Manual de la Identificación de Maderas

8/9/2019 Manual de la Identificación de Maderas

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/manual-de-la-identificacion-de-maderas 1/161



SIFWC\_FJMJJCA ZKAFNM

NMISMA XM\M AM FJCIZFGFOMOFßI JC

NMJC\M_ ]SC _C OKNC\OFMAFPMI CI CA

JCXM\ZMNCIZK JCA ZKAFNM

\K_WCI AFLM\JK M\ÆWMAK GSCIZC_X|kgcsk| jc Zcoikakbîm jc am Nmjc|m

MALC\ZK AKIJKÝK M\MIBKX|kgcsk| jc Okisz|oofkics c Fib) jc am Nmjc|m

Flmbæ! Jfofcnl|c jc <883



‑NMISMA XM\M AM FJCIZFGFOMOFKI JC NMJC\M_ ]SC _C OKNC\OFMAFPMI CICA JCXM\ZMNCIZK JCA ZKAFNM„

F_LI0 634 . ?? . 44:6 . =]cjmi dcodks aks jcxÿsfzks acbmacs |csxcozfwks! scbði Acv :: jc =66?

X|fnc|m cjfofÿi0 jfofcnl|c jc <883

FIWC_ZFBMOFßI! OKNXFAMOFßI V CJFOFßI\kswci Aflm|jk M|æwmak GcizcsMalc|zk Akijkýk M|mibk

Gkzkb|mgîms v om|ízam0 Malc|zk Akijkýk M|mibk

X\KJSOOFßI CJFZK\FMA0Jfmb|mnmofÿi! m|nmjm! gkzkncoíifom!Fnx|csfÿi v ciomjc|imofÿi0

. Zca0) <7<8488Flmbæ . Zkafnm

Ok|xk|mofÿi Mzÿiknm \cbfkima jca Zkafnm $OK\ZKAFNM&0rrr)ok|zkafnm)bkw)okSifwc|sfjmj jca Zkafnm0rrr)z)cj)ok

Fnx|csk ci OkaknlfmX|fizcj fi Okaknlfm

FNX\C_FKIC_ OKIJC



OKIZCIFJK

Xíbfim

X|ÿakbk f

Mb|mjcofnfcizks ff

Fiz|kjoofÿi fff

Afszm jc csxcofcs ci k|jci jc iknl|c fw

Afszm jc csxcofcs ci k|jci jc iknl|c w

Jcso|fxofÿi jc ams nmjc|ms =

Oamwcs xm|m am fjcizfgfomofÿi nmo|kb|ígfom jc ams nmjc|ms =?2

Lflafkb|mgîm =:?

ofcizîgfok

oknði



X\KAKBK

Okdc|cizc oki aks nís |cofcizcs moc|jks fizc|imofkimacs ci nmzc|fm jc |cjoofÿi jc am

xkl|cpm v jcsm||kaak skszciflac ci ca nm|ok jc am mbcijm nijfma mnlfcizma! Okaknlfm dm

jcgfifjk im Xkaîzfom jc Cszmjk m am|bk xampk m z|mwæs jca Xami Imofkima jc Jcsm||kaak Gk|cszma

$XIJG& mx|klmjk xk| ca Okisc`k Imofkima Mnlfcizma ci jfofcnl|c jc <888! am oma mlk|jm ci

ik jc ss x|kb|mnms ca jcsm||kaak fijsz|fma m z|mwæs jc am wfsfÿi jc omjcim x|kjozfwm

oknk im csz|mzcbfm xm|m ca snfifsz|k jc nmzc|fm x|fnm! ci omizfjmj v omafjmj }c xc|nfzmmaomipm| iks ifwcacs oknxczfzfwks v xk| sxcszk am c}fzmzfwm jfsz|flofÿi jc aks fib|csks

ci aks x|kocsks x|kjozfwks)

Xm|m am Ok|xk|mofÿi Mzÿiknm \cbfkima jca Zkafnm OK\ZKAFNM v xm|m am Sifwc|sfjmj jca

Zkafnm cs nkzfwk jc smzfsgmoofÿi v k|baak xkic| m jfsxksfofÿi jc am skofcjmj v ci csxcofma jc

aks |cgk|cszmjk|cs! x|kjozk|cs! fiwc|sfkifszms v oknifjmj ofcizîgfom ca jkoncizk

jciknfimjk ‑NMISMA XM\M AM FJCIZFGFOMOFßI JC NMJC\M_ ]SC _C OKNC\OFMAFPMI

CI CA JCXM\ZMNCIZK JCA ZKAFNM„! }c oknxcijfm am fiwcszfbmofÿi |cmafpmjm xk| caAmlk|mzk|fk jc Zcoikakbîm jc Nmjc|ms jc am Gmoazmj jc Fibcifc|îm Gk|cszma jc am Sifwc|sfjmj

jca Zkafnm ci ca nm|ok jca okiz|mzk fizc|mjnfifsz|mzfwk 8?6 sso|fzk ciz|c OK\ZKAFNM v am

Sifwc|sfjmj jca Zkafnm)

Ca jkoncizk |cðic ams x|kxfcjmjcs gîsfoms v ncoíifoms jc :? nmjc|ms jc nmvk|

oknc|ofmafpmofÿi ci ca Jcxm|zmncizk jca Zkafnm! msî oknk zmnlfæi! am jcso|fxofÿi mimzÿnfom

v aks sks xkzciofmacs jc ams nfsnms) Ca afl|k jclfjmncizc fasz|mjk m okak| oki aks ok|zcs

akibfzjfima v z|miswc|sma jc omjm nmjc|m ciz|cbm ma acozk| am jfsz|flofÿi! jcso|fxofÿi

mimzÿnfom! oknxk|zmnfcizk ma scomjk! x|csc|wmjk v nm}fimjk ìzk oki ams oamwcs jcfjcizfgfomofÿi nmo|ksoÿxfom ncjfmizc ams omacs cs xksflac aacbm| m am fjcizfgfomofÿi v

|cokikofnfcizk jc ams nmjc|ms nís oknc|ofmacs ci ca jcxm|zmncizk) Fbmancizc sc

okiszfzvc ci i fisnk fnxk|zmizc xm|m ca scbijk x|kb|mnm csz|mzæbfok jca Xami Imofkima

jc Jcsm||kaak Gk|cszma! xm|zfoam|ncizc ci ak }c |csxcozm m am Omjcim X|kjozfwm jc am

Nmjc|m) Cszm xlafomofÿi cs im dc||mnfcizm fnxk|zmizc xm|m am oknifjmj wfioamjm m aks

jfgc|cizcs csamlkics jc am omjcim x|kjozfwm jc am nmjc|m msî oknk zmnlfæi! xm|m ca

jcsm||kaak jc am jkociofm c fiwcszfbmofÿi)

Jf|cozk| Bcic|ma OK\ZKAFNM@ksæ Cjbm| Lkifaam _í|cp

F



MB\MJCOFNFCIZK_

Aks mzk|cs ctx|csmi sfioc|ks mb|mjcofnfcizks m am Ok|xk|mofÿi Mzÿiknm \cbfkima jca

Zkafnm OK\ZKAFNM! m s Jf|cozk| Bcic|ma @ksæ Cjbm| Lkifaam _í|cp5 ma Fibcifc|k Cfim| Jîmp

Z|fmim! Fizc|wcizk| jca Okiz|mzk Fizc|mjnfifsz|mzfwk 8?65 ma xc|skima jc mxkvk jca

Amlk|mzk|fk jc Zcoikakbîm jc Nmjc|ms jc am Gmoazmj jc Fibcifc|îm Gk|cszma jc am Sifwc|sfjmj

jca Zkafnm)

FF



FIZ\KJSOOFßI

Ca sk cgfofcizc jc aks |co|sks nmjc|c|ks jc icsz|m imofÿi v xm|zfoam|ncizc jc icsz|kjcxm|zmncizk cs im x|ckoxmofÿi jc wfzma fnxk|zmiofm jclfjk m am o|cofcizc jcnmijm jcnmjc|m! ci icsz|m |cbfÿi v ci ca xmîs! oknk nmzc|fm x|fnm xm|m am okisz|oofÿi vcamlk|mofÿi jc x|kjozks! ak oma xcjc zcic| i x|kgijk fnxmozk skl|c ca |co|sk)

Cszc afl|k zfcic ca x|kxÿsfzk jc sc|wf| oknk nmima xm|m ca sk nís cgfofcizc jc am nmjc|m!oknk nmzc|fm x|fnm) Cs im gcizc jc figk|nmofÿi xm|m Fibcifc|ks v M|}fzcozks!cszjfmizcs c fizc|csmjks ci am nmjc|m! skl|c x|kxfcjmjcs gîsfoms v ncoíifoms! ìzk okicsgc|pks jc z|mlm`k! fnxk|zmizcs xm|m ca jfscýk jc csz|oz|ms! ok||csxkijfcizc mwcfizfsfczc gmnfafms sfcijk ams Lknlmomocmc v Nv|fszfomocmc ams jc nmvk| xm|zfofxmofÿi okiomz|k v z|cs csxcofcs |csxcozfwmncizc) Am fioasfÿi jc oamwcs nmo|ksoÿxfoms jcfjcizfgfomofÿi ìzk oki am figk|nmofÿi x|cwfmncizc ofzmjm okijof|í ma xacik|cokikofnfcizk v sk nís cgfofcizc jc am nfsnm)

Cszc jkoncizk gc x|cxm|mjk xk| Jkocizcs jca Amlk|mzk|fk jc Zcoikakbîm jc Nmjc|ms!lmsmjks ci z|mlm`ks jc b|mjk |cmafpmjk xk| aks cszjfmizcs

jc x|cb|mjk! z|mlm`ks jc x|knkofÿi v xk| i miíafsfs ofjmjksk jc |csazmjks xlafomjkscsxcofmancizc xk| am @izm jca Moc|jk jc Om|zmbcim! X|kvcozks Mijfiks jc Jcsm||kaakZcoikaÿbfok ci ca Í|cm jc aks \co|sks Gk|cszmacs Z|kxfomacs $XMJZ.\CGK\Z&)

Am k|bmifpmofÿi jc cszm wc|sfÿi jca afl|k ‑NMISMA XM\M AM FJCIZFGFOMOFKI JC NMJC\M_]SC _C OKNC\OFMAFPMI CI CA JCXM\ZMNCIZK JCA ZKAFNM„ zfcic am sfbfcizc scociofm0

* Iknl|c oknði* Iknl|c ofcizîgfok* Gkzk m okak| jc aks ok|zcs akibfzjfima v z|miswc|sma* _fiÿifnks* Kz|ks iknl|cs oknics* Jfsz|flofÿi v pkim jc wfjm* Jcso|fxofÿi jca í|lka* Am nmjc|m0

. Om|mozc|îszfoms bcic|macs

. _comjk

. J|mlfafjmj

. X|csc|wmofÿi

. X|kxfcjmjcs jc msc||mjk v aml|mjk

. Mxzfzj xm|m odmxms v zmlac|ks mbaknc|mjks

. Ssks

. Zmlams jc x|kxfcjmjcs gîsfoms

. Zmlams jc x|kxfcjmjcs ncoíifoms

. Csgc|pks jc z|mlm`k* Oamwcs xm|m fjcizfgfomofÿi nmo|ksoÿxfom* Lflafkb|mgîm

$rrr)z)cj)ok++gg+amlnmjc|ms&

FFF



Afszm jc csxcofcs fioafjms ci ca nmima! ci k|jci jc iknl|c ofcizîgfok

Iknl|c ofcizîgfok Gmnfafm Iknl|c oknði Xíbfim

Mimom|jfn ctocasn

Miflm xc|zfafs

Mxcflm ncnl|mimocmc

Lknlmokxsfs }fimzm

L|ksfnn zfac $D)L)E)& Xfzzfc|

Omakxdvaan nm|fmc

Omnxiksxc|nm xmimncisfs

Om|mxm bfmicisfsOm|fifmim xv|fgk|nfs

Ocj|cam kjk|mzm

Ocj|cafibm omzcifgk|nfs

Ocflm xcizmij|m

Oamzd|kz|kxfs l|iicm

Ok|jfm maafkjk|m

Oknm nmo|kom|xm

Ox|csss asfzíifom

Jmo|vkjcs okaknlfmim

Jfmavmizdc|m b|mofafxcsCizc|kaklfn ovoakom|xn

Comafxzs baklas

Gfos baml|mzm

Bncafim m|lk|cm

Bkxfm baml|m

Bm|cm z|fodfafkfjcs

Dfnmzmizds m|zfoamzm

Dlc|kjcij|kn xmzfikf

Dnf|fmsz|n x|koc|n

Dvncimcm ok|lm|fa @mom|mijm okxmfm

@bamis ickz|kxfom

Kod|knm xv|mnfjmac

Xfis xmzam

Xkjkom|xs kacfgkafs

Xkjkom|xs |ksxfbafkssff

X|kzfn icbacozn

]c|os dnlkajzff

_vnxdkifm baklafgc|m

Zmlclfm |kscm

Zmxf|f|m bfmicisfs

Zcozkim b|mijfs

Wf|kam |cfjff

Wf|kam sclfgc|m

Rcfinmiifm xlcsocis

$Lc|z) cz Lmal)& _eccas) Mimom|jfmocmc Om|mokaî <=

Dcnsacv Am|mocmc Oknfik o|csxk 34

_x|oc ct Lcizd) Zaafmocmc Xcfic nkik 6?

$@mo})& Jbmij Lknlmomocmc Ocflm zkaðm :?

Nk|mocmc _mijc ==2

Z|) cz Xa) Oasfmocmc Mocfzc Nm|îm :

_zmija) Mimom|jfmocmc _m`k ==:

Mla) Ncafmocmc Zmibm|c =<6Nfc|s Acovzdfjmocmc Mlm|ok =

A) Ncafmocmc Ocj|k |ksmjk ?7

Joec Nfnksmocmc Modmxk 2

$A)& Bmc|zi) Lknlmomocmc Ocflm :8

Mnsdkgg Gmlmocmc _mxíi =<?

$\fp ' Xmw)& Keci Lk|mbfimocmc Ikbma 47

Lms|l) \kj|) Mxkovimocmc Xc|faak icb|k 66

Nfaa) Ox|cssmocmc Ofx|æs 33

Omz|co) L|sc|mocmc Mifnc =:

M) O) _nfzd Nv|fszfomocmc Oíibm|c 7=$@mo})& B|fscl) Nfnksmocmc K|c`c|k 68

Amlfaa) Nv|zmocmc Comafxzk 72

D)L)E) Nk|mocmc Dfbc|ÿi 27

\ktl) Wc|lcimocmc Ncafim 4<

Mla) Ocamsz|mocmc Odm}f|k :6

A) Ncafmocmc Ocj|k nmodk ?8

$Wmda& Rkkjski Mxkovimocmc Xc|faak lamiok 67

Omz|co) Lknlmomocmc Om||í <2

$Afzzac& Omz|) Dnf|fmocmc Odmia :7

A) Omcsmaxfifmocmc Mabm||klk =8$Mla)& J) Jki Lfbikifmocmc Odfibmaæ 3<

Jfcas) @bamijmocmc Ocj|k icb|k ??

$Omw) ct Am)& S|l) Lknlmomocmc Lmask =2

_odfcjc ' Jcxxc Xfimocmc Xfik xízam =83

J) Jki ct Amnl) Xkjkom|xmocmc Xfik odm}f|k =8<

Xfabc|) Xkjkom|xmocmc Xfik |knc|ki =84

_rm|z L|sc|mocmc Om|mýk <:

Lkixa) Gmbmocmc \klac ===

A)g) Oasfmocmc Nmodm|c 26

$Lc|zka& M) JO) Lfbikifmocmc Gak| nk|mjk 28

Mla) Mimom|jfmocmc G|csik 2?A) g) Wc|lcimocmc Zcom =??

Afzzac Nv|fszfomocmc _clk =<7Mla) Nv|fszfomocmc _mib|c zk|k =<8

Eizd Oikifmocmc Ciocifaak 7:

FW





MLM\OKOm|fifmim xv|fgk|nfs Nfc|s)

Gmnfafm0 Acovzdfjmocmc

=

Kz|ks iknl|cs oknics0

fsz|flofÿi v pkim jc wfjm0J

Malm|ok! omklm gmasm! omklm okaknlfmim! odflbí! odflví! olmik! okok mlm|ok

$Okaknlfm&5 malm|ok! `c}fzflm $Xc|zk \fok&5 lmo $Wcicpcam&5 omodfnlk! omsxf $Xc|ð&5 oc|! ``}fzflm! zmm|v

$L|msfa&5 okaknlfmi nmdkbmiv $C)S)&

Bæic|k jc mx|ktfnmjmncizc =8 csxcofcs jfsz|flfjms jcsjc Xc|ð k|fcizma! ik|zcjc Lkafwfm v ociz|k jc L|msfa dmszm Wcicpcam v Okaknlfm) Ci Okaknlfm sc ciociz|m ci ca wmaac jca Nmbjmacim!

Okszm Mzaíizfom! Odkoÿ! Okszm Xmoîgfom! lm`k Mz|mzk v |cbfÿi jc S|mlí) Mi}c x|cgfc|c am gk|nmofÿi lks}c scok

z|kxfoma $ls.Z&! zmnlfæi sc am ciociz|m ci ca lks}c dðncjk z|kxfoma $ld.Z&) O|coc ciz|c 78 v 788 ncz|ks jc

mazfzj skl|c zc||ciks lfci j|cimjks) $?2&

Ok|zc akbfzjfima Ok|zc z|miswc|sma =8t



C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

J

X

X

M

S

a í|lka0

m|mozc|îszfoms bcic|macs0

comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

|csc|wmofÿi0

|kxfcjmjcs jc msc||mjk v aml|mjk0

xzfzj xm|m odmxms v zmlac|ks mbaknc|mjks0

sks0

Í|lka b|mijc! okxm mxm|mskamjm! g|cocizcncizc ?8 m :8 n ci maz|m! m ncijk oki jfíncz|ks jca

z|kiok jc =)< m =)4 n5 z|kiok |cozk dmszm jc <3 n5 b|mijcs okiz|mgc|zcs5 zmaaks lfci gk|nmjks) Ok|zcpm

ctzc|im jc okak| nm||ÿi kso|k! gfs|mjm! }c sc jcsx|cijc ci zf|ms am|bms) Ok|zcpm fizc|im jc okak| lamiok m

o|cnksk jc mxm|fciofm gfl|ksm) Dk`ms sfnxacs! mazc|ims! sfi cszîxams! baml|ms xk| ca dmp) Gak|cs ci xmiîoams

zc|nfimacs oki oíafp b|mijc! aamnmzfwk! aklamjk! : m 7 xæzmaks! cszmnl|cs inc|ksks) G|zk xftfjfk mam|bmjk oki

inc|ksms scnfaams mamjms xk| ik jc aks ctz|cnks) $?2&

J|mnci omszmýk |k`fpk k omszmýk x|xð|ck! m wcocs oki csz|îms k |mvms jc okak|

nís kso|k! ik lfci jfgc|ciofmjk jc am mal|m jc okak| omszmýk xíafjk5 asz|c ncjfmik m mazk5 nkjc|mjmncizc

j|m v xcsmjm $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!2= b+on &5 kak| v smlk| mscizcs k ik jfszfizfwks5 b|mik |cozk m

ciz|co|pmjk5 zctz|m ncjfmim)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk oam|mncizc fijfomjks xk| lmijms jc nmjc|m zm|jîm nís jcism v jc okak| nís kso|k)

Xk|ksfjmj jfgsm! xk|ks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! nkjc|mjmncizc csomsks m nkjc|mjmncizc inc|ksks $?8 m 73 v

73 m =<3 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &! skafzm|fks v ci nðazfxaks |mjfmacs jc < m ? xk|ks! komsfkimancizc nís am|bks v ci

mb|xmofkics f||cbam|cs! am nmvk|îm koafjks xk| zîafjcs) Xm|æi}fnm wfsflac oki acizc jc =8t! mxkz|m}cma ci

inc|ksms aîicms gfims zmibciofmacs }c gk|nmi i |czîoak oki aks |mjfks) Csz|oz|m ci xfsks mscizc)Okijozks bknîgc|ks mscizcs)

Ca scomjk ma mf|c cs |íxfjk oki sÿak im afbc|m zcijciofm m zk|oc|sc k mb|fczm|sc) Xm|m ca scomjk ma dk|ik

jc xfcpms jc :+: sc sbfc|c i dk|m|fk Z?.J< v xm|m xfcpms jc 4+: ca dk|m|fk Z?.J=) \cxk|zmjm xk| zcic| lcim

cszmlfafjmj jfncisfkima jcsxæs jc camlk|mjm) $?8&

Ca j|mnci sc |cxk|zm oknk j|mlac! xm|zfoam|ncizc ca nmzc|fma jc okak| nís kso|k5 x|cscizm

lcim |csfszciofm ma mzm}c jc zc|nfzms jc am nmjc|m scom) $7&

Ca j|mnci sc |cxk|zm oknk nv |csfszcizc ma z|mzmnfcizk x|csc|wmzfwk! x|cscizmijk im lm`m

mlsk|ofÿi5 am mal|m mlsk|lc v |czfcic aks x|csc|wmzfwks gíofancizc) $7&

Xamicmjk! zk|icmjk! zmamj|mjk v jcnís x|kxfcjmjcs jc z|mlm`k

bcic|mancizc smzfsgmozk|fms jmijk i lci momlmjk! oki sÿak i afbc|k cgcozk skl|c ca gfak jc ams dc||mnfcizms5

xc|k zmnlfæi sc figk|nm jc csxcofcs jca bæic|k }c xcjci omsm| |íxfjmncizc ca jczc|fk|k jc ams

oodfaams) _c cszfnm }c ca okizcifjk jc sîafoc ci cszm nmjc|m xcjc sc| jc nís jca 8)83# jca xcsk jc am nmjc|m

scom ma dk|ik) $7&

Ams odmxmsxcjci sc| ok|zmjms sfi jfgfoazmj)

Okisz|oofÿi bcic|ma v om|xfizc|îm! oknxkicizcs jc nclacs! momlmjks fizc|fk|cs! okisz|oofÿi imwma!

xfsks! odmxms xm|m okiz|modmxmjk! om||czc|îm v zk|ic|îm) $7&

?

<

Om|fifmim

<



X

X

\KXFCJMJC_ GÎ_FOM_!

|kxfcjmjcs gîsfoms0

NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCMLM\OK

X|kxfcjmjcs ncoíifoms0

Csgc|pks jc z|mlm`k0 ok||csxkijci ma B|xk L jc nmjc|m csz|oz|ma $<7&

?

=38 ==8 <4 =< =83 23)888 =88)888

Wc|jc

=<

8!33

8!33

?2<

3237:<

=8<4

=8?

=?<

<2<

3:<7=

=86

?:=

386

?26

3844<

=<<

=!?8

=!8<$38&

$38&

8!67 8!2= 8!7: 8!33 ?!< 3!= 4!? =!7 3!: 2!4 =?!< =!3 $38&



:

MOCFZC NM\ÎMOmakxdvaan nm|fmc Xamiod cz Z|fmim

Gmnfafm0 Oasfmocmc

K

J

z|ks iknl|cs oknics0

fsz|flofÿi v pkim jc wfjm0

Mocfzc nm|îk! nm|îk! omamnlom! mocfzc! omodfomnk $Okaknlfm&5 xmak nm|îm! lmasm

nm|îm! omamlm $Lkafwfm&5 vmijff|m! fibacp! amijîn! omodfomnk! `mom|clm! $L|msfa&5 mocfzc nm|îm! lcaam nm|îm

$Comjk|&5 nm|îm! `mom|clm $Dkij|ms&5 nm|îk $Bmzcnmam&5 acodc nm|îm! xmak nm|îm! ocj|k ofnm||ÿi $Nætfok&5

ambm|zk omsxf! magm|k $Xc|ð&5 e|mdlm $_|fimn&)

_c jfsz|flvc xk| Dkij|ms! L|msfa! Wcicpcam! Okaknlfm! Comjk|! Xc|ð! Nætfok!

Xmimní v _|fimn) Ci Okaknlfm sc ciociz|m ci am pkim jca Xmoîgfok! ci ca Nmbjmacim ncjfk $_c||miîm jc _mi

Aoms v Om|m|c.Kxÿi&! ci aks Aamiks K|fcizmacs v ci am Mnmpkiîm) Csxcofc jca lks}c nv dðncjk z|kxfoma v

lks}c xawfma z|kxfoma $ld.Z v lnd.Z&) Ci Okaknlfm bcic|mancizc o|coc mskofmjkoki ams csxcofcs sx)!

sx)! ! sx)! ! ! ) Ci ca

afzk|ma Xmoîgfok sc ciociz|m mskofmjk oki ! ! ) $<4&

_rfczcifm

Jmalc|bfm Ovlfszmt jkiicaa Ocj|cam Ok|jfm maafkjk|m Bmfmon kggfofimac Jmo|vkjcs ctocasm

Jfmavmizdc|m monfimzm L|ksfni zfac Om|mxm bfmicisfs




3

Ca í|lka0


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

|csc|wmofÿi0


Í|lkacs jc <3 k nís ncz|ks jc maz|m! oki gszc sfcnx|c |cozk! ofaîij|fok! oki gfs|ms x|kgijms!

oÿifok! ifgk|nc) Maz|m oknc|ofma x|kncjfk jc =3 m <8 n5 jfíncz|k jca z|kiok wm|fmlac ciz|c :8! =88 m =<8 on)

Ok|zcpm ctzc|im jc okak| omgæ kso|k! oki b|fczms x|kgijms! k b|fs mnm|faacizm m |k`k kso|k5 ca |fzfjknm cs

jcabmjk k jc csxcsk| ncjfk jc nís k nciks 3 on v j|k) Am ok|zcpm fizc|im cs jc okak| |ksmjk lamiopok! xm|jcm

acizmncizc5 zmnlfæi xcjc ciokiz|m|sc omgæ |k`fpk k |ksmjm! oki kak| jaoc) Ctjmjk |csfiksk! mnm|faak!

xcbm`ksk! gavc xkok ci xizks v zm|jîmncizc5 jm |csfims jc okak| mim|mi`mjk! ma oknfcipk oki kak| m nfca) Dk`ms

sfnxacs! kxcszms! sfi cszîxams! om|zíocms! omsf ok|fíocms! baml|ms! oki aízct mnm|faak) Gak|cs |cbam|cs! < m 7

sæxmaks! oki nodks cszmnl|cs v i kwm|fk sxc|fk|) G|zks! j|xms baklksms k i xkok mam|bmjms jc = m < on jc

am|bk) $?2&

Nmjc|m }c x|cscizm xkom jfgc|ciofm ciz|c am mal|m jc okak| omszmýk oam|k v ca

j|mnci jc okak| |ksíock k omszmýk |k`fpk oki wczms akibfzjfimacs mibkszms v kso|ms x|kjofjms xk| ca

xm|æi}fnm5 nmjc|m jc asz|c mazk! nkjc|mjmncizc j|m v xcsmjm $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!34 b+on &! kak| v

smlk| mscizcs k ik jfszfizfwks! b|mik |cozk m ciz|co|pmjk! zctz|m ncjfmim) $??&

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk mscizcs k xkl|cncizc jcgfifjks xk| pkims mibkszms nís jcisms v jc okak|mofÿi nís

kso|m) Xk|ksfjmj jfgsm! xk|ks oam|mncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! csomsks m nkjc|mjmncizc inc|ksks $?8 m

73 v 73 m =<3 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &! ctoasfwmncizc skafzm|fks v jfsxcszks ci dfac|ms |mjfmacs v klafoms! mabiks

oki bknms jc okak| mnm|faak k lamiopok) Xm|æi}fnm akibfzjfima oam|mncizc wfsflac oki acizc jc =8t ci amscoofÿi z|miswc|sma dncjcofjm! ci lmijms mxkz|m}cmacs okizfims k jfsokizfims) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc)

Okijozksbknîgc|ks mscizcs) $??&

J|mizc ca scomjk ma mf|c afl|c sc x|kjoci jcgcozks zmacs oknk |m`mj|ms v jcgk|nmofkics xk| mamlck)

Jcsjc wc|jc dmszm <8# jc okizcifjk jc dncjmj! sc scom ci i zfcnxk ncik| jc ?? jîms! xk| cszm |mpÿi sc

xcjc oamsfgfom| jciz|k jc ams nmjc|ms jc scomjk imz|ma nv |íxfjk) $::& Ci ca scomjk m|zfgfofma! zfafpmijk i

x|kb|mnm jc scomjk smwc $_&! sc akb|ÿ lm`m| am dncjmj jc 33):# ma =<# ci <<6 dk|ms! x|cscizíijksc

ciok|wmj|ms v im xæ|jfjm jc wkanci figc|fk| ma =8#) $<2&

Ca j|mnci cs ssocxzflac ma mzm}c jc zc|nfzms v ci okizmozk oki ca scak nkjc|mjmncizc

|csfszcizc ma mzm}c jc dkibks) $<?&

Ci ca x|kocsk jc lmýk omafcizc v g|îk oki kackskalacs! am mal|m x|cscizm mlsk|ofÿi lcim $==<

eb+n & v xcicz|mofÿi zkzma! nfciz|ms }c ca j|mnci x|cscizm mlsk|ofÿi xkl|c $34 eb+n & v xcicz|mofÿi xm|ofma

xc|fgæ|fom) Ci ca x|kocsk jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi oki kackskalacs! zmizk am mal|m oknk ca j|mnci x|cscizmi

mlsk|ofÿi mazm $=2: eb+n v =67 eb+n |csxcozfwmncizc& oki xcicz|mofÿi xm|ofma xc|fgæ|fom) Ci ca x|kocsk jc

wmoîk.x|csfÿi oki smacs dfj|kskalacs! am mal|m x|cscizm mlsk|ofÿi mazm $<8: eb+n & v xcicz|mofÿi zkzma!

nfciz|ms }c ca j|mnci x|cscizm mlsk|ofÿi lcim $=:= eb+n & v xcicz|mofÿi xm|ofma f||cbam|) $<2&

_c xcjc msc||m| sfi nmvk|cs jfgfoazmjcs) _c |coknfcijm ocxfaam| am

nmjc|m ci cszmjk scok ma mf|c oki =3° jc íibak jc ok|zc v nciks jc 3)3 n+nfi jc wcakofjmj jc mafncizmofÿi) Cizmamj|mjk ik dmv jfgc|ciofm ci aks |csazmjks oki 788 v =<88 |xn) _c mokisc`m sknczc|am ma x|kocsk jc

nkaj|mjk oki nm|oms nodk ncik|cs jc = nn) Mi}c x|cscizm b|mik ciz|co|pmjk! kg|coc lci momlmjk

im wcp af`mjm) $=6&

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

J

X

X

?

<

? ?

? ?

?

?



7

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCMOCFZC NM\FM


Csgc|pks jc z|mlm`k0 ok||csxkijci ma B|xk O jc nmjc|m csz|oz|ma $<7&

Ssks0 Odmxms ci bcic|ma! om|xfizc|îm! clmifszc|îm! okisz|oofkics ik|nmacs x|cgc|flacncizc ci fizc|fk|cs!

nclacs! x|kjozks nkaj|mjks! xkszcs xm|m aîicms mæ|cms! om||czc|îm v xfsks)

8!6= 8!34 8!33 8!:7 ?!< 7!: 6!: <!8 7!7 =8!6 =7!4 =!2 $<6&

Wc|jc

=<

8!:7

8!:7

:82

48:

73<

==26

==:

=7:

?8?

734

:<

4:

?67

747

?<:

:7:

7?

6=

<!7?

?!27

$<6&

$<6&

=88 48 =3 4 23 33)888 68)888



2

MODMXKOcj|cafibm omzcifgk|nfs $Joec& Joec

Gmnfafm0 Nfnksmocmc

_

K

J

fiÿifnks0



Xfxzmjcifm omzcifgk|nfs Xfzdcocaaklfn omzcifgk|nfsJoec5 $Joec& A) Oí|jcims) $?7&

Modmxk lamiok! modmxk! oc|fijk! ocj|k n|æ! ocj|k jca Om}czí! zk|ifaak

$Okaknlfm&5 pcf}c! scf}c! scfok! scf}f $Comjk|&5 odiodk! zk|ifaak! dmb|momsxf! dmv|m omsxf! zk|ifaak $Xc|ð&5

ocj|k|mim! amomfom! xm|fom! vmomvmom $L|msfa&)

Cszm csxcofc cszí |cxk|zmjm ci aks lks}cs dðncjks z|kxfomacs v slz|kxfomacs

jc L|msfa! Okaknlfm! Comjk| v Xc|ð) Ci Okaknlfm dm sfjk |cbfsz|mjm ci aks nifofxfks jc _mi @ksæ jca Bmwfm|c v

Ca \czk|ik! msî oknk ci ca |csbm|jk Ieme $Bmwfm|c&! ci ca ncjfk Om}czí $Om}czí&! Zm|mxmoí $Mnmpkims& v




xfcjcnkizc mnmpÿifok $Xznmvk&) Akomafpmjk x|fiofxmancizc ci am gk|nmofÿi lks}c dðncjk z|kxfoma ci

z|misfofÿi ma lks}c nv dðncjk z|kxfoma $ld.Z+lnd.Z&) X|cgfc|c xcijfcizcs k amjc|ms ci lks}cs dðncjks jc

zfc||m gf|nc jc am |cbfÿi Mnmpÿifom) _c dm |cbfsz|mjk skl|c lks}cs jc |cafcwc nkjc|mjmncizc kijamjk! jc

maz|m ncjfm $=4.<8 n& oki oklc|z|m jcism mskofmjk m ams csxcofcs0

)$6&

Í|lka b|mijc jc ?8 m :8 n jc mazk! oki maz|m oknc|ofma x|kncjfm jc <3 n v jfíncz|ks jc =38 m <28

on! gszc ofaîij|fok v |cozk! am lmsc oki maczkics cnxfimjks) Okxm |cjkijm jknfimizc mlfc|zm) Ok|zcpm ctzc|imjc okak| xm|jk kso|k! mxm|fciofm |bksm! |fzfjknm ok|fíock! sc jcsx|cijc ci xamoms |cozmibam|cs) Ok|zcpm

fizc|im jc okak| |k`fpk! zctz|m m|ciksm v smlk| jaoc) Dk`ms jklacncizc oknxcszms! lfxfiimjms! mazc|ims! oki

cszfxams! oki z|cs xm|cs jc xfiims! : gkafkaks ma nmj|m|! klafok.kwmjks jc 3.6 on jc am|bk v <)3.3 on jc miodk!

monfimjks! jc lmsc |cjkijcmjm! baml|ks ci mnlmsom|ms! xkscc baíijams fizc|xfim|cs) Figak|csociofm zc|nfima

v mtfam| oki gak|cs sæsfacs xc}cýms c fiokisxfoms! lamioms! oíafp v ok|kam okigk|nmjks xk| 3 xm|zcs! cszmnl|cs

lamioks) G|zk zfxk acbnl|c mxamimjm v mam|bmjm) $6&

0 J|mnci jc okak| omszmýk |k`fpk oki i asz|c jk|mjk! okisxfomncizc nm|omjk

xk| ams aîicms wmsoam|cs jc okak| |k`k kso|k5 z|misfofÿi b|mjma m am mal|m jc okak| omszmýk |ksmjk xíafjk5

nmjc|m jc asz|c mazk oki |cgac`ks jk|mjks5 nkjc|mjmncizc afwfmim v lamijm $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!3< b+on &5

kak| jcsmb|mjmlac |cofæi ok|zmjm5 b|mik |cozk m ciz|co|pmjk5 zctz|m b|csm)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk xkl|cncizc fijfomjks xk| pkims nís jcisms v kso|ms) Xk|ksfjmj jfgsm! xk|ks

oam|mncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! nv csomsks m csomsks $nciks jc =< v jc =< m ?8 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &!

skafzm|fks v ci nðazfxaks jc < v ? xk|ks! komsfkimancizc nís am|bks v ci mb|xmofkics |mocnfgk|ncs! am nmvk|îm

mlfc|zks) Xm|æi}fnm wfsflac oki acizc jc =8t ci ca ok|zc z|miswc|sma dncjcofjk! x|cjknfimizcncizc

xm|mz|m}cma wmsfoæiz|fok! mafgk|nc v mafgk|nc okigacizc) \mjfks csz|mzfgfomjks) Okijozksbknîgc|ks mscizcs)

0 Ci ams okijfofkics oafnízfoms jc ]fzk! ca scomjk ma mf|c cs |íxfjk! maomipmijk i okizcifjk jc

dncjmj jca <8# ma omlk jc =3 jîms x|cscizmijk m|}cmj|m ci ams xfcpms) Ci ams okijfofkics oafnízfoms jc

Afnm! ca scomjk ma mf|c cs |íxfjk! ik sc x|cscizmi jcgcozks! maomipmijk i okizcifjk jc dncjmj jca <8# ma omlk

jc :3 jîms) Ci ca scomjk ma dk|ik! mxafomijk ca x|kb|mnm jc scomjk gc|zc $G&! sc lm`ÿ ca okizcifjk jc dncjmj jc

2:)< m =<)8# ci 33 dk|ms! x|cscizmijk zk|ocj|ms) $<2&

\cxk|zmjm oknk xkok |csfszcizc ma mzm}c jc dkibks c fiscozks5 mi}c zmnlfæi sc |cxk|zm

oknk |csfszcizc m am fizcnxc|fc) $7&

Ci ca x|kocsk jc lmýk omafcizc v g|îk oki kackskalacs! am mal|m x|cscizm mlsk|ofÿi xkl|c v

xcicz|mofÿi xm|ofma f||cbam|! nfciz|ms }c ca j|mnci x|cscizm mlsk|ofÿi v xcicz|mofÿi iams) Ci ca x|kocsk jc

wmoîk.x|csfÿi oki smacs dfj|kskalacs! zmizk am mal|m oknk ca j|mnci x|cscizmi mlsk|ofÿi lcim v xcicz|mofÿi

xm|ofma f||cbam|) $<2&

Czc|xc x|comzk|fm! Xscjkancjfm amcwfs!

Xc|clcm tmizdkodvnm! Wf|kam cakibmzm! Xdcimeksxc|nn bvmiicisc! Kcikom|xs lmzmm! K) lmomlm! X|kzfn

ikjaksn! Akiodkom|xs xzc|kom|xs! A) ifok! X|kzfn baml|csocis! Z|mzzfiifoefm amr|ciocf v Wf|kam mgg)

nazfic|wfm

C

Am nmjc|m0

O

J

X

a í|lka0

m|mozc|îszfoms bcic|macs

comjk

|mlfafjmj0

|csc|wmofÿi0

?

