting boys of twelve and over, who have been convicted i

of crime, to industrial instead of to reformatory schools. 1

The governors think this probably a mistake as regards the I

boys themselves, and "surely it is a wrong to the other I

inmates of the industrial school who are not criminals, andsome of whom are committed for very different offences, thatthey should be compelled to associate with convicted thieves."They think the two classes should be kept separate, andearnestly commend this subject to the careful considerationof magistrates and of all interested in the reformation ofjuvenile criminals.

The Medical Gllild.

The quarterly meeting of the Medical Guild was heldon April 14th in the Victoria Hotel. The chairman(Alderman Walmsley, J.P.) presided. A discussion took

place on midwives registration and afterwards on profes-sional advertising, and the following resolutions, previouslypassed by the council of the guild, were adopted :-

I.-As regards midwives registration :-1. That it is the duty of the profession to defend and maintain the

Medical Acts.2. That it is advisable that constructive legislation (defensive is

understood) upon the midwives question should be undertaken by themedical profession.

3. That legislation should follow the lines of local registration andsanitary regulations.

4. That the minimum training should be six months’ obstetricnursing in a public lying-in hospital or union infirmary, where thepupil shall be present at not less than thirty labours, in every caseunder the direct supervision of a registered medical practitioner.

5. That no examination should be required and no diploma issued,the sole guarantee of proficiency to act as a midwifery nurse being thecertificate from the medical officer of the lying-in hospital or union’infirmary, which enables her to be placed upon the local register. ’

II.-Professional advertising :-1. While appreciating the legal grounds on which the verdict in

Kingsbury v. Hart was given, the council expresses confidence in theeditor and reference committee of the British Medical Journal in theiraction in the matter referred to in the libel.

2. That this council is of opinion that the evidence having referenceto the ethical aspects of the case, Kingsburv v. Hart, indicates thedistinct necessity which exists for the question of medical ethics beingplaced upon a firmer basis and dealt with in a manner satisfactory tothe profession.In dissenting from the views expressed by the plaintiff’s witnesses

in this matter the council suggests the desirability of more stringentand definite rules of medical ethics being authoritatively laid down forthe guidance of the profession at large.April 21st.

SCOTLAND.(FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENTS.)

Edinburgh University New Regulations for Graduation inMedicine.

THE Edinburgh University Court at its meeting last weekapproved the following resolutions regarding the require-ments for degrees in medicine under the new ordinances :&mdash;A. Every candidate shall be required to attend in addition topresent requirements : 1. A course of instruction in mentaldiseases consisting of not less than six class-room meetingsfor lectures and demonstrations and ten meetings in thewards of a recognised asylum for the insane. 2. Post-mortemexaminations in a recognised hospital for a period of atleast three months, during which practical instruction isgiven in the methods of making post-mortem examinationsand in framing reports. 3. A course of clinical instructionin infective fevers given at not less than twelve meetings inthe wards of a recognised hospital where clinical instructionis given on cases of infectious diseases. 4. Instruction indiseases of the eye at not less than twelve class-roommeetings and twelve meetings for clinical instruction inthe wards of a recognised hospital or in a hospital and dis-pensary, the course to include efficient practical instruction inthe methods of examining the eye. 5. A course of operativesurgery conducted by the professor or a recognised teacher.B. Every candidate shall also be required to attend any oneof the two following courses : 1. Clinical instruction inchildren’s diseases at not less than four lectures and tenmeetings for clinical instruction in the wards, together withfour meetings in the out-patient department with attendancesat post-mortem examinations. 2. Instruction in diseases ofthe larynx, ear, and nose at not less than six class-room meetings and twelve meetings for clinical in-struction. In connexion with the above it was resolved

list no fee should be charged for attendance on post-iortem examinations and clinical instruction in fevers ;bat the fee for operative surgery be .f.3 3s. ; ; forhildren’s diseases, R2 2s. ; and for mental diseases andiseases of the eye, .f.2 2s. each. The court also received aeport by a committee appointed to consider the question olixed classes in connexion with the medical education oyomen, and agreed to require that classes shall not be mixedlasses except on special cause shown. The court recordedts deep sense of the munificence of the gift of 20,000 left t)y the Earl of Moray, and determined that it should betailed the Earl of Moray’s Endowment."

Milk 2’osecMMM-s.

At the Dunfermline Sheriff Court three farmers were con-victed of selling milk which on analysis was found to havelad from 13 per cent. to 21 per cent. of normal fatabstracted from it, and were fined from .f.2 10s. to ;S5 for sodoing.

Hospitalfor Infectious Diseases for Bemwic7zshire.The east district committee of Berwickshire have resolved

to erect a hospital for infectious diseases at Ayton. The

hospital is to be an iron structure and is to cost aboutR1000.

Glasgow University.The formal closing of the winter session took place on the

14th inst., though the classes in the medical faculty ceasedat the end of March. The graduation ceremony was pre-sided over by Lord Kelvin, and though the degrees con-

ferred were for the most part in arts, divinity, or law, a fewmedical graduates were also to be found. The followinggentlemen received the degree of M.D. :&mdash;W. C. Allardice,M.B., John Donald, M.B.. J. C. Robertson, M.B., R. T.Marshall, M.B., the latter being awarded " commendation"

"

for his thesis on "The Mild Malarial Fevers and theirMicrobes." Mr. D. G. Carmichael was "capped" M.B. andC.M., and the same degrees with " commendation wereconferred on Mr. J. M. W. Morison. After the ceremonythe honorary graduates lunched with the Senate, and Pro-fessor Gairdner, who presided, proposed the health of Mr.John Ure on whom the degree of LL.D. had just beenconferred. Mr. Ure was the chairman of the first health

committee in the davs when Dr. Gairdner was medicalofficer of health of the city.

T2<bercuZosis in Cattle.

A conference of Scottish butchers to consider this subjectwas held in Glasgow on the 16th inst. The chairman in hisopening address contended that butchers were being unfairlydealt with by many local authorities and medical officers ofhealth insomuch as carcases purchased in good faith at thehighest market price and in markers under the supervisionof the authorities themselves were frequently ordered to bedestroyed and yet no compensation was offered. He ques-tioned the necessity for this procedure in cases of well-nourished carcases with a merely localised tuberculosis, butin any case if the interests of the community demanded itthe loss should fall upon the public purse. Resolutions

defining these views were afterwards passed and were

ordered to be sent to the members of the Government.

Microscopical Socitty, Glasgow.At the usual monthly meeting of this society on the

16th inst. Dr. T. H. Bryce, lecturer on anatomy, QueenMargaret College, gave a demonstration on ’’ The Develop-

. ment of the Chick," illustrated by lantern slides and

microscopic sections.Medical Appointrnents.

Dr. John Brownlee has been appointed to take charge- under the medical officer of health of the Parliamentary-roadi Fever Hospital, Glasgow. The vacancy was due to the

resignation of Dr. F. Dittmar.-The directors have appointed. Dr. A. L. Pentland-Smith to be assistant medical super-eintendent to the Westgreen Asylum, Dundee.-The Edin-i burgh parish council last week appointed a resident medicals officer to the Craiglockhart Workhouse. Three candidatesh were nominated for the office including a lady. The results of the first vote was that Miss Lillias Thomson, L.R.C.P.f & S. Edin., received nine votes, Mr. George J. Jenkins, M.B.,s- C.M., eight, and Mr. J. J. Hewison, M.A., M.B., C.M., five.i- The second vote resulted in thirteen votes being given tod Dr. Jenkins and nine to Miss Thomson.