<

_

4



6

X

M

S


xzfzj xm|m odmxms! okiz|modmxmjks v zmlac|ks mbaknc|mjks0

sks0

Ams kxc|mofkics jc ok|zc ski gíofacs xc|k mabims wcocs sc |cxk|zmi

sxc|gfofcs amiksms) Ca jcsbmszc skl|c ams dc||mnfcizms jc ok|zc cs acwc) Ik cs jfgîofa jc ocxfaam|! xc|k sc

|coknfcijmi dc||mnfcizms lfci mgfamjms xm|m cwfzm| b|mik |msbmjk) Cs gíofa jc zk|icm|) Ams kxc|mofkics jc

nkaj|mjk ski |cbam|cs! xc|k xcjc x|cscizm| b|mik wcaaksk) Cs gíofa jc zmamj|m| v ciokam|) Lci m |cbam|

mnm||c jc oamwks! jc moc|jk oki am jcisfjmj) Cs gíofa jc xaf| jmijk i lci momlmjk) $6&

Gíofa jc jcsci|kaam|) Ams odmxms ski

gactflacs! jc csxcsk|cs ifgk|ncs v gíofacs jc scom|) Ca okiz|modmxmjk |csfszc lfci ma csgc|pk jc ofpmaamnfcizk v m

am jcsamnfimofÿi ci mbm df|wfcijk) $<7&

Okisz|oofÿi bcic|ma! oknxkicizcs jc nklfafm|fks! okiz|modmxmjk jc sk bcic|ma! ciokg|mjks! om`ms v

cnlmam`cs jc sk ok||fcizc)

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCMODMXK

$Gcizc0 mzk|cs&

Wc|jc

=<

8!?6

8!?6

?8<

?=:

37=

727

63

68

<?=

?43

:6

73

?=:

?62

?83

<6:

:4

7:

<!=3

<!84

Csgc|pks jc z|mlm`k0 Xk| s lm`m jcisfjmj lísfom ik oamsfgfom oknk nmjc|m csz|oz|ma $<7&

X|kxfcjmjcs ncoíifoms0 $Gcizc0 mzk|cs&

8!24 8!3< 8!:2 8!?6 =!6 :!< 3!7 <!< ?!7 2!< ==!: <!8



=8

MABM\\KLKDvncimcm ok|lm|fa A)

Gmnfafm0 Omcsmaxfifmocmc

_

K

J

fiÿifnks0



D)L)E)5 N)C) @kics

@zmdf! bmxfima! impm|cik! }ci}c! bmimik zki.em $Okaknlfm&5 mabm||klk!

ok|lm|fa! ok|klk|c $Wcicpcam&5 mabm||klk! okxma $Comjk|&5 ok|lm|fa! mpðom| dmvk $Xc|ð&5 `mzklí! `mzmf

$L|msfa&5 bmxfika $Nætfok! Okszm \fom! Bmzcnmam! Ifom|mbm v Dkij|ms&)

Jcsjc ca s| jc Nætfok! m ak am|bk jc Mnæ|fom Ociz|ma! dmszm Xc|ð! Lkafwfm! L|msfa v

Bmvmim G|miocsm) Ci Okaknlfm sc ciociz|m ci aks jcxm|zmncizks jc Mzaíizfok! Lkafwm|! Oÿ|jklm! Nczm!

Dvncimcm omijkaacmim Fibm ncbmom|xm




Bm`f|m! Nmbjmacim! Mizfk}fm! Dfam v Zkafnm) Csxcofc om|mozc|îszfom jc aks lks}cs scoks z|kxfomacs $ls.Z& dmszm

dðncjks z|kxfomacs $ld.Z&! oki x|cofxfzmofkics mimacs jc 488 m :888 nn! zcnxc|mz|ms jcsjc <8 m ?8 °O)

O|coc oki x|cgc|ciofm m ak am|bk jc lks}cs |fxm|fks k lks}cofaaks sfcnx|cwc|jcs! ci sfzfks dmszm oki xcijfcizcs

gc|zcs! m mazfzjcs jcsjc oc|om jca ifwca jca nm| dmszm =?88 nsin) $?4&

maomipm maz|ms jc dmszm :8 n v jfíncz|ks jc dmszm = n! oki gszc afsk! ofaîij|fok! ik|nmancizc |cozk!

bmnlms xkok jcsm||kaamjms k mscizcs) Okxm mnxafm! ci gk|nm jc sknl|faam! oki xkoms |mnms b|csms v mabk

o|wmjms) Ok|zcpm b|fs oam|m! afsm! oki jcsx|cijfnfcizk ci zf|ms nv xc}cýms5 ok|zcpm fizc|im b|csm! jc okak|

omszmýk |k f̀pk) Dk`ms mazc|ims! oknxcszms! oki jks dk`cams msfnæz|foms! l|faamizcs! oki xizks z|misaðofjks! jc

:.=8 on jc akibfzj v <.3 on jc miodk) Gak|cs lamioms! oki xizks kso|ks! ci figak|csociofms zc|nfimacs jc 4 on

jc am|bk) G|zks acbnl|cs klakibms! b|csms! acýksms! okak| xm|jk |k`fpk! jc dmszm <8 on jc am|bk v 7!3 on jc

miodk! }c ik ml|ci ma nmj|m|5 okizfcici dmszm 4 scnfaams b|mijcs! baklksms m kwmjms! xm|jk kso|k! ciwcazms

ci im xaxm dm|fiksm jc kak| jcsmb|mjmlac) $?4&

Mal|m jc okak| lamiok mnm|faacizk! z|misfofÿi ml|xzm ma j|mnci jc okak| omszmýk

|k`fpk! g|cocizcncizc oki lmijms akibfzjfimacs mazc|imzfwmncizc asz|ksms v kxmoms ci am scoofÿi |mjfma!

ncjfmimncizc asz|ksm! nv j|m v xcsmjm $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!6< b+on &5 kak| v smlk| mscizcs k ik

jfszfizfwks! b|mik |cozk m ciz|co|pmjk! zctz|m ncjfmim)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk oam|mncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! fijfomjks xk| lmijms okioæiz|foms jc xm|æi}fnm

zc|nfima5 xk|ksfjmj jfgsm! xk|ks oam|mncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! skafzm|fks v ci nðazfxaks |mjfmacs jc < ÿ ?

xk|ks v ci mb|xmofkics |mocnfgk|ncs! csomsks $=< m ?8 xk|ks xk| =8 nn & v jc jfsz|flofÿi v zmnmýk lmszmizc

ifgk|nc! mabiks koafjks xk| jcxÿsfzks jc bknm jc okak| |k`k kso|k) Xm|æi}fnm oam|mncizc wfsflac m sfnxac

wfszm! zc|nfima ci aîicms k lmijms! mafgk|nc jc mams ok|zms v klzsms v okigacizc) \mjfks fijfszfizks m sfnxac

wfszm) Okijozksbknîgc|ks mscizcs) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc)

Nmjc|m i xkok jfgîofa jc scom| ma mf|c) Ci ams okijfofkics oafnízfoms jc Næ|fjm $Wcicpcam&! am wcakofjmj

jc scomjk gc |íxfjk0 sc akb|ÿ lm`m| ca okizcifjk jc dncjmj jc 38# m <8# ci :6 jîms! sfi }c sc x|cscizm|mi

jcgcozks) Ci ca scomjk ma dk|ik! zfafpmijk i x|kb|mnm gc|zc $G&! sc lm`ÿ am dncjmj jc 38# m ==# ci ==8

dk|ms! x|cscizíijksc zk|ocj|ms $<2& Ci ca scomjk ma dk|ik sc sbfc|c xm|m xfcpms jc :+: v 7+: ca dk|m|fk Z?.O<

v xm|mxfcpms jc 4+: ca Z?.O=) $?8&

Nmjc|m |csfszcizc ma mzm}c jc dkibks c fiscozks) $==&

C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

J

a í|lka0


comjk0

)

|mlfafjmj0

?

<

==



=<

X

X

M

S

|csc|wmofÿi0



sks0

Ci ca x|kocsk jc lmýk g|îk v omafcizc! am mal|m x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi mazm $=36 eb+n oki

xcicz|mofÿi zkzma m xcicz|mofÿi f||cbam|! nfciz|ms }c ca j|mnci x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi iam $=< eb+n & oki

xcicz|mofÿi iam) Ci ca x|kocsk jc jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi am mal|m x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi mazm $=27 eb+n & oki

xcicz|mofÿi zkzma m xcicz|mofÿi f||cbam|! nfciz|ms }c ca j|mnci x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi iam $=: eb+n & oki

xcicz|mofÿi iam) Ci aks jks z|mzmnfcizks sc mxafoÿ im sszmiofm kackskalac) Ma mxafom| smacs dfj|kskalacs xk| ca

næzkjk jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi! am mal|m x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi mazm $?== eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma! v ca j|mnci

mlsk|ofÿi iam $=6 eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi iam) $<2&

Am nmjc|m cs nkjc|mjmncizc jfgîofa jc msc||m| v z|mlm`m| oki

ní}fims! x|fiofxmancizc xk| s mazm jcisfjmj! xc|k ctocxzk ci ca ocxfaamjk xk| s b|mik ciz|co|pmjk! sc xcjc

af`m| v jc`m| im sxc|gfofc nv xafjm) _c jc`m o|wm| lfci z|ms xkic|am ma wmxk|) Mbmizm lfci aks oamwks v

zk|ifaaks) Cs gíofa jc ciokam| v ca momlmjk cs smzfsgmozk|fk) $?4&

_c xcjc klzcic| odmxm jcok|mzfwm xk| bfaakzfimjk)

Cacncizks csz|oz|macs zmacs oknk wfbms! okanims v sfnfam|cs! xfsks! xm|}cz! nclacs v xm|zcs jcnclacs! om|xfizc|îm ci bcic|ma! nmibks xm|m dc||mnfcizms c fnxacncizks mb|îokams! fisz|ncizks nsfomacs!

m|zcsmiîms! zk|ic|îm! nclacs jc a`k! odmxms jcok|mzfwms v m|zîoaks jcxk|zfwks $zmoks jc bkag v xkak! lkams jc

lkafodc&) Am |csfim jc okak| ínlm| }c nmim jca z|kiok v |mnms sc sm oknk fiofcisk v ci x|cxm|mjks

ncjfofimacs! xc|k x|fiofxmancizc oknk lmsc ci am camlk|mofÿi jc lm|ifocs) \coflc ca iknl|c oknc|ofma jc okxma

s|mnc|fomik! okxma jc Xm|í k |csfim mifnæ) Am |csfim ctjmjm gk|nm lkasms }c }cjmi cizc||mjms ci ca scak

ci am lmsc jca í|lka) M wcocs sc xcjci ciokiz|m| b|mijcs omizfjmjcs ci am oc|omiîm jc ams |mîocs k jkijc

x|cwfmncizc dmlîm i í|lka) Ci L|msfa sc |cokbc dmszm ?3 zkicamjms xk| mýk xm|m sk akoma) $?4&

?

?

?

?

?

?



=?

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCMABM\\KLK

<=8 =:3 :8 =3 =:3 63)888 =?8)888

Csgc|pks jc z|mlm`k0 ok||csxkijci ma B|xk M jc nmjc|m csz|oz|ma $<7&

Wc|jc

=<

8!22

8!22

78?

4=7

=876

=3=3

=?4

=7?

?6=

447

48

==2

278

=3=2

48:

=?3=

=?2

=47

<!<8

<!83

$<6&

$<6&


=!=4 8!6< 8!44 8!22 =!2 ?!< :!6 =!6 :!< 2!: ==!< =!4 $<6&



=:

MIFNCJmo|vkjcs okaknlfmim Omz|co)

Gmnfafm0 L|sc|mocmc

K

J

C



a í|lka0

Mifnc lamiok! om|mýk! om|fmýk! o||omf! okxma $Okaknlfm&5 mifnc! okxma)

$Comjk|&)

Okaknlfm) Comjk| v Wcicpcam) Ci Okaknlfm sc ciociz|m ci ca Nmbjmacim

Ncjfk $_c||miîm jc _mi Aoms v Om|m|c.Kxÿi& v ci am Okszm Xmoîgfok) Csxcofc jca lks}c dðncjk z|kxfoma $ld.Z& v

jca nv dðncjk z|kxfoma $lnd.Z&! bcic|mancizc o|coc ci lks}cs jc aknm) $<3& $?2&

Í|lka b|mijc m nv b|mijc! dmszm nís jc ?3 n jc maz|m v = n jc JMX5 gszc |cozk! ofaîij|fok! oki

maz|m oknc|ofma dmszm jc ?8 n) Ok|zcpm fizc|im b|csm! jc okak| mim|mi`mjk m |ksmjk! }cl|mjfpm! oki kak| m

z|cncizfim) Ok|zcpm ctzc|im jcabmjm! afsm! jc okak| b|fs |ksmjk! oki ofomz|focs jc xamoms v acizfocams xkok




okisxfoms) Dk`ms fnxm|fxfimjms! mazc|ims! sfi cszîxams! om|zíocms5 dmp wc|jc l|faamizc! baml|k5 ciwæs wc|jc

afbc|mncizc |k f̀pk! kxmok5 xcoîkak scnfof|oam|! i xkok momimamjk) G|zks j|xms asz|ksms oki kak| m

z|cncizfim) $<3& $?2&

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

J

X

X

M

S


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

|csc|wmofÿi0



sks0

Mal|m jc okak| mnm|faak jk|mjk! z|misfofÿi b|mjma v xkok jfgc|ciofmjm ma j|mnci

jc okak| nm||ÿi xíafjk oki i nmzfp |ksmjk5 aîicms wmsoam|cs oam|mncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm }c x|kjoci i

zcic wczcmjk csxfbmjk! asz|c mazk! kak| v smlk| mscizcs k ik jfszfizfwks! ncjfmimncizc j|m v xcsmjm$jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8)3: b+on &! b|mik |cozk m ciz|co|pmjk x|kjofcijk lmijms mazc|imzfwmncizc asz|ksms v

kxmoms ci am om|m |mjfma! zctz|m ncjfmim)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk m wcocs wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm c fijfomjks xk| pkims mibkszms jc nmvk| jcisfjmj v jc

okak|mofÿi nís kso|m) Xk|ksfjmj jfgsm! xk|ks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! jc jfsz|flofÿi ifgk|nc v

nkjc|mjmncizc inc|ksks $73 m =<3 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &! skafzm|fks v ci nðazfxaks |mjfmacs jc < m : xk|ks!

komsfkimancizc nís am|bks v ci mb|xmofkics f||cbam|cs! oki zcijciofm m am jfsxksfofÿi jfmbkima! am nmvk|îm

koafjks xk| zîafjcs) Xm|æi}fnm fijfszfibflac m sfnxac wfszm v mði oki acizc jc =8t) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc)

Okijozksbknîgc|ks mscizcs)

Gíofa jc scom| ma mf|c afl|c5 x|cscizm jcgk|nmofkics ncik|cs! zk|ocj|ms v |m`mj|ms acwcs) Ca scomjk

m|zfgfofma ik x|cscizm nmvk|cs jfgfoazmjcs! sc k|fbfimi acwcs |m`mj|ms fizc|ims) $:8&$<=&

J|mlfafjmj imz|ma lm`m) Ci okizmozk oki ca scak cs nv ssocxzflac ma mzm}c jc dkibks c

fiscozks)

Cs im nmjc|m jfgîofa jc fnx|cbim|) Csomsmncizc xc|ncmlac ma sc| z|mzmjm xk| næzkjks jc lmýk

omafcizc v g|îk5 am mlsk|ofÿi cs xkl|c oki xcicz|mofÿi f||cbam|) Szfafpmijk smacs dfj|kskalacs ci z|mzmnfcizks jc

wmoîk v x|csfÿi! ca j|mnci cs nkjc|mjmncizc xc|ncmlac! x|cscizmijk mlsk|ofÿi lcim oki xcicz|mofÿi

xm|ofma xc|fgæ|fom) $<7&

Gíofa jc msc||m|! xksflac jcsmgfamjk xk| s okizcifjk jc sîafoc) Nmjc|m

nkjc|mjmncizc jfgîofa jc z|mlm`m| oki dc||mnfcizms ik|nmacs! oki ctocxofÿi jca ocxfaamjk }c cs gíofa sf sc zfafpm

i íibak jc <8°5 zfafpmijk dc||mnfcizms jc nczma j|k ik sc x|cscizmi x|klacnms v sc klzfcic i lci

momlmjk sf ca b|mik cs |cozk) Gíofa jc nmodfdcnl|m|) Gíofa jc zmamj|m| xc|k ca momlmjk ik cs lcik) Gíofa jc oamwm|

v |czfcic lfci aks oamwks v zk|ifaaks) $<7&

Jcsci|kaam gíofancizc! ams odmxms ski gactflacs! jc csxcsk|

lmszmizc ifgk|nc! xc|k am x|csciofm jca b|mik ciz|co|pmjk acs okigfc|c i msxcozk mgcaxmjk) $<7&

Okisz|oofkics ik|nmacs! xfsks! nclacs! odmxms xm|m z|fxact! om`ms! zmlac|ks jc wf|zms v gfl|ms!

om|xfizc|îm ci bcic|ma)

?

<

=3



=7

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCMIFNC



=88 48 =3 4 23 33)888 68)888

=< 8!:: 737 68= =<6 :?= 74 ?2= <<4 4? =!48 $?&

8!2? 8!3: 8!3= 8!:: :!? 7!6 ==!? =!7 3!4 2!6 =:!< =!: $?&



=2

LMA_KKod|knm xv|mnfjmac $Omw) ct Am)& S|l)

Gmnfafm0 Lknlmomocmc

_

K

fiÿifnks0


Omw) ct Amn)5 \kracc5 \kracc5

\kracc5 _r)

Lmasm! lmask jc amim! lmask |cma! ocflm jc amim! ncijfzk! xmak jc lmasm! zonk

$Okaknlfm&5 lmasm! zkxm! dmnxk $Xc|ð&5 lmasm! lmask! amik! xmak jc amim! zmom|fbm $Wcicpcam&5 lmasm! xmak jc

lmasm $Comjk|&5 lmasm! xm jc lmasm $L|msfa&5 lmasm $Okszm \fom&5 lmasm! bmik! xkime $Dkij|ms&5 lmasm! lmask!

bmzfaak! bmik! zmnlk| $Ifom|mbm&)

Lknlmt xv|mnfjmac Kod|knm lfokak| Kod|knm okiokak| Kod|knm

b|mijfgak|m Kod|knm ambkxs




J

C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_


a í|lka0


comjk0

Ci zkjm Mnæ|fom Z|kxfoma! jcsjc Nætfok m z|mwæs jc Mnæ|fom Ociz|ma v ams Fijfms

Koofjcizmacs dmszm Xc|ð! Lkafwfm v L|msfa) _c dm wfszk ci xamizmofkics ci Bmzcnmam m =<88 nsin oki c`cnxam|cs

lfci jcsm||kaamjks $?4&) Ci Okaknlfm sc ciociz|m ci ams |cbfkics jca Nmbjmacim Ncjfk! Zkafnm! Dfam! Wmaac jca

Omom! Im|fýk) Csxcofc x|kxfm jca lks}c dðncjk z|kxfoma $ld.Z&) Cs i fijfomjk| jc lks}cs mazc|mjks! scm ci

gk|nm imz|ma k m|zfgfofmancizc) _c jcsm||kaam ci sfzfks oki cacwmofkics lm`ms m ncjfmims jcsjc 8 m =<88 nsin!

mi}c xcjc ciokiz|m|sc dmszm <888 nsin! oki zcnxc|mz|ms jc <8.?8 °O v oafnm dðncjk m nv dðncjk)

X|cgfc|c scaks wkaoíifoks! omafpks! m|ofaak afnksks k g|miok m|ciksks! gæ|zfacs v x|kgijks! lfci j|cimjks)

\c}fc|c xacim ctxksfofÿi ma ska xk| ak }c sc afnfzm m sfzfks dðncjks ci oam|ks jca lks}c k m ak am|bk jc ams

|flc|ms jc aks |îks) $?4&

í|lka sfcnx|cwc|jc }c xcjc maomipm| maz|ms jc ?8 n v jfíncz|ks jc dmszm =!4 n! ik|nmancizc

ncik|cs! gszc |cozk v ofaîij|fok! afl|c jc |mnms dmszm =3 n jc maz|m! g|cocizcncizc oki bmnlms) Okxm b|mijc

v mnxafm! ctzcijfjm! oki |mnms jfsxc|sms) Ok|zcpm afsm k afbc|mncizc mb|fczmjm! jc okak| b|fsíock m omgæ) Dk`ms

sfnxacs v cszfxamjms! b|mijcs! jc =8.:8 on jc am|bk v =8.?3 on jc miodk! cizc|ms k oki ?.3 aÿlaks!

ncnl|miíocms) Gak|cs dc|nmg|kjfzms! oki m|knm smwc! skafzm|fms) Oíafp okak| |k`k k xð|x|m! ok|kam oki ofiok

xæzmaks lami}cofiks! jc nm|bci |k`fpk) G|zks0 oíxsams mam|bmjms! }c ml|ci ci ofiok wmawms! jc =:.<4 on jc

am|bk) Ams wmawms ski xm|jms m icb|ms! jcismncizc amiksms ci ca fizc|fk|) _cnfaams kso|ms! inc|ksms v

xc}cýms! jc 3 nn jc am|bk! mocfzksms! ciwcazms ci im amim mnm|faacizm v scjksm) $?4&

Nmjc|m jc okak| lamiok! o|cnm k omszmýk nv xíafjk oki i nmzfp mnm|faacizk k

|ksíock! asz|c mazk m ncjfmik! nv lamijm v afwfmim $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8)<2 b+on &! kak| v smlk| mscizcs k

ik jfszfizfwks! b|mik |cozk! zctz|m b|csm)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk mscizcs k nv xkl|cncizc jcgfifjks! xk|ksfjmj jfgsm! xk|ks oam|mncizc wfsflacs m

sfnxac wfszm! nv csomsks $nciks jc =< xk|ks xk| =8 nn &! skafzm|fks v ci nðazfxaks |mjfmacs jc < k ? xk|ks! sfi

okizcifjk mxm|cizc! aîicms wmsoam|cs okisxfoms) Xm|æi}fnm akibfzjfima fijfszfibflac m sfnxac wfszm v mði oki

acizc jc =8t! mxkz|m}cma nv mlijmizc ci am gk|nm jc aîicms f||cbam|cs zmibciofmacs ok|zms }c koxmi am

nmvk| xm|zc jca wkanci jc am nmjc|m) \mjfks jc nís jc = nn jc mazk) Okijozks bknîgc|ks mscizcs)

Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc)

Nmjc|m jc scomjk |íxfjk) Ci ams okijfofkics jc Næ|fjm $Wcicpcam&! zmlakics jc 3 on jc csxcsk|! 3<

on jc miodk v : v 3 n jc akibfzj! maomipm|ki ca <8# jc okizcifjk jc dncjmj ci 27 jîms $3<&) Ci ca scomjk ma

dk|ik sc sbfc|c xm|m xfcpms jc :+: v 7+: ca dk|m|fk Z=8.J:_ v xm|m xfcpms jc 4+: ca Z4.J?_) $?8&

?

<

=4



J|mlfafjmj0 Am nmjc|m jc lmask cs nv ssocxzflac ma mzm}c jc dkibks c fiscozks) Ci okizmozk oki am

dncjmj! sc xj|c |íxfjmncizc) _f ik sc z|mzm |íxfjmncizc! cs mzmomjm xk| am nmiodm mpa) $7&

X

X

M

S

|csc|wmofÿi0



sks0

Nv gíofa jc z|mzm| oki x|csc|wmzfwks) Ci ca z|mzmnfcizk m x|csfÿi m oæaam aacim zwk xcicz|mofÿi

zkzma f||cbam| v |czciofÿi jc ??8 eb+n ) Ci ca z|mzmnfcizk xk| finc|sfÿi ci lmýk omafcizc.g|îk! xcicz|mofÿi

wmsoam| v |czciofÿi jc :88 eb+n ) $3<&

Am nmjc|m cs zmi gíofa jc z|mlm`m| }c |c}fc|c ams oodfaams lfci mgfamjms

xm|m }c ik sc x|kjpomi jcsbm||mj|ms ci ca ok|zc) Nmjc|m gíofa jc z|mlm`m| oki dc||mnfcizms ik|nmacs jc

om|xfizc|îm v mjcnís! mgcozm nv xkok ca gfak jc ams oodfaams) Ca ciokamjk cs lcik v ca ocxfaamjk smzfsgmozk|fk) Ik

cs lcim xm|m nkajcmjk! zmamj|mjk! zk|icmjk v csokxacmjk) Ca af`mjk cs |cbam|) Cs gíofa jc ciokam| v ca momlmjk cs

smzfsgmozk|fk) $?:&

Gíofa jc ok|zm|) Am odmxm x|cscizm i okak| ocifpm ifgk|nc!

asz|ksm) _xc|gfofc f||cbam| jclfjk m gfl|ms scazms) Lcim oknk manm ci zmlac|ks afwfmiks) X|cscizm lcims

omafjmjcs xm|m zmlac|ks jc xm|zîoams! xc|k cs jcnmsfmjk afwfmim xm|m mx|kwcodmnfcizk fijsz|fma) Ik cs mxzm

xm|m zmlac|ks jc nmjc|m.ocncizk) $3<&)

Am nmjc|m jc lmask cs zfafpmjm xm|m nodks x|kxÿsfzks csxcoîgfoks |camofkimjks oki s xcsk! |csfafciofm!

gakzmlfafjmj v ss x|kxfcjmjcs oknk mfsamizc jca omak| v ca skifjk) Mabiks jc aks nís fnxk|zmizcs ski0 gakzmjk|cs

v smawmwfjms v xm|m gakzmjk|cs jc |cjcs jc xcsom) Zmnlfæi sc cnxacm ci am okisz|oofÿi jc nm}czms jc

mc|knkjcafsnk v m|}fzcozÿifoms! xm|m zmlac|ks okiz|modmxmjks v xm|m mfsamnfcizks jc |cg|fbc|mofÿi v skifjk!

jfsxksfzfwks jc |csk|zc k caíszfoks! oknk zmxÿi xm|m |cofxfcizcs nv b|mijcs! mscizmjk|cs jc imwm`ms! nkajcs!

nmif}îcs! gfb|ms csoaxfjms! x|kzcoofÿi ci ca z|misxk|zc jc nclacs) Cs im jc ams nmjc|ms nís cnxacmjms

xm|m om`kics jc z|misxk|zm| mafncizks xk| s afbc|cpm! lm`k okszk v ik zcic| kak| k smlk| }c z|misnfzf| m aks

mafncizks) Zmnlfæi xk| cszk sc ac xcjc ciokiz|m| ci zkjk ca nijk ci aks nc|omjks jc g|zms! wc|j|ms! om|ic!

xcsomjk! x|kjozks! aíozcks) $?4&

?

?

=6



<8

=< 8!<= <=7 ?<= :? =?< =: 3? <3 8!:4

8!3< 8!<2 8!<? 8!<= =!6 :!3 7!: <!: ?!: 4!8 ==!: <!:

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCLMA_8

$Gcizc0 mzk|cs&





<=

OM\MOKAÎ Mimom|jfn ctocasn $Lc|z) cz Lmal)& _eccas)

Gmnfafm0 Mimom|jfmocmc

K

J



Csxmwc! mom`k $oknc|ofma&5 om|mokaî! nf`mk! nf`m $Wcicpcam&5 omsd om`v! om`

jm nmzzm $L|msfa&5 nm|mýÿi $Comjk|&5 csxmwæ $Xmimní&)

_| jc Okszm \fom! Xmimní! Okaknlfm! Wcicpcam! Comjk| v Xc|ð) Ci Okaknlfmsc ciociz|m mnxafmncizc jfsz|flfjm ci ca Wmaac jca Omom! Omom! _mizmijc|cs! Okszm Mzaíizfom! Odkoÿ!

Oijfimnm|om! Zkafnm! Dfam v ci ca lks}c scok jca wmaac jca Nmbjmacim) Csxcofc jc am gk|nmofÿi lks}c scok

z|kxfoma $ls.Z& v jca lks}c dðncjk z|kxfoma $ld.Z&) Cs im jc ams csxcofcs }c om|mozc|fpmi aks lks}cs jc

bmac|îm) $?2&




Ca í|lka0


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

|csc|wmofÿi0


xzfzj xm|m odmxms! okiz|modmxmjks v zmlac|ks mbaknc|mjks

Aks í|lkacs ik|nmancizc maomipmi jfíncz|ks jc = m =)3 n! v maz|ms zkzmacs jc <3 m :3 n v gszcs

oknc|ofmacs jc =8 m <8 n) X|cscizmi mabim dfiodmpÿi lmsma xc|k ifibði okiz|mgc|zc lfci jcsm||kaamjk) Am

ok|zcpm ctzc|im! jc okak| b|fs! cs |cbam|ncizc smwc ci ams xm|zcs sxc|fk|cs jca í|lka v sc wcawc csomnksm k

oki xamoms ísxc|ms oc|om jc am lmsc) Am ok|zcpm fizc|fk| cs b|csm! |ksmjm v mabk |csfiksm! oki kak| xm|cofjk m am

z|cncizfim) Dk`ms sfnxacs v mazc|ims! b|mijcs v ok|fíocms! mb|xmjms ma gfima jc ams |mnms) Gak|cs xc}cýms!

lamioms! ci xmiîoams zc|nfimacs) G|zks m||fýkimjks! skszcifjks xk| i xcjðioak wc|jc) Ams scnfaams ski

b|mijcs! jc <)8.<)3 on t =)8.=)3 on! xm|cofjms m ams jc mi}c nís xc}cýms v zÿtfoms

omijk cszíi o|jms) $<3& $?4&

Nmjc|m jc okak| omszmýk oam|k oki wczms |k`fpms k x|xð|cms omijk wc|jc!

mnm|faak afnÿi oki wczms nís kso|ms x|xð|cms k omszmýk |k`fpk omijk scom5 aîicms wmsoam|cs okisxfomncizc

wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm5 nmjc|m jc asz|c ncjfmik m mazk! oki i wczcmjk smwc x|kjofjk xk| x|knficizcs aîicms

wmsoam|cs5 nmjc|m lamijm xc|k lmszmizc gf|nc xm|m s xcsk $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!:8 b+on &5 kak| v smlk|

mscizcs k ik jfszfizfwks5 b|mik bcic|mancizc ciz|co|pmjk! x|kjofcijk lmijms mazc|imzfwmncizc asz|ksms v

kxmomsci am scoofÿi |mjfma5 zctz|m ncjfmim m b|csm)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk m wcocs fijfomjks xk| lmijms jc nmjc|m zm|jîm jc okak| nís kso|k) Xk|ksfjmj jfgsm!

xk|ks oam|mncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! csomsks m nkjc|mjmncizc csomsks $=< m ?8 v ?8 m 73 xk|ks xk| =8nn &! skafzm|fks v ci nðazfxaks |mjfmacs jc < k ? xk|ks v komsfkimancizc ci mb|xmofkics f||cbam|cs! am nmvk|îm

koafjks xk| zîafjcs) Xm|æi}fnm wfsflac oki acizc jc =8t ci ca ok|zc z|miswc|sma dncjcofjk! xm|mz|m}cma

wmsfoæiz|fok v mafgk|nc jc mams ok|zms) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc) Okijozksbknîgc|ks mscizcs)

Nmjc|m afbc|mncizc jfgîofa jc scom| ma mf|c) Ci ams okijfofkics jc oafnízfoms jc Ncjcaaîi! am wcakofjmj jc

scomjk gc nkjc|mjm0 sc akb|ÿ lm`m| ca okizcifjk jc dncjmj jc 24# m <8# ci =: jîms! x|cscizíijksc

ciok|wmj|ms v zk|ocj|ms) Ci ca scomjk ma dk|ik! zfafpmijk i x|kb|mnm gc|zc $G&! sc lm`ÿ am dncjmj jc :<#

m =<# ci 2= dk|ms! x|cscizíijksc m|}cmj|ms v ciok|wmj|ms $<2&) Ci ca scomjk ma dk|ik sc sbfc|c xm|m

xfcpms jc :+: v 7+: ca dk|m|fk Z7.J< v xm|m xfcpms jc 4+: ca Z?.J=) $?8&

Ci bcic|ma! am nmjc|m jc Om|mokaî cs ssocxzflac ma mzm}c jc dkibks c fiscozks) $?8&

Cismvks |cmafpmjks ci Ncjcaaîi! z|mzmijk xfcpms jc nmjc|m }c x|cscizmlmi ðifomncizc

j|mnci! jfc|ki aks sfbfcizcs |csazmjks0 m& Lmýk omafcizc. g|îk smijk kackskalacs0 mlsk|ofÿi lcim $==6

eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi xm|ofma f||cbam|) l& Wmoîk x|csfÿi oki kackskalacs0 mlsk|ofÿi mazm $<68 eb+n & oki

xcicz|mofÿi xm|ofma xc|fgæ|fom) o& Wmoîk x|csfÿi oki smacs dfj|kskalacs0 mlsk|ofÿi mazm $<?< eb+n & oki

xcicz|mofÿi xm|ofma f||cbam|) $<2&

Nmjc|m gfl|ksm xc|k gíofa jc msc||m| oki zæoifoms mjcomjms) Ca ocxfaamjk

v af`mjk ski xkl|cs5 lcim xm|m nkaj|m| v csokxacm|5 |cbam| xm|m zk|icm| v zmamj|m|) Ca b|mik ciz|co|pmjk v ams

sxc|gfofcs amiksms k scazms ski aks jcgcozks nís oknics ci cszm nmjc|m) $:4&

0 Ca ok|zc sc x|kjoc smwcncizc) Am odmxmcs afsm v oknxmozm! jc okak| |ksmjk ifgk|nc oki nmiodms mnm|faams! ma xm|coc| jc imz|macpm }înfom) Am odmxm

Mimom|jfn koofjcizmac

Am nmjc|m0O

_

J

X

X

M

?

<

? ?

?

<<



<?

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCOM\MOKAF



Wc|jc

=<

8!?:

8!?:

<?8

?46

?24

3<:

34

2<

=22

<24<8

:4

<=?

<64

=:7

=42::

78

=!36

=!<7

$<6&

$<6&

8!36 8!:8 8!?2 8!?: 8!4 =!: <!= =!4 <!2 :!: 2!8 =!2 $<6&

sc jcgk|nm i xkok oki ca scomjk) Lcim xm|m manm jc okiz|modmxmjk) Lcims omafjmjcs xm|m zmlac|ks jcxm|zîoams) Ik cs mxzm xm|m zmlac|ks jc nmjc|m.ocncizk) $3<&

Okisz|oofÿi bcic|ma! zmizk xm|m fizc|fk|cs oknk xm|m ctzc|fk|cs5 nclacs cokiÿnfoks! ciokg|mjks!odmxms v okiz|modmxmjks! om`ms xm|m cnlmam`c)

sks0S



<:

OM\MÝK_rm|zX|kzfn icbacozn

Gmnfafm0 L|sc|mocmc

_

K

fiÿifnks0


fsz|flofÿi v pkim jc wfjm0J

X|kzfn zcifgkafn X|kzfn icbacozn wm|) xmimncisc X|kzfn

scssfafgak|n |kzfn icbacozn wm|) scssfafgak|n

$Ciba)& Ciba)5 _rm|z5$\ksc& _zmija)5 X $\ksc& _rm|z) $?7&

Om|fmýk! mifnc! okxma) $Okaknlfm&5 om|mýk icb|k! om|mýk! sfxcjc! gkizma!líasmnk! zmomnmdmok) $Wcicpcam&5 okxma! mifnc! mifnc lamiok! $Comjk|&5 okxma! l|c lamiok! l|c l|miok!l|c x|czk! so|fðlm $L|msfa&5 zfibfnkif! zfibfnfik! zfibfnkifc) $_|fimn&)

Ik|zc jc _|mnæ|fom0 Okaknlfm! Wcicpcam v Bmvmims dmszm Comjk|! Xc|ð v

ik|zc jca L|msfa) Ci Okaknlfm sc ciociz|m ci ca Ncjfk Nmbjmacim $_c||miîm jc _mi Aoms! Om|m|c.Kxÿi&! Aamiks

K|fcizmacs v Okszm Xmoîgfok) Csxcofc jc aks lks}cs dðncjk z|kxfoma $ld.Z& v nv dðncjk z|kxfoma $lnd.Z&)




<3

C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

J

X

X

M

a í|lka0


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

|csc|wmofÿi0



M|lkacs dmszm jc ?8 n jc maz|m! oki gszc oknc|ofma |cozk v omsf sfcnx|c ofaîij|fok! oki akibfzj

oknc|ofma jc nís jc <8 n v nís jc =88 on jc JMX) Ok|zcpm ctzc|im jc okak| b|fs! omsf afsm m csomnksm) Am ok|zcpm

fizc|im cs jc okak| |ksmjk m |ksmjk kso|k5 ctjmjk |csfiksk moksk oki kak| v smlk| m z|cncizfim) Dk`ms

mazc|ims! fnxm|fxfiimjms! amnxfýms) Gak|cs ci |mofnks! xmiîoams! mnm|faacizms) G|zks j|xms kwkfjcms oki < m ?

scnfaams)

Mal|m |ksíocm! z|misfofÿi ml|xzm ma j|mnci jc okak| omszmýk |k`fpk k omszmýk

|ksíock! aîicms wmsoam|cs gfims! wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm v jc okak| afbc|mncizc nís kso|k }c ca zc`fjk gfl|ksk5nmjc|m asz|ksm m nv asz|ksm5 ncjfmimncizc j|m v xcsmjm $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8)22 b+on &5 kak| v smlk|

mscizcs k ik jfszfizfwks5 b|mik |cozk m f||cbam|5 zctz|m nkjc|mjmncizc gfim) $??&

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk mscizcs k nv fijfszfizks m sfnxac wfszm) Xk|ksfjmj jfgsm! xk|ks fijfszfizks m sfnxac

wfszm! xc|k oam|mncizc wfsflacs oki acizc jc =8t! xc}cýks m ncjfmiks! jc jfsz|flofÿi lmszmizc ifgk|nc v

inc|ksks m nkjc|mjmncizc inc|ksks $73 m =<3 v =<3 m <38 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &! skafzm|fks v ci nðazfxaks

|mjfmacs bcic|mancizc ok|zks xc|k komsfkimancizc dmszm jc 3 ÿ nís xk|ks! oki ofc|zm zcijciofm m am jfsxksfofÿi

jfmbkima! mabiks fiwmjfjks xk| zîafjcs) Xm|æi}fnm fijfszfibflac m sfnxac wfszm! nv fijfszfizk lm`k ca acizc jc

=8t mði ci ca ok|zc z|miswc|sma dncjcofjk! csomsmncizc xm|mz|m}cma wmsfoæiz|fok nv mibkszk) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi

mscizc! Okijozksbknîgc|ks mscizcs) $??&

Nmjc|m jc scomjk ma mf|c |camzfwmncizc acizk) Ci xamiodkics jc 3 on jc csxcsk|! ?? on jc miodk v : m

3 n jc akibfzj! maomipÿ <8# jc okizcifjk jc dncjmj ci =<3 jîms) _c |coknfcijm x|cscomjk ma mf|c v

mokijfofkimnfcizk ci cszgm) Ci ca scomjk ma dk|ik jclc mxafom|sc i dk|m|fk smwc xm|m cwfzm| }c sc x|cscizci

jcgcozks) $3<&

Cismvks |cmafpmjks oki cszmoms! fijfomi }c am nmjc|m! ci okizmozk oki ca scak acbk jc 4 mýks

jc ctxksfofÿi! cs mazmncizc |csfszcizc ma mzm}c jc dkibksc fiscozks) $=8&

Cs nkjc|mjmncizc jfgîofa jc z|mzm| oki x|csc|wmzfwks) Ci ca z|mzmnfcizk m x|csfÿi m oæaam aacim

am mal|m zwk xcicz|mofÿi zkzma ifgk|nc v |czciofÿi jc =38 eb+n 5 ca j|mnci xcicz|mofÿi iam v |czciofÿi jc

=3 eb+n ) Ci ca z|mzmnfcizk xk| finc|sfÿi ci lmýk omafcizc g|îk! am mal|m zwk xcicz|mofÿi zkzma ifgk|nc v

|czciofÿi jc =88 eb+n 5 ca j|mnci xcicz|mofÿi iam v |czciofÿi jc <3 eb+n )$3<&

Nmjc|m nkjc|mjmncizc jfgîofa xm|m z|mlm`m| oki dc||mnfcizms

ik|nmacs! oki ctocxofÿi jca ocxfaamjk5 zfafpmijk dc||mnfcizms csxcofmacs jc nczma j|k ik sc x|cscizmi

x|klacnms v sc klzfcic i lci momlmjk sf ca b|mik cs |cozk5 |csfszcizc m am xcicz|mofÿi jc oamwks v zk|ifaaks v aks

|czfcic lfci5 xm|m klzcic| i momlmjk gfik sc |c}fc|c af`m| lfci v zfafpm| nodk scaam xk|ks) X|cscizÿ ml|msfwfjmj

ikzmlac) Jclc sc| msc||mjm oki ams zæoifoms mjcomjms) _c jclci afnfzm| ams kxc|mofkics jc aml|mjk! skl|c zkjk

oki nmjc|m scom jc c`cnxam|cs nv ml|msfwks5 sc jclci cnxacm| dc||mnfcizms oki gfaks |cgk|pmjks v zfafpm|

zæoifoms jc ok|zc mjcomjms) $3<&

Cismvks |cmafpmjks ci Næ|fjm! Wcicpcam! fijfomi }c ca ok|zc

|kzmzk|fk sc |cmafpm sfi jfgfoazmj! klzcifæijksc im odmxm oknxmozm v afsm jc okak| |ksmjk ifgk|nc5 j|mizc ca

?

<

?

?

? ?



<7

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCOM\MÝK



=38 ==8 <4 =< =83 23)888 =88)888

=< 8!7: 4=2 =:78 =77 2=8 47 776 :74 =<7 <!<8 $<?&

8!6: 8!22 8!2? 8!7: =!4 :!< 7!8 <!? :!= 4!: =<!3 <!8 $<?&

scomjk jc am odmxm sÿak sc x|cscizmi kijamofkics afbc|ms) Lcim xm|m okiz|modmxmjk jc sk bcic|ma) Xcjc sc|

ðzfa zmnlfæi xm|m xmicacs jcok|mzfwks) Nv lcims omafjmjcs xm|m zmlac|ks jc xm|zîoams v xm|m zmlac|ks jc

nmjc|m v ocncizk) $3<&

Okisz|oofkics fizc|fk|cs jc ncjfmik dmszm mazk csgc|pk5 om|xfizc|îm ncoíifom5 nclacs v

|cwcszfnfcizks5 xfsks! okiz|modmxmjk jcok|mzfwk v jc sk bcic|ma! ciokg|mjks! zmlac|ks jc xm|zîoams v zmlac|ks

nmjc|m.ocncizk)

Ssks0



<2

OM\\MDlc|kjcij|ki xmzfikf Omz|co)

Gmnfafm0 Lknlmomocmc

K

J



Imbm|c! imbñm|c! okok wkamjk| $Okaknlfm5 om||í $Comjk|&)

_c dm ciokiz|mjk ci Xmimní) Ci Okaknlfm ctfszci xklamofkics okigfimjms ci ca

Odkok! Oÿ|jklm! Wmaac jca Omom v kz|ms xm|zcs jca xmîs) Msî nfsnk sc dm |cxk|zmjk ci ca Comjk|) Csxcofc x|kxfm

jca lks}c dðncjk z|kxfoma $ld.Z& jca Mijæi Xmoîgfok jcsjc Xmimní dmszm Comjk|) $6&




<4

C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

J

X

a í|lka0


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

|csc|wmofÿi0

Cszc í|lka maomipm maz|ms jc :8 n v jfíncz|ks jc 48 m =88 on) Gszc oki |mîocs zmlam|cs cik|ncs

dmszm nís jc ? n jc mazk v miodk) Am ok|zcpm cs b|fs! mb|fczmjm v afbc|mncizc csomnksm) Am ok|zcpm fizc|fk| cs

jc okak| omgæ |k f̀pk) Ams |mnfzms ski amnxfýms! jc okak| b|fs! oki ciz|cijks jcsfbmacs v zc|nfimi ci im vcnm

csomnksm jc ? nn) Ams dk`ms ski mazc|ims xc|k xm|coci ci b|xks jc ?! oki xcoîkaks am|bks jcabmjks) Ams

aínfims ski jklamjms ci am lmsc |cjkijcmjm! oki xizm am|bm mibkszm ci ca íxfoc! oki lk|jc afsk! xkok ok|fíocms!

omsf amnxfýms! am dmp wc|jc nmzc! ca ciwæs nís xíafjk) Aks |mofnks gak|macs $ofnms k xmiîoams& ski zc|nfimacs v

amzc|macs v scnc`mi m omlcpms jc ? on jc miodk! oknxcszks jc nodms gak|cs oki xcjðioaks ok|zks) G|zk

oíxsam b|mijc! xcajm! zfcic xm|cjcs b|csms! 3 ocajms oki xm|cjcs oknk xmxca! v sc ml|c ci 3 xm|zcs) Okizfcic

nodms scnfaams jc dmszm =< on) jc am|bk fioavcijk ca mamb|mijc jc ? on) jc miodk) $?=&

Mal|m jc okak| mnm|faak xíafjk! z|misfofÿi b|mjma ma j|mnci jc okak| omszmýk

oam|k! oki i wczcmjk mocizmjk jcgfifjk xk| m|oks sxc|xcszks v xk| x|csciofm jc aîicms wmsoam|cs kso|ms!

asz|c lm`k m ncjfmik! ncjfmimncizc xcsmjm $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!7? b+on &! kak| v smlk| ik jfszfizfwks!

b|mik |cozk k f||cbam|! zctz|m b|csm)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! jcgfifjks xk| pkims zmibciofmacs nís kso|ms) Xk|ksfjmj jfgsm)

Xk|ks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! csomsks $=< m ?8 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &! skafzm|fks! ci nðazfxaks |mjfmacs jc < m : xk|ks

v komsfkimancizc ci mb|xmofkics f||cbam|cs! oki okizcifjks jc bknms kso|ms v zîafjcs) Xm|æi}fnm mtfma

wfsflac oki acizc jc =8t! mxkz|m}cma csomam|fgk|nc v jfgsk ci mb|cbmjks) \mjfks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! jc nms

jc = nn jc mazk) Okijozks bknîgc|ks mscizcs) Aîicms jc csz|mzfgfomofÿi fijfszfizms m sfnxac wfszm)

Am wcakofjmj jc scomjk ma mf|c cs nv |íxfjm v sc x|cscizmi zk|ocj|ms0 ca scomjk jc zmlams jc <!3 on

t =3 on t =88 on! oki i okizcifjk jc dncjmj fifofma jca :?!<# v ci ams okijfofkics oafnízfoms jc Lkbkzí!

|c}f|fÿ ?8 jîms xm|m lm`m| am dncjmj ma <8#) Ci ca scomjk ma dk|ik! zfafpmijk i x|kb|mnm gc|zc $G&! sc

icocsfzm|ki :8!? dk|ms xm|m lm`m| am dncjmj jc :7!4# ma =<#! oki xæ|jfjms jc nciks jca =8# ci wkanci!

x|cscizmijk zk|ocj|ms v mlm|}faamjk) $<2&

Csxcofc ssocxzflac ma mzm}c jc dkibks c fiscozks) _c |coknfcijm jm| z|mzmnfcizk x|kgfaíozfok m

ams z|kpms ci ca lks}c! xm|m cwfzm| am nmiodm mpa ci am mal|m)

Ci ca x|kocsk jc lmýk omafcizc v g|îk! zfafpmijk i x|csc|wmzfwk kackskalac! zmizk am mal|m

oknk ca j|mnci x|cscizm|ki mlsk|ofÿi mazm $<34 eb+n v <3< eb+n |csxcozfwmncizc& v xcicz|mofÿi zkzma) Ci ca

x|kocsk jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi! zfafpmijk x|csc|wmzfwks kackskalacs! am mal|m v ca j|mnci x|cscizm|ki mlsk|ofÿi

mazm $<4? eb+n v ?=2 e

?

<

? ?

? b+n |csxcozfwmncizc& oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma) Ma mxafom| smacs dfj|kskalacs xk| ca næzkjk

jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi! am mal|m v ca j|mnci x|cscizm|ki mlsk|ofÿi mazm $?26 eb+n v ?2: eb+n |csxcozfwmncizc&

oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma) $<2&

?

? ?



<6

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCOM\\M



=88 48 =3 4 23 33)888 68)888

Wc|jc

=<

8!38

8!38:?6

63?

22?

=<84

==2

=32

?38

742

38

32?47

34??=<

?68

37

74

=!73

<!==

$<6&

$<6&

8!66 8!7? 8!36 8!38 ?!= 3!3 4!3 =!4 3!2 4!2 =?!6 =!3 $<6&

X

M

S



sks0

Gíofa jc z|mlm`m| oki dc||mnfcizms ik|nmacs5 ci bcic|ma! ams jfgc|cizcs

kxc|mofkics jc aml|mjk jmi lciks momlmjks)

Ams odmxms xcjci sc| ok|zmjms sfi jfgfoazmj)

Odmxm xm|m z|fxact! om`kic|îm! om|xfizc|îm! clmifszc|îm! okisz|oofkics ik|nmacs ci fizc|fk|cs!

fnxacncizks mb|îokams! `bczc|îm v zk|ic|îm)



?8

OCJ\K NMODKBm|cm z|fodfafkfjcs A)

Gmnfafm0 Ncafmocmc

_fiÿifnks lkzíifoks0

knl|cs oknicsI 0

$@mo})& X) Rfaski5 $A)& _acnc|) O) JO)5

M) @ss)5 M) @ss)5 O) JO)5 Nf}) ct O) JO)5

O) JO)5 $@mo})& A) $?7&

Lfaflfaf! ncszfpk! z|knxczk! pmnlk ocj|k! z|knxfzk! z|knxfaak! ocj|faak! om|zmbñcýk!bmimlmofkzk) $Okaknlfm&5 z|knxfaak $Lkafwfm&5 xfmajc nmodk! ocj|faak! sdfim! nfodmf|! vmizsm! mnm|bk! g|zk

ak|k! ok}fzk jc nkizmým! xfmszc) $Comjk|&5 amzmxf! amzmxfomsxf! |c}fm) $Xc|ð&5 z|knxfaak! z|knxfzk! ocj|k jaoc!

ocj|ÿi! omlfnlk! $Wcicpcam&)

Bm|cm bm|m B) bfjkifm B) lfaflfa B) nazfgak|m

B) nazf`bm B) |lcsocis B) s|fimncisfs B) z|fodfafkfjcs wm|)

okaknlfmim Z|fodfafm bm|m




J

C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

J

X

X

fsz|flofÿi v pkims jc wfjm0

a í|lka0


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

|csc|wmofÿi0


Mnxafmncizc jfsz|flfjk xk| am Mnæ|fom Z|kxfoma0 Mizfaams! Okszm \fom! Xmimní!

Okaknlfm! Comjk|! Xc|ð! Lkafwfm! Wcicpcam! Bmvmims! L|msfa dmszm am M|bcizfim) Ci Okaknlfm sc ciociz|m ci

aks wmaacs jc aks |îks Omom v Nmbjmacim! ci aks jcxm|zmncizks jca Zkafnm! Dfam! Om}czí! Oijfimnm|om! Nczm v

M|mom) Csxcofc jc aks lks}cs dðncjk nkizmik lm`k $ldNL&! dðncjk x|cnkizmik $ld.X&! dðncjk z|kxfoma

$ld.Z& v nv dðncjk z|kxfoma $lnd.Z&) $?2&

Í|lka b|mijc! jc okxm lfci ctzcijfjm! }c maomipm dmszm ?8 n jc mazk oki z|kiok |cozk jc :8 on jc

jfíncz|k! ca z|kiok sc zk|im momimamjk ci aks í|lkacs b|mijcs) Am ok|zcpm ctzc|fk| cs ísxc|m oki nodms b|fczms

akibfzjfimacs! jc okak| omgæ oki zfizc |k`fpk) Am ok|zcpm fizc|fk| cs jc okak| |ksmjk v afbc|mncizc mnm|bm) Dk`ms

mazc|ims! xm|fxfimjms! dk`cams am|bms! caîxzfok.klakibms) Gak|cs lamioms! xc}cýms v kak|ksms) G|zk oíxsamxf|fgk|nc jcdfsocizc! scnc`mizc m i xc}cýk z|knxk5 scnfaams ciwcazms ci i m|fak |k`k) $?2&

Mal|m jc okak| |ksmjk xíafjk! z|misfofÿi b|mjma ma j|mnci jc okak| |k`fpk k

omszmýk |k`fpk5 aîicms wmsoam|cs wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! asz|c ncjfmik m mazk! nkjc|mjmncizc j|m v xcsmjm

$jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8)76 b+on &! kak| v smlk| mscizcs k ik jfszfizfwks! b|mik |cozk m afbc|mncizc kijamjk!

zctz|m ncjfmim m nkjc|mjmncizc gfim)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk mscizcs k nv xkl|cncizc jcgfifjks xk| pkims nís jcisms v kso|ms) Xk|ksfjmj jfgsm!xk|ks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! ifgk|ncncizc jfsz|flfjks v nkjc|mjmncizc csomsks $?8 m 73 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &

oki zcijciofm m am jfsxksfofÿi ci dfac|ms kijamjms zmibciofmacs! skafzm|fks v ci nðazfxaks |mjfmacs jc < m ? xk|ks!

komsfkimancizc nís am|bks v ci mb|xmofkics f||cbam|cs! nodks koafjks xk| bknm jc okak| |k`k kso|k)

Xm|æi}fnm wfsflac m sfnxac wfszm ci ca ok|zc z|miswc|sma dncjcofjk! mlijmizc! x|cjknfimizcncizc

xm|mz|m}cma ci lmijms! zmnlfæi mafgk|nc v mafgk|nc okigacizc) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc) Okijozks bknîgc|ks

mscizcs)

Ca scomjk ma mf|c cs |camzfwmncizc acizk) Ci Næ|fjm! Wcicpcam! lak}cs jc 3 on jc csxcsk|! :: on jc

miodk v : n jc am|bk! maomipm|ki i <8# jc dncjmj acbk jc =?3 jîms jc scomjk! x|cscizmijk afbc|ms

zk|ocj|ms) _c |coknfcijm x|cscomjk ma mf|c v mokijfofkimnfcizk ci cszgm) Acbk jc scomjm! am nmjc|m sccszmlfafpm jfncisfkimancizc) $3<&

Ci oazfwks x|ks cs |csfszcizc m am xj|fofÿi) Ci okizmozk oki ca scak cs ssocxzflac ma mzm}c jc

dkibks c fiscozks) $3<&

Nkjc|mjmncizc jfgîofa jc z|mzm| oki x|csc|wmzfwks) Ci ca z|mzmnfcizk m x|csfÿi m oæaam aacim am

mal|m zwk xcicz|mofÿi zkzma f||cbam| v |czciofÿi jc <=8 eb+n 5 ca j|mnci! xcicz|mofÿi xm|ofma xc|fgæ|fom v

|czciofÿi jc =8 eb+n ) Ci ca z|mzmnfcizk xk| finc|sfÿi ci lmýk omafcizc v g|îk! am mal|m zwk xcicz|mofÿi zkzma

f||cbam| v |czciofÿi mazm $=23 eb+n &5 ca j|mnci! xcicz|mofÿi xm|ofma xc|fgæ|fom v mlsk|ofÿi nv xkl|c $=3

eb+n &) $3<&

\camzfwmncizc gíofa jc amlk|m| oki dc||mnfcizms ik|nmacs jc

om|xfizc|îm! ctocxzk ci ca zmamj|mjk ci ca oma zfcijc m x|cscizm| jcsbm||mj|ms) Ca momlmjk ci bcic|ma cs lcik)

Gíofa jc oamwm| v mzk|ifaam| v |czfcic lfci aks cacncizks jc ifÿi) $3<&

?

<

?

?

?

?

?=





??

OCJ\K ICB\K @bamis ickz|kxfom Jfcas

Gmnfafm0 @bamijmocmc

K

J

C



a í|lka0

Ocj|k ikbma! ikbma! ikbma lkbkzmik! ocj|k okaknlfmik $Okaknlfm&5 ikbma! zkozc

$Comjk|&5 ikbma! ikbma lamiok! zkozc $Xc|ð&5 z|kxfoma rmaiz! ci fibaæs) Iknl|c oknc|ofma ikbma)

M|lka imzfwk jc aks Mijcs jc Okaknlfm! Comjk| v Xc|ð) O|coc ci ams z|cs

ok|jfaac|ms okaknlfmims ciz|c =)<88 v <)788 nsin) Cs om|mozc|îszfok jc am gk|nmofÿi lks}c scok nkizmik lm`k$ls.NL&) $=&

Í|lka jc <8 m ?8 n jc maz|m! cs sma }c am nfzmj jca gszc scm afnxfk v jc xk|zc |cozk) Okxm f||cbam|!

oki zcijciofm m sc| x|kxk|ofkimjmncizc |cjofjm) Jc |mnms b|csms) Ok|zcpm kso|m! ísxc|m v x|kgijmncizc




?:

gfs|mjm) Dk`ms oknxcszms! mb|xmjms ma gfima jc ams |mnms! mazc|ims v jc lk|jc msc||mjk) Gak|cs ifsctmacs!

ams figak|csociofms nmsoafims ski am|bms! jcabmjms v xæijams ci mncizks! v ams gcncifims ok|zms! c|cozms!

lfomjms ci ca ctz|cnk jc ams |mnms) G|zk ci gk|nm jc j|xm |cjkijm! om|iksm okak| wc|jc kafwm k xm|jk omijk

`kwci v wc|jc mnm|faacizm ma nmj|m|! oki im scnfaam zfxk mancij|m) $<:&

J|mnci jc okak| xm|jk.icb|pok k nm||ÿi odkokamzc oki |mvms akibfzjfimacs jc

okak| nís kso|k v bcic|mancizc nís kso|k }c ca ikbma icb|k jc Ik|zc Mnæ|fom! aîicms wmsoam|csokisxfomncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! ncjfmimncizc j|m v xcsmjm $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!34 b+on &! kak| v

smlk| mscizcs k ik jfszfizfwks! asz|c mazk! b|mik |cozk m f||cbam|! zctz|m ncjfmim m b|csm)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! m wcocs fijfomjks xk| im xk|ksfjmj scnfof|oam|) Xk|ks oam|mncizc

wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! csomsks m nkjc|mjmncizc csomsks $=< m ?8 v ?8 m 73 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &! skafzm|fks v ci

nðazfxaks |mjfmacs jc jks k z|cs xk|ks! jfsxcszks ci dfac|ms |mjfmacs v klafoms! am nmvk|îm koafjks xk| jcxÿsfzks

jc bknm jc okak| kso|k v xk| zîafjcs) Xm|æi}fnm fijfszfibflac m sfnxac wfszm! oam|mncizc wfsflac oki acizc jc

=8t ci ca ok|zc z|miswc|sma dncjcofjk! mxkz|m}cma ci inc|ksms aîicms gfims jca zfxk csomam|fgk|nc)

Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc) Okijozksbknîgc|ks mscizcs)

Am nmjc|m scom nv acizmncizc! xc|sfszfcijk pkims dðncjms! v xcjci ko||f| scwc|ks mxmimamjks v

okamxsks ci xfcpms jc csxcsk|cs nmvk|cs m :+:) _c sbfc|c! jc sc| xksflac! ca scomjk ma mf|c mizcs jc scom| ma

dk|ik) Ci ca scomjk ma dk|ik sc sbfc|c xm|m xfcpms jc :+: ca dk|m|fk Z7.J: v xm|m xfcpms jc 4+: ca Z?.J? jc aks

Cszmjks Sifjks) $7&

X|klmlacncizc cs |csfszcizc ma mzm}c jc dkibksc fiscozks)

_c |cxk|zm nv lm`m xc|ncmlfafjmj) $7&

Am nmjc|m sc z|mlm`m lfci! sc ok|zm gíofancizc oki dc||mnfcizms

nmimacs v ncoíifoms v jm i ctocacizc momlmjk) $7&

Gíofa jc jcsci|kaam| v |clmim| xc|k ams odmxms scomi

acizmncizc) $7&

Am nmjc|m okak| xm|jk.icb|pom v m wcocs wczcmjm! oknxmozm! jc scomjk acizk v oki zcijciofm m

zk|oc|sc! cs nv mx|cofmjm ci clmifszc|îm! oknk om|m ci zmlac|ks okiz|modmxmjks! ci |col|fnfcizk jc zmlac|ks

mbaknc|mjks v ci am gml|fomofÿi jc fisz|ncizks nsfomacs $bfzm||ms&) Odmxms jcok|mzfwms! momlmjks xm|m

fizc|fk|cs! oamzms xm|m |fgacs! m|zîoaks zk|icmjks v kz|ms mxafomofkics sfnfam|cs m ams jc am nmjc|m jca ikbma

icb|k jc Ik|zc Mnæ|fom) $7& $?8&

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

J

X

X

M

S


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

|csc|wmofÿi0



sks0

?

<



?3

=88 48 =3 4 23 33)888 68)888

Wc|jc

=<

8!:7

8!:7?=:

37778<

4=:

46

=8<

<:4

38=

:4

7<

?8:

?68

<=:

?82

23

6?8!6<

8!47

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCOCJ\K ICB\K

$Gcizc0 mzk|cs&

8!76 8!34 8!38 8!:7 <!? <!6 3!3 =!? ?!2 3!= 6!8 =!:


Csgc|pks jc z|mlm`k0 ok||csxkijci ma B|xk O nmjc|m csz|oz|ma $<7&



Ikncioamz|m0 Z|cs csxcofcs jc ski jc x|fiofxma fnxk|zmiofm oknc|ofma0 A)!

N) @) \kcn)! v M) @ss) Ams csxcofcs ik sc jfszfibci gíofancizc5 ik dmv ifibim

jfgc|ciofm gijmncizma ci am nmjc|m jc ams z|cs csxcofcs) Kz|ms wm|fms csxcofcs sc x|cscizmi ci Mnæ|fom z|kxfoma)

\cok|j v Dcss xamizcmi ak sfbfcizc0 ‑Ams nmjc|ms jca bæic|k xkj|îmi sc| okisfjc|mjms oknk im skam

Ocj|cam Ocj|cam kjk|mzm O)

nctfomim O) bfmicisfs

Ocj|cam

=

<

?7

OCJ\K \K_MJKOcj|cam kjk|mzm

Ocj|cam nctfomim

Ocj|cam bfmicisfs

A)N) @) \kcn)

M) @ss)Gmnfafm0 Ncafmocmc

O) Cm|ac _nfzd! @|) $M) \cwfsfki kg Ocj|cam $Ncafmocmc&) Gfcajfmim0 Lkzmiv <60 <63?:=! faas) =678& dm oknlfimjk Ocj|cam

nctfomim v O) bfmicisfs oknk sfiÿifnksjc O) Kjk|mzm)

\cok|j! _mnca @|) mijDcss! \klc|z R) =6:?) Zfnlc|s kg zdc IcrRk|aj) IcrDmwci! Okii)

=

<




csxcofc! xcszk }c mi}c caams x|cscizmi i |mibk okisfjc|mlac jc wm|fmlfafjmj ci ss x|kxfcjmjcs! ams

jfgc|ciofms klsc|wmjms xcjci sc| mz|flfjms m am cjmj v am okijfofÿi jc o|cofnfcizk jc aks í|lkacs fijfwfjmacs)„

$?:&

Ocj|k! ocj|k |cma! ocj|k kak|ksk! ocj|k om}czí! ocj|k oclkaak! ocj|k o|csxk

$Okaknlfm&5 ocj|k jc Omszfaam $Comjk|&5 ocj|k mnm|faak v ocj|k mnm|bk ci Wcicpcam5 ocj|k mnm|bk! ocj|k

jaoc! v ocj|k okak|mjk ci Okszm \fom v Xmimní5 ocj|k dcnl|m v ocj|k nmodk ci Olm5 v oäj|c k oäj|c csxmbika

ci Dmfzî) Zfcic nodks kz|ks iknl|cs akomacs m ak am|bk jc s ctzcisk |mibk jc jfsz|flofÿi) Jclfjk m s

g|mbmiofm! aks í|lkacs jc Ocj|cam ski bcic|mancizc okikofjks oknk ocjm| k sxmifsd ocjm| ci aks xmîscs jc dmlam

fibacsm! v oknk ocj|k ci am nmvk| xm|zc jc Amzfikmnæ|fom) Am nmjc|m zmnlfæi cs okikofjm oknk ofbm|lkt ocjm|!

ocj|k jc Dkij|ms! k ocj|k nctfomik ci ca oknc|ofk) Ci Mnæ|fom jca _|! sc okikoc zmnlfæi ik|nmancizc oknk

ocj|k jc Mnæ|fom jca _|) Rcsz Fijfmi Ocjm| cs kz|k iknl|c oknc|ofma) $?:&

Ca ocj|k cs i í|lka jca Ickz|ÿxfok! ciokiz|íijksc ci aks lks}cs jc ams pkims

jc wfjm slz|kxfoma k z|kxfoma dðncjms k cszmofkimancizc scoms! jcsjc am amzfzj <7¸ I) ci am okszm xmoîgfom jc

Nætfok! m z|mwæs jc am Mnæ|fom Ociz|ma v ams Fijfms Koofjcizmacs! dmszm ams zfc||ms lm`ms v ca xfc jc aks oc||ks jc am

nmvk|îm jc am Mnæ|fom jca _| dmszm im cacwmofÿi jc =<88 n! oki s aînfzc s|cýk ma|cjcjk| jc am amzfzj <4¸ _)

ci M|bcizfim) Ca ocj|k sc xcjc ciokiz|m| sfcnx|c jc nmic|m imz|ma ci aks scaks lfci j|cimjks! m ncijk

xc|k ik jc nmic|m ctoasfwm ci xfcj|m omafpm v zkac|m im am|bm zcnxk|mjm scom xc|k ik x|ksxc|m ci ams í|cms oki

im x|cofxfzmofÿi jc nís jc ?888 nn k ci aks sfzfks oki scaks jcisks k micbmjks) Aks í|lkacs fijfwfjmacs sc

ciociz|mi xk| ak bcic|ma csxm|ofjks ci aks lks}cs nftzks scnf.sfcnx|cwc|jcs k scnf.omjofgkafks jknfimjks

xk| kz|ms csxcofcs) $=4&

Ci mabims í|cms xcjc dmlc| jks gk|nms jc im skam csxcofc5 im gk|nm sc akomafpm m ak am|bk jc aks m||kvks k ci

sfzfks dðncjks x|kzcbfjks v x|kxk|ofkim im nmjc|m afbc|mncizc okak|cmjm v jc jcisfjmj |camzfwmncizc lm`m5 am

kz|m gk|nm ko||c ci amjc|ms lfci j|cimjms k ci sfzfks nís scoks v x|kjoc im nmjc|m nís jcism v nís

x|kgijmncizc okak|cmjm) Ca ocj|k sc xamizm m ncijk oknk í|lka k|imncizma v+k jc sknl|m m ak am|bk jc aks

z|ÿxfoks mnc|fomiks) $?:&

Lm`k okijfofkics gmwk|mlacs! ca ocj|k o|coc dmszm im maz|m jc <3 m :8 n v i jfíncz|k jc 8)78 m =)<

n) Aks í|lkacs ik|nmancizc zfcici gszc jc =3 m <: n! m wcocs oki |mîocs zmlam|cs) Am ok|zcpm ctzc|fk| jc okak|

omgæ kso|k k b|fs b|csm! ísxc|m v momimamjm oki s|oks x|kgijks) Am ok|zcpm fizc|fk| cs jc okak| omgæ oam|k k

|ksmjk! m|knm om|mozc|îszfok v smlk| mnm|bk m m`k) Ams dk`ms xfimjms zfcici i c`c acýksk jc okak| omgæ wc|jksk

v |cjkijk! m ak am|bk jca oma imoci ams dk`cams xm|cmjms skl|c xcoîkaks ok|zks) Ams aínfims jc ams dk`cams ski

afbc|mncizc o|wms! jc lk|jc afsk! jcabmjms! am dmp wc|jc v afbc|mncizc asz|ksm v ca ciwæs wc|jc nmzc oam|k oki

xcafzks jfnfizks) Aks |mofnks gak|macs |mnfgfomjks $xmiîoams& aacwmi inc|ksms gak|cs jc xcjðioaks ok|zks)

Ams gak|cs cszíi gk|nmjms xk| oíafp amnxfýk ci gk|nm jc okxm oki 3 jfcizcs v xm|zfjk xk| i amjk5 ok|kam wc|jc!

K

J

C



a í|lka0

?2



?4

mnm|faacizm jc am|bk! xm|cofcijk zlam|! xc|k oki 3 xæzmaks afl|cs! klakibks! mibkszks!

Nmjc|m nv jfgîofa jc z|mzm|) Szfafpmijk kackskalacs oknk x|csc|wmizc! zmizk ci ca x|kocsk jc

lmýk g|îk v omafcizc oknk ci ca jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi! am mal|m x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi xkl|c $28 v 33 eb+n

|csxcozfwmncizc&! nfciz|ms }c ca j|mnci x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi iam $<3 eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi xm|ofma

xc|fgæ|fom ci mnlks omsks) $3<&

jfnfizmncizc xcajks

mgc|m! ifjks ma jfsok oknk i zlk) G|zk oíxsam acýksm |cjkijcmjm ci mnlks ctz|cnks) Zfcic ca c`c ociz|ma

jc 3 íibaks v íxfoc miodk! ci ca oma sc fisc|zmi nodms scnfaams jc < on) oki mam am|bm) $?=&

Mal|m jc okak| omszmýk oam|k lamiopok! z|misfofÿi ml|xzm ma j|mnci jc okak|

|ksmjk oam|k m omszmýk |k`fpk omijk g|csok! zk|iíijksc |k`k k omszmýk |k`fpk kso|k! m wcocs oki i zfizc

x|xð|ck! jcsxæs jc am ctxksfofÿi ma mf|c5 wczcmjk okisxfok ci am om|m zmibciofma x|kjofjk xk| aks mifaaks jc

o|cofnfcizk! asz|c ncjfmik m mazk5 lamijm v afwfmim m nkjc|mjmncizc j|m v xcsmjm $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!:7

b+on m 8!23 b+on &5 am nmvk|îm jc ams nmjc|ms zfcic i kak| om|mozc|îszfok v mabims zmnlfæi zfcici i smlk|

mnm|bk jfszfizfwk5 ca b|mik cs ik|nmancizc |cozk xc|k ci komsfkics cs ciz|co|pmjk5 am zctz|m cs

bcic|mancizc ncjfmim xc|k ams nmjc|ms jc okak| nís kso|ks xcjci zcic| im zctz|m nís b|csm }c am jc ams

nmjc|ms nís oam|ms) $?<&

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk oam|mncizc jcgfifjks xk| im xk|ksfjmj of|oam| k scnfof|oam| aks omacs jmi im gfb|m

om|mozc|îszfom wfsflac ci am om|m zmibciofma) Xk|ks oam|mncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! jc jks zmnmýks0 ncjfmiks v

nkjc|mjmncizc b|mijcs ci am nmjc|m zcnx|mim! nís xc}cýks ci am nmjc|m zm|jîm5 csomsks $=< m ?8 xk|ks xk|=8 nn &5 skafzm|fks v ci nðazfxaks |mjfmacs jc < m ? xk|ks v komsfkimancizc nís am|bks v ci mb|xmofkics

f||cbam|cs! am nmvk|îm koafjks xk| jcxÿsfzks jc bknm jc okak| |k`k kso|k) Xm|æi}fnm wfsflac m sfnxac wfszm jca

zfxk zc|nfima) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc) Okijozksbknîgc|ks mscizcs) $?<&

Bcic|mancizc cs im nmjc|m gíofa jc scom| ma mf|c k ci ca dk|ik) Am nmjc|m scom m im wcakofjmj

|íxfjm oki i mamlck smwc v afbc|ms b|fczms ci am sxc|gfofc! xc|k ci am pkim jkijc sc x|cscizmi ijks zfcic am

zcijciofm m mb|fczm|sc) Ca scomjk ma mf|c jc zmlakics jc 3 on jc csxcsk|! :7 on jc miodk v 3 n jc am|bk! jcnk|ÿ

==8 jîms ci ams okijfofkics jc Næ|fjm! Wcicpcam) $3<& Ci ca scomjk ma dk|ik! mabims xfcpms fijfwfjmacs xcjci

mamlcm|sc k okamxsm| mx|cofmlacncizc! xc|k cszk sc xcjc okiz|kam| oki dk|m|fks jc scomjk nís smwcs) Xm|m

xfcpms jc :+: sc sbfc|c ca dk|m|fk Z=8.J:_ v xm|m xfcpms jc 4+: ca Z4.J?_) _c sbfc|c sknczc| am nmjc|m

j|mizc 4 m =2 dk|ms m im zcnxc|mz|m jc ==8° O v im dncjmj |camzfwm jc 78# xm|m okiz|kam| aks ctjmjks jc

mocfzc v bknm jc am nmjc|m ci sc|wfofk) $?8&

Ci okizmozk oki ca scak cs ssocxzflac ma mzm}c jc dkibks5 ci oazfwks x|ks sc nksz|ÿ nv

ssocxzflac m am xj|fofÿi lamiom v am xj|fofÿi nm||ÿi) Am nmjc|m cs |csfszcizc m ams zc|nfzms slzc||íicms v m

ams zc|nfzms jc am nmjc|m scom xc|k zfcic xkom |csfszciofm m aks zmamj|mjk|cs nm|fiks) $?:& $3<&

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

J


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

? ?

<

X|csc|wmofÿi0?

?



?6

X

M

S



sks0

Am nmjc|m cs gíofa jc z|mlm`m|! zmizk oki dc||mnfcizms nmimacs oknk

oki ní}fims) Dmv im afbc|m zcijciofm m x|cscizm|sc ‑moclkaamj|ms„ j|mizc ca jcsci|kaamjk v ca msc||mjk!

xc|k cszk xcjc cwfzm|sc zfafpmijk oodfaams v sfc||ms lfci mgfamjms) _c jfoc }c am nmjc|m nís kso|m sc z|mlm`m

nís gíofancizc }c am nmjc|m oam|m) Am x|csciofm jc bknm ci mabims xfcpms jm i xkok jc x|klacnm xm|m ca

momlmjk v xafncizk xc|k! ci bcic|ma! am nmjc|m x|cscizm i xafncizk v momlmjk ctocacizcs) X|cscizm lcim

|czciofÿi jc oamwks v zk|ifaaks) $?:&

Ca ocj|k cs nv xkxam| ci am fijsz|fm jc odmxms v jcaokiz|modmxmjk! xk|}c ok|zm ci g|îk! scom ctocxofkimancizc lfci! v zfcic x|kxfcjmjcs jc ciokamjk lcims) $?:&

Cs am nmjc|m nís fnxk|zmizc xm|m sk akoma ci am Mnæ|fom z|kxfoma! smjm ctzcismncizc xm|m

okisz|oofÿi ci bcic|ma! om|xfizc|îm v mx|kxfmjm xm|m nodks kz|ks x|kxÿsfzks) Cs skafofzmjm x|fiofxmancizc xm|m

m}caaks sks jkijc sc |c}fc|c im nmjc|m lamijm! afwfmim! xc|k gc|zc! jc b|mik |cozk! gíofa jc z|mlm`m|!

|camzfwmncizc j|mlac v jc msxcozk mb|mjmlac) Jclfjk m ss nodms lcims omafjmjcs! msî oknk s lcaacpm! ca

ocj|k cs xm|zfoam|ncizc zfafpmjk xm|m am okisz|oofÿi jc nclacs! fisz|ncizks nsfomacs! kl|ms jc zmaam|!

xc|zms! wcizmims v nm|oks! cszmizcs! czo) Oknk cs |csfszcizc ma mzm}c jc aks fiscozks v cs m|knízfom! amnmjc|m cs nv xkxam| xm|m am okisz|oofÿi jc |kxc|ks v bmwczms) _c zfafpm zmnlfæi xm|m ciodmxmjk v

okiz|modmxmjk jcok|mzfwks! lm|oks v nkajcs jc dk|nfbÿi) $?:&


Csgc|pks jc z|mlm`k0 xk| s lm`m jcisfjmj lísfom! ik oamsfgfom oknk nmjc|m csz|oz|ma $<7&

=< 8!?4 :63 226 42 ?6? ?? :=7 <47 6= 8!4? $3?&

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCOCJ\K \K_MJK

8!27 8!:7 8!:< 8!?4 =!7 <!7 :!4 =!7 ?!6 3!3 6!7 =!: $3?&



_

K

fiÿifnks0


_odn) ' Zdkii)5 _x|cib)5 A)5

$JO)& M) Odcw)5 Ncjfe)5 $_odn) ' Zdkii)& M) Odcw)5

5 M) Odcw)5 JO)5 Jki) $?4&

Lkibm! ocflm lkibm $Okaknlfm&5 nmxm`k $Lkafwfm&5 ocflm vom $Wcicpcam&!

snmnm! zklk|kodf $L|msfa&5 í|lka jc mabkjÿi! omlcaak jc íibca $Nætfok&5 fix $Bmzcnmam&5 ocflÿi

$Ifom|mbm&)

Lknlmt bficcisc Lknlmt k|fcizmac Lknlmt xcizmij|n Ocflm

om|flmcm Ocflm omscm|fm Ocflm bficcisfs Ocflm xcizmij|m

wm|)fijfom Ocflm zdkiifibff C|fkjcij|ki mig|mozksn C|fkjcij|ki koofjcizmac

:8

OCFLMOcflm xcizmij|m $A)& Bmc|zi)

Gmnfafm0 Lknlmomocmc)




J

C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_


a í|lka0


comjk0

Mozmancizc! sc xcjc ciokiz|m| cszm csxcofc ci Ociz|kmnæ|fom! _jmnæ|fom!

Íg|fom! Msfm ci jfgc|cizcs zfxks jc lks}c dðncjk! zmizk xc|ciic oknk omjofgkafk! msî oknk ci lks}c scok v

lks}c jc bmac|îm) _c ciociz|m m ncijk ci lks}cs scoijm|fks! nksz|mijk lcim |cbcic|mofÿi imz|ma

oknk csxcofc xfkic|m) Cs i lci fijfomjk| jc lks}cs xc|z|lmjks xk| ca dknl|c) Ctfszci xamizmofkics jc

zmnmýk sfbifgfomzfwk cokiÿnfomncizc ci Okaknlfm! Wcicpcam! Comjk|! Nætfok $Vomzíi&! Nmamsfm c Fijkicsfm!

msî oknk ci ca Íg|fom z|kxfoma Koofjcizma $Okszm jc Nm|gfa! Omnc|ði v Bmlÿi& v ci ca Om|flc) $?4&

Í|lka b|mijc! omjok! }c maomipm ik|nmancizc <3.38 n v dmszm 28 n jc maz|m v JMX jc <): n) Ca

z|kiok cs |cozk! ofaîij|fok v afl|c jc |mnms ci aks x|fnc|ks <+? jc am maz|m zkzma) Am xm|zc lm`m jca z|kiok zfcic

maczkics lfci jcsm||kaamjks! }c xcjci ctzcijc|sc dmszm 4 n skl|c ca scak) Am okxm sc ctzfcijc mnxafmncizc!

m wcocs ol|fcijk i í|cm jc dmszm 38.78 n jc jfíncz|k) Ok|zcpm ctzc|im b|fs wc|jksm v olfc|zm jc csxfims!

gfims v xizfmbjms ci í|lkacs `ÿwcics v oÿifoms ci í|lkacs nmj|ks5 ok|zcpm fizc|im jc okak| nk|mjk oam|k)

Dk`ms mazc|ims! wc|jc l|faamizc! oknxcszms v sc ciociz|mi ma gfima jc am|bms |mnfaams) Okizfcici jc 2.6 dk`cams

jc =8.<8 on jc am|bk) Gak|cs lamioms! lamiok mnm|faacizms k |ksmjms! skafzm|fms k ci b|xks) G|zk oki gk|nm

mlknlmjm! wc|jksk k omgæ omijk nmj|m! jc =8.=3 on jc am|bk! xamik ci ca ctz|cnk) _c ml|c ci ofiok xm|zcs

mi}c m wcocs ik ml|ci v }cjmi okabmijk) Omjm g|zk okizfcic jc =<8.=23 xc}cýms scnfaams icb|ms |cjkijms

jc 3 nn! ciwcazms ci im amim mabkjkiksm lamiom b|fsíocm) $?4&

Nmjc|m jc okak| o|cnm m mnm|faak xíafjk! aîicms wmsoam|cs b|csms v okisxfoms

jc okak| omszmýk5 nmjc|m nv lamijm v afwfmim $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8)<3 b+on & kak| v smlk| mscizcs k ik

jfszfizfwks! asz|c ncjfmik m lm`k! b|mik |cozk! zctz|m b|csm)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk oam|mncizc wfsflacs k mscizcs5 sf cszíi x|cscizcs! fijfomjks xk| aîicms okioæiz|foms jc

xm|æi}fnm zc|nfima) Xk|ks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! csomsks $=< m ?8 xk|ks xk| =8 nn & v jc jfsz|flofÿi

f||cbam|! am nmvk|îm skafzm|fks! komsfkimancizc ci nðazfxaks |mjfmacs jc < m : xk|ks am nmvk|îm koafjks xk|

zîafjcs) Xm|æi}fnm wfsflac ci ca ok|zc z|miswc|sma dncjcofjk0 zc|nfima x|cscizc k mscizc5 mxkz|m}cma ci

aîicms f||cbam|cs zmibciofmacs ok|zms }c gk|nmi i |czîoak oki aks |mjfks v koxm am nmvk| xm|zc jca wkanci

jc am nmjc|m! jklacncizc csz|mzfgfomjk) \mjfks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm ci aks z|cs ok|zcs! v jc nís jc = nn jc

mazk) Okijozks bknîgc|ks mscizcs)

Nmjc|m i xkok jfgîofa jc scom| ma mf|c) Ci ams okijfofkics jc oafnízfoms jc Ncjcaaîi! am wcakofjmj jc

scomjk gc nkjc|mjm0 sc akb|ÿ lm`m| ca okizcifjk jc dncjmj jc 4=# m <8# ci =4 jîms! x|cscizíijksc

zk|ocj|ms v mlm|}faamjk) Ci ca scomjk ma dk|ik! zfafpmijk i x|kb|mnm gc|zc $G&! sc lm`ÿ am dncjmj jc ==8#

m =<# ci 47 dk|ms! x|cscizíijksc zk|ocj|ms! mlm|}faamjk v ciok|wmj|ms $<4&) Ci ca scomjk ma dk|ik sc

sbfc|c xm|m xfcpms jc :+: v 7+: ca dk|m|fk Z=8.J3_ v xm|m xfcpms jc 4+: ca Z4.J:_) $?8&

?

<

:=





Wc|jc

=<

8!<=

8!<=

=<?

<=:

=4=

?=6

<2

:8

63

=68

4

<<

=8=

=63

2:

==4

<:

?3

=!<<

8!67

$<6&

$<6&

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JC AMOCFLM

8!:2 8!<3 8!<< 8!<= 8!4 =!2 <!3 <!= <!? :!= 7!< =!6 $<6&

J

X

X

M

S

|mlfafjmj0

|csc|wmofÿi0



sks0

Nv ssocxzflac ma mzm}c jc dkibks c fiscozks5 |c}fc|c sc| z|mzmjm |íxfjmncizc v |czf|mjm jca

lks}c xm|m x|cwcif| am nmiodm mpa v ca mzm}c jc am om|oknm)

Cismvks |cmafpmjks ci Ncjcaaîi! jfc|ki aks sfbfcizcs |csazmjks0 m& Lmýk omafcizc. g|îk smijk

kackskalacs0 mlsk|ofÿi lcim $=:2 eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi xm|ofma f||cbam|) l& Wmoîk x|csfÿi oki kackskalacs0

mlsk|ofÿi mazm $<4< eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi xm|ofma xc|fgæ|fom) o& Wmoîk x|csfÿi oki smacs dfj|kskalacs0 mlsk|ofÿi

mazm$:47 eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma) $<4&

Gíofa jc z|mlm`m| oki dc||mnfcizms ik|nmacs jc om|xfizc|îm) Ci canm}fimjk sc oknxk|zm ci gk|nm jcgcozksm jclfjk m am omafjmj jc ams sxc|gfofcs klzcifjms0 ci ca scizfjk

akibfzjfima ca msc||mjk cs lcik xc|k ci ca scizfjk z|miswc|sma sc x|kjoci sxc|gfofcs wcaaksms5 ci ca zmamj|mjk

ca b|mik zfcijc m }cl|m|sc5 ams sxc|gfofcs ocxfaamjms ski jcgcozksms5 ca af`mjk cs ctocacizc) $:4&

Nmjc|m gíofa jc jcsci|kaam|! am odmxm cs mabk jfgîofa jc scom|5

lcim xm|m manm jc okiz|modmxmjk) Xkom mxzfzj xm|m zmlac|ks jc xm|zîoams5 ik cs mxzm xm|m zmlac|ks jc nmjc|m.

ocncizk) $3<&

Okisz|oofkics afwfmims! odmxms ok||fcizcs v manm jc okiz|modmxmjk! ciokg|mjks! om`ms v cnlmam`cs!mc|knkjcafsnk v nm}czms! smijmafms jc nmjc|m)

?

?

?

:<





J

C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_


a í|lka0


comjk0

Oknði ci aks lks}cs jc Ifom|mbm! Okszm \fom! Xmimní! Okaknlfm v

Wcicpcam) Csxcofc jc aks lks}cs scok z|kxfoma $ls.Z& v dðncjk z|kxfoma $ld.Z&) Mlijmizc m ak am|bk jc s

|mibk! x|fiofxmancizc ci scaks lfci j|cimjks! m ncijk jc b|mwm v ci ams xm|zcs mazms k o|cszms jc okafims

lm`ms) Bcic|mancizc o|coc mskofmjk oki ams csxcofcs ! sxx)! sxx)!

sxx)! sxx) $<4&

Í|lka b|mijc! omjok! }c maomipm ik|nmancizc ?8.38 n v dmszm 28 n jc maz|m v JMX jc <): n) Ca

z|kiok cs |cozk! ofaîij|fok v afl|c jc |mnms ci aks x|fnc|ks <+? jc am maz|m zkzma) Am xm|zc lm`m jca z|kiok zfcic

maczkics lfci jcsm||kaamjks! }c xcjci ctzcijc|sc dmszm 4 n skl|c ca scak) Am okxm sc ctzfcijc mnxafmncizc!

m wcocs ol|fcijk i í|cm jc dmszm 38.78 n jc jfíncz|k) Ok|zcpm b|fs wc|jksm v olfc|zm jc csxfims! gfims v

xizfmbjms ci í|lkacs `ÿwcics v oÿifoms ci í|lkacs nmj|ks) Dk`ms mazc|ims! wc|jc l|faamizc! oknxcszms v sc

ciociz|mi ma gfima jc am|bms |mnfaams) Okizfcici jc 2.6 dk`cams jc =8.<8 on jc am|bk) Gak|cs lamioms! lamiok

mnm|faacizms k |ksmjms! skafzm|fms k ci b|xks) G|zk oki gk|nm mlknlmjm! wc|jksk k omgæ omijk nmj|m! jc =8.

=3 on jc am|bk! xamik ci ca ctz|cnk) _c ml|c ci ofiok xm|zcs mi}c m wcocs ik ml|ci v }cjmi okabmijk) Omjm

g|zk okizfcic jc =<8.=23 xc}cýms scnfaams icb|ms |cjkijms jc 3 nn! ciwcazms ci im amim mabkjkiksm

lamiok b|fsíocm) $?4&

Mal|m jc okak| mnm|faacizk! oam|mncizc jfgc|ciofmjm jca j|mnci omszmýk |ksmjk

k |ksmjk xíafjk ifgk|nc omijk |cofæi ok|zmjk! zk|iíijksc omszmýk |k`fpk kso|k ma ctxkic|sc m am ap5 aîicms

wmsoam|cs okisxfomncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm5 nmjc|m jc asz|c lm`k5 nmjc|m lamijm v afwfmim xc|k

lmszmizc gf|nc xm|m s xcsk $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!:7 b+on &5 kak| mscizc k ik jfszfizfwk! smlk| afbc|mncizc

msz|fibcizc5 b|mik |cozk m afbc|mncizc ciz|co|pmjk5 zctz|m ncjfmim)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk mscizcs k xkl|cncizc jcgfifjks) Xk|ksfjmj jfgsm! xk|ks oam|mncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac

wfszm! nkjc|mjmncizc csomsks m inc|ksks $?8 m 73 v 73 m =<3 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &! skafzm|fks! ci nðazfxaks

|mjfmacs jc < m ? xk|ks v komsfkimancizc ci mb|xmofkics f||cbam|cs! am nmvk|îm koafjks xk| zîafjcs) Xm|æi}fnm

fijfszfibflac m sfnxac wfszm! wfsflac oki acizc jc nmik ci ca ok|zc z|miswc|sma dncjcofjk! ci aîicms gfims! ok|zms

v nv inc|ksms! }c sc ctzfcijci ci am jf|coofÿi zmibciofma gk|nmijk i |czîoak oki aks |mjfks) Aîicms jc

csz|mzfgfomofÿi x|cscizcs xc|k ik nv lfci jfszfizfwms jclfjk m am csz|mzfgfomofÿi jca xm|æi}fnm) Okijozks

bknîgc|ks mscizcs)

_comjk ma mf|c nv acizk0 ca scomjk jc zmlams jc <!3 t =3 t =<8 on! oki i okizcifjk jc dncjmj

fifofma jca =74# v ci ams okijfofkics oafnízfoms jc Næ|fjm $Wcicpcam&! |c}f|fÿ :<3 jîms xm|m lm`m| am dncjmj

ma <8#) Ik sc cszfnm|ki jcgcozks) _c |coknfcijm ca scomjk ci cszgm0 zfafpmijk i x|kb|mnm jc scomjk gc|zc

$G&! sc akb|ÿ lm`m| am dncjmj jc =74 # m :8# ci ==8 dk|ms sfi }c sc x|cscizm|mi jcgcozks $<2&

Dvncimcm ok|lm|fa Zmlclfm L|ksfnn

Zc|nfimafm Fibm

?

<

J|mlfafjmj0 Ca j|mnci sc |cxk|zm oknk j|mlac ci |csfszciofm m am xj|fofÿi lamiom v nv j|mlac ci

|csfszciofm m am xj|fofÿi nm||ÿi) _socxzflac ma mzm}c jc zc|nfzms! zmizk mæ|cms oknk slzc||íicms) Lcim

|csfszciofm m aks zmamj|mjk|cs nm|fiks |cxk|zmjk ci mbms jc Xmimní) $7&

::



X

X

M

S

|csc|wmofÿi0



sks0

Cismvks |cmafpmjks xk| am @SIMO! fijfom|ki }c am mal|m cs xc|ncmlac! x|cscizm im mlsk|ofÿi

mazm oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma! zmizk xk| ca x|kocsk jc lmýk g|îk v omafcizc $<<: eb+n & oknk xk| ca jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi

$:<: eb+n &! nfciz|ms }c ca j|mnci x|cscizm mlsk|ofÿi v xcicz|mofÿi iams $6 v <: eb+n |csxcozfwmncizc&)

Ci aks jks z|mzmnfcizks sc mxafoÿ kackskalacs) Fbmancizc! sc mxafom|ki smacs dfj|kskalacs xk| ca næzkjk jc

wmoîk.x|csfÿi! |cxk|zíijksc xm|m am mal|m im mlsk|ofÿi mazm $3<8 eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma! v ci ca

j|mnci mlsk|ofÿi iam $6 eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi iam) $<2&

Gíofa jc msc||m|5 gíofa jc z|mlm`m| oki dc||mnfcizms ik|nmacs jc

om|xfizc|îm5 gíofa jc oamwm|5 jm lci momlmjk) $3<&

Oknc|ofmancizc sc cnxacm ci am gml|fomofÿi jc zmlac|ks

okiz|modmxmjks xm|m sk bcic|ma) _c ok|zm sfi jfgfoazmj) Am odmxm x|cscizm i okak| o|cnm ci am mal|m v omszmýk

|ksmjk ci ca j|mnci! sfi gfb|m k wczcmjk) Lcims omafjmjcs xm|m zmlac|ks jc xm|zîoams) Cs mxzm xm|m zmlac|ks

jc nmjc|m v ocncizk) $3<&

Ssmjk akomancizc xm|m okisz|oofÿi bcic|ma! ciokg|mjks! momlmjk jc fizc|fk|cs! clmifszc|îm! odmxms!

okiz|modmxmjks! zmlac|ks jc xm|zîoams! nkaj|ms! xc|zms v wcizmims! nm|oks jc xc|zms v wcizmims! xc|zms)

?

? ?

?

?

:3



Wc|jc=<

8!?68!?6

?73::4

73823=

6764

<2=?6<

?8:8

?<?=6:

<43=47

3?:4

=!=88!2=

$<6&$<6&

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JC AMOCFLM ZKASM

8!43 8!:7 8!:? 8!?6 8!6 =!6 <!4 <!= ?!8 3!= 4!8 =!2 $<6&





:2

C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

X

a í|lka0


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

|csc|wmofÿi0

M|lka skl|csmafcizc! b|mijc ?3 n k nís jc maz|m }c sc |cokikoc gíofancizc xk| am okxm mazm

|cjkijcmjm zxfjm jc gkaam`c wc|jc kso|k asz|ksk! oki z|kiok |cozk jc 78 on ÿ nís jc jfíncz|k! |mîocs zmlam|cs

mbjms dmszm < n jc mazk! am ok|zcpm jc okak| omgæ cs afsm oki nodms wc||bms xc}cýms $acizfocams&) Am ok|zcpm

fizc|fk| zfcic okak| |ksmjk oam|k wczcmjk v smlk| mnm|bk m|ciksk) Ams dk`ms sfi cszîxams ski b|csms! zfcsms! jc

okak| wc|jc kso|k asz|ksk! oki am lmsc omsf |cjkijcmjm v ca íxfoc oki xizm ml|xzmncizc am|bm! am dmp amnxfým

v ca ciwæs omsf amnxfýk v oki ca ic|wfk x|fiofxma gk|nmijk im }faam) Aks |mofnks gak|macs |mnfgfomjks $oknk

ok|fnlk& ski x|fiofxmancizc zc|nfimacs v aacwmi inc|ksms gak|cs omsf scizmjms) Ams gak|cs gfimncizc xcajms

cszíi gk|nmjms xk| ca oíafp jc 3 sæxmaks |cjkijcmjks jc okak| wc|jc mnm|faak5 am ok|kam jc 3 xæzmaks klakibks5 <8cszmnl|cs ifjks ci am lmsc5 v ca xfszfak oki kwm|fk jc 3 ocajms! ca cszfak ok|zk! v ca cszfbnm jc 3 aÿlaks) Am j|xm!

wc|jc omijk finmj|m! okizfcic im xaxm jcabmjm! i dcsk b|mijc oki 3 dkvks oc|om jca íxfoc xizfmbjk v

= ÿ < scnfaams) $?=&

Mal|m jc okak| nm||ÿi |ksmjk! z|misfofÿi b|mjma v xkok jfgc|ciofmjm ma j|mnci

jc okak| nm||ÿi |k`fpk lmszmizc ifgk|nc }c sc zk|im jc okak| omszmýk kso|k ma sc| ctxcszm ma mf|c5 aîicms

wmsoam|cs gfims c fiokisxfoms m sfnxac wfszm! asz|c ncjfmik! j|m v xcsmjm $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!42 b+on &!

kak| v smlk| mscizcs k ik jfszfizfwks! b|mik |cozk m ciz|co|pmjk! zctz|m ncjfmim m gfim)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! m wcocs fijfomjks xk| lmijms jc nmjc|m zm|jîm nís jcism v jc

okak|mofÿi nís kso|m) Xk|ksfjmj jfgsm! xk|ks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! nkjc|mjmncizc inc|ksks m $73 m =<3

xk|ks xk| =8 nn &5 ifgk|ncncizc jfsz|flfjk! ctoasfwmncizc skafzm|fks v oki zcijciofm m am jfsxksfofÿi ci

dfac|ms jfmbkimacs! am nmvk|îm fiwmjfjks xk| zîafjcs) Xm|æi}fnm fijfszfibflac m sfnxac wfszm v mði oki acizc jc

=8t ci ca ok|zc z|miswc|sma dncjcofjk) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc) Okijozksbknîgc|ks mscizcs)

Am wcakofjmj jc scomjk ma mf|c cs |íxfjm v sc x|cscizmi |m`mj|ms v zk|ocj|ms0 ca scomjk jc zmlams jc

<!3 t =3 t =88 on! oki i okizcifjk jc dncjmj fifofma jca :7)<# v ci ams okijfofkics oafnízfoms jc Lkbkzí!

|c}f|fÿ 78 jîms xm|m lm`m| am dncjmj ma <8#) Ci ca scomjk ma dk|ik! zfafpmijk i x|kb|mnm smwc $_&! sc

icocsfzm|ki <87 dk|ms xm|m lm`m| am dncjmj jc 33)<# ma =<#! oki xæ|jfjms jc nciks jca =8# ci wkanci!

x|cscizmijk zk|ocj|ms v m|}cmj|ms) $<2&

Am nmjc|m jc Odmia sc |cxk|zm oknk |csfszcizc m am xj|fofÿi nm||ÿi v m am xj|fofÿi lamiom)

Ci ca x|kocsk jc lmýk g|îk v omafcizc! am mal|m x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi lcim $=<: eb+n oki

xcicz|mofÿi zkzma! nfciz|ms }c ca j|mnci x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi xkl|c $66 eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi xc|fgæ|fom m

xcicz|mofÿi zkzma) Ci ca x|kocsk jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi am mal|m x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi lcim $=== eb+n & oki

xcicz|mofÿi zkzma! nfciz|ms }c ca j|mnci x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi xkl|c $47 eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi f||cbam| m

?

<

?

?

?

?

J



:4

xcicz|mofÿi zkzma) Ci aks jksz|mzmnfcizks sc mxafoÿ im sszmiofm kackskalac) Ma mxafom| smacs dfj|kskalacs xk| ca

næzkjk jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi! am mal|m x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi mazm $?:: eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi f||cbam| m xcicz|mofÿi

zkzma! v ca j|mnci mlsk|ofÿi mazm $?86 eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi f||cbam| m xcicz|mofÿi zkzma) $<2&

Nmjc|m nkjc|mjmncizc jfgîofa jc z|mlm`m| oki dc||mnfcizms ik|nmacs

jc om|xfizc|îm5 sc |coknfcijm ca sk jc dc||mnfcizms jc nczma j|k) Jm i lci momlmjk5 |csfszcizc m am

xcicz|mofÿi jc oamwks v zk|ifaaks v aks |czfcic lfci) $=:&

Z|mwfcsms xm|m gc||kom||fa! o|oczms xm|m xkszcs jc okijoofÿi mæ|cm! wfbms! wfbczms! skac|ms!

xfsks $csxcofmancizc jca zfxk fijsz|fma&! xm|}cz! okisz|oofkics xcsmjms! om||koc|îms xm|m omnfkics v

wmbkics! zk|ic|îm! xkszcs xm|m oc|oms)

?

?

X

S


sks x|klmlacs0

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCODMISA

=!84 8!42 8!4: 8!76 ?!7 3!4 6!< =!7 2!: ==!= =2!2 =!3 $<6&


Wc|jc

=<

8!76

8!76

338

6?<

47=

=:2<

=:=

=48

:2=

2??

24

=:6

73:

462

3:2

283

63

6?

?!=:

?!74

$<6&

$<6&


=38 ==8 <4 =< =83 23)888 =88)888



_

K

J

fiÿifnk0



Bkxfm xm|mcisfs Dlc| $?7&

Lm|ofik! smdfik! xfmijc! xfaÿi! smîik $Okaknlfm&5 omodmocf|k! okxfwm! oxflm

$L|msfa&5 okib|fk lamiok $Wcicpcam&5 ekxf $_|fimn&5 emlemaaf $Bvmim&! bkxfc $Bvmim G|miocsm&5 ekxfc!

bkxfc $oknc|ofma&)

Csxcofc jc aks lks}cs dðncjks z|kxfoma $ld.Z&! nv dðncjk z|kxfoma $lnd.Z& v

xawfma x|cnkizmik $lx.XN& jca ik|zc jc _|mnæ|fom0 Wcicpcam! _|fimn! Bmvmim! L|msfa! Xc|ð v Okaknlfm) Ci

Okaknlfm sc dm okacozmjk ci ams zfc||ms lm`ms jca Mnmpkims! _c||miîm jc _mi Aoms! Om|m|c.Kxÿi! Wmaac jca \îk

Omom! okszm Xmoîgfom) $2& $<4&

:6

ODM]SF\KBkxfm baml|m Mla)

Gmnfafm0 Ocamsz|mocmc




38

C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

J

X

a í|lka0


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

|csc|wmofÿi0

Í|lka jc gszc |cozk v ofaîij|fok! jc ?8 m :8 n jc maz|m v 48 m =<8 on jc JMX5 lmsc oki maczkics

ctzcijfjks v xkl|cncizc jcsm||kaamjks5 okxm mnxafm! csxm|ofjm v jc gkaam`c |mak) Ok|zcpm ctzc|im jcabmjm v

lamijm }c sc jcsx|cijc f||cbam|ncizc ci csomnms ok|odksms) Ok|zcpm fizc|im lamijm! jc okak| mim|mi`mjk

|k`fpm k mnm|faak kso|k) Dk`ms sfnxacs! mazc|ims! jcabmjms! om|zíocms v jc i zkik icb|k l|faamizc om|mozc|îszfok)

Gak|csxc}cýms) G|zksci j|xmsxc}cýfzms v baklksms) $<3& $32&

Mal|m jc okak| omszmýk mnm|faacizk! z|misfofÿi b|mjma v xkok jfgc|ciofmjm maj|mnci jc okak| omszmýk |k`fpk oam|k! oki wczms kso|ms mnm|faak wc|jksms5 aîicms wmsoam|cs gfims! nmjc|m

ncjfmimncizc j|m v xcsmjm $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!4< b+on &5 asz|c ncjfmik! kak| gc|zc v jcsmb|mjmlac!

smlk| msz|fibcizc! b|mik |cozk m ciz|co|pmjk! zctz|m ncjfmim m gfim)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk fijfszfizks m sfnxac wfszm! fijfomjks xk| lmijms jc nmjc|m zm|jîm nís jcism v jc

okak|mofÿi nís kso|m v oki msciofm jc xk|ks k oki ncik| omizfjmj }c ci am nmjc|m zcnx|mim5 xk|ksfjmj

jfgsm! xk|ks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! nkjc|mjmncizc inc|ksks m inc|ksks $73.=<3 v =<3.<38 xk|ks xk| =8

nn &! ctoasfwmncizc skafzm|fks k omsf msî! oki oam|m zcijciofm m am jfsxksfofÿi klafom! am nmvk|îm koafjks xk|

jcxÿsfzks jc okak| |k`k) Xm|æi}fnm fijfszfibflac m sfnxac wfszm v mði oki acizc jc =8t! mscizc k mxkz|m}cmajfgsk) \mjfks fijfszfibflacs m sfnxac wfszm ci aks ok|zcs z|miswc|sma v zmibciofma! wfsflacs ci ca |mjfma scbði ca

íibak jc |cgactfÿi jc am ap) Okijozks bknîgc|ks mscizcs) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc) Okijozks bknîgc|ks

mscizcs)

Am wcakofjmj jc scomjk ma mf|c cs nkjc|mjm v sc x|cscizmi xkoms jcgk|nmofkics0 ca scomjk jc zmlams

jc <!3 t =3 t =88 on! oki i okizcifjk jc dncjmj fifofma jca 38!2# v ci ams okijfofkics oafnízfoms jc Lkbkzí!

|c}f|fÿ 68 jîms xm|m lm`m| am dncjmj ma <8#) Ci ca scomjk ma dk|ik! zfafpmijk i x|kb|mnm nkjc|mjk $N&! sc

icocsfzm|ki =4< dk|ms xm|m lm`m| am dncjmj jc :4!7# ma =<#! oki xæ|jfjms jc nciks jca =8# ci wkanci!

x|cscizmijk mlm|}faamjk v zk|ocj|ms) $<2&

J|mlfafjmj imz|ma nv mazm5 cs nv |csfszcizc ma mzm}c jc dkibks c fiscozks) $==&

Ci ca x|kocsk jc lmýk g|îk v omafcizc! zfafpmijk i x|csc|wmizc kackskalac! zmizk am mal|m oknk

ca j|mnci x|cscizm|ki mlsk|ofÿi xkl|c $27 v 7: eb+n |csxcozfwmncizc& oki xcicz|mofÿi f||cbam|) Ci ca

x|kocsk jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi! mxafomijk i kackskalac! zmizk am mal|m oknk ca j|mnci x|cscizm|ki mlsk|ofÿi

xkl|c $23 v 4: eb+n |csxcozfwmncizc& oki xcicz|mofÿi f||cbam|) Ma mxafom| smacs dfj|kskalacs xk| ca næzkjk jc

wmoîk.x|csfÿi! am mal|m x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi mazm $<44 eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma! v ca j|mnci mlsk|ofÿi mazm

$=67 eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi f||cbam| m zkzma) $<2&

?

<

?

?

?

?

X|kxfcjmjcs jc msc||mjk v aml|mjk0 Nkjc|mjmncizc jfgîofa jc z|mlm`m| oki dc||mnfcizms ik|nmacs) Gíofa jc

msc||m|5 ca ocxfaamjk cs jfgîofa omijk sc x|cscizm b|mik ciz|co|pmjk v sc |c}fc|c af`m| lmszmizc xm|m klzcic| i

lci momlmjk) \czfcic lfci aks oamwks v zk|ifaaks) $32&



3=

M

S


sks0

Ca jcsci|kaamjk xm|m odmxms sc x|kjoc sfi jfgfoazmj! am

odmxm |csazmizc cs afsm v oknxmozm) Am odmxm scom lfci! cs xamim xc|k x|cscizm inc|ksms v xc}cýms nmiodms

sxc|gfofmacs! ams omacs sc cafnfimi gíofancizc ma af`m|) Am odmxm |cofæi ok|zmjm cs jc okak| omszmýk oki mabk jc

gfb|m x|kjofjm xk| aks mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk v jcafnfzmjm xk| lmijms nís kso|ms }c ca |cszk jc am odmxm) Ma

sc| ctxcszm m am ap! am odmxm zknm i zkimafjmj |k`fpm lmszmizc ifgk|nc) Lcim xm|m odmxms jcok|mzfwms v xm|m

om|ms jc okiz|modmxmjk jc sk bcic|ma omijk sc |c}fc|c im sxc|gfofc j|m) $:?&

Nmjc|m ctocacizc xm|m sks bcic|macs v okisz|oofkics xcsmjms0 wfbms! wfbczms! okanims! nfcnl|ks

jc m|nmj|ms! xfsks! nclacs xcsmjks! z|mwfcsms xm|m aîicms gæ||cms! o|oczms xm|m aîicms mæ|cms! om|xfizc|îm jcsk bcic|ma! odmxms jcok|mzfwms! om|ms jc okiz|modmxmjk! om||czc|îm! zk|ic|îm)

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCODM]SF\K

=!=< 8!4< 8!26 8!74 <!7 :!: 7!6 =!2 3!: 4!3 =?!3 =!7 $<6&


Wc|jc

=<

8!74

8!74

732

4=3

=8==

=<6:

=?2

=3<

3=<

77=

=8?

=?:

7?3

2?3

7=:

7?2

==<

2=

?!33

<!77

$<6&

$<6&


=38 ==8 <4 =< =83 23)888 =88)888



_fiÿifnks0

z|ks iknl|cs oknics0K

Mla)5 Rfaaj)5 $Nm|z) ct M)

JO)& M)D) Bciz|v5 $Rfaaj)& \) L|)5 Nm|z) ct M) JO)5

Xfzzfc|) $?7&

Odîomam! xmwfzk! ocj|k lamiok! }fzmska! bmamijmv! xfibmsî! wmfifaak!

}mlmij|mýk! omomk omszmýczc! nmj|mxamzmik! xmxcafaak! omimaczc) $Okaknlfm&5 m|mlfsok! bmamijmýk!

bmamijmv! zfie! efsdfx) $Comjk|&5 odîibmaæ! okxmv! bm|xm! ikbma lamiok! smom omijcam! sfnm|lm)

$Wcicpcam&5 xm|mwfsok! skafníi jc nkizc! ifm|xmlm) $Xc|ð&5 om|imlm jm nmzzm! om|mlok! om|klm! om|mlm!

om|klcf|m! `mom|mijm! nmnxm gmask! xm|mxm|m $L|msfa&5 bkclm`m) $_|fimn&) $6&

Lfbikifm okxmfm Lfbikifm x|koc|m @mom|mijm okxmfm slsx) sxcozmlfafs

@mom|mijm x|koc|m @mom|mijm sxcozmlfafs @mom|mijm sxc|lm

3<

ODFIBMAC @mom|mijm okxmfm $Mla)& J) Jki

Gmnfafm0 Lfbikifmocmc




J

C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

J

fsz|flofÿi v dílfzmz0 Ifom|mbm! Okszm \fom! Xmimní! Okaknlfm! Wcicpcam! Comjk|! Xc|ð! Lkafwfm! Xm|mbmv!

L|msfa v _|fimn) Ci Okaknlfm sc ciociz|m ci am |cbfÿi jc S|mlí! Om}czí! Nmbjmacim Ncjfk! Zkafnm! Im|fýk! Dfam!

Odkoÿ! Wmxæs! Xznmvk! Mnmpkims! _mizmijc| v M|mom) _c ciociz|m ci aks lks}cs nv dðncjk z|kxfoma $lnd.Z& !

dðncjk z|kxfoma $ld.Z& dmszm ca dðncjk x|cnkizmik $ld.X&) $6&

a í|lka0


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

)

M|lkacs dmszm jc :3 n jc maz|m v 78 m 68 on jc JMX5 gszc |cozk! ofaîij|fok! v oki maz|ms oknc|ofmacs dmszm jc <8 n5

oki |mîocs zmlam|cs lm`ms |cjkijms) Okxm |cjkijcmjm v oki gkaam`c jcisk) Ok|zcpm ctzc|im mabk afsm! oki xkoms gfs|ms b|mijcs! jc

okak| b|fs lamiopok k mnm|faacizk v jc csxcsk| jcabmjk) Ok|zcpm fizc|im b|csm m ncjfmim! lamijm! jc okak| |ksmjk o|cnksk!

xm|jcm ma mf|c acizmncizc5 x|cscizm fioasfkics gfl|ksms jc okak| mnm|faak xkok okisxfoms) Dk`ms jklacncizc oknxcszms!

lfxfiimjms! kxcszms! jcosmjms! oki 3 m <8 xfiims! omjm im jc ams omacs xcjc x|cscizm| jc ? m <3 gkaîkaks! caîxzfoks! oki íxfoc

mbjk! lk|jcs cizc|ks m wcocs jcizmjks v lmsc jcsfbma! xcoîkak am|bk v xawfimjk ci am lmsc! |m}fs mamjk v gkaîkaks fic}faízc|ks)

Gak|cs omnxmiamjms! jfsxcszms ci xmiîoams zc|nfimacs jc okak| mpa wfkaíock) Aks g|zks ski oíxsams acýksms dmszm jc 6 on jc

akibfzj! sc ml|ci ci jks wmawms) _cnfaams mamjms! |cjkijms! s zcszm afsm! kxmoms! ncnl|miksms! oki jks okzfacjkics b|mijcs!

xamiks! om|iksks v lîgfjks) $6&

Nmjc|m jc okak| lamiok mnm|faacizk! xkom k ifibim jfgc|ciofm jc okak| ciz|c am mal|m v ca

j|mnci! aîicms wmsoam|cs okisxfomncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm v jc okak|mofÿi kso|m5 nmjc|m jc asz|c ncjfmik m mazk! kak| v

smlk| mscizcs k ik jfszfizfwks! lamijm v afwfmim $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!:= b+on &5 b|mik |cozk m afbc|mncizc ciz|co|pmjk!

zctz|m ncjfmim m nkjc|mjmncizc b|csm) $??&

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk mscizcs k xkl|cncizc jcgfifjks) Xk|ksfjmj jfgsm! xk|ks oam|mncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! ncjfmiks m

b|mijcs! jc jfsz|flofÿi lmszmizc ifgk|nc! csomsks m nkjc|mjmncizc csomsks $=< m ?8 v ?8 m 73 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &! skafzm|fks v

ci nðazfxaks |mjfmacs bcic|mancizc jc < ÿ ? xk|ks! am nmvk|îm mlfc|zks! komsfkimancizc oki bknm) Xm|æi}fnm wfsflac m sfnxac

wfszm ci ca ok|zc z|miswc|sma dncjcofjk! mafgk|nc v mafgk|nc okigacizc) \mjfks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm ci aks ok|zcs |mjfma v

z|miswc|sma dncjcofjks! fijfszfibflacs ci ca zmibciofma) Okijozks bknîgc|ks mscizcs) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc) $??&

Gíofa jc scom|) _com |íxfjmncizc ma mf|c afl|c5skamncizc sc jcsm||kaami afbc|ms b|fczms ci ams om|ms v ci aks ctz|cnks) Ci

Næ|fjm! Wcicpcam! zmlams jc 3 on jc csxcsk| v i okizcifjk jc dncjmj fifofma jca ?8#! maomipm|ki i <8#acbk jc 38 jîms jc

scomjk) Cismvks jc scomjk ma mf|c lm`k olfc|zm! |cmafpmjks ci ]fzk $Comjk|&! ncsz|mi }c acbk jc 73 jîms sc maomipm im

dncjmj jc cszmlfafpmofÿi jca =?#) Xm|m ca scomjk ma dk|ik sc |coknfcijm ca dk|m|fk Z3.O? jc aks Cszmjks Sifjks) $=<& $=3&

Nmjc|m nv ssocxzflac ma mzm}c jc dkibks c fiscozks) _c |coknfcijm jm| z|mzmnfcizk x|kgfaíozfok m ams z|kpms ci

ca lks}c! xm|mcwfzm| am nmiodm mpa v ca mzm}c jc fiscozks $==&

?

<

3?




=< 8!?3 :<: 282 =87 ?4? <6 ??6 =4? 3< 8)48 $<?&

8!33 8!:= 8!?6 8!?3 <!3 :!< 7!2 =!2 :!4 2!= ==!6 =!3 $<?&

3:

X

X

O

S

|csc|wmofÿi0


dmxms v okiz|modmxmjk0

sks0

Nmjc|m gíofa jc z|mzm|) Cismvks x|cafnfim|cs |cmafpmjks ci Næ|fjm! Wcicpcam! xk| ca næzkjk jc finc|sfÿi ci

lmýk omafcizc.g|îk v zfafpmijk kackskalacs! fijfomi }c am nmjc|m cs nv gíofa jc z|mzm|! x|cscizmijk im |czciofÿi jc nís jc =38

eb+n v im xcicz|mofÿi oknxaczm5 xk| ca næzkjk jc wmoîk v x|csfÿi v zfafpmijk kackskalacs! sc akb|ÿ im |czciofÿi zkzma jc

374 eb+n oki im xcicz|mofÿi zkzma |cbam| $4&) Ci ]fzk! Comjk|! sc |cmafpm|ki z|mzmnfcizks xk| ca næzkjk jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi

zfafpmijk kackskalacs v smacs dfj|kskalacs! klzcifcijk xcicz|mofkics zkzmacs |cbam|cs oki |czciofkics jc :?: eb+n v 7?=

eb+n |csxcozfwmncizc) $?6&

Nv gíofa jc aml|m| oki dc||mnfcizms nmimacs! oki ctocxofÿi jca ocxfaamjk vm }c ams

sxc|gfofcs ocxfaamjms bcic|mancizc }cjmi gfl|ksms5 |c}fc|c af`mjk xm|m i lci momlmjk5 jfgîofa jc zmamj|m|5 ik cs mxzm xm|mzk|icm|5 aks oamwks v zk|ifaaks xcicz|mi gíofancizc v am nmjc|m aks |czfcic smzfsgmozk|fmncizc5 gíofa jc nmodfdcnl|m|) $4& $<?&

Jfgîofa jc jcsci|kaam|5 ams odmxms x|cscizmi sxc|gfofcs mgcaxmjms c dfamodksms! csxcofmancizc ci

ams pkims jc b|mik kijamjk v! mjcnís! sg|ci gc|zcs jcgk|nmofkics v |m`mj|msj|mizc ca scomjk) $=3&

Cnlmam`cs jc sk ok||fcizc5 ciokg|mjks jc ok|zm j|mofÿi5 om|xfizc|îm! momlmjks fizc|fk|cs5 nclacs v xm|zcs jc nclacs

ok||fcizcs5 xmafaaks v om`ms xm|m gÿsgk|ks5zmlac|ks jc wf|zm v gfl|ms)

?

?

?

?

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCODFIBMAC




_

K

J

fiÿifnks0



Ox|csss okazc|f O) bamom O) afijacvf Ox|csss

xcijam

Gk|lcs5 M)L) Amnlc|z5 Eakzpsod ct Cija)5

A"Dæ|fz) $?4&

Xfik oknði $Oka)&5 ocj|k lamiok! ofx|æsnctfomik $Okszm \fom v Nætfok&)

Cs im csxcofc k|fbfim|fm jc Nætfok! jkijc sc ciociz|m mskofmjk oki b|mi

omizfjmj jc csxcofcs) Zmnlfæi sc ciociz|m ci Ociz|k Mnæ|fom csxcofmancizc ci Bmzcnmam! mjcnís ci mabims

fsams jca Ncjfzc||íick v ca Oc|omik K|fcizc) Dm sfjk xamizmjk oki lci ætfzk ci Okaknlfm) O|coc ciz|c aks =<88.

33

OFX\Æ_Ox|csss asfzmifom Nfaa)

Gmnfafm0 Ox|cssmocmc




<488 nsin! oki zcnxc|mz|m ciz|c =: v <8 °O v x|cofxfzmofÿi ciz|c =388.<388 nn) Cs im csxcofc jca lks}c dðncjk v nv

dðncjk slz|kxfoma $ld._Z! lnd._Z&! nkizmik v nkizmik lm`k $ld.N! lnd.N! ld.NL! lnd.NL&scbði Dkaj|fjbc) $?4&

C

Am nmjc|m

O

_

J

X

a í|lka0


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

|csc|wmofÿi0

Í|lka sfcnx|cwc|jc! }c maomipm maz|ms jc <3 m ?8 n v jfíncz|ks jc dmszm =<8 on! oki gszc |cozk!

afbc|mncizc momimamjk ci am lmsc) Okxm xf|mnfjma! }c sc mnxaîm ci am nmj|cp! x|kjofcijk |mnms xcijaksms5

cs mlfc|zm ci í|lkacs `ÿwcics! kso|m v jcism ci í|lkacs mjazks) Ok|zcpm ctzc|im xm|jk |k`fpm! lamiopom ci am

xm|zc fizc|im! oki gfs|ms akibfzjfimacs! |csfiksm) Dk`ms inc|ksms wc|jc kso|ms! ci gk|nm jc csomnm) Ams

dk`ms scoms sc nmizfcici ci ca í|lka xk| am|bk zfcnxk) Ams gak|cs nmsoafims nfjci 3 nn jc am|bk! inc|ksms!

wc|jc mnm|faacizms! lfomjms ci aks ctz|cnks jc ams l|kzcs) Aks okiks gcncifiks ski omsf csgæ|foks! jc =<.=3 nn

jc jfíncz|k! fifofmancizc jc okak| wc|jc mpamjk! sc wcawci j|ks! acýksks! jc okak| omgæ kso|k ma nmj|m|)

Gk|nmjks xk| 7.4 csomnms acýksms oki 23.=<8 scnfaams omgæ jc ?.: nn jc akibfzj mxamimjms f||cbam|ncizc!

oki mams xkok cgcozfwms) $?2&

Ik ctfszc jfgc|ciofm oam|m ciz|c mal|m v j|mnci5 ci okijfofÿi wc|jc! am mal|m cs

jc okak| mnm|faak oam|k v ca j|mnci mnm|faak nm||ÿi5 ci scok am nmjc|m cs jc okak| mnm|faak oam|k oki i nmzfp

|ksmjk5 nmjc|m lamijm v afwfmim $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!:2 b+on &5 smlk| ik om|mozc|îszfok! kak| om|mozc|îszfok v

mb|mjmlac csxcofmancizc omijk sc cszí msc||mijk! b|mik |cozk! zctz|m gfim! wczcmjk smwc! asz|c ncjfmik)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk okizfiks! wm|fmlacs ci miod|m! xkok jfgc|ciofmjks m sfnxac wfszm! ams lmijms jc nmjc|m

zcnx|mim koxmi nmvk| miodk jciz|k jc omjm mifaak jc o|cofnfcizk) Xm|æi}fnm akibfzjfima fijfszfibflac mði

oki acizc jc =8t! jfgsk! csomsk) Omimacs |csfiîgc|ks mscizcs) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc)

Cs im nmjc|m jc scomjk |íxfjk ma mf|c afl|c) Xm|m }c am nmjc|m msc||mjm x|cscizc xkoks jcgcozks sc

|coknfcijm scom|am oki lcim of|oamofÿi jc mf|c! cwfzm| am xksflfafjmj jc nk`m|sc k jc okizmozk jf|cozk oki aks

|mvks jca ska $<8&) Ci ca scomjk ma dk|ik! xm|m xfcpms jc :+: sc sbfc|c ca dk|m|fk jc scomjk Z=8.J3_! v xm|m

xfcpms jc 4+: ca dk|m|fk Z4.J:_) $7&

Nmjc|m ssocxzflac ma mzm}c jc dkibks) _c nmiodm xk| moofÿi jc aks dkibks o|knÿbciks

omijk cszí wc|jc) $3&

Mjnfzc aks z|mzmnfcizks xk| wmoîk.x|csfÿi! lmýk omafcizc v g|îk v jfgsfÿi) Ma sc| z|mzmjm xk|

wmofÿ x|csfÿi sc xcjc zfafpm| ci okizmozk oki ca scak) Aks kz|ks næzkjks xc|nfzci s zfafpmofÿi ci fizc|fk|cs!

sfi okizmozk oki ca scak) $:6&

0

?

37



32

X|kxfcjmjcs jc msc||mjk v aml|mjk0 Am nmjc|m ik x|cscizm jfgfoazmjcs ci aks x|kocsks jc msc||mjk!

ocxfaamjk! zk|icmjk! af`mjk v momlmjk) Ca ocxfaamjk sc jclc |cmafpm| oki i íibak jc ok|zc jc ?8° v im wcakofjmj

jc mafncizmofÿi jc 2)3 n+nfi5 omijk sc z|mlm`m oki =3 ! am wcakofjmj jclc sc| jc 3 m =< n+nfi) Ci zmamj|mjk x|cscizm lciks

|csazmjks oki =888 |xn) _c x|cscizmi afbc|ks x|klacnmsci ams xfcpms jc nmjc|m }c x|cscizmi ijks) $:2&

Nmjc|m jc okisz|oofÿi! om|xfizc|îm! xfsks $xm|}cz v zmlafaam nmodfdcnl|mjm&! odmxms jcok|mzfwms! xkszcs v cszmokics

finifpmjks! o|oczms! om`ms xm|m cnxm}cs! cszflms! nclacs! ciokg|mjks v x|kjozks zk|icmjks! xaxm xm|m xmxca)

8

Ssks0

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCOFX\Æ_



=88 48 =3 4 23 33)888 68)888

8!4: 8!:2 8!:: 8!:8 =!< <!: ?!2 <!8 ?!8 3!? 4!7 =!4 $:2&

Wc|jc

=<

8!:8

8!:8

<7<

:=4

:74

2?:

7=

2<

<83

?38

?6

76

<?6

3=7

<:4

??2

7:

=8<

$:2&

$:2&



K

J



Odmodm`k! oknfik! am|ca oknfik! oknfik |cma! oknfik afsk! ncjfk oknfik) Omicak!

dk`fmiodm $Okaknlfm&) Omicafaam! bm|fníi) $Wcicpcam&) Fsdfxfibk odfok! nkcim mnm|faam) $Xc|ð&) Okzk! okzk gfik!

okzk xf}fmizc) $Lkafwfm&) Mflm! mvlm! omicaam smsmg|ms) $L|msfa&)

Ok|jfaac|m jc aks Mijcs! jcsjc Okaknlfm dmszm Lkafwfm) Ams okiociz|mofkics nísfnxk|zmizcs ci Okaknlfm sc ciociz|mi ci0 Okszm Xmoîgfok! nkizmýms jca Wmaac jca Omom! Omajms! Mizfk}fm!

Omom! Om}czí! Dfam v Zkafnm) M|lka jca lks}c dðncjk z|kxfoma $ld.Z&! ci ca zfxk jc lks}c nftzk jc okafims

lm`ms) O|coc mskofmjk oki sxx)! sx)! sxx) v ) $?2&Icozmij|m Xkjkom|xs Kokzcm Mais `k|aacisfs

34

OKNFIK O\C_XK Miflm xc|zfafs Dcnsacv

Gmnfafm0 Am|mocmc




C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

J

X

a í|lka0


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

|csc|wmofÿi0

Í|lka ncjfmik m b|mijc! dmszm <3 n jc maz|m v :8 m 78 on jc JMX! oki gszc bcic|mancizc |cozk!

gk|nm ofaîij|fom v akibfzj oknc|ofma jc =4 m << n) Ok|zcpm ctzc|im jc okak| b|fs k omszmýk kso|k! wc||bksm v

kak| m|knízfok) Ok|zcpm fizc|im |ksmjm! }cl|mjfpm! jc = m < on jc csxcsk|! m|knízfom) Dk`ms mazc|ims!

ok|fíocms! amiockamjms dmszm klamiockamjms! kwmamjk caîxzfoms! jc 6.=3 on jc am|bk! :.7 on jc miodk! oki am

lmsc oicmjm jco||cizc! íxfoc l|cwcncizc monfimjk! am nm|bci xamim5 am dmp baml|m! wc|jc! afsm oki ca ic|wfk

ncjfk i xkok x|knficizc k xamik5 ciwæs xawc|acizk.zncizaksk! nís k nciks baml|k! xk| ak |cbam|

x|fiksk) Xmiîoams slzc|nfimacs! nazfgak|cmjms! oki mlijmizc zkncizk mnm|faak) Gak|cs nm||ÿi! sc|îock.

zkncizaksms) G|zk lmvm cafxskfjc afsm! wc|jc mnm|faacizk! jc mx|ktfnmjmncizc <!2 on jc am|bk v <!8 on jc

jfíncz|k) $:&

Mal|m jc okak| mnm|faak oam|k) Xk| ca j|mnci sc okikoci jks wm|fcjmjcs jc am

nmjc|m0 im jc okak| mnm|faak wc|jksk kso|k k omszmýk kso|k k xm|jk mocfzim! oki wczms oam|ms jc okak|

mnm|faak wc|jksk! oknk ams okiodms jca nk||kokv5 sc am okikoc oknk oknfik o|csxk) Am kz|m wm|fcjmj sc

jciknfim ‑oknfik afsk„! cs jc okak| mnm|faak wc|jksk }c sc zk|im jc okak| omszmýk kso|k k xm|jk mocfzim ma sc|

ctxcszm m am ap) Aîicms wmsoam|cs wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! nmjc|m jc asz|c mazk oki |cgac`ks jk|mjks! kak|

gc|zcncizc m|knízfok! smlk| xfomizc! nkjc|mjmncizc j|m v xcsmjm $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!7? b+on &! b|mik

|cozk m f||cbam|! zctz|m ncjfmimm gfim)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk oam|mncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! fijfomjks xk| pkims nís jcisms v kso|ms! xk|ksfjmj

jfgsm! xk|ks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! jc jfsz|flofÿi lmszmizc ifgk|nc v nkjc|mjmncizc csomsks m

nkjc|mjmncizc inc|ksks $?8.73 v 73.=<3 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &! skafzm|fks! ci nðazfxaks |mjfmacs jc < v ? xk|ks!

komsfkimancizc jc : k nms v ci mb|xmofkics |mocnfgk|ncs! am nmvk|îm fiwmjfjks xk| zîafjcs) Xm|æi}fnmfijfszfibflac m sfnxac wfszm! v mði oki acizc jc =8t ci ca ok|zc z|miswc|sma dncjcofjk! csomsmncizc

xm|mz|m}cma ifamzc|ma) Okijozksbknîgc|ks mscizcs) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc)

Nkjc|mjmncizc jfgîofa m gíofa jc scom| ma mf|c) Ci ca scomjk nkjc|mjmncizc |íxfjk mxm|coci

jcgk|nmofkics v xc}cýms b|fczms) Ik dmv dk|m|fks jc scomjk jfsxkiflacs) $7&

Ca j|mnci sc |cxk|zm oknk nv j|mlac zmizk m am xj|fofÿi lamiom oknk m am xj|fofÿi nm||ÿi

v nv |csfszcizc ma mzm}c jc fiscozks) $7&

Ik dmv figk|nmofÿi jfsxkiflac! xc|k ca j|mnci cs okikofjk xk| sc| mazmncizc fnxc|ncmlac!

sfcijk oknxm|mlac m am nmjc|m jc ci cszc msxcozk) $7&

?

<

Zcozkim b|mijfs

36





K

C

z|ks Iknl|cs wabm|cs

sxcofcs0

0 Wf|kam! nmiodm||k! sclk! kzklm! ikíimnk! kzklk! íibm|c! íibm|k $Okaknlfm&5

oíibm|c! okok! oíibm|c lamiok! smib|c jc bmaafim $Comjk|&5 kzklm $Wcicpcam&5 rdfzc ocjm| $Xmimní&5 sclk

$Okszm) \fom&

Ma bæic|k Jfmavmizdc|m xc|zcicoci ams sfbfcizcs csxcofcs jc om|mozc|îszfoms bcic|macs sfnfam|cs0

_zmija)5 $M) JO)& Rm|l)5 M)O) _n)5

Xfzzfc|5 M)O) _n)5 $Lkixa)& Rm|l)5

Nm|eb|)

Jfmavmizdc|m monfimzm Jfmavmizdc|m bk|jkiffgkafm Jfmavmizdc|m b|mofafxcs

Jfmavmizdc|m amzfmamzm Jfmavmizdc|m acdnmiiff Jfmavmizdc|m kzklm Jfmavmizdc|m

xm|wfgkafm

7=

OSMIBM\CJfmavmizdc|m b|mofafxcs M) O) _nfzd

Gmnfafm0 Nv|fszfomocmc






7?

oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma! v ca j|mnci x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi mazm $=4= eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi xc|fgæ|fom) Ci ca x|kocsk

jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi!

?

mxafomijk im sszmiofm kackskalac! zmizk am mal|m $?:8 eb+n & oknk ca j|mnci $?4< eb+n &

x|cscizm|ki mlsk|ofÿi mazm oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma) Ma mxafom| smacs dfj|kskalacs xk| ca næzkjk jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi! am

mal|m x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi mazm $:8< eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma! v ca j|mnci mlsk|ofÿi mazm $:8= eb+n & oki

xcicz|mofÿi f||cbam|) $<2&

? ?

? ?

X

M

S



sks0

Ci ca x|kocsk jc msc||mjk |c}fc|c jc sfc||ms oki z|fsomjk v xmsk ciz|c jfcizcs mnxafk)

_c xcjc ocxfaam| ci cszmjk scok ma mf|c oki i íibak jc ok|zc jc ?8¸ v lm`ms wcakofjmjcs jc mafncizmofÿi) _c |coknfcijm

zmamj|m| oki nciks jc 788|xn v ci nkaj|mjk oki nm|oms ncik|cs jc = nn) $=6&

Oknc|ofmancizc sc cnxacm ci am gml|fomofÿi jc zmlac|ks okiz|modmxmjks

xm|msk bcic|ma) _c ok|zm sfi jfgfoazmj! am odmxm cs afsm v jc gíofa scomjk)

Odmxms jcsci|kaamjms! om|xfizc|îm! om`kic|îm! okisz|oofkics afwfmims! `bczc|îm! x|kjozks nkaj|mjks xm|m

|cwcszfnfcizk jc fizc|fk|cs! zmlac|ks ciafszkimjks v mbaknc|mjks)

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCOSMIBM\C



8!76 8!:8 8!?4 8!?< <!< 7!= 4!= <!4 :!? 6!2 =?!7 <!? $<6&

Wc|jc

=<

8!?<

8!?<

<7=

?67

38?

7?7

47

=83

=46

?66

<:

:3

=72

?:8

==2

<86

??

?6

8!44

=!73

$<6&

$<6&



_

K

J

fiÿifnks0



Rcfinmiifm lmcpmim Rcfinmiifm `mdiff Omz|co)5 Omz|co) $?7&

Ciofik! ciofifaak! xcakzfaak $Okaknlfm&5 omsdom! ciofik! dfank! nmzmodc! |ksms!

sm|m| $Comjk|&5 smv smv! o|zfjk|! smv $Wcicpcam&5 dfodaað! nmodf! zfmom $Xc|ð&

Okszm \fom! Xmimní! Okaknlfm! Wcicpcam! Comjk| v Xc|ð) Ci Okaknlfm sc

ciociz|m ci aks jcxm|zmncizks jc Mizfk}fm! Wfc`k Omajms Zkafnm! Dfam! Omom v Im|fýk) Csxcofc x|kxfm jc aks

lks}cs dðncjk $ld.NL& v nv dðncjk nkizmik lm`k $lnd.NL&)

7:

CIOCIFAAKRcfinmiifm xlcsocis Eizd

Gmnfafm0 Oikifmocmc




C

O

_

J

X

X

M

S

a í|lka0

)


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

|csc|wmofÿi0



sks0

Í|lkacs ik|nmancizc jc =8 m =3 n jc maz|m v dmszm 78 on jc JMX! mi}c ci lks}c mjazk sc

|cxk|zmi í|lkacs jc dmszm <3 n jc mazk v 48 on jc JMX) Okxm mnxafm v xkok jcism) Ok|zcpm jc 6 m =8 nn jc

csxcsk|! jc okak| b|fs mnm|faacizm! |bksm! oki acizfocams gk|nmijk zcics aîicms wc|zfomacs) Gkaam`c jc okak| wc|jc

oam|k5 dk`ms kxcszms! oknxcszms! fnxm|fxfimjms! oki |m}fs mamjk5 ams dk`cams ski caîxzfoms! jc zmnmýk

wm|fmlac! lmsc msfnæz|fom! lk|jc msc||mjk! jc okak| wc|jc.|k`fpk omijk zfc|ims) Gak|cs xc}cýms! lami}cofims

v mlijmizcs! ci |mofnks zc|nfimacs mam|bmjks) G|zks oíxsams xc}cýms }c sc ml|ci ci jks wmawms oki

sæxmaks xc|sfszcizcs v scnfaams wcaaksms $<<&

Xkom k ifibim jfgc|ciofm jc okak| ciz|c mal|m v j|mnci5 nmjc|m jc okak|

omszmýk oam|k k omszmýk |k`fpk! m ncijk oki i nmzfp |ksmjk! aîicms wmsoam|cs nv gfims fijfszfizms m sfnxac

wfszm! nmjc|m jc asz|c ncjfmik! kak| v smlk| mscizcs k ik jfszfizfwks! nkjc|mjmncizc j|m v xcsmjm

$jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8)73 b+on &5 zctz|m ncjfmim m gfim ) $<<&

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk fijfszfibflacs k mscizci! xk|ksfjmj jfgsm! xk|ks fijfszfibflacs m sfnxac wfszm! mxcims

wfsflacs oki acizc jc =8t! ifgk|ncncizc jfsz|flfjks v nv inc|ksks $nís jc <38 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &!skafzm|fks v ci nðazfxaks |mjfmacs jc < xk|ks v komsfkimancizc mb|xmofkics f||cbam|cs! sfi okizcifjk mxm|cizc)

Xm|æi}fnm fijfszfibflac m sfnxac wfszm v oki acizc jc =8t) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc) Okijozks bknîgc|ks

mscizcs) $<<&

Nkjc|mjmncizc jfgîofa jc scom| ma mf|c5 x|cscizm zcijciofm ma malck j|mizc ca scomjk)

Am nmjc|m cs j|mlac m nkjc|mjmncizc j|mlac)

Nmjc|m gíofa jc x|csc|wm| zmizk xk| ca næzkjk jc lmýk omafcizc.g|îk! oknk xk| ca næzkjk jcx|csfÿi)

Nmjc|m nkjc|mjmncizc jfgîofa jc msc||m|) Am z|mlm`mlfafjmj oki

dc||mnfcizms ik|nmacs jc om|xfizc|îm ik x|cscizm x|klacnms0 ca ocxfaamjk! ca zk|icmjk v ca af`mjk ski lciks!

klzcifæijksc i momlmjk v xafncizk lciks5 ca zmamj|mjk cs |cbam| x|cscizmijk |msbmj|m jc gfl|ms v

sxc|gfofcs amiksms) $:=&

Gíofa jc jcsci|kaam| v bfaakzfim|) Am odmxm cs afsm v

jcok|mzfwm)

Wfbms! nclacs! bmlficzcs5 cacncizks zk|icmjks! odmxm jcok|mzfwm v okiz|modmxmjk) Am ok|zcpm sc zfafpm

xm|m am ctz|moofÿi jc zmifiks)

Am nmjc|m0

?

<

73



77

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCCIOCIFAAK



=88 48 =3 4 23 33)888 68)888

8!47 8!73 8!36 8!3: ?!3 3!= ==!8 =!3 7!= 4!? ==!3 =!: $<<&

=< 8!3: ::= 4=4 6< ?36 =8? :?4 ?<: 72 ?!88 $<<&



K

J



Komafzk) $Okaknlfm&5 comafxzk) $Comjk|! Xc|ð! Wcicpcam&5 comafxzk nmodk)

$Lkafwfm&)

Csxcofc k|fbfim|fm jc Msz|mafm! xamizmjm ci _|mnæ|fom jcsjc Wcicpcam dmszm

Odfac) Ci Okaknlfm sc ciociz|mi xamizmofkics ci am _mlmim jc Lkbkzí v ss ma|cjcjk|cs v ci aks jcxm|zmncizks

jc Lkvmoí! Mizfk}fm! Omajms! Zkafnm v Im|fýk) Csxcofc }c o|coc lfci ci ca lks}c nkizmik lm`k $l.NL&! ciz|c

aks <888 v aks <688 nsin) Bcic|mancizc sc ciociz|m ci xamizmofkics x|ms) $?2&

72

CSOMAFXZKComafxzs baklas Amlfaa)

Gmnfafm0 Nv|zmocmc




C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

J

X

a Í|lka0


comjk0

)

|mlfafjmj imz|ma0

|csc|wmofÿi0

Í|lka b|mijc! :8 m 73 n xc|k ik sxc|mijk aks ?3 n omijk cs oazfwmjk5 z|kiok |cozk! ofaîij|fok! oki

maz|ms oknc|ofmacs dmszm jc ?8 n v =88 on jc JMX) Ok|zcpm ctzc|im jc okak| omgæ xaknfpk! omjom!

jcsx|cijfæijksc ci b|mijcs csomnms }c sfbci am jf|coofÿi ci csxf|ma }c nodms wcocs mj}fc|c ca z|kiok ci

s jcsm||kaak5 oki g|cociofm cs xc|sfszcizc ci am lmsc jca z|kiok) Ok|zcpm fizc|im jc okak| omgæ oam|k v

okisfszciofm afsm) Ams dk`ms `ÿwcics ski kxcszms v nv bamoms5 ams dk`ms mjazms ski mazc|ims! xcofkamjms!

amiockamjms! gmaofgk|ncs! monfimjms v okak| wc|jc kso|k l|faamizc) G|zks sæsfacs k oki xcjfocaks ok|zks!

baklaksks! ci omz|k okszfaams lfci nm|omjms) $?2&

Mal|m jc okak| o|cnm k nm||ÿi xíafjk! xkok jfgc|ciofmjm jca j|mnci jc okak|

nm||ÿi xíafjk oki i nmzfp b|fs |ksíock5 aîicms wmsoam|cs gfims m ncjfmims c fiokisxfomncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac

wfszm! asz|c ncjfmik! kak| v smlk| jfszfizfwks m comafxzka ci am nmjc|m g|csom! ncjfmimncizc j|m v xcsmjm

$jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!2? b+on &! b|mik |cozk m ciz|co|pmjk! zctz|m ncjfmim) Ams mszfaams jca zmnmýk jc i

gÿsgk|k sc }cnmi m ocifpms jc okak| lamiok)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! fijfomjks xk| lmijms jc zc`fjk nís jcisk v kso|k v oki msciofm

jc xk|ks) Xk|ksfjmj jfgsm! xk|ks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! jc jfsz|flofÿi lmszmizc ifgk|nc! csomsks m

nkjc|mjmncizc inc|ksks $?8 m 73 v 73 m =<3 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &! ctoasfwmncizc skafzm|fks k omsf msî v

jfsxcszks ci dfac|ms |mjfmacs v klafoms! mabiks koafjks xk| zîafjcs) Xm|æi}fnm wfsflac m sfnxac wfszm!

x|cjknfimizcncizc xm|mz|m}cma wmsfoæiz|fok! wmsfoæiz|fok okigacizc v komsfkimancizc mafgk|nc jc mams

ok|zms) \mjfks fijfszfibflacs m sfnxac wfszm ci aks ok|zcs z|miswc|sma v zmibciofma! wfsflacs ci ca |mjfma) Okijozks

bknîgc|ks mscizcs) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc)

Ca scomjk ma mf|c cs acizk v sc x|cscizmi jcgcozks oknk mlm|}faamjk v ciok|wmj|m0 ca scomjk jczmlams jc <!3 on t =3 on t =<8 on! oki i okizcifjk jc dncjmj fifofma jca 27!4# v ci ams okijfofkics

oafnízfoms jc ]fzk! |c}f|fÿ :3 jîms xm|m lm`m| am dncjmj ma <8#) Ci ca scomjk ma dk|ik! zfafpmijk i x|kb|mnm

nkjc|mjk $N&! sc icocsfzm|ki 63 dk|ms xm|m lm`m| am dncjmj jca 38# ma =<#! oki xæ|jfjms ci wkanci

sxc|fk|cs ma =8#! x|cscizmijk m|}cmj|ms v zk|ocj|ms $<2& Ci ca scomjk jc xkszcs sc dmoc icocsm|fk okakom|

xamoms nczíafoms s`czmjk|ms ci aks ctz|cnks xm|m cwfzm| |m`mj|ms)

Nmjc|m ssocxzflac ma mzm}c jc dkibks c fiscozks) _c am okisfjc|m oknk jc lm`m

j|mlfafjmj imz|ma)

Ca j|mnci jca Comafxzk cs oknxaczmncizc fnxc|ncmlac c fnxksflac jc z|mzm|! mði oki

næzkjks jc wmoîk v x|csfÿi) Am mal|m! z|mzmjm oki smacs dfj|kskalacs ncjfmizc wmoîk v x|csfÿi! cs

nkjc|mjmncizc xc|ncmlac! x|cscizm im mlsk|ofÿi lcim $==2 eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma) $<2&

?

<

?

74





_

K

J

fiÿifnk0


fsz|flofÿi v dílfzmz0

Zmlclfm xcizmxdvaam

Ocflm xcizmij|m Zc|nfimafm Zcz|mbmsz|fs

$A)& Dcnsa)

Koklk! gak| nk|mjk! |klac gak| nk|mjk! |klac jc |îk! bmvmoíi! omýmbmzc

$Okaknlfm&5 |klac lamiok $Xc|zk \fok&5 \klac lamiok! |klac jc smlmim $Okszm \fom&5 mnmxm! |klac lamiok

$Nætfok&5 zc`flk $Lkafwfm&5 mxmnmzc! momx|k! |klac! |klac lamiok! k|n $Wcicpcam&)

Jcsjc Nætfok dmszm Okaknlfm! Wcicpcam! Comjk|! Xc|ð v Lkafwfm) Csxcofc jc aks

lks}cs scok z|kxfoma $ls.Z& v dðncjk z|kxfoma $ld).Z&! ci scawms okszmic|ms! lm`ms dðncjms k mazms v scoms)

Bcic|mancizc o|coc mskofmjk oki ams csxcofcs ! sxx) v sxx) $<4&

28

GAK\ NK\MJKZmlclfm |kscm $Lc|zka)& M) JO)

Gmnfafm0 Lfbikifmocmc




C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

J

X

a í|lka0


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

|csc|wmofÿi0

Í|lka b|mijc! <8 m ?3 n jc maz|m v dmszm 78 on) jc JMX5 gszc oknc|ofma ok|zk c f||cbam|! dmszm jc =3

n afl|c jc |mnms! sfi maczkics k oki cszks xc|k xkl|cncizc jcsm||kaamjks! c}faízc|ks) Okxm f||cbam|) Dk`ms

kxcszms! jfbfzmjms! gak|cs jc okak| |ksmjk dmszm lamioms! mb|xmjms ci |mofnks zc|nfimacs mtfam|cs) G|zk zfxk

oíxsam jcdfsocizc oki scnfaams mamjms) Ok|zcpm ctzc|im jc okak| omszmýk b|fsíock m omgæ kso|k! b|csm! 3 m =8

nn jc csxcsk|! oki acizfocams csomsms v xkok okisxfoms) Ok|zcpm fizc|im lamijm! jc okak| o|cnm k mnm|faak oam|k

}c sc jcsx|cijc ci zf|ms am|bms) $<4&

Mal|m mibkszm! jc okak| lamiok mnm|faacizk m nm||ÿi xíafjk! z|misfofÿi b|mjma v

xkok jfgc|ciofmjm ma j|mnci jc okak| nm||ÿi! nm||ÿi jk|mjk k omszmýk kso|k! oki i wczcmjk okisxfok v

aamnmzfwk ci am om|m zmibciofma x|kjofjk xk| ca xm|æi}fnm5 aîicms wmsoam|cs oam|mncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm!

asz|c ncjfmik! kak| v smlk| mscizcs k ik jfszfizfwks! ncjfmimncizc j|m v xcsmjm $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!73

b+on &! b|mik |cozk m ciz|co|pmjk! zctz|m ncjfmim m afbc|mncizc b|csm)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk m wcocs oam|mncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm c fijfomjks xk| pkims nís jcisms v kso|ms v xk|

im aîicm jc xm|æi}fnm zc|nfima) Xk|ksfjmj jfgsm! xk|ks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! nkjc|mjmncizc csomsks m

nkjc|mjmncizc inc|ksks $?8 m 73 v 73 m =<3 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &! jfsxcszks ci dfac|ms kijamjms

zmibciofmacs! am nmvk|îm mlfc|zks) Xm|æi}fnm xm|mz|m}cma wmsfoæiz|fok! mafgk|nc! okigacizc! gfimncizc

zc|nfima v x|cjknfimizcncizc ci lmijms kijamjms zmibciofmacs) \mjfks fijfszfibflacs m sfnxac wfszm ci ca

ok|zc z|miswc|sma! wfsflacs ci ca |mjfma v! scbði ca íibak jc |cgactfÿi jc am ap! jfsoc|iflacs ci ca zmibciofma

gk|nmijk |fpks) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi jc aks cacncizks wfsflac m sfnxac wfszm) Okijozks bknîgc|ks mscizcs)

Ca scomjk ma mf|c cs nkjc|mjmncizc acizk! ik x|cscizm jfgfoazmjcs v am nmjc|m scom sfi jcgcozks) Ci

ams okijfofkics jc Næ|fjm! Wcicpcam! zmlams jc <3 nn jc csxcsk| oki i okizcifjk jc dncjmj fifofma jca 74#!

maomipm|ki i <8# ma omlk jc ==: jîms! sfi }c sc x|cscizm|mi jcgcozks) Ca scomjk m|zfgfofma dmszm ca =<# jc

okizcifjk jc dncjmj! zfafpmijk i x|kb|mnm gc|zc $G&! sc akb|ÿ ci ==8 dk|ms! x|cscizíijksc afbc|ks jcgcozks

jc mlm|}faamjk) $<2&

Ci oazfwks x|ks cs |csfszcizc m am xj|fofÿi nm||ÿi! xc|k nv ssocxzflac m am xj|fofÿi lamiom)

Ci okizmozk oki ca scak cs ssocxzflac ma mzm}c jc dkibks c fiscozks) $3<&

Ci ca z|mzmnfcizk jc lmýk omafcizc v g|îk am nmjc|m cs nkjc|mjmncizc xc|ncmlac! zmizk am

mal|m oknk ca j|mnci x|cscizmi im mlsk|ofÿi lcim $=:< eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma m xm|ofma f||cbam|) Ci

ca z|mzmnfcizk jc wmoîk v x|csfÿi am nmjc|m cs xc|ncmlac! x|cscizm mlsk|ofÿi mazm $<?3 eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi

zkzma) $<2&

?

<

?

?

2=




Wc|jc

=<

8!3:

8!3:

:8:

342

4?2

==8:

=<3

=<:

?43

7?3

:<

73

3=?

27=

:<2

37<

4:

=<3

<!87

=!38

$<6&

$<6&

8!63 8!73 8!7= 8!3: =!6 <!6 :!4 =!3 :!7 7!6 ==!= =!3 $<6&

2<

X

M

S



sks0

Ctocxzmijk ca xamicmjk! am nmjc|m jca |klac x|cscizm ctocacizcs

x|kxfcjmjcs jc z|mlm`k ci zkjms ams kxc|mofkics jc aml|mjk) Xcjc sc| msc||mjm! nkaj|mjm! zmamj|mjm v

zk|icmjm oki ctocacizcs |csazmjks) Mabði ofjmjk sc jclc zcic| ci ca xamicmjk xm|m x|cwcif| ca b|mik m||miomjk

v mszfaamjk) Jm i momlmjk gfik v nv mz|mozfwk v sc okisfjc|m gíofa jc ciokam|) $?:&

Ca ok|zc |kzmzk|fk sc |cmafpm oki gmofafjmj5 am odmxm cs afsm v

oknxmozm oki i mz|mozfwk wczcmjk x|kjofjk xk| ca xm|æi}fnm) Lcim xm|m zmlac|ks jcok|mzfwks v jc sk

bcic|ma) Nv lcims omafjmjcs xm|m zmlac|ks jc xm|zîoams) Ik cs mxzm xm|m zmlac|ks jc nmjc|m.ocncizk) $3<&

Okiz|modmxmjk jcok|mzfwk v jc sk bcic|ma! nclacs! xc|zms! momlmjks fizc|fk|cs! xfsks! m|zîoaks

jcxk|zfwks! nmibks xm|m fnxacncizks mb|îokams v xm|m okisz|oofkics ci bcic|ma)

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCGAK\ NK\MJK


=88 48 =3 4 23 33)888 68)888



_

K

fiÿifnks0


Eizd5 Rfaaj)5 O) Nm|z) ct Lcizd)5

Nm|z) ct Lcizd)5 5 Dkke) g) ct Nm|odmij5

_mijrfzd5 Ciba)5 Ciba)5

Z|fmim ' Xamiod)5 Nm|odmij) $?7&

ocj|k nmodk! nmizcok! ocj|faak! bm|xmvk! mabkjÿi $Okaknlfm&5 ocj|faak!

nmomf|k! omxaî! }cýfi! omfýfi) $Comjk|&5 g|zm jc xmaknm! omizk jc xmaknm! xmzfaak! omsmlc! omsmlfzk! omklmjc nkizmým! ocj|faak! ocj|k ikbma! zmxmoak! ocj|k jaoc! ok|mpÿi okak|mjk! `klfaak! `klk afsk) $Wcicpcam&5

fsmxm|fzsf) $Xc|ð&)

Oknkoamjfm zmxmoak @kio}czfm xmifoamzm Nm|fm nazfgak|m

Nm|fm sllf`bm Kjfim g|miokmim Iczzk Zmxf|f|m lf`bm Zmxf|f|m

gmisdmrcf Zmxf|f|m bfmicisfs wm|) oicmzm Zmxf|f|m bfmicisfs wm|) caafxzfom Zmxf|f|m

nv|fmizdm Zmxf|f|m xmk.xknlk

2?

G\C_IKZmxf|f|m bfmicisfs Mla)

Gmnfafm0 Mimom|jfmocmc




J

X

fsz|flofÿi0 Jcsjc ca s| jc Næ`fok dmszm ca Xc|ð v ca k|fcizc jca L|msfa) Ci Okaknlfm sc ciociz|m ci am

_c||miîm jc _mi Aoms! Om|m|c.Kxki! Im|fýk! Mizfk}fm v Mnmpkiîm) Csxcofc xfkic|m ciokiz|mjm ci aks lks}cs

x|fnm|fks v scoijm|fks jc Mnæ|fom z|kxfoma! sc ciociz|m ci lks}cs jc bmac|îm v zfc||m gf|nc! ik klszmizc! o|coc

ci í|cms scoms! mjcnís ci pkims fiijmlacs v |fwc|ms jc aks |îks ci sfzfks dðncjks5 m wcocs mskofmjk oki ams

csxcofcs! vm|nk $ sx)&! nk|m $ sx)& v `mlkiofaak $ sx)&) Csxcofc jc aks lks}cs scok

z|kxfoma $ls.Z& ! dðncjk z|kxfoma $ld.Z&! nv dðncjk z|kxfoma $lnd.Z& v dðncjk x|cnkizmik $ld.X&) $6&

Cs nkjc|mjmncizc jfgîofa jc z|mzm| oki x|csc|wmzfwks) Ci ca z|mzmnfcizk m x|csfÿi m oæaam aacim am

mal|m zwk xcicz|mofÿi zkzma ifgk|nc v |czciofÿi jc <<8 eb+n 5 ca j|mnci! xcicz|mofÿi xm|ofma xc|fgæ|fom v

Oco|kxfm Nfokifm Fsc|zfm

C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

J

a Í|lka0


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

Í|lka b|mijc! ?8 m :8 n jc maz|m v dmszm 48 on jc JMX5 gszc |cozk! ofaîij|fok! dmszm jc =3 n jc

maz|m oknc|ofma! oki maczkics ok|zks ci am lmsc) Ok|zcpm ctzc|im jc okak| omszmýk b|fsíock oam|k! jcabmjm v afsm kafbc|mncizc gfs|mjm) Ok|zcpm fizc|im jc okak| |k`fpk m |ksmjk! jcabmjm! jcsx|cijc ci zf|ms ok|zms v ctjm im

|csfim mocfzksm jc okak| acodksk) Dk`ms mazc|ims! oknxcszms! xm|fxfimjms k fnxm|fxfimjms! dmszm jc <3 on jc

am|bk! íxfoc klzsk.monfimjk! lmsc klzsm! baml|ms xk| am dmp! xawc|acizms xk| ca ciwæs) \mnms acizfocamjms v

oki sszmiofms bknksms) Gak|cs xc}cýms! mnm|faams! ci xmiîoams zc|nfimacs k mtfam|cs) G|zk j|xm cafxskfjc

xc}cým! jc okak| wc|jc kso|k omijk nmj|m5 xaxm jc smlk| jaoc! jc =!3 on jc jfíncz|k) $::&

Nmjc|m jc okak| omszmýk |ksíock nmiodmjm xk| ctjmofkics jc msxcozk mocfzksk!

z|misfofÿi b|mjma v xkok jfgc|ciofmjm m am mal|m jc okak| nís oam|k5 aîicms wmsoam|cs oam|mncizc wfsflacs m

sfnxac wfszm! nmjc|m jc asz|c ncjfmik m mazk! jc msxcozk k|jfim|fk! kak| v smlk| mscizcs k ik jfszfizfwks! afwfmim

v lamijm $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!:4 b+on &! b|mik |cozk! zctz|m ncjfmim) $?<&

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk mscizcs k xkl|cncizc jcgfifjks xk| pkims mibkszms nís jcisms v kso|ms) Xk|ksfjmj

jfgsm! xk|ks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! xc}cýks m ncjfmiks! jc jfsz|flofÿi ifgk|nc v nkjc|mjmncizc

inc|ksks m inc|ksks $73 m =<3 v jc =<3 m <38 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &! skafzm|fks! ci nðazfxaks |mjfmacs jc < m ?

xk|ks! komsfkimancizc jc : ÿ nís v ci mb|xmofkics |mocnfgk|ncs! oki ofc|zm zcijciofm dmofm am jfsxksfofÿi

jfmbkima! am nmvk|îm mlfc|zks! mabiks fiwmjfjks xk| zîafjcs) Xm|æi}fnm fijfszfibflac m sfnxac wfszm! nv

fijfszfizk lm`k ca acizc jc =8t! csomsmncizc xm|mz|m}cma! oki ofc|zk okizcifjk bknksk) Okijozks bknîgc|ks

|mjfmacs x|cscizcsci mabiks |mjfks) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc) $?<&

Nmjc|m gíofa jc scom|5 sc scom |íxfjmncizc v ik sc x|cscizmi jcgcozks! ctocxzk ams nmiodms kso|ms

ci am sxc|gfofc x|kjofjms xk| ca ctjmjk bknksk) Cismvks |cmafpmjks ci Næ|fjm! Wcicpcam! zfafpmijk zmlakics

jc 3 on jc csxcsk|! :8 on jc miodk v : m 3 n jc akibfzj! nksz|m|ki }c am nmjc|m maomipm i okizcifjk jc

dncjmj jca <8# ma omlk jc <73 jîms) _c |coknfcijm ca scomjk m|zfgfofma) $3<&

Ci oazfwks x|ks cs nv ssocxzflac m am xj|fofÿi nm||ÿi v |csfszcizc m am xj|fofÿi lamiom) Ci

okizmozk oki ca scak cs gíofancizc mzmomjm xk| dkibksc fiscozks) $3<&

?

<

|csc|wmofÿi0

?

2:



|czciofÿi jc 23 eb+n ) Ci ca z|mzmnfcizk xk| finc|sfÿi am mal|m zwk xcicz|mofÿi zkzma ifgk|nc v |czciofÿi jc

<48 eb+n 5 ca j|mnci xcicz|mofÿi xm|ofma xc|fgæ|fom v |czciofÿi jc ?8 eb+n ) $3<&

?

? ?

X

M

S

|kxfcjmjcs jc z|mlm`k0

xzfzj xm|modmxms v zmlac|ks mbaknc|mjks0

sks0

Gíofa jc z|mlm`m| oki dc||mnfcizms ik|nmacs5 ocxfaamjk mocxzmlac! momlmjk lcik m |cbam|!

x|cscizíijksc xc}cýms nmiodms mocfzksms x|kwcifcizcs jc aks omimacs bknîgc|ks5 xm|m ca af`mjk cs xksflac }c scmi icocsm|fms

skaofkics csxcofmacs) $3<&

X|cscizm lcims omafjmjcs xm|m zmlac|ks jc xm|zîoams) $3<&

Jclfjk m ams xc}cýms nmiodms jc bknm ci am sxc|gfofc jc am nmjc|m jca G|csik! ca sk jc cszm nmjc|m cs |csz|fibfjk)

Okisz|oofkics zcnxk|macs jc lm`k csgc|pk5 om`ms v cnlmam`cs5 odmxms jc ok|zc |kzmzk|fk xm|m manms jc okiz|modmxmjks sf sc

akb|m ciokam| smzfsgmozk|fmncizc5 momlmjks fizc|fk|cs5 zmlac|ks mbaknc|mjks5 nclacs |ðszfoks) _f sc x|csc|wm xcjc sc| zfafpmjm

oknk xkszcs xm|m oc|oms) X|cscizm lcims omafjmjcs xm|m gml|fom| zmlac|ks jc xm|zîoams)

23

Wc|jc

=<

8!:=

8!:8

<:7

:43

::?

2<8

6:

=8:

<:7

?6:

=4

3<

<22

??4

=2<

<?4

32

48 =!8?$:4&

$<?&

8!22 8!:4 8!:3 8!:8 =!4 :!= 7!8 <!? ?!4 2!7 ==!: <!? $<?&

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCG\C_IK



=88 48 =3 4 23 33)888 68)888



_

K

J

fiÿifnks0



Gfos fisfxfjm G) mizdcanfizfom G) scbkwfmc Xdm|nmoksvocm mibszfgkafmXc|s)5 Nm|z)5 Nf})5 Afcln)

$?7&

Omodk ncijfzk! dfbc|ÿi $Okaknlfm&5 dfbc|ÿi jca |îk $Comjk|&5 dfbc|kzc!

odm|c lamiok $Wcicpcam&5 k`æ $Xc|ð&5 Czkim! lflksf! dfbc|ÿi! dfbc|kiofaak! odf}fzmik! $Lkafwfm&5 Dfbc|ÿi

$Xmimní&5 mnmzc $Nætfok&5 mnmzc! dfbc|ÿi! nmzmxmak $Bmzcnmam&)

Jcsjc ca s| jc Nætfok! Dkij|ms L|fzíifom v Bmzcnmam dmszm Xc|ð v L|msfa) _c

ciociz|m ncj|mijk ci oafnms wm|fmlacs v dðncjks! jkijc gk|nm xm|zc jc ams omxms mazms jca lks}c z|kxfoma) Ci

27

DFBSC\KIGfos baml|mzm D)L)E)

Gmnfafm0 Nk|mocmc




Okaknlfm sc ciociz|m ci ams csz|flmofkics jc ams ok|jfaac|ms Koofjcizma! Ociz|ma! v K|fcizma v mjcnís ci am _fc||m

Icwmjm jc _mizm Nm|zm! jcsjc ca ifwca jca nm| dmszm aks =388 nsin) $?=&

M|lka b|mijc! ctzcijfjk! dmszm =3.?8 n jc mazk v = n jc jfíncz|k k nís b|mijc! m ncijk oki |mîocs

zmlam|cs mbjms v nv miodms v okxm |cjkijcmjm jc gkaam`c wc|jc asz|ksk) Am ok|zcpm ctzc|fk| cs b|fs oam|m! afsm!

m wcocs acwcncizc mb|fczmjm v |fijc aízct lamiok okxfksk sfi smlk|) Am ok|zcpm fizc|fk| cs jc okak| omgæ oam|k!

m|ciksm v sfi smlk|) Am vcnm cszí olfc|zm jc im cszfxam wc|jc mnm|faacizm! jc dmszm =8 on! nv mibkszm

Dk`ms ski mazc|ims! xcoîkaks b|csks! wc|jcs jc ?.2 on! ski mxamimjks ciofnm) Gak|cs jfnfizms! nmsoafims v

gcncifims! csokijfjms jciz|k jca íxfoc cismiodmjk v dcok jca c`c $|cocxzíoak&! }c gk|nm ca g|zk nðazfxac)

G|zks nðazfxacs! $sfokiks& s`czks ci xcjðioaks b|csks! jc 8!3< on! zfcici csomnms jfnfizms! xizfmbjms

ci am lmsc v ci ca íxfoc im mxc|z|m! jc ? nn jc am|bk v miodk) Mjciz|k sc ciociz|mi ams inc|ksms scnfaams

jfnfizms) Cszks g|zks smwcs v `bksks ski omsf sfi smlk| v ik okncszflacs) _fi cnlm|bk! ski oknfjks xk| aks

xí`m|ks! nmnîgc|ks v xcocs) $?=&

xkom k ifibim jfgc|ciofm ciz|c am mal|m v ca j|mnci! nmjc|m lamiopom k jc

okak| mnm|faak o|cnm g|cocizcncizc oki i nmzfp wc|jksk v nmiodms b|fsíocms b|mijcs v okisxfoms

x|kjofjms xk| cgcozk jc jcokak|mofÿi! oki wczms x|knficizcs jclfjms ma xm|æi}fnm! aîicms wmsoam|cs

oam|mncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! lamijm v afwfmim $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!:4 b+on &5 nmjc|m xkok asz|ksm! kak|

v smlk| mscizcs k ik jfszfizfwks! afwfmim v lamijm! b|mik |cozk m f||cbam|! zctz|m b|csm)

Mifaaks oam|mncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! fijfomjks xk| lmijms zmibciofmacs nís jcisms v jc okak|mofÿi nís

kso|m k xk| im nmvk| scxm|mofÿi jc ams lmijms jc xm|æi}fnm! xk|ksfjmj jfgsm! xk|ks oam|mncizc wfsflacs m

sfnxac wfszm! ncjfmiks m nv b|mijcs! jc jfsz|flofÿi ifgk|nc v nv csomsks $nciks jc =< xk|ks =8 nn &!

oknðincizc skafzm|fks v ci nðazfxaks |mjfmacs jc < ÿ ? xk|ks! ci s nmvk|îm mlfc|zks) Xm|æi}fnm

okisxfomncizc wfsflac m sfnxac wfszm ci ca ok|zc z|miswc|sma dncjcofjk! xm|mz|m}cma ci inc|ksms lmijms

okizfims miodms v oki im jfszmiofm ciz|c sî jc = ÿ < xk|ks) Okijozks bknîgc|ks mscizcs) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi

mscizcs)

Nmjc|m jc scomjk |íxfjk) Ci zmlakics jc 3 on jc csxcsk|! 38 on jc miodk v : n jc akibfzj! maomipÿ

ca <8# jc okizcifjk jc dncjmj ci =83 jîms) $3<&

Nv ssocxzflac ma mzm}c jc dkibks c fiscozks5 |c}fc|c sc| z|mzmjm |íxfjmncizc v |czf|mjm jca

lks}c xm|m x|cwcif| am nmiodm mpa v ca mzm}c jc am om|oknm)

C

O

_

J

a í|lka0

)


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

Am nmjc|m0

?

<

22



24

X|csc|wmofÿi0 Gíofa jc z|mzm| oki x|csc|wmzfwks) Ci ca z|mzmnfcizk m x|csfÿi m oæaam aacim zwk xcicz|mofÿi

zkzma f||cbam| v |czciofÿi jc <83 eb+n ) Ci ca z|mzmnfcizk xk| finc|sfÿi ci lmýk omafcizc g|îk! xcicz|mofÿi

zkzma ifgk|nc v |czciofÿi jc :48 eb+n ) $3<&

?

?

X

M

S



Nmjc|m gíofa jc msc||m|5 ci bcic|ma! xm|coc sc| mxzm xm|m ca nm}fimjk

xc|k x|cscizm sc|fms jfgfoazmjcs xm|m ca zmamj|mjk v ca csokxacmjk oki ofioca omj|mjk) $3<&

_c ok|zm gíofancizc) Nv ssocxzflac m am nmiodm mpa) Am

odmxm sg|c scwc|ms jcgk|nmofkics j|mizc ca scomjk v cs jcnmsfmjk g|íbfa) Xkok |cokncijmlac xm|m odmxm)

Xkok mxzm xm|m zmlac|ks jc xm|zîoams) Ik mxzm xm|m zmlac|ks jc nmjc|m ocncizk) $3<&

sks0 \m|mncizc zfcic fnxk|zmiofm oknc|ofma! xc|k m wcocs sc msfc||m xm|m om`ms! cnlmam`cs v sks

scnc`mizcs) Xk| s lm`k xcsk csxcoîgfok v xæsfnms x|kxfcjmjcs bcic|macs! ik sc |coknfcijm xm|m ifibði

sk) $3<&

=< 8!?< <=3 :<= <3 ?<: :6 <2? =:7 7< 8!:=

8!7: 8!:4 8!?3 8!?< =!? ?!3 3!= <!7 ?!4 7!3 =8!7 =!<

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCDFBSC\KI

$Gcizc0 mzk|cs&





_

K

J

fiÿifnks0



Mla)5 $Wcs}c& Xfc||c

Zknczk! mpg|c! zknæ! nmodmsî! xc|mnmi $Oka)&5 am|ca jc nkizc! mpg|c! l|cm

mnm|faam $Lka)&5 pmxzf! nmodm|c $Co)&5 mpg|c! l|cm omsxf! omsxî $Xc|ð&5 xc|mnmiofaak! xm|nm! nmibac nkizmým

$Wci)&5 nmiff! lmfodrmtz|mc $Bv)&5 vcaakrnmibc $Z|f)&5 odcrszfae! lm|faak $Dki)&5 nmzmeef! nmnf! nmsmb|fk!

nmzmb|fc $_|)&5 lkm|jrkkj $@mn)&5 wmwm|î! mimif! wmimif $L|m)&5 nmifa $oknc|ofma&) $?=&

Cszc í|lka z|kxfoma cs jc scaks dðncjks jc ams k|faams jc aks |îks v xmizmiks k

bmijmacs oc|om jca ifwca jca nm|5 xc|zcicoc m ams gk|nmofkics lks}c dðncjk! lks}c nv dðncjk z|kxfoma

Nk|kiklcm okooficm _vnxdkifm bmlkicisfs

26

NMODM\C_vnxdkifm baklafgc|m A) g)

Gmnfafm0 Oasfmocmc




$Ld.Z! lnd.Z&! mjcnís jc lks}c xawfma x|cnkizmik oki z|misfofÿi m z|kxfoma $lx . XN+Z&) _c jfsz|flvc xk|

zkjm _| Mnæ|fom Z|kxfoma v Ociz|k Mnæ|fom! jcsjc Bmzcnmam! Dkij|ms dmszm Comjk|! Xc|ð! Lkafwfm! L|msfa v ams

Bmvmims) _c mskofm ci aks bmijmacs oki csxcofcs oknk

)$<&

í|lka jc =3 dmszm 38 n jc maz|m v =<8 on jc JMX! nís oknðincizc 48 on! oki gszc ikzk|fmncizc

|cozk v oÿifok! oki |mîocs zmlam|cs v m wcocs |mîocs pmiojms ci í|cms xmizmiksms) Okxm xf|mnfjma k |cjkijm!

mlfc|zm! oki |mnms sfiksms v gkaam c̀ wc|jc kso|k) Ok|zcpm ctzc|fk| jc okak| omgæ kso|k! csomnksm v oki gfs|ms)

Ok|zcpm fizc|fk| jc okak| |ksmjk mnm|faacizk! |fijc i aízct mnm|faak i xkok mnm|bk! sc wcawc icb|m ma mf|c)

Dk`ms sfnxacs! kxcszms! klakibk.amiockamjms! baml|ms! l|faamizcs ci ca dmp v ok|fíocms! íxfoc monfimjk v lmsc

mibkszm v mbjm) \mofnks gak|macs! nlcams v xmiîoams! zc|nfimacs! skszfcici inc|ksms gak|cs lfsctmacs!

|ksmjms! |k`ms k mim|mi`mjms) G|zks lmvms mnm|faams! xm|jms k xð|x|ms! kwkfjcs k baklksms! okizfcici

bcic|mancizc = scnfaam klakibm jc =< m =3 nn jc jfíncz|k) $?=&

Mal|m jc okak| mnm|faak xíafjk m lamiok! oki z|misfofÿi ml|xzm ma j|mnci jc

okak| omszmýk oam|k mnm|faacizk! b|fsíock k omszmýk oki msxcozk dm|fiksk jclfjk m am b|mi mlijmiofm jc

xm|æi}fnm! wczcmjk okisxfok ci m|oks sxc|xcszk ci am om|m zmibciofma jclfjk m aks mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk!

aîicms wmsoam|cs wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! asz|c ncjfmik! ncjfmimncizc j|m v xcsmjms $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c

8!2< b+on &! kak| gæzfjk |cofæi ok|zmjm! mscizc ma scom|sc! smlk| mscizc! b|mik |cozk m f||cbam|! zctz|m

ncjfmim m b|csm) $?<&

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk oam|mncizc fijfomjksxk| lmijmsjc nmjc|m zm|jîm nís jcisms v jc okak| nís kso|k v xk|

im nmvk| scxm|mofÿi jc ams lmijms jc xm|æi}fnm! xk|ksfjmj jfgsm! xk|ks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm!nkjc|mjmncizc csomsks $?3 m 73 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &! skafzm|fks v ci nðazfxacs |mjfmacs jc < m ? xk|ks!

komsfkimancizc jc : v ci mb|xmofkics f||cbam|cs! am nmvk|îm koafjks xk| zîafjcs5 xm|æi}fnm oam|mncizc

wfsflac m sfnxac wfszm! nv mlijmizc! x|cjknfimizcncizc xm|mz|m}cma ci inc|ksms lmijms miodms! zmnlfæi

mafgk|nc jc mams ok|zms) Okijozks bknîgc|ks mscizcs) \mjfks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm ci aks ok|zcs z|miswc|sma v

|mjfma! fijfszfizksci ca zmibciofma) Okijozksbknîgc|ks mscizcs) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc) $?<&

Am wcakofjmj jc scomjk ma mf|c cs nv |íxfjm v sc x|cscizmi jcgcozks oknk |m`mj|ms v zk|ocj|ms0 ca

scomjk jc zmlams jc <!3 on t =3 on t =88 on! oki i okizcifjk jc dncjmj fifofma jca :3!4# v ci amsokijfofkics

oafnízfoms jc Lkbkzí! |c}f|fÿ =4 jîms xm|m lm`m| am dncjmj ma <8#) Ik sc |coknfcijm ca scomjk ma dk|ik!xcszk }c mxafomijk i x|kb|mnm smwc sc klzwfc|ki xæ|jfjms jc wkanci nmvk|cs ma =8#) $<2&

Cs im nmjc|m nv |csfszcizc ma mzm}c jc dkibks c fiscozks)

Jfmavmizdc|m monfimzm! Om|mxm bfmicisfs) L|ksfni

zfac) Omnxiksxc|nm xmimncisfs

a í|lka0


comjk0

|mlfafjmj imz|ma0

C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

J

?

<

48



Wc|jc

=<

8!34

8!34

762

4?2

=8<?

=:84

=:=

=73

:63

287

48

62

3::

273

:6:

342

2:

24

<!32

?!34

$<6&

$<6&

=!8= 8!2< 8!76 8!34 <!7 7!< 4!2 <!: 3!? ==!? =7!8 <!< $<6&

X

X

S

|csc|wmofÿi0


sks0

Am mal|m cs nkjc|mjmncizc z|mzmlac! nfciz|ms }c ca j|mnci cs nv jfgîofa jc z|mzm|) Ci ca

x|kocsk jc lmýk g|îk v omafcizc! zfafpmijk i x|csc|wmizc kackskalac! ca j|mnci x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi iam $<:

eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi iam) Ci ca x|kocsk jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi! mxafomijk im sszmiofm kackskalac! am mal|m

x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi xkl|c $3= eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma! v ca j|mnci x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi xkl|c $76 eb+n &

oki xcicz|mofÿi xm|ofma) Ma mxafom| smacs dfj|kskalacs xk| ca næzkjk jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi! am mal|m x|cscizÿ

mlsk|ofÿi lcim $=82 eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma! v ca j|mnci mlsk|ofÿi xkl|c $4< eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi

iam m xm|ofma) $<2&

Ci aks x|kocsks jc msc||mjk v af`mjk ik x|cscizm nmvk|cs jfgfoazmjcs)

Ca ocxfaamjk jc am nmjc|m scom sc xcjc dmoc| oki 3!3 n+nfi jc wcakofjmj jc mafncizmofÿi v ?8¸ jc íibak jc

ok|zc) Jm i lci momlmjk oki =<88 |xn ci zmamj|mjk) Ci nkaj|mjk sc klzfcici lciks |csazmjks oki nm|oms

jc=nn)$=6&

Odmxms oodfaamjms jcok|mzfwms! om|xfizc|îm! om||czc|îm! okisz|oofkics xcsmjms m am fizcnxc|fc!

clmifszc|îm! fnxacncizks mb|îokams! nclacs! xfsks! m|zîoaks zk|icmjks v z|mwfcsms xm|m gc||kom||fa)

?

? ?

? ?

4=

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCNMODM\C



=88 ==8 <6 =< =83 23)888 =88)888



K

J



Ci Mnæ|fom z|kxfoma sc ac okikoc oknk ncafim! ci Fijkicsfm sc ac okikoc oknk

vcnmic v ci am Fijfm bmnm|f k bnmjf) Kz|ks iknl|cs ski bcncafim! bncafim! bndm|! emsdnf| z|cc! nmamv

lccodrkkj! simxj|mbki! zcom lamiom! vcnmif $Lf|nmifm&! sk! sk.nmck $Zmfamijfm&! endm|! scrmi $Xmefszíi&!

sdfwmif $Fijfms ociz|ma&! bmnm| $Lmibamjcsd&) Bndm|! Vcnmic $Lf|nmifm! Nmamsfm&) $:7&

Ci s í|cm jc jfsz|flofÿi imz|ma sc jcsm||kaam ci dílfzmzs }c wm|îmi jcsjc

dðncjks dmszm scoks) _c ciociz|m ci gk|nm imz|ma x|fiofxmancizc ci ams scawms nftzms jc Lf|nmifm! mskofmjk

oki ! wm|fms csxcofcs amzfgkafmjms v lmnlðcs) _ nítfnk jcsm||kaak akZcozkim b|mijfs! Zc|nfimafm zkncizksm

4<

NCAFIMBncafim m|lk|cm \ktl)Gmnfafm0 Wc|lcimocmc




4?

maomipm ci aks lks}cs nís dðncjks jc Lf|nmifm! skl|c zkjk ci wmaacs dðncjks v gæ|zfacs! ci cszms okijfofkics

xcjc o|coc| dmszm aks =<78 n jc mazfzj) Am ncafim cs imzfwm jc Fijfm! Lmibamjcsd! _|f Amiem! Nvminm|!

Zmfamijfm! s| jc Odfim! Amks! Omnlkvm v _nmz|m ci Fijkicsfm v cs im fnxk|zmizc gcizc nmjc|c|m ci ams

|cbfkics z|kxfomacs v slz|kxfomacs jc Msfm) Am csxcofc dm sfjk fiz|kjofjm ci nodks xmîscs z|kxfomacs

fioavcijk Gfafxfims! Nmamsfm! L|msfa! Bmnlfm! Okszm \fom! L|efim Gmsk! Okszm jc Nm|gfa! Ifbc|fm v Nmamrf5

zmnlfæi cs oknði ci Olm! Okaknlfm! L|msfa! Wcicpcam! Bmzcnmam v ci am pkim z|kxfoma jc Nætfok) $:7&

Csxcofc jc |íxfjk o|cofnfcizk! kxk|zifszm ci aks lks}cs dðncjks v sc oamsfgfom oknk im xfkic|m jc

wfjm am|bm) Cs omjofgkafm ci ams pkims scoms! xcjc aacbm| m ncjf| ?8 n jc maz|m v x|cscizm| nís jc 48 on jc

jfíncz|k) O|coc smancizc oki i gszc afnxfk jc 7 dmszm 6 n! nm|omjmncizc oÿifok! xk| ak |cbam| jc 38.48

on jc jfíncz|k! ci komsfkics dmszm jc =:? on! sfi okiz|mgc|zcs xc|k ci komsfkics cib|ksmjk ci am lmsc)

X|cscizm im okxm mnxafm ci sfzfks mlfc|zks! xc|k ci xamizmofÿi s okxm cs jcism v oknxmozm) Ok|zcpm afsm k

csomnksm! jc nm||ÿi xíafjm m b|fsíocm) Dk`ms b|mijcs! jc =8.<3 on jc am|bk v 3.=4 on jc miodk! sfnxacs!

kxcszms! cizc|ms! jcizmjms! smancizc nís k nciks mok|mpkimjms! am dmp wc|jc v baml|m! ca ciwæs wc|jc

xíafjk v mzc|ofkxcamjk) Figak|csociofm |mofnk k xmiîoam ofnksm zc|nfima oki inc|ksms gak|cs mnm|faak.

mim|mi`mjms! nkikfoms xc|gcozms) G|zk om|iksk zfxk j|xm! jc gk|nm kwkfjc klakibm! om|iksk! soacizk! oki

xc|fom|xk ok|fíock v cijkom|xk ÿsck! jc okak| wc|jc asz|ksk! zk|iíijksc mnm|faak l|faamizc ma nmj|m|) $:7&

Mal|m jc okak| b|fs xíafjk! z|misfofÿi b|mjma ma j|mnci jc okak| mnm|faak xíafjk!

zknmijk i nmzfp |ksmjk oki ca zfcnxk! asz|c mazk! nkjc|mjmncizc lamijm v afwfmim $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!38

b+on &! kak| v smlk| ik jfszfizfwks! b|mik |cozk m ciz|co|pmjk! zctz|m ncjfmim)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk gíofancizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! ci csxcofma am nmjc|m }c x|kwfcic jc |cbfkics oki im

cszmofÿi scom lfci jcgfifjm! oki xk|ksfjmj jfgsm! scnf of|oam| k of|oam| jcxcijfcijk jc ams okijfofkics jc

o|cofnfcizk! aks xk|ks ski afbc|mncizc nís b|mijc ma fifofk jc am pkim jc o|cofnfcizk) Xk|ks wfsflacs m sfnxac

wfszm! nkjc|mjmncizc csomsks $?8 m 73 xk|ks xk| =8 nn & f||cbam|ncizc jfsz|flfjks! oki zcijciofm m am

jfsxksfofÿi ci dfac|ms zmibciofmacs! skafzm|fks v ci b|xks |mjfmacs jc < m : xk|ks! mabiks fiwmjfjks xk| zîafjcs)

Xm|æi}fnm wfsflac m sfnxac wfszm! xm|mz|m}cma wmsfoæiz|fok! okigacizc v m ofc|zks fizc|wmaks gk|nmijk lmijms

zmibciofmacs }c |coc|jmi ma xm|æi}fnm zc|nfima) \mjfks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm ci aks z|cs ok|zcs)

Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizcs) Okijozksbknîgc|ks mscizcs)

Xm|m scomjk ma mf|c! sc okisfjc|m am csxcofc oknk jc acizk scomjk ci csxcsk|cs b|csks $nmvk|cs m 3

on& v x|cscizm im omafjmj ncjfm xk| am x|csciofm jc b|fczms v jc xmijcks) $:7& Ci ca scomjk ma dk|ik! amafzc|mz|m m ifwca fizc|imofkima cszmlacoc jfgc|cizcs x|kb|mnms! aks omacs ik xkscci ifibði zfxk jc sfnfafzj

ciz|c caaks) _fi cnlm|bk! ci zæ|nfiks bcic|macs sc cszmlacoc }c ca scomjk jc am ncafim cs acizk! < m ? scnmims

xm|m zmlams jc <!3 on jc csxcsk|! fijfomijk oki caak }c m xcsm| jc }c ctfszci cszks x|kb|mnms cs icocsm|fk

C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

a í|lka0


comjk0

<

<



okizfim| ams fiwcszfbmofkics ma |csxcozk) Xm|m ca scomjk ma dk|ik sc sbfc|c ca dk|m|fk Z=?.O:_ xm|m xfcpms jc

:+: v ca Z==.J?_ xm|m xfcpms jc 4+:) $:7& $7&

eb+n

eb+n

zmlac|ks jc ncjfmim jcisfjmj $NJG&! moknxmýmjm jca sk jc ifkics jc jcjk $gfibc| `kfiz&! x|cscizmi i

ctocacizc oknxk|zmnfcizk) $:7&

J

X

X

M

|mlfafjmj0

|csc|wmofÿi0



_c |cxk|zm }c ca j|mnci cs j|mlac v oki mazm |csfszciofm m ctxksfofkics jc scak dðncjk) Am

mal|m sc okisfjc|m ik j|mlac v nv ssocxzflac ma mzm}c jc dkibks! zc|nfzms v om|oknm) Ci cismvks jc

j|mlfafjmj ci okijfofkics jc amlk|mzk|fk ci Okszm \fom sc dm cszjfmjk ca cgcozk jc fiscozks! csxcoîgfomncizc ams

zc|nfzms v ca mzm}c jc dkibks) Ci aks jks zfxks jc mzm}c sc cszmlacofÿ }c am nmjc|m jc j|mnci x|cscizÿ im

nkjc|mjm |csfszciofm xc|k omijk am nmjc|m gc z|mzmjm oki sszmiofms x|csc|wmizc oknk OOM $o|knk! okl|c v

m|sæifok& k smacs jc lk|k gc oamsfgfomjm oknk jc mazm |csfszciofm) $:7&

Ca j|mnci cs |csfszcizc ma z|mzmnfcizk xk| x|csfÿi! mlsk|lfcijk ðifomncizc ?< eb+n jc

o|ckskzm5 am mal|m mlsk|lfÿ ==< eb+n ci ca nfsnk cismvk) $7& Ci x|clms aacwmjms m omlk ci Okszm \fom oki ca

gfi jc cszmlacoc| ams |czciofkics jc lk|k ci nmjc|m jc ncafim! zfafpmijk ca næzkjk finc|sfÿi.jfgsfÿi! sc

ciokiz|ÿ }c oki im skaofÿi jc lk|mzk jc skjfk ma =<#! am |czciofÿi ci am mal|m gc jc 8!42: jc lk|k

omijk am okak|mofÿi gc fizcism ma zfafpm| i fijfomjk| jc am x|csciofm jc lk|k v omijk ca okak| gc nv zcic am

okiociz|mofÿi jclk|k gc jc8!=47 jclk|k ) Ca j|mncisc |cxk|zm oknkfnxc|ncmlac) $:7&

Gíofa jc z|mlm`m| oki dc||mnfcizms nmimacs jc om|xfizc|îm! jmijk i momlmjk gfik)

Ca ocxfaamjk! oki íibaks jc ok|zc jc ?8° v wcakofjmjcs jc mafncizmofÿi ciz|c 7 v =3 n+nfi! jm im lcim omafjmj

jc sxc|gfofc5 ca af`mjk |csazm gíofa! jc nmic|m |íxfjm v oki xkok cnlkzmnfcizk jc am af`m! jmijk i lci

momlmjk5 ca zk|icmjk jc nmjc|m x|kwcifcizc jc í|lkacs `ÿwcics x|cscizm sc|fks x|klacnms jc mszfaamjk! mi}c

oki nmjc|m x|kwcifcizc jc í|lkacs mjazks nc`k|m am omafjmj jca zk|icmjk! æszm ik aacbm m oamsfgfom|sc oknk im

csxcofc mxzm xm|m ca zk|icmjk) Ca oamwmjk cs |camzfwmncizc gíofa! xc|k oknk am nmjc|m zfcic zcijciofm m |m`m|sc!

sc |coknfcijm ca x|czmamj|mjk) Am nmjc|m jc ncafim cs im jc ams csxcofcs jc ctocacizc oknxk|zmnfcizk ci ca

zmaamjk) Xkscc ctocacizcs om|mozc|îszfoms jc cizfizmjk v xc|nfzc im cgfofcizc mxafomofÿi jc momlmjks) Gíofa jc

ciokam|) Am nmjc|m jc ncafim jclfjk m s lm`k xcsk! s lci oknxk|zmnfcizk csz|oz|ma! gmofafjmj jc ok|zm|!

ocxfaam|! af`m|! oamwm| v mzk|ifaam|! dmoc }c am csxcofc scm gíofancizc x|kocsmjm! zmizk jc nmic|m fijsz|fma oknk

nmimancizc) $:7&

Am klzciofÿi jc odmxms xk| ok|zc |kzmzk|fk cs gíofa v ik sc

|c}fc|c omacizm| ams z|kpms) Am nmjc|m sc om|mozc|fpm xk| x|cscizm| i okak| ifgk|nc ci ca nkncizk jc am

klzciofÿi jc odmxms! x|kjofcijk im zctz|m gfim! xc|k x|cscizm ca fiokiwcifcizc jc b|mik ciz|co|pmjk v

ijks nc|zks }c bcic|mancizc omci! gk|nmijk i dcok ci am odmxm! csxcofmancizc omijk am nmjc|m

x|kwfcic jc í|lkacs }c ik dmi |coflfjk nmic`k) Mjcnís jc bcic|m| im lcim omafjmj sxc|gfofma jc am odmxm!

cs xksflac ca z|mzmnfcizk jc x|csc|wmizcs! |czm|jmizcs jc gcbk k mxafomofÿi jc |col|fnfcizks) Am gml|fomofÿi jc

?

?

?

?

4:



43

Wfbms amnfimjms ciokamjms k ‑baamns„0 Cszc zfxk jc wfbms ci am mozmafjmj ski okisz|fjms okisfjc|mijk

nmjc|m lfomjm ci ams xm|zcs ctzc|ims jc am z|kpm oki ctocacizcs |csazmjks jc |csfszciofm! xm|m jfgc|cizcs

mjdcsfwks v ap ciz|c mxkvks) $:7&

Ssks0 Am nmjc|m cs zfafpmjm xm|m msc||îk! okisz|oofkics ||macs v okisz|oofÿi ci bcic|ma! zm|fnms! acým!

nclacs! m|zcsmiîm! om`kic|îm! okiz|modmxmjks! cnlmam`cs! xkszcs! zmlac|ks! om|xfizc|îm! zmlac|ks v

mbaknc|mjks) Ci am okisz|oofÿi sc zfafpm ci oc|odms! okanims sÿafjms! xfsks! nkaj|ms! nksz|mjk|cs! xc|zms!

|kjmxfæ! zmlafaam! wfbms sÿafjms! wfbms amnfimjms! okanims amnfimjms! zmlac|ks amnfimjks! nm|oks jc xc|zms v

wcizmims v okiz|modmxmjk) Ci nclac|îm sc zfafpm ci m|odfwmjk|cs! lmioms! omnms! oÿnkjms! `cbks jc

okncjk|! `cbk jc smam! ncsms! sfaams! sfaakics! z|fiodmizcs! cso|fzk|fks v cszmizcs xm|m kgfofim) Mjcnís sc cnxacm

xm|m m|zcsmiîms! fisz|ncizks nsfomacs! aíxfocs! gÿsgk|ks! xmaczms xm|m dcamjks v nkijmjfcizcs) $:7& $7&

Wc|jc

=<

8!:8

8!:8

<64

<?=

3?<

:22

4=

73

<43

=27

4<

:=

?83

?<4

<:?

<64

4=

76

=!<8

=!3:

8!4< 8!38 8!:: 8!:8 <!4 :!= 2!= =!3 ?!4 3!3 4!? =!:

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCNCAFIM

$Gcizc0 mzk|cs&


=88 48 =3 4 23 33)888 68)888




K

J



Ikbma omgczc|k! ikbma n! nkdk! nk! omimaczc! omimaczc jc dnk! x|fczk! skac|m!

wm|m jc dnk! am|ca icb|k! xm|jfaak) $Okaknlfm&) Xm|jfaak) $Wcicpcam&) Am|ca icb|k! am|ca x|fczk! am|ca nmodk!

am|ca lamiok! am|ca jc nkizmým! am|ca jc oc||k! am|ca) $Comjk|&) M|lka jc m`k) $Xc|ð&) M`k) $Lkafwfm&) Am|k!

am|k mnm|caak! |mpmcf|k) $L|msfa&)

Mizfaams v z|ÿxfoks jca Okizficizc Mnc|fomik jcsjc Næ`fok! Wcicpcam! Okaknlfm!

Comjk|! Xc|ð! Lkafwfm v L|msfa) Csxcofc xfkic|m jc |íxfjk o|cofnfcizk! }c sc |cbcic|m mlijmizcncizc omijk

sc ok|zm ca lks}c mazk) Mxm|coc jcsjc ca ifwca jca nm| dmszm im mazfzj jc =688 nsin! ci ams pkims jc wfjm jca

47

IKBMAOk|jfm maafkjk|m $\fp ' Xmw)& Keci

Gmnfafm0 Lk|mbfimocmc




lks}c scok z|kxfoma $ls.Z& ma lks}c dðncjk z|kxfoma $ld.Z&! v ci ca lks}c dðncjk x|cnkizmik $ld.X& v ci ca

nv dðncjk x|cnkizmik $lnd.X&) Nv mlijmizc ci am pkim omgczc|m jc Okaknlfm ci ams z|cs ok|jfaac|ms5

mxm|coc ak nfsnk ci pkims oki scwc|m cszmofÿi scom }c ci m}caams jkijc zma cszmofÿi ik cs ikzk|fm) $<3& $?4&

M|lka jc zmnmýk ncjfmik m b|mijc! }c ci cszmjk nmj|k v lm`k okijfofkics gmwk|mlacs maomipm im

maz|m sxc|fk| m aks ?8 n v dmszm = n jc JMX5 gszc |cozk! ofaîij|fok v oki g|cociofm afnxfk jc |mnms ci i 38 m

78# jc am maz|m zkzma! mði ci fijfwfjks }c o|coci m omnxk mlfc|zk5 ams |mnfzms zc|nfimacs zfcici ijks

dfiodmjks dmlfzmjks xk| dk|nfbms) Ok|zcpm ctzc|im lamiopom k b|fsíocm! zk|iíijksc icb|m v gfs|mjm ci aksí|lkacs jc nmvk| cjmj! oki acizfocams acizfoam|cs! j|m v jc b|ksk| ncjfk) Ok|zcpm fizc|im b|csm! jc okak|

omszmýk oam|k! gfl|ksm v sfi smlk| xc|k oki i acwc kak| m m`k5 ctjmjks nofambfiksks xkok ikzk|fks xc|k sf

kak|ksks) Dk`ms sfnxacs! mazc|ims! sfi cszîxams! dmp wc|jc! ciwæs wc|jc oam|k! oki xcaks csz|caamjks jfnfizks ci

mnlms om|ms) Gak|cs ci xmiîoams zc|nfimacs! lamioms! nv kak|ksms) Ca g|zk cs im icp xc}cým! 3 nn jc

am|bk! oki im skam scnfaam v ok|kam xc|sfszcizc! wc|jc! zk|iíijksc nm||ÿi.omszmýk ma nmj|m|) $<3& $?4&

Mal|m jc okak| mnm|faacizk m nm||ÿi oam|k! z|misfofÿi b|mjma m ml|xzm ma

j|mnci jc okak| nm||ÿi jk|mjk xíafjk! k omszmýk mnm|faacizk k omgæ mocfzimjk k zmlmok! oki wczms

akibfzjfimacs jc okak| nís kso|k5 aîicms wmsoam|cs oam|mncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm5 asz|c ncjfmik m mazk!

kak| mabk xcicz|mizc xc|k ik jfszfizfwk! ncjfmimncizc j|m v xcsmjm $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!:3 b+on &! b|mik

|cozk m f||cbam|! zctz|m ncjfmim m gfim)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! fijfomjks xk| im aîicm jc xm|æi}fnm zc|nfima v xk| im dfac|m jcxk|ks i xkok nís b|mijcs v jfsxcszks ci gk|nm okioæiz|fom) Xk|ksfjmj jfgsm! xk|ks mxcims wfsflacs m sfnxac

wfszm! xc}cýks m b|mijcs! jc jfsz|flofÿi lmszmizc ifgk|nc! nkjc|mjmncizc inc|ksks $73 m =<3 xk|ks xk|

=8 nn &! skafzm|fks! ci nðazfxaks |mjfmacs ok|zks v! nv g|cocizcncizc! ci xc}cýms mb|xmofkics

m||mofnmjms! oki nodm zcijciofm m am jfsxksfofÿi ci dfac|ms zmibciofmacs! am nmvk|îm koafjks xk| zîafjcs)

Xm|æi}fnm zc|nfima wfsflac m sfnxac wfszm! zmnlfæi wmsfoæiz|fok! mafgk|nc v mafgk|nc okigacizc wfsflacs oki acizc

jc =8t ci ca ok|zc z|miswc|sma dncjcofjk) \mjfks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm ci aks z|cs ok|zcs) Okijozks bknîgc|ks

mscizcs) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc)

Nmjc|m gíofa jc scom| ma mf|c afl|c) Cismvks jc scomjk ma mf|c lm`k olfc|zm! fijfomi }c am nmjc|m wc|jc

jc ? on jc csxcsk|! maomipm i okizcifjk jc dncjmj jca =4# ci : m 3 ncscs) Am jcb|mjmofÿi j|mizc ca scomjk

sc afnfzm m acwcs zk|ocj|ms5 ik sc cwfjciofm|ki b|fczms ci am sxc|gfofc if |m`mj|ms ci aks ctz|cnks) $?3&

C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

a í|lka0


comjk0

?

<

42



Ci ca scomjk m|zfgfofma |íxfjk! sc x|cscizmi afbc|ks mb|fczmnfcizks v acwcs zk|ocj|ms) Ci ca scomjk ma dk|ik sc

sbfc|c xm|m xfcpms jc :+: v 7+: ca dk|m|fk Z7.J< v xm|m xfcpms jc 4+: ca Z?.J= jc aks Cszmjks Sifjks v ca dk|m|fk

C jca \cfik Sifjk) $?8&

Cismvks zcizmzfwks oki cszmoms! fijfomi }c am nmjc|m cs |csfszcizc ma mzm}c jc dkibks

v oknc`cics) Ca j|mnci cszí |cxk|zmjk oknk nís j|mlac v |csfszcizc ma mzm}c jc dkibks v zc|nfzms }c am

mal|m) $==& $?3&

Xk| finc|sfÿi ci o|ckskzm am nmjc|m cs jfgîofa jc z|mzm|0 am mal|m x|cscizÿ im |czciofÿi lm`m

$78 eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi xm|ofma xc|fgæ|fom! nfciz|ms }c ca j|mnci skamncizc |czwk : eb+n oki

xcicz|mofÿi xm|ofma f||cbam|) Mxafomijk o|ckskzm ncjfmizc wmoîk v x|csfÿi! am nmjc|m cs nkjc|mjmncizc jfgîofa

jc z|mzm|! x|cscizmijk am mal|m im |czciofÿi jc <2= eb+n oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma f||cbam| v ca j|mnci im

|czciofÿi jc <<2 eb+n oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma f||cbam|) $4&

Nmjc|m gíofa jc amlk|m| oki dc||mnfcizms ik|nmacs jc om|xfizc|îm)Kg|coc i lci momlmjk v maomipm mazk xafncizk5 lci ciokamjk5 gíofa jc oamwm| v jc |csfszciofm sgfofcizc xm|m

zkjks aks sks ok||fcizcs) $33& $37&

Ams odmxms xcjci sc| ok|zmjms sfi jfgfoazmj! scomi lfci!

x|cscizmi lcims okijfofkics jc ciokamjk) Am odmxm x|cscizm im gfb|m aamnmzfwm! okak| omgæ mocfzimjk! oki

wczms akibfzjfimacs kso|ms)

Jclfjk m s gmofafjmj jc aml|mjk! lcim j|mlfafjmj imz|ma! lm`m okiz|moofÿi v msxcozk mz|mozfwk! am

nmjc|m cs mnxafmncizc zfafpmjm ci am gml|fomofÿi jc nclacs! clmifszc|îm! okisz|oofkics xm|m fizc|fk|cs

$|cwcszfnfcizk jc omsms! lm|oks! czo)&! okisz|oofkics bcic|macs! nkaj|ms5 zmnlfæi xm|m odmxms jcok|mzfwms!

okiz|modmxmjk! zk|ic|îm c fisz|ncizks nsfomacs)

J

X

X

M

S

|mlfafjmj imz|ma0

|csc|wmofÿi0



sks0

? ?

?

?

44



X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCIKBMA


8!46 8!:3 8!:< 8!?6 =!2 :!< 3!6 <!: ?!= 7!7 6!2 <!= $=7&

Wc|jc

=<8!?6

8!?6

?38

:7:

37:

2<:

2<

47

<<<

?<3

:=

32

?<:

<22

<47

<:2

28

2?

?!74

=!74

$=7&

$=7&

46




_

K

J

fiÿifnks0



' Efaafx5 $@mo})& Rfaaj)5 @mo})5

$@mo})& Nm|z)5 Eizd) $?7&

K|c`k! xfýÿi! xfýÿi jc k|c`m! |fýÿi! vcbm! om|m.om|k! om|fzk! jk|nfaÿi)

$Okaknlfm&5 om|mom|k! ncijfzk! om|k lamiok) $Wcicpcam&5 bmimomszc! bmimomszc lamiok! `m|fim! e|ð $Okszm

\fom&5 bmimomszc jc k|c`m! bmimomszc icb|k $Ifom|mbm&

Ko||c jcsjc ams pkims cszmofkimancizc scoms jca s| jc Nætfok m z|mwæs jc am pkim jc

lks}c scok z|kxfoma jc Mnæ|fom Ociz|ma dmszm ca ik|zc jc Mnæ|fom jca _|0 Okaknlfm! Wcicpcam! Bmvmim v

L|msfa) Csxcofc jca lks}c scok z|kxfoma $ls.Z&) $=?& $?4&

Malfpfm akibfxcs L|fzzki Fibm ovoakom|xm Nfnksm ovoakom|xm

Xfzdcocaaklfn ovoakom|xn X|kskxfs jlfm

68

K\C@C\KCizc|kaklfn ovoakom|xn $@mo})& B|fscl)

Gmnfafm0 Nfnksmocmc




C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

J

a Í|lka0


comjk0

|mlfafjmj imz|ma0

Í|lka jcofjk! b|mijc m nv b|mijc! oki maz|ms jc =4 m ?8 n5 z|kiok ok|zk! ofaîij|fok! jc dmszm < n

jc JMX! oki |mnms b|csms }c m||miomi oc|om m am lmsc jca z|kiok v gk|nmi im okxm mxm|mskamjm jc gkaam`c gfik)

Ok|zcpm ctzc|im b|fsíocm k omszmýk b|fsíock! afbc|mncizc |bksm k csomnksm! oki csz|îms xkok x|kgijms v

acizfocams |cjkijms v aamnmzfwms) Ok|zcpm fizc|im b|csm! jc okak| o|cnm v gfl|ksm! oki i ctjmjk bknksk }c

sc kso|coc oki ca zfcnxk) Dk`ms mazc|ims xm|fxfimjms) Ams gak|cs ski xc}cýms! lamioms! jfsxcszms ci

figak|csociofms jc =!8.=!3 on jc jfíncz|k omijk cszíi oknxaczmncizc mlfc|zms) Aks g|zks ci gk|nm jc k|c`m

ski ca |msbk nís jfszfizfwk jc cszm csxcofc! ski o|wmjms gk|nmijk omsf i oî|oak oknxaczk jc 4.=: on jc

jfíncz|k! jc okak| nm||ÿi kso|k asz|ksk) $=?& $?4&

Mal|m jc okak| lamiok mnm|faacizk! z|misfofÿi ml|xzm ma j|mnci jc okak| omszmýk

omomk oam|k! aîicms wmsoam|cs okisxfomncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm v jc okak| nís kso|k }c ca zc`fjk gfl|ksk

jclfjk ma xm|æi}fnm v ma okizcifjk jc bknm5 nmjc|m jc asz|c ncjfmik m mazk! kak| v smlk| mscizcs k ik

jfszfizfwks! lamijm v afwfmim m nkjc|mjmncizc j|m v xcsmjm $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!:3 b+on &! b|mik |cozk m

ciz|co|pmjk x|kjofcijk komsfkimancizc lmijms akibfzjfimacs mazc|imzfwmncizc asz|ksms v kxmoms ci ca ok|zc

|mjfma! zctz|m b|csm) $??&

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! fijfomjks xk| pkims nís kso|ms v jcisms k xk| aîicms jc

xm|æi}fnm zc|nfima) Xk|ksfjmj jfgsm! xk|ks oam|mncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! oki nm|omjm zcijciofm m am

jfsxksfofÿi jfmbkima! jc jfsz|flofÿi lmszmizc ifgk|nc v csomsks $=< m ?8 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &!

x|cjknfimizcncizc skafzm|fks v komsfkimancizc nðazfxaks |mjfmacs jc < m : xk|ks! am nmvk|îm mlfc|zks v mabiks

koafjks xk| bknm jc okak| kso|k) Xm|æi}fnm okisxfomncizc wfsflac m sfnxac wfszm v nv mlijmizc!

klsc|wíijksc nc`k| ci ca ok|zc z|miswc|sma dncjcofjk! xm|mz|m}cma0 wmsfoæiz|fok miodk! mafgk|nc jc mams

ok|zms! okigacizc jfmbkima! okigacizc mafgk|nc v zc|nfima ci aîicms gfims! sfi okizcifjk mxm|cizc) \mjfks nv

fijfszfizks ci ca ok|zc z|miswc|sma! wfsflacs xc|k fiokisxfoks ci ca |mjfma c fijfszfibflacs ci ca zmibciofma)Okijozks bknîgc|ks mscizcs) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc) $??&

Nmjc|m gíofa jc scom|5 ca scomjk ma mf|c cs |íxfjk v oki xkom k ifibim jcb|mjmofÿi) _fi cnlm|bk!

jclfjk m am b|mi jfgc|ciofm ciz|c am okiz|moofÿi zmibciofma v am |mjfma! cs icocsm|fk scom|am acizmncizc! xm|m

cwfzm| zk|ocj|ms5 im wcp scom! am nmjc|m x|cscizm im lcim cszmlfafjmj jfncisfkima) $<?& Xm|m ca scomjk ma

dk|ik sc |coknfcijm! xm|m xfcpms jc :+: v 7+:! ca dk|m|fk Z7.J:) $?8&

Am mal|m cs nv ssocxzflac ma mzm}c jc dkibks c fiscozks5 ca j|mnci cs mazmncizc

j|mlac! mði ci ca mbm) _c |coknfcijm jm| z|mzmnfcizk x|kgfaíozfok m ams z|kpms ci ca lks}c! xm|m cwfzm| am

nmiodm mpa ci am mal|m) $<?&

?

<

6=



X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCK\C@C\K



8!22 8!:3 8!:< 8!?6 8!6 <!7 ?!3 <!6 <!8 3!< 2!< <!7 $<?&

X|csc|wmofÿi0 Gíofa jc z|mzm| oki x|csc|wmzfwks) Ci ca z|mzmnfcizk m x|csfÿi m oæaam aacim! zfafpmijk

kackskalacs! am mal|m zwk xcicz|mofÿi zkzma ifgk|nc v |czciofÿi jc :38 eb+n 5 ca j|mnci! xcicz|mofÿi zkzma

f||cbam| v |czciofÿi jc <23 eb+n ) Ci ca z|mzmnfcizk xk| finc|sfÿi am mal|m zwk xcicz|mofÿi zkzma ifgk|nc v

|czciofÿi jc =38 eb+n 5 ca j|mnci xcicz|mofÿi iam v |czciofÿi jc 38 eb+n ) $3<&

?

?

? ?

X

M

S


xzfzj xm|m odmxms v okiz|modmxmjks

sks0

Gíofa jc z|mlm`m| oki dc||mnfcizms ik|nmacs5 ci bcic|ma! ams jfgc|cizcs

kxc|mofkics jc aml|mjk jmi lciks momlmjks) _fi cnlm|bk! ci mabims z|kpms sc xcjc x|cscizm| nmjc|m jc

zcisfÿi! ak }c komsfkim am x|csciofm jc okisfjc|mlac b|mik acwmizmjk v sxc|gfofcs amiksms j|mizc ca

nm}fimjk) Msî nfsnk! am nmjc|m jc am xm|zc ociz|ma jc ams z|kpms oki g|cociofm x|cscizm gmaams jc oknx|csfÿi!

dmofæijkam ik mxzm xm|m ca jcsci|kaamjk) $33&

0 Ca ok|zc |kzmzk|fk ik x|cscizm jfgfoazmj) Odmxm oknxmozm v i xkok

ísxc|m! j|mizc ca scomjk sg|c afbc|ms mlkaamj|ms5 lcim gfb|m! okak| nm||ÿi oam|k) _c |coknfcijm xm|m

okiz|modmxmjk jcok|mzfwk v jc sk bcic|ma) $:?&

Nclacs lm|mzks5 momlmjks fizc|fk|cs v |cwcszfnfcizks5 odmxms |clmimjms5 cnlmam`cs v ciokg|mjks5

jclfjk m s lm`m jcisfjmj v lcim cszmlfafjmj jfncisfkima xcjc sc| zfafpmjm xm|m nkaj|ms v manm jc

okiz|modmxmjks) Xk| s mazm j|mlfafjmj ci ca mbm v gmofafjmj jc aml|mjk! am nmjc|m sc zfafpm xm|m gml|fom|

omikms)

6<

=< 8!?6 ?:< 364 2: ?:3 ?7 ??? <?2 76 =!:8 $<?&



_

K

fiÿifnks0


Mla)5 5 Bmc|zi) $?7& Mxcflm msxc|m Mxcflm msxc|m slsx) Msxc|m Mxcflm codfimzm

Lmbmpk! lmask! ok|odk! csxki`faam! bmaaczm! bíofnk! bíofnk lmlm! lamiok!

nm|mjmî! imfsfomsxf! i..|m! kwm|fmc! xcfic jc nfok! xcfic nkik! zkxm $Okaknlfm&5 xcfic jc nkik $Lkafwfm&5ok|odk! bíofnk lamiok! xcfic jc nfok! xcfic nkik! xcizc.jc.nmomok $L|msfa&5 xcfic jc nfok! xcfic jc nkik!

sdfnfz! zizfifn! xcfic jc nkizc! modfkzfaak! mxcflm $Comjk|&5 nm}fsmxm! nm}fsmxm ýmbodm! nm}fpmxm!

ýmoodm icb|m! xcfic nkik $Xc|ð&) $<4&

6?

XCFIC NKIK Mxcflm ncnl|mimocm _x|oc ct Lcizd)

Gmnfafm0 Zfafmocmc




Jfsz|flofÿi v pkim jc wfjm0

a í|lka0


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

Mnxafmncizc jfsz|flfjm jcsjc Okszm \fom v Xmimní dmszm ca ik|zc jc

_|mnæ|fom0 Okaknlfm!! Wcicpcam! Comjk|! Xc|ð Lkafwfm v ik|zc jc L|msfa) Ci Okaknlfm sc dmaam ci am Okszm

Xmoîgfom v ci ca Nczm! Om}czí! Mizfk}fm! _mizmijc|) Oknði ci ca lks}c nv dðncjk x|cnkizmik z|kxfoma

$lnd.XZ& ci z|misfofÿi m lks}c dðncjk z|kxfoma $ld.Z& ci mazfzjcsjc =88 m =888 nsin) $<4&

M|lka b|mijc jc dmszm ?3 n jc mazk v jc 38 on m = n jc JMX! oki |mîocs zmlam|cs |cjkijms! mazms xc|k

mibkszms! ca z|kiok am|bk |cozk v okxm mibkszm) Am ok|zcpm cs b|fs! mabk ísxc|m! csomnksm! gfs|mjm! wc||bksm

$oki acizfocams&) Am ok|zcpm fizc|im cs gfl|ksm! sfi smlk|! jc okak| mnm|faak xíafjk) Dk`ms sfnxacs! mazc|ims! caîxzfok

kwmjms! íxfoc monfimjk! baml|ms ci ca dmp v csomnksms ci ca ciwæs! jkijc x|cscizm b|xks jc xcaks ci amsmtfams jc aks ic|wfks scoijm|fks5 zfcici < cszfxams }c gk|nmi am vcnm v omci zcnx|mik! ca xcoîkak jc < on cs

cismiodmjk ci ca íxfoc! am aínfim zfcic ca íxfoc jc xizm am|bm! am lmsc |cjkijcmjm k i xkok mok|mpkimjm! ca

lk|jc afsk! ? ic|wfks b|mijcs }c smaci jcsjc am lmsc! am dmp omsf amnxfým jc okak| wc|jc kso|k asz|ksk! v ca

ciwæs oki okxczcs jc xcaks ci am lmsc jc aks ic|wfks amzc|macs) Aks |mofnks gak|macs $xmiîoams& xcajks skszfcici

xkoms gak|cs b|mijcs! jc okak| mnm|faak! dc|nmg|kjfzms v ci xcjðioaks ok|zks) Ca g|zk cs im oíxsam

fijcdfsocizc olfc|zm jc nodms csxfims b|csms v ok|zms) $?=&

Nmjc|m jc okak| lamiopok! mnm|faak xíafjk k afbc|mncizc b|fsíock! m wcocs oki i

nmzfp |ksmjk k wc|jksk! om|mozc|fpmjm xk| am x|csciofm jc lmijms jc zc`fjk xm|ci}fnmzksk ik afbifgfomjk oki

mxm|fciofm jc mabkjÿi v wfsflac m sfnxac wfszm! }c mazc|imi oki pkims bcic|mancizc mibkszms jc zc`fjk nís

oknxmozk5 xkom k ifibim jfgc|ciofm jc okak| ciz|c am mal|m v ca j|mnci! aîicms wmsoam|cs wfsflacs m sfnxac

wfszm! asz|c lm`k! nv lamijm v afwfmim $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!?2 b+on &! kak| v smlk| mscizcs k ik jfszfizfwks!

b|mik |cozk! zctz|m b|csm) $?<&

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk mscizcs! xk|ksfjmj jfgsm! xk|ks oam|mncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! f||cbam|ncizc

jfsz|flfjks v nkjc|mjmncizc csomsks $?8 m 73 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &! skafzm|fks v ci nðazfxaks |mjfmacs dmszm jc 3 ÿ

7 xk|ks! sfi okizcifjk mxm|cizc) Xm|æi}fnm jca zfxk vm scýmamjk okisxfomncizc wfsflac m sfnxac wfszm5 zmnlfæi

xm|æi}fnm wfsflac oki acizc jc =8t0 mxkz|m}cma jfgsk k ci aîicms ok|zms ifsc|fmjms! wmsfoæiz|fok mibkszk v

zc|nfima ci aîicms gfims) \mjfks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm ci aks ok|zcs z|miswc|sma v |mjfma! mxcims wfsflacs ci ca

zmibciofma) Okijozks bknîgc|ks mscizcs) Aîicms jc csz|mzfgfomofÿi wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm ci am om|m zmibciofma)

$?<&

Nmjc|m gíofa jc scom| ma mf|c) Ci ams okijfofkics oafnízfoms jc Afnm! am wcakofjmj jc scomjk gc |íxfjm0

sc akb|ÿ lm`m| ca okizcifjk jc dncjmj jc 76!<# m <8# ci ?4 jîms! sfi }c sc x|cscizm|mi jcgcozks) Ci ca

scomjk ma dk|ik! zfafpmijk i x|kb|mnm gc|zc $G&! sc lm`ÿ am dncjmj jc 37!3# m =<!?# ci 33 dk|ms! sfi }c sc

x|cscizm|mi jcgcozks) $<2&

Xkok j|mlac) Cs nv ssocxzflac ma mzm}c jc dkibksc fiscozks)

C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

J

?

<

6:



X

X

S

|csc|wmofÿi0


sks0

Ci ca x|kocsk jc lmýk g|îk v omafcizc! sc mxafoÿ im sszmiofm kackskalac v! zmizk am mal|m oknk

ca j|mnci x|cscizm|ki mlsk|ofÿi mazm $<?< eb+n v <=8 eb+n |csxcozfwmncizc& oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma) Ci ca

x|kocsk jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi! zfafpmijk smacs dfj|kskalacs! zmizk am mal|m oknk ca j|mnci x|cscizm|ki

mlsk|ofÿi mazm $346 eb+n v 3:7 eb+n |csxcozfwmncizc& oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma) $<2&

Gíofa jc msc||m| xc|k jfgîofa jc z|mlm`m| jclfjk m am ctz|cnm mlijmiofm

jc xm|æi}fnm ik afbifgfomjk }c ac jm im okisfszciofm nv lamijm v }c jfgfoazm am camlk|mofÿi jc xfcpms ci

ncjfjms ctmozms5 jfgîofa jc ocxfaam|! xcs aks |kjfaaks jc am ocxfaamj|m oknx|fnci am nmjc|m5 gíofa jc oamwm| xc|k

ik |czfcic lfci aks oamwks v zk|ifaaks) $<?&

Jclfjk m s lm`m jcisfjmj ca sk jc cszm nmjc|m cszí afnfzmjk5 sc xcjc sm| oknk manm jc zmlac|ks

okiz|modmxmjks v ci om|xfizc|îm jc sk bcic|ma) Ci Okaknlfm sc camlk|m nmodfdcnl|mjk xm|m ofcak |msks v

ciodmxc jc xm|cjcs)

? ?

? ?

63

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M XCFICNKIK



8!3: 8!?2 8!?? 8!?8 8!2 <!3 ?!< ?!7 <!? 7!? 4!: <!6 $<6&

Wc|jc

=<

8!?8

8!?8

=7?

?=3

<26

38:

3?

2?

=36

?84

6

:8

=2?

<:6

=32

=2<

?<

:<

=!?3

=!??

$<6&

$<6&



_

K

J

fiÿifnks0



Dfnmzmizds |fbfjs Xanc|fm m|zfoamzmRfaaj) ct \kcn) ' _odaz)5 Wmda) $?7&

Mpocik! omfnk xaízmik $Okaknlfm&5 nmxkak! acÿi $Wcicpcam&5 omodk! zsmf

$Comjk|&5 `mimblm! solm $L|msfa&

_c ciociz|m ci Okaknlfm! Wcicpcam! Comjk|! Xc|ð v Ik|zc jc L|msfa) Ci

Okaknlfm sc ciociz|m ci ca Nmbjmacim Ncjfk! Okszm Xmoîgfom! M|mom! Wmxæs v Mnmpkiîm! M|mom)

Bcic|mancizc o|coc ci ams xm|zcs cacwmjms jc aks lks}c nv dðncjks z|kxfomacs $lnd.Z& v ci ca lks}c

dðncjk z|kxfoma $ld.Z&) $=?&

67

XC\FAAK LAMIOKDfnmzmizds m|zfoamzs $Wmda& Rkkjski

Gmnfafm0 Mxkovimocmc




C

Am nmjc|m0O

_

J

X

X

a í|lka0


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

|csc|wmofÿi0


M|lka jc <3 n ÿ nís jc maz|m! gszc |cozk v ofaîij|fok jc :8 m 78 on jc JMX! lmsc |cozm) Ok|zcpm

ctzc|im b|fs mnm|faacizk! gfs|mjm v okisfszciofm ok|odksm) Ok|zcpm fizc|im b|csm! lamijm! jc okak| mim|mi`mjk.

|ksmjk5 aízct lamiok k |ksmjk xíafjk! gavc ci gk|nm |íxfjm v mlijmizc) Dk`ms sfnxacs! mazc|ims! sfi cszîxams5

dmp baml|k! wc|jc mnm|faacizk5 oki aízct lamiok) Gak|cs lamioms ci xmiîoams b|mijcs zc|nfimacs) G|zk oíxsam

b|mijc! ci xm|cs $bcnfimjks&! oki scnfaams mamjms) $=?& $<3&

Mal|m jc okak| mnm|faak xíafjk! z|misfofÿi b|mjma v xkok jfgc|ciofmjm ma j|mnci

jc okak| mnm|faacizk k omszmýk mnm|faacizk! aîicms wmsoam|cs mxcims wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! asz|c ncjfmik! kak|

v smlk| mscizcs k ik jfszfizfwks! ncjfmimncizc j|m v xcsmjm $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!78 b+on &! b|mik |cozk m

kijamjk! zctz|m ncjfmim)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk m wcocs x|cscizcs5 omijk x|cscizcs! fijfomjks xk| i nmvk| csxmofmnfcizk jca zc`fjk

xm|ci}fnmzksk) Xk|ksfjmj jfgsm! xk|ks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! ifgk|ncncizc jfsz|flfjks v csomsks $=< m 38

xk|ks xk| =8 nn &! jfsxcszks oam|mncizc ci dfac|ms |mjfmacs! x|cjknfimizcncizc ci nðazfxaks |mjfmacs dmszm

jc 4 xk|ks k nís! bcic|mancizc jc : m 3! aks nðazfxaks |mjfmacs x|cjknfimi skl|c aks xk|ks skafzm|fks! ams

mb|xmofkics f||cbam|cs ski g|cocizcs! am nmvk|îm mlfc|zks) Xm|æi}fnm m xcims wfsflac m sfnxac wfszm ci ca

ok|zc z|miswc|sma dncjcofjk! oam|mncizc wfsflac oki acizc jc =8t! x|cjknfimizcncizc mxkz|m}cma v nv

mlijmizc ci am gk|nm jc aîicms ok|zms f||cbam|cs }c gk|nmi im |cj oki aks |mjfks) \mjfks mxcims wfsflacs m

sfnxac wfszm ci ca ok|zc z|miswc|sma! wfsflacs ci ca |mjfma c fijfszfibflacs ci ca ok|zc zmibciofma) Okijozks


Nmjc|m jc scomjk acizk) Ci ams okijfofkics jc Næ|fjm! Wcicpcam! lak}cs jc 3 on jc csxcsk|! 38 onjc miodk v : m 3 n jc akibfzj! maomipm|ki <8# jc okizcifjk jc dncjmj ci <26 jîms) _c |coknfcijm ca scomjk

ci cszgm) $3<&

Nv ssocxzflac ma mzm}c jc dkibks c fiscozks) \c}fc|c sc| z|mzmjm |íxfjmncizc v |czf|mjm jca

lks}c xm|m x|cwcif| am nmiodm mpa) $==&

Nv gíofa jc z|mzm| oki x|csc|wmzfwks) Ci ca z|mzmnfcizk m x|csfÿi m oæaam aacim zwk xcicz|mofÿi

zkzma ifgk|nc v |czciofÿi jc :88 eb+n ) Ci ca z|mzmnfcizk xk| finc|sfÿi! |czciofÿi jc ?88 eb+n v xcicz|mofÿi

zkzma f||cbam|) $3<&

Nmjc|m gíofa jc msc||m|5 |csfszciofm ma ok|zc ncjfmim m lm`m) Ci bcic|ma!

sc aml|m lfci! csxcofmancizc ci ocxfaamjk! nkaj|mjk v zk|icmjk! ca af`mjk v zk|icmjk ski ctocacizcs) $33&

?

<

? ?

62



M

S


sks0

_c ok|zm oki gmofafjmj) Am odmxm x|cscizm okak| b|fs jclfjk m am

nmiodm mpa) Lcim xm|m om|ms v manm ci okiz|modmxmjk jc sk bcic|ma) X|cscizm lcims omafjmjcs xm|m

zmlac|ks jc xm|zîoams) $3<&

Okisz|oofkics ik|nmacs! nclacs v xm|zcs xm|m nclacs! odmxmsxm|m z|fxacs! zmlac|ks jc xm|zîoams

64

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCXC\FAAK LAMIOK



8!68 8!78 8!34 8!3: =!? :!3 2!7 ?!3 ?!8 4!: =<!< <!4 $3:&

=< 8!3: 78= 473 ==6 :43 3< 76? ?68 6= =!=7 $3:&

=88 48 =3 4 23 33)888 68)888



66

XC\FAAK ICB\KOknm nmo|kom|xm Lm|l) \kj|)

Gmnfafm0 Mxkovimocmc


_

K

fiÿifnks0


Xfzzfc|5 Xfzzfc|5 _zmija)5

Xfzzfc|) $?7&

Mwfod|c! foom! `mi pkok! acodc omsxf! xcijm|c! xc|faak! xcijm|c! xkxm! x|bm!scòk $Okaknlfm&5 í|lka wmom! bífnm|k nmodk! xc|faak! wmom dksm $Wcicpcam&5 $Comjk|&5 acodc.omsxf! acodc

dmvk $Xc|ð&5 mnm.mxm $_|fimn&5 Mwfod|c! onm mss! g|miskom! `mi skok! xc|faak! sk|lm $L|msfa&) $7& $6&

Oknm omxf|ki Oknm om|cisfs Oknm bmzcnmacisfs Oknm smxfjm





X|kxfcjmjcs jc msc||mjk v aml|mjk0 Nmjc|m gíofa jc msc||m|) _c xcjc camlk|m| gíofancizc ci ams jfszfizms

ní}fims v dc||mnfcizms ik|nmacs jc om|xfizc|îm) Am om|m |mjfma x|cscizm mabim jfgfoazmj xm|m ca ocxfaamjk

jclfjk ma b|mik ciz|co|pmjk) \czfcic lfci aks oamwks v zk|ifaaks) Gíofa jc ciokam|) $7&

M

S


sks0

_c ok|zm oki gmofafjmj) Lcim xm|m om|ms v manm ci

okiz|modmxmjk jc sk bcic|ma) X|cscizm lcims omafjmjcs xm|m zmlac|ks jc xm|zîoams)

Okisz|oofÿi $wfbms! wfbczms! xfsks! csomac|ms&! nclacs! odmxms v okiz|modmxmjks! cnxm}c afwfmik!

m|zcsmiîms! zmlac|ks mbaknc|mjks v ciafszkimjks! nkaj|ms! `bczcs) Si sk nv fnxk|zmizc jc cszm csxcofc cs

ca aízct }c sc zfafpm xm|m am gml|fomofÿi jca odfoac) Ca aízct ci komsfkics sc zknm oki ca omgæ! |ccnxampmijk am

acodc jc wmom) Ams scnfaams sc zfafpmi oknk wc|nîgbk) Ca g|zk cs okncszflac v sc zfafpm ci am gml|fomofÿi jc

dcamjks) Ams dk`ms ci figsfÿi ski ncjfofimacs) $6&

=8=

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCXC\FAAK ICB\K

$Gcizcs0 mzk|cs&

X|kxfcjmjcs ncoíifoms0 $Gcizcs0 mzk|cs&


8!7<8!4= 8!34 8!38 <!4 :!3 2!? =!7 ?!6 7!: =8!: =!7

=< 8!38 ==48 637:< 34: 64 78< :7= =8? 8!64

=88 48 =3 4 23 33)888 68)888



_

K

fiÿifnks0


Xm|a)5 jc Aml)5

@) Loddkap ' I)C) B|mv5 $Xm|a)& @) Loddkap ' I)C) B|mv)

$3=&

Odm}f|k! dmvcak! xfik jc Xmodk! xfik o|fkaak! \knc|ÿi! xfik |cma) $Okaknlfm&5

xfik amsk! xfimlczc! nfim|czc! xficzc! xfik mxm||mjk $Wcicpcam&5 |knc|faak mpocik! |knc|faak lamiok! bmlfsmv

$Comjk|&5 aonmik! smocofaak $Xc|ð&)

Xkjkom|xs nmo|kszmodvs Xkjkom|xs nkizcwc|jccisfs Xkjkom|xs kacfgkafs wm|)

okszm|fociofs Xkjkom|xs kacfgkafs wm|) nmo|kszmodvs

=8<

XFIK ODM]SF\KXkjkom|xs kacfgkafs J) Jki ct Amnl)

Gmnfafm0 Xkjkom|xmocmc




J

C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

J


a í|lka0


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

Bæic|k jc mx|ktfnmjmncizc == csxcofcs jfsz|flfjms jcsjc Nætfok! Ifom|mbm!

Okszm \fom! Xmimní! Okaknlfm! Wcicpcam! Comjk|! Xc|ð v Lkafwfm) Ci Okaknlfm sc ciociz|m ci Mizfk}fm!

Oijfimnm|om! _mizmijc|cs! Zkafnm! Dfam! Nczm! ]fijîk! Wmaac v Im|fýk) _c ciociz|m ci am scawm ilamjm

mijfim! ciz|c aks =388 v ?888 nsin! xc|k zmnlfæi sc x|cscizm ci pkims oíafjms oknk ca Om|m|c.Kxÿi) Csxcofc

jca lks}c dðncjk z|kxfoma $ld.Z&! lks}c dðncjk x|cnkizmik $ld.X& v lks}c nv dðncjk nkizmik lm`k

$lnd)NL&) $<4&

M|lka }c xcjc maomipm| nís jc <3 n jc maz|m v =88 on jc JMX) Nodks fijfwfjks b|mijcs }c

bkpmi jc sgfofcizc sfzfk xm|m jcsm||kaam|sc gk|nmi okxms cik|ncs mxm|mskamjms! jc gkaam`c wc|jc kso|k) Ca gszc

cs omsf sfcnx|c ok|zk! mi}c xcjc maomipm| lci jfíncz|k5 ncsz|m nmvk|ncizc im gk|nm msfnæz|fom v

zk|ofjm! omsmjm xk| ams okijfofkics mjwc|sms ci ams omacs omsf sfcnx|c sc jcsm||kaam) Am ok|zcpm ctzc|im jca

í|lka mjazk cs nm||ÿi kso|k k b|fs.nm||ÿi! m wcocs afbc|mncizc m||bmjm! jcabmjm v nv gfl|ksm v mabk

csomnksm) Dk`ms jfsxcszms jcismncizc! zcijfjms ci zkjms jf|coofkics! o|msk.ok|fíocms! slcsxmzamjk.

amiockamjms! ci ca íxfoc klzsms! dmofm am lmsc b|mjmancizc mzcimjms v gk|nmijk i xcoîkak ok|zk) Gak|cs

nmsoafims ofaîij|foms! skafzm|fms ci ams mtfams jc ams dk`ms! xcjioamjms5 Gak|cs gcncifims skafzm|fms ci ams

mtfams jc ams dk`ms) $3=&

Mal|m jc okak| mnm|faak k omszmýk mnm|faacizk! z|misfofÿi b|mjma ma j|mnci jc

okak| nm||ÿi xíafjk! oki wczms akibfzjfimacs jc okak| nís kso|k x|kjofjms xk| aks mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk!

nkjc|mjmncizc lamijm v afwfmim $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!3? b+on &! asz|c ncjfmik! kak| v smlk| mscizcs k ik

jfszfizfwks! b|mik |cozk! zctz|m ncjfmim m gfim)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk oam|mncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! fijfomjks xk| pkims jc nmjc|m zm|jîm nís jcism v

kso|m) Xk|ks mscizcs) Z|m}cfjms fijfszfibflacs m sfnxac wfszm! nv fijfszfizms oki acizc jc =8t) Xm|æi}fnmfijfszfibflac m sfnxac wfszm! m wcocs wfsflac oki acizc jc =8t jclfjk m s okizcifjk kso|k! jfgsk) \mjfks

fijfszfibflacs m sfnxac wfszm ci aks ok|zcs z|miswc|sma v zmibciofma! wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm ci ca |mjfma! nv

inc|ksks$78 m 48 |mjfks xk| ofiok nfaîncz|ks&) Okijozks |csfiîgc|ks mscizcs) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc

Nmjc|m nkjc|mjmncizc jfgîofa jc scom| ma mf|c) Ci ams okijfofkics oafnízfoms jc ]fzk! am wcakofjmj jc

scomjk gc acizm0 sc akb|ÿ lm`m| ca okizcifjk jc dncjmj jc =<2!6# m <8# ci :3 jîms! x|cscizíijksc

ciok|wmj|m v m|}cmj|m) Ci ca scomjk ma dk|ik! zfafpmijk i x|kb|mnm gc|zc $G&! sc lm`ÿ am dncjmj jc

==?!?# m =<# ci 37 dk|ms! x|cscizíijksc ciok|wmj|ms v m|}cmj|ms $<2&

Nkjc|mjmncizc |csfszcizc ma mzm}c jc dkibks c fiscozks)

?

X|csc|wmofÿi0 Ci ca x|kocsk jc lmýk g|îk v omafcizc! am mal|m v ca j|mnci x|cscizm|ki mlsk|ofÿi mazm $<4< v

<77 eb+n |csxcozfwmncizc& oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma) Ci ca x|kocsk jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi zmizk am mal|m oknk ca?

=8?



Wc|jc

=<

8!::

8!::

<?7

?62

3?4

24=

24

42

<3=

?42

::

2<

<28

?<?

?<2

3<=

76

=82

<!<8

=!7:

$<6&

$<6&

j|mnci x|cscizm|ki mlsk|ofÿi mazm $?7: eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma) Ci aks jks z|mzmnfcizks mizc|fk|cs sc

mxafoÿ im sszmiofm kackskalac) Ma mxafom| smacs dfj|kskalacs xk| ca næzkjk jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi! zmizk am mal|m

oknk ca j|mnci x|cscizm|ki mlsk|ofÿi mazm $347 v 32: eb+n |csxcozfwmncizc& oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma) $<2&

Gíofa jc msc||m| v aml|m| oki dc||mnfcizms ik|nmacs jc om|xfizc|îm) Ca

ocxfaamjk! af`mjk! zmamj|mjk! nmodfdcnl|mjk v zk|icmjk sc |cmafpmi sfi jfgfoazmj) Gíofa jc oamwm| v x|cscizm lcim

|czciofÿi jc oamwks v zk|ifaaks) $=3&

Gíofa jc jcsci|kaam|) Ams odmxms ski gactflacs! jc csxcsk|

ifgk|nc v jc gíofa scomjk) $=3&

Om|xfizc|îm xm|m ctzc|fk|cs c fizc|fk|cs! okiz|modmxmjk jc sk bcic|ma! nkaj|ms! nclacs!

cnlmam`cs)

?

?

X

M

S



sks0

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCXFIK ODM]SF\K

8!46 8!3? 8!3= 8!:: <!: :!? 7!3 =!4 :!6 4!8 =<!3 =!2 $<6&



=8:

=88 48 =3 4 23 33)888 68)888



K

J



Xfik $bcic|mancizc ci Mnæ|fom Amzfim&! kokzc k xfik odfim $Nætfok&! xmzam xfic!

sx|cmjfib. acmwcj xfic k Nctfomi rccxfib xfic ci fibaæs) Cs ik jc aks omz|k xfiks jc okiks oc||mjks $jfwfsfÿi

! scis Afzzac ' O|fzodgfcaj& imzfwks jc Mnæ|fom Ociz|ma)

\csz|fibfjk m Nætfok k|fcizma jc Zmnmafxms m Kmtmom) Mi}c xkscc im

jfsz|flofÿi imz|ma nv |csz|fibfjm! ca xfik xízam dm zcifjk nodk ætfzk ci xamizmofkics fijsz|fmacs m z|mwæs jc

aks z|ÿxfoks v slz|ÿxfoks! fioavcijk ca s| jc Mg|fom! ca slokizficizc jc am Fijfm! am Mnæ|fom jca _| v Msz|mafm!

jcszmoíijksc xk| s lcim gk|nm! o|cofnfcizk mocac|mjk v b|mi zmnmýk) _c mjmxzm ci am gk|nmofÿi lks}c

dðncjk v nv dðncjk nkizmik lm`k $ld.NL&) $=4&

Kkom|xmc

=83

XFIK XÍZSAMXfis xmzam _odfcjc ' Jcxxc

Gmnfafm0 Xfimocmc




C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

J

X

X

S

a í|lka0


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

|csc|wmofÿi0


sks0

Cszks í|lkacs! jc z|kiok |cozk v ofaîij|fok! xcjci maomipm| jc <8 m :8 n jc maz|m v :8 m =38 on jc

jfíncz|k! ski ikzmlacs xk| s ok|zcpm xmxf|íocm! csomnksm v jc okak| |k`fpk ci am xm|zc sxc|fk| jca zmaak v ci ams

|mnms v xk| ss okiks sc|kzfiks xc|sfszcizcs v jc b|mi zmnmýk) Dk`ms ci b|xks jc ? v m wcocs :! |m|mncizc 3 ci

mabiks gmsoîoaks! mofoam|cs! jcabmjms! wc|zfomancizc omîjms! okak| wc|jc oam|k l|faamizc! oki lk|jcs gfimncizc

msc||mjks) Okiks am|bmncizc oÿifoks! jc 2 m 6 on v m wcocs dmszm =< on! sæsfacs! mabk ciok|wmjks! klafoks!

xizfmbjks! xk| ak bcic|ma mb|xmjks jc ? m 7) $=4&

Ca j|mnci jc aks í|lkacs }c o|coci ci xamizmofkics ik cs gíofancizc

jfgc|ciofmlac jc am mal|m5 cs ik jc aks xfiks jc nmjc|m nís lamiom) Am mal|m cs lamiom m lamiom mnm|faacizm! v

ca j|mnci jc okak| |ksíock) Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk fijfomjks xk| lmijms jc nmjc|m zm|jîm jc okak|mofÿi nís

kso|m }c am nmjc|m zcnx|mim) Nmjc|m nkjc|mjmncizc lamijm v afwfmim $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!3? b+on &5

b|mik |cozk! zctz|m gfim! asz|c lm`k) Cs |camzfwmncizc xkok |csfiksm v oki xkok kak|) Aks omimacs |csfiîgc|ks ski

wfsflacs oki acizc jc =8t ci aks ok|zcs z|miswc|sma v zmibciofma)

Ca nmzc|fma jc í|lkacs jc ?8 m :8 mýks jc cjmj! scom |íxfjmncizc oki xkom jcb|mjmofÿi) Ca scomijk ma

mf|c jc wc|jc $=38 m <88# jc okizcifjk jc dncjmj& dmszm ca <8# |c}f|fÿ < m ? scnmims xm|m xfcpms jc :+:) Ca

scomjk ma dk|ik cs |íxfjk sfi }c sc x|cscizci jmýks scwc|ks) _c sbfc|c i dk|m|fk jc scomjk Z=?.O:_ xm|m

xfcpms jc :+:) $7&

Ik cs |csfszcizc ma mzm}c jc dkibks! fiscozks k zc|nfzcs5 nv ssocxzflac m am nmiodm mpa) $7&

_c |cxk|zm oknk gíofa jc z|mzm| xk| aks næzkjks jc lmýk g|îk v omafcizc v wmoîk.x|csfÿi) $7&

Ca msc||mjk cs gíofa5 ci ca ocxfaamjk skak sc x|cscizm i afbc|k jcsbm||c jc ams gfl|ms

ma|cjcjk| jc aks ijks) \czfcic lfci aks oamwks v zk|ifaaks v xc|nfzc i ciokamjk ctocacizc) $7&

Ca xfik xízam dm sfjk xamizmjk xk| ak bcic|ma oknk im csxcofc fijsz|fma jc o|cofnfcizk mocac|mjk v mazk

|cijfnfcizk) Am nmjc|m cs jc ncik| jcisfjmj v gk|zmacpm }c nodms okiîgc|ms jc í|cms zcnxamjms! xc|k cs

mjcomjm xm|m am okisz|oofÿi bcic|ma) Am gk|zmacpm v am jcisfjmj jc am nmjc|m mncizmi jc nmic|m nm|omjm jca

ociz|k dmofm mgc|m! jc nmic|m }c am nmjc|m ctzc|fk| cs mx|kxfmjm xm|m z|mlm`ks csz|oz|macs bcic|macs!

nfciz|ms }c am nmjc|m `wcifa fizc|fk| cs nís mx|kxfmjm xm|m am nmigmoz|m jc om`ms v okizcicjk|cs b|mijcs!

zmlafaams xm|m ca zcodmjk v cismnlamj|m jc lm`k okszk) Mx|kxfmjm zmizk xm|m aks zmlac|ks jc xm|zîoams! xaxm v

x|kjozks jc xmxca) $=4&

?

=87



=82

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCXFIK XÍZSAM



8!67 8!3? 8!:6 8!:? =!4 ?!2 3!3 <!= :!? ==!62!7 =!4 $=7&

Wc|jc

=<

8!:?

8!:?

<:<

:72

:=?

236

47

=88

=23

?2<

<3

3=

=27

::6

<=?

??6

3:

66

8!48

8!78

$=7&

$=7&

=88 48 =3 4 23 33)888 68)888



_

K

J

fiÿifnks0



$Xfab)& jc Aml)5 $Xfab)& jc Aml)5

$Xfab)& O)I) Xmbc) $3=&

Xfik dmvcak! odm}f|k! xfik okak|mjk! xfik |cma $Okaknlfm&5 xfik |cma! xfik amsk

$Wcicpcam&5 |knc|faak gfik! |knc|faak |k`k! |knc|faak $Comjk|&5 jfmlak gc|zc! smocofaak $Xc|ð&)

Bæic|k jc mx|ktfnmjmncizc == csxcofcs jfsz|flfjms jcsjc Nætfok! Ifom|mbm!

Okszm \fom! Xmimní! Okaknlfm! Wcicpcam! Comjk|! Xc|ð v Lkafwfm) Ci Okaknlfm sc ciociz|m ci Mizfk}fm!

Jcosskom|xs |ksxfbafksff Imbcfm |ksxfbafksff \cz|kxdvaan

|ksxfbafksff

=84

XFIK \KNC\ßIXkjkom|xs |ksxfbafkssff Xfabc|)

Gmnfafm0 Xkjkom|xmocmc




Oijfimnm|om! Zkafnm! Dfam v Ik|zc jc _mizmijc|) Cs im csxcofc zîxfomncizc csofÿgfzm! xk| ak nciks ci s

`wcizj) Icocsfzm i oafnm dðncjk $x|cofxfzmofkics g|cocizcs! dncjmj cacwmjm jca mf|c& v ik jcnmsfmjk g|îk

$xm|zcs figc|fk|cs jc am scawm ilamjm jc mazm nkizmým&5 cs lmszmizc ctfbcizc ci omizk m dncjmj v gc|zfafjmj

jca scak) _c ac ciociz|m ci maz|ms }c wmi jc =288 m <388 nsin! oki zcnxc|mz|m x|kncjfm jc =8 m =6°O! oki

x|cofxfzmofÿi jc <)888 nn v dncjmj |camzfwm mazm) Csxcofc jc am gk|nmofÿi lks}c nv dðncjk nkizmik lm`k

$lnd.NL&) $<4&

Cs am okiîgc|m mzÿozkim }c maomipm nmvk| zmnmýk! dmszm :8 n jc maz|m v JMX jc < n) Ci lks}cjcisk! s zmaak cs ofaîij|fok! m wcocs |cozk! v sfi maczkics! m ncijk sfi |mnms dmszm im maz|m jc <4 n) _ okxm

zfcic am gk|nm jc i xm|mbms mlfc|zk! okisfjc|mlacncizc |cbam| v mabk oam|m) Am ok|zcpm jca gszc cs afsm! jc

okak| mpa icb|k oki nmiodms xm|jsoms v mabk csomnksm) Ca gkaam`c cs jc okak| wc|jc kso|k) Dk`ms xc}cýms! ci

i skak xamik ski kxcszms jc =8 m =3 nn jc am|bk v ?.2 nn jc miodk) Gak|cs nmsoafims jfsxcszms ci b|xks

xc}cýks ci aks íxfocs jc |mnfzms xkok gkafmjms5 lmsc jc ams gak|cs |kjcmjms xk| csomnfzms! cszmnl|cs

fnl|fomjks! mizc|ms ok|jfgk|ncs mbjms) Gak|cs gcncifims skafzm|fms! ci ca íxfoc jc |mnfzms ok|zms }c smaci jc

ams mtfams jc ams dk`ms) Aks g|zks ncjfmiks maomipmi i zmnmýk jc <!3.? on jc am|bk xk| =!3.< on jc miodk) $3=&

Mal|m jc okak| omszmýk mnm|faacizk! xkok jfgc|ciofmjm jca j|mnci jc okak|

omszmýk lmszmizc ifgk|nc! asz|c ncjfmik! kak| v smlk| mscizcs k ik jfszfizfwks! ncjfmimncizc j|m v xcsmjm

$jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!74 b+on &! b|mik |cozk! zctz|m ncjfmim m b|csm)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk mscizcs) Xk|ks mscizcs) Z|m}cfjms fijfszfibflacs m sfnxac wfszm! nv fijfszfizms oki

acizc jc =8t) Xm|æi}fnm fijfszfibflac m sfnxac wfszm! m wcocs wfsflac oki acizc jc =8t jclfjk m s okizcifjk

kso|k! jfgsk) \mjfks fijfszfibflacs m sfnxac wfszm ci aks ok|zcs z|miswc|sma v zmibciofma! inc|ksks m nvinc|ksks $:8 m 78 |mjfks xk| ofiok nfaîncz|ks&) Okijozks |csfiîgc|ks mscizcs) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc

Nmjc|m nkjc|mjmncizc jfgîofa jc scom| ma mf|c) Ci ams okijfofkics oafnízfoms jc ]fzk! am wcakofjmj jc

scomjk gc nkjc|mjm0 sc akb|ÿ lm`m| ca okizcifjk jc dncjmj jc 68!7# m <8# ci <2 jîms! x|cscizíijksc

mlm|}faamjk v m|}cmj|m) Ci ca scomjk ma dk|ik! zfafpmijk i x|kb|mnm gc|zc $G&! sc lm`ÿ am dncjmj jc

4?!8# m =<#ci :7!3 dk|ms! x|cscizíijksc ciok|wmj|ms v m|}cmj|ms) $<2&

Nkjc|mjmncizc |csfszcizc ma mzm}c jc dkibks c fiscozks)

Ci ca x|kocsk jc lmýk g|îk v omafcizc! am mal|m v ca j|mnci x|cscizm|ki mlsk|ofÿi mazm $<?2 v

<?< eb+n |csxcozfwmncizc& oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma) Ci ca x|kocsk jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi zmizk am mal|m oknk ca

j|mnci x|cscizm|ki mlsk|ofÿi mazm $?84 v <2< eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma) Ci aks jksz|mzmnfcizks mizc|fk|cs

C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

J

X

a í|lka0


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

|csc|wmofÿi0

?

?

?

=86



sc mxafoÿ im sszmiofm kackskalac) Ma mxafom| smacs dfj|kskalacs xk| ca næzkjk jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi! am mal|m

x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi mazm $38< eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma! v ca j|mnci mlsk|ofÿi mazm $:23 eb+n & oki

xcicz|mofÿi zkzma m f||cbam|) $<2&

? ?

X

M

S



sks0

Gíofa jc msc||m| v aml|m| oki dc||mnfcizms ik|nmacs jc om|xfizc|îm) Ca

ocxfaamjk! af`mjk! zmamj|mjk! nmodfdcnl|mjk v zk|icmjk sc |cmafpmi sfi jfgfoazmj) Gíofa jc oamwm| v x|cscizm lcim

|czciofÿi jc oamwks v zk|ifaaks) $=3&

Gíofa jc jcsci|kaam|) Ams odmxms ski gactflacs! jc csxcsk|

ifgk|nc v jc gíofa scomjk) $=3&

Om|xfizc|îm xm|m ctzc|fk|cs c fizc|fk|cs! okiz|modmxmjk jc sk bcic|ma! nkaj|ms)

==8

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCXFIK \KNC\KI



8!6= 8!74 8!7: 8!32 =!7 ?!< :!4 <!8 ?!< 4!23!2 =!6 $<6&

Wc|jc

=<

8!32

8!32

<77

:<?

78:

=8=7

2?

67

??4

:2?

76

47

:6:

722

:2<

:3<

=8?

==7

?!7:

<!83

$<6&

$<6&

=38 ==8 <4 =< =83 23)888 =88)888



_

K

fiÿifnks0

|ks iknl|cs oknics0z

C|vzd|klmamis j}cmim C|vzd|klmamis dnlkajzff C|vzd|klmamis

afijcif C|vzd|klmamis zkafncisfs ]c|os manmbc|cisfs ]c|os

dnlkajzff wm|) acdnmiifmim ]c|os a fijciff ]c|os zkafncisfs

_odrm|p5 $Lkixa)& _odrm|p5

$M) JO)& _odrm|p5 $Lkixa)& _odrm|p5 Lkixa)5

Dfc|ki) ct Z|ca)5 M) JO)5 Lkixa) $?7&

\klac mnm|faak $Okaknlfm&5 nmncofaak $Xmimní&!

===

\KLAC]c|os dnlkajzff Lkixa)

Gmnfafm0 Gmbmocmc




J

C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

J

X

X


a í|lka0


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

|csc|wmofÿi0


Csxcofc imzfwm jc Okaknlfm v Xmimní! okigfimjm m ams mazms nkizmýms) Ci

Okaknlfm sc ciociz|m ci aks jcxm|zmncizks jc Mizfk}fm! Odkoÿ! Lkvmoí! Oijfimnm|om! Zkafnm! ]fijîk!

Dfam! Wmaac jca Omom! Omom v Im|fýk) Csxcofc jc am gk|nmofÿi lks}c nv dðncjk . nkizmik lm`k $lnd.NL&!

ci im gm`m mazfzjfima jc <388.<488 nsin v im x|cofxfzmofÿi mima jc <888 nn) $?4&

Í|lka jc =3 m ?8 n jc mazk v i JMX dmszm = n) Z|kiok |cozk v ofaîij|fok) Aks í|lkacs b|mijcs zfcici

|mîocs zmlam|cs) \mnfgfomofÿi ofaîij|fom) Ok|zcpm |bksm! lamijm! ísxc|m! bcic|mancizc oki csomnms mam|bmjms v

csz|codms) Ams dk`ms ski mazc|ims! klakibk.amiockamjms) Gak|cs |mofnksms jc 3 on jc am|bk) Ca g|zk cs im

lcaakzm |cjkijcmjm m scnc`mipm jc im okxm fiwc|zfjm) $?4&

Nmjc|m jc okak| omszmýk oam|k oki i wczcmjk okisxfok ci

am om|m |mjfma x|kjofjk xk| aks |mjfks! aîicms wmsoam|cs wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm jc okak| nís kso|k }c ca zc`fjk

gfl|ksk! asz|c ncjfmik m lm`k! nv j|m v xcsmjm $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8)66 b+on &! kak| v smlk| mscizcs k

ik jfszfizfwks! b|mik |cozk m ciz|co|pmjk! zctz|m ncjfmim m b|csm)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk mscizcs k ik klsc|wmjks! xk|ksfjmj jfgsm! xk|ks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! csomsks m

nkjc|mjmncizc csomsks $=< m ?8 v ?8 m 73 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &! ifgk|ncncizc jfsz|flfjks! ctoasfwmncizc

skafzm|fks k omsf msî v jfsxcszks ci dfac|ms |mjfmacs v klafoms! am nmvk|îm koafjks xk| zîafjcs) Xm|æi}fnm wfsflac

oki acizc jc =8t! x|cjknfimizcncizc mxkz|m}cma ci inc|ksms aîicms gfims jca zfxk |czfoam| k csomam|fgk|nc)

\mjfks jc jks miodks0 aks nís miodks okisxfomncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm xk| ams z|cs om|ms v jc miodk nodk

nmvk| }c am nfzmj jca miodk jc aks xk|ks nmvk|cs! dmszm nís jc 3 nn jc mazk ma ncjf|aks ci am om|m zmibciofma)

Okijozksbknîgc|ksmscizcs) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc)

Am nmjc|m cs nv jfgîofa jc scom| ma mf|c! cs x|kxcism m x|cscizm| b|fczms scwc|ms! mamlck v okamxsk5 am

wcakofjmj jc scomjk cs lm`m) Xm|m nfifnfpm| aks x|klacnms jca scomjk! am nmjc|m jclc x|fnc|k sc| om|zcmjm

ncjfmizc msc||mjk) Xm|m ca scomjk ma dk|ik sc sbfc|c ca dk|m|fk Z<.O< xfcpms jc :+:! v Z<.O= xm|m xfcpms jc 4+:)

$7&

Ca j|mnci sc |cxk|zm oknk jc mazm j|mlfafjmj imz|ma) Am mal|m cs ssocxzflac ma mzm}c jc

dkibks c fiscozks) $7&

Am nmjc|m sc okisfjc|m oknk nv jfgîofa jc z|mzm|) $7&

Nmjc|m jfgîofa jc msc||m| v aml|m| oki dc||mnfcizms ik|nmacs jc

om|xfizc|îm) Xcjc klzcic|sc i momlmjk afsk ci sxc|gfofcs zmibciofmacs! xc|k dmv zcijciofm m jcsbm||cs ci

?

<

==<



8!66 8!62 8!4< ?!2 7!8 6!7 =!7 7!: ==!2 =4!3 =!4 $7& $:<&


sxc|gfofcs ok|zmjms |mjfmancizc) _f ams sxc|gfofcs dmi sfjk x|cxm|mjms jclfjmncizc sc akb|mi ciokamjks

smzfsgmozk|fks)$7&

M

S


sks0

Odmxms jcok|mzfwms xk| bfaakzfimjk) $7&

Nmjc|m jc b|mi |csfszciofm v j|mlfafjmj imz|ma! smjm ci okisz|oofkics oknk nmjc|m csz|oz|ma!

xmamioms xm|m nfims! xfsks fijsz|fmacs! xm|}cz! z|mwfcsms xm|m gc||kom||fa! fnxacncizks mb|îokams $omlks v

nmibks xm|m dc||mnfcizms&! lm||facs! odmxms jcok|mzfwms)

==?

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JC\KLAC


=< 8!4< <8?6 <84 =2< =83: =84 =!<8 $7&$:<&

<=8 =:3 :8 =3 =:3 63)888 =?8)888



K

J

z|ks iknl|c oknics0

fsz|flofÿi0

_m`k! k|cv $oknc|ofma&5 sm`k! wm}c|í $Okakaknlfm&5 k|cv $Okszm \fom&! k|cv $L|msfa&5

k|cv! m|cs! dkm|v! k|fi! m|cc $Xmiimní&5 sm`k $Comjk|&)

_c ciociz|m x|fiofxmancizc ci am Okszm jca Xmoîgfok! jcsjc Okszm \fom dmszm ca Comjk|5 o|coc ci

zc||ciks fiijmjks xk| mbm jaoc ci ca lks}c dðncjk z|kxfoma $ldZ&! m ncijk gk|nmijk nmiodms x|ms

aamnmjms ‑_m`macs„! k mskofmofkics ci lks}cs xmizmiksks oc|om jca ifwca jca nm| aamnmjms ‑Bmijmacs„) _c

jfsz|flvc xk| Ifom|mbm! OkszmXfom! Xmimní! L|msfa! Comjk|! Okaknlfm $Omom! Wmaac! Odkoÿ&) $<4&

==:

_M@K_zmija)

Gmnfafm0 Mimom|jfmocmcOmnxiksxc|nm xmimncisfs




Ca í|lka0


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

|csc|wmofÿi0


M|lka jc ncjfmik m b|mijc oki maz|ms zkzmacs }c wm|îmi jc =< m <4 v ?8 m :8 n! oki gszc |cozk lfci

gk|nmjk! ofaîij|fok! oki lmnlms k |mîocs zmlam|cs lm`ms! |cjkijms! mbjms! jc ncjfmims m xc}cýms5 oki JMX jc

:8 m 78 on5 ci |kjma x|k ca jfíncz|k cs jc :8 on v ci ncpoam cs jc :4 m 78 on) Am ok|zcpm ctzc|im cs omsf afsm k

csomnksm! oki gfs|ms xkok x|kgijms! jc okak| omgæ b|fsíock k jk|mjk5 am ok|zcpm fizc|im cs |ksmjm v |k`fpm

wczcmjm! oki zctz|m m|ciksm! smlk| msz|fibcizc v xkok ctjmjk jc im |csfim moksm jc okak| |ksmjk ci xizks

csomsks) Dk`ms mazc|ims! oki aks lk|jcs wf|mjks dmofm mlm`k! dmp amnxfým jc okak| wc|jc kso|k asz|ksk v ciwæs

wc|jc mnm|faacizk oki xizks jfnfizks k csomnfzms jc okak| omicam! xcoîkaks mamjks) Gak|cs ci |mofnks

$xmiîoams&! jfnfizms v jc okak| mnm|faak oam|k) G|zks $j|xms& ci gk|nm jc dcwk $kwmjks&! jc okak| omgæ

wc|jpok! |k`fpks omijk nmj|ks! mnm|bks v okizfcici i dcsk jc okak| omgæ icb|k oki = k < scnfaams) $?=&

Mal|m mibkszm jc okak| lamiok |ksíock! xkok jfgc|ciofmjm jca j|mnci jc okak|

omszmýk |ksmjk! m wcocs oki lmijms b|fscs v wczcmjk smwc! smzfimjk i xkok x|kiiofmjk5 nmjc|m lamijm v

afwfmim $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!:2 b+on &5 asz|c mazk m ncjfmik5 zctz|m ncjfmim5 b|mik |cozk)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk m wcocs x|cscizcs! xkl|cncizc jcgfifjks xk| pkims nís jcisms v kso|ms! xk|ksfjmj

jfgsm! xk|ks wfsflacs oki axm jc =8t! skafzm|fks v ci nðazfxaks |mjfmacs jc < m ? xk|ks oki zcijciofm m csxm|of|sc

ci dfac|ms |mjfmacs5 nv inc|ksks $nís jc <38 xk|ks xk| =8 nn & mabiks koafjks xk| zîafjcs) Xm|æi}fnm

fijfszfibflac m sfnxac wfszm v mði oki acizc jc =8t) Xkscc okijozks bknîgc|ks |mjfmacs ik|nmacs! = xk| |mjfk

gsfgk|nc) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc)

J|mizc ca scomjk imz|ma x|cscizm jcgk|nmofkics v |m`mj|ms! xc|k cs im nmjc|m }c scom

|íxfjmncizc) Ci ca scomjk ma dk|ik! zfafpmijk i x|kb|mnm nkjc|mjk $N&! sc icocsfzm|ki 46 dk|ms xm|m lm`m| am

dncjmj jc :4!?# ma =<#! oki xæ|jfjms jc nciks jca =8# ci wkanci! x|cscizmijk zk|ocj|ms v

mlm|}faamjk) $<2&

Nmjc|mik |csfszcizc ma mzm}c jc dkibks c fiscozks v oki zcijciofm m am nmiodm mpa)

Gíofancizc z|mzmlac) Ci ca x|kocsk jc lmýk g|îk v omafcizc! zfafpmijk kackskalacs! zmizk am mal|m

oknk ca j|mnci x|cscizm|ki mlsk|ofÿi mazm $=4: v =28 eb+n |csxcozfwmncizc& oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma) Ci ca

x|kocsk jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi! oki kackskalacs! zmizk am mal|m oknk ca j|mnci x|cscizm|ki mlsk|ofÿi mazm $<:2 v

<?8 eb+n |csxcozfwmncizc& oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma) Ma mxafom| smacs dfj|kskalacs xk| ca næzkjk jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi!

zmizk am mal|m oknk ca j|mnci x|cscizm|ki mlsk|ofÿi mazm $:2< v :68 eb+n |csxcozfwmncizc& oki xcicz|mofÿi

zkzma) $<2&

X|cscizm jfgfoazmjcs ci ca x|kocsk jc msc||mjk ci nmjc|m wc|jc) Ci

cszmjk scok sc jclc ocxfaam| oki wcakofjmjcs jc mafncizmofÿi ncik|cs jc 3)3 n+nfi oki íibak jc ok|zc jc ?8°5

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

J

X

X

?

<

?

?

?

==3



sc xcjc zmamj|m| oki =<88 |xn k nís) Xcszk }c cs jc oknði ko||ciofm am nmjc|m jc |cmoofÿi ci cszm

csxcofc! sc xcjci x|cscizm| x|klacnms ci ca x|kocsk jc af`mjk) _c mokisc`m sknczc|am ma x|kocsk jc nkaj|mjk

oki nm|oms ncik|cs jc = nn) Jm lciks momlmjks) $=6&

0 Ca ok|zc sc x|kjoc smwcncizc) Am

odmxm cs afsm v oknxmozm! jc okak| |ksmjk ifgk|nc oki nmiodms mnm|faams! ma xm|coc| jc imz|macpm }înfom)

Lcim xm|m manm jc okiz|modmxmjk) Lcims omafjmjcs xm|m zmlac|ks jc xm|zîoams)

Odmxms xm|m z|fxact! om`kic|îm! om|xfizc|îm! clmifszc|îm! okisz|oofkics ik|nmacs fizc|fk|cs! nkaj|ms

xm|m |cwcszfnfcizk fizc|fk|! `bczc|îm! zmlac|ks mbaknc|mjks v ciafszkimjks)

M

S

xzfzj xm|m odmxms! okiz|modmxmjks v zmlac|ks mbaknc|mjks

sks0

==7

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JC_M@K



8!66 8!:2 8!:: 8!?2 ?!8 3!: 4!< =!4 3!7 4!4 =?!6 =!7 $<6&

Wc|jc

=<

8!?2

8!?2

?<?

743

326

623

==3

=<2

<::

38?

?:

76

<=2

:<<

=47

<2:

34

72

=!:7

=!66

$<6&

$<6&



K

J

z|ks iknl|c oknics0

fsz|flofÿi0

Í|lka wmom! m|lka jc acodc! mocfzik |k`k! mwfod|î! bífnm|k! wmok! mwfod|f

$Okaknlfm&5 smijc! xmak jc wmom $Okszm \fom&5 mnmxm) jkoc! amodk nmodk $L|msfa&5 smijc $Comjk|&5 xmak jc

acodc $Xmimní&5 xmibmim $Xc|ð&5 smijc! xmak jc wmom! wmoik! í|lka jc acodc! omwk! ocj|k |ikizmýcs

$Wcicpcam&)

_c jfsz|flvc ci Okszm \fom! L|msfa! Wcicpcam! Okaknlfm! Comjk| v Xc|ð) Ci Okaknlfm sc

ciociz|m ci ca lks}c nv dðncjk x|cnkizmik $lnd.XN& oki z|misfofÿi ma lks}c dðncjk z|kxfoma $ld.Z&)

Csxcofc x|kxfm jc zc||mpms lm`ms k scaks xc|fÿjfomncizc fiijmjks! ci am Okszm jca Xmofgfok! Znmok! Lm`k

==2

_MIJCL|ksfni zfac $D)L)\)& Xfzzfc|

Gmnfafm0 Nk|mocmc




Omafnm $Wmaac jca Omom&! Nmbjmacim Ncjfk! Mnmpkims v S|mlí5 g|cocizm sfzfks lm`ks jkijc maomipm i lci

b|ksk|! ciokiz|íijksc ci sfzfks mazks k jc aknms jkijc o|coc nís)

C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

J

X

a í|lka0


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

|csc|wmofÿi0

Am maz|m zkzma wm|îm ciz|c <: v :8 n! oki gszc ofaîij|fok lfci gk|nmjk! lmsc |cozm k oki maczkics k

|mîocs zmlam|cs lm`ms! cnxfimjms! xkl|cncizc jcsm||kaamjms k oki |mîocs sxc|gfofmacs |cjkijms |k`fpms) Cs

jknfimizc oki maz|m oknc|ofma x|kncjfk jc ?8 m ?7 n v JMX }c wm jcsjc 48! =<8 k nís on) Ok|zcpm ctzc|im

okak| b|fs wc|jksk! oki acizfocams okisxfoms! jfnfizms v jc zmnmýk ncjfk! aficm|cs v c}fjfncisfkimacs5

zctz|m afsm! gfimncizc mb|fczmjm! wfj|fksm jc < on jc csxcsk|) Am ok|zcpm fizc|im cs j|m v nv b|csm! jc okak|

mim|mi`mjk |ksmjk5 zctz|m gfl|ksm5 ctjm i aízct lamiok! xcbm`ksk m nv xcbm`ksk }c gavc mlijmizc v

|íxfjmncizc) Gak|csifsctmacs! xc}cýms! lamioms) G|zks j|xmsbaklksms oki im skam scnfaam) $<3&

Nmjc|m jc okak| ifgk|nc! omsf lamiok k omszmýk mnm|faak xíafjk) Aîicms wmsoam|cs

ikzk|fms5 nmjc|m ncjfmimncizc j|m v xcsmjm $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!38 b+on &5 nmjc|m jc asz|c mazk! smlk|

mscizc ik jfszfizfwk v kak| m acodc omijk g|csom v mscizc omijk scom5 zctz|m b|csm! b|mik |cozk m

afbc|mncizc ciz|co|pmjk)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk mscizcs k ik klsc|wmjks! xk|ksfjmj jfgsm! xk|ks b|mijcs! oam|mncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac

wfszm! csomsks $nciks jc =< v jc =< m ?8 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &! skafzm|fks! ci nðazfxacs |mjfmacs jc < m ? v ci

mb|xmofkics |mocnfgk|ncs! mabiks x|cscizmi zîafjcs jc xm|cjcs jcabmjms) Xm|æi}fnm akibfzjfima

x|cjknfimizcncizc xm|mz|m}cma mafgk|nc v mafgk|nc okigacizc! zmnlfæi mxkz|m}cma jfgsk) Zlks amzfoîgc|ks

komsfkimancizc = xk| |mjfk) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc)

Ci ams okijfofkics oafnízfoms jc Lkbkzí! am wcakofjmj jc scomjk gc nv |íxfjk0 sc akb|ÿ lm`m| ca

okizcifjk jc dncjmj jc ?4!4# m <8# ci <: jîms! x|cscizíijksc zk|ocj|ms) Ci ca scomjk ma dk|ik! zfafpmijk

i x|kb|mnm gc|zc $G&! sc lm`ÿ am dncjmj jc ::!<# m =<# ci 3=!4 dk|ms! x|cscizíijksc zk|ocj|ms v

oknlmjk) $<2&

Nv ssocxzflac ma mzm}c jc dkibks c fiscozks5 |c}fc|c sc| z|mzmjm |íxfjmncizc v |czf|mjm

jca lks}c xm|m x|cwcif| am nmiodm mpa v ca mzm}c jc am om|oknm)

Ci ca x|kocsk jc lmýk g|îk v omafcizc! zfafpmijk x|csc|wmizc kackskalac! am mal|m v ca j|mnci

x|cscizm|ki mlsk|ofÿi mazm $<?= eb+n v <2< eb+n |csxcozfwmncizc& oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma) Ci ca x|kocsk jc

wmoîk.x|csfÿi! zfafpmijk x|csc|wmizc kackskalac! zmizk am mal|m oknk ca j|mnci x|cscizm|ki mlsk|ofÿi mazm

$?=2 eb+n v ?24 eb+n |csxcozfwmncizc& oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma) Ma mxafom| smacs dfj|kskalacs xk| ca næzkjk jc

?

<

? ?

? ?

==4



Wc|jc

=<

8!:<

8!:<

?:4

733

342

6<4

=8?

==?

<64

3<4

?6

4<

<27

:3:

<=4

?=<

37

36

=!=6

<!<:

$<6&

$<6&

wmoîk.x|csfÿi! am mal|m x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi mazm $:<: eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi f||cbam|! v ca j|mnci mlsk|ofÿi

mazm $:76 eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi f||cbam| m xcicz|mofÿi zkzma) $<2&

?

?

X

M

S



sks0

J|mizc aks x|kocsks jc msc||mjk v af`mjk ik x|cscizm nmvk|cs

jfgfoazmjcs) Ci cszmjk scok sc |coknfcijm ocxfaam|am oki ?8° jc íibak jc ok|zc v oki nciks jc 3)3 n+nfi jc

wcakofjmj jc mafncizmofÿi) Mjnfzc nís jc =<88 |xn ci zmamj|mjk v sc |coknfcijm nkaj|m|am oki nm|oms

ncik|cs jc = nn) $=6&

_c ok|zm oki gmofafjmj) Odmxm jc okak| o|cnm ifgk|nc) Lcim

xm|m okiz|modmxmjk jc sk bcic|ma) Ik cs mxzm xm|m zmlac|ks jc xm|zîoams! if xm|m zmlac|ks jc nmjc|m ocncizk)

M|zîoaks jcxk|zfwks $cs}îcs&! odmxms xm|m z|fxact! om`kic|îm! om|xfizc|îm! okisz|oofkics ik|nmacs ci

fizc|fk|cs! fnxacncizks mb|îokams! `bczc|îm! xm|zcs xm|m nclacs! x|kjozks nkaj|mjks xm|m |cwcszfnfcizks

jc fizc|fk|cs! zmlac|ks mbaknc|mjks v ciafszkimjks! cszflms! cnlmam`cs v ciokg|mjks)

==6

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JC_MIJC



8!388!2: 8!:2 8!:< =!6 ?!6 3!2 <!= :!= 2!? ==!= =!4 $<6&

=88 48 =3 4 23 33)888 68)888



Kz|ks iknl|cs oknics0 Omnmzfom|k! bmlÿi! oíibm|c sclk! sclk! kzklk! iínmik! wf|kam $Okaknlfm&5

zcfnlk! odmawfmijc! omomk jca nkizc! wf|kam $Comjk|&5 wf|kam! om`k! smib|fik! omnmzfom|k! omnmzfom|k |k`k

$Wcicpcam&5 onmam $Xc|ð&5 wcdlm! lfoflm! xm|foí! odlm! wc|ncadm! so|mim wcancadm $L|msfa&5 g|zm

jk|mjm! lkbmnmif $Okszm \fom&5 smib|c $Bmzcnmam&5 smib|c! lmime! smib|c j|mbk $Ifom|mbm&5 lmbmlmif! g|zm

jk|mjm! nmam}czm jc nkizmým! nmiodm $Xmimnm&5 jkaav $Bvmim&5 lm|lÿi! lmlkci $_|fimn&) $<4& $?=&

=<8

_MIB\C ZK\KWf|kam sclfgc|m Mla)

Gmnfafm0 Nv|szfomocmc




J

C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

J


a í|lka0


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

Csxcofc nv ctzcijfjm ci am Mnæ|fom z|kxfoma! jcsjc Dkij|ms v Ifom|mbm

dmszm Okaknlfm! Wcicpcam! _|fimn! Comjk|! Xc|ð! Lkafwfm v L|msfa) X|kxfm jca lks}c dðncjk z|kxfoma $ld.Z&!

ci scawms scoijm|fms! |cbfkics scoms v cszm|fks jc am ociom Mzaíizfom) _c mskofm m csxcofcs oknk ca

sxx v sxx) $<4& $?=&

Cs i í|lka jc dmszm ?8 n jc mazk oki z|kiok jc dmszm :3 on jc jfíncz|k sfi |mîocs zmlam|cs) Am ok|zcpm

ctzc|fk| cs jc okak| omgæ oam|k! omsf afsm xc|k gfimncizc gfs|mjm) Am ok|zcpm fizc|fk| cs |ksmjm! omnlfmijk m |k`m

kso|m ma ctxkic|sc ma mnlfcizc! m|ciksm! mnm|bm! v ctjm im smwfm |k`fpm) Dk`ms sfnxacs! mazc|ims! kwmjms

klakibms5 ams aínfims ok|fíocms nfjci jc 6 m <3 on jc am|bk v : m =8 on jc miodk! zfcici am lmsc acwcncizc

mok|mpkimjm k |cjkijcmjm! ca lk|jc afsk! am dmp wc|jc asz|ksm! amnxfým v ca ciwæs wc|jc oam|k oki xcafzks jc okak|

omicam) Gak|cs xc}cýms mnm|faacizms! nv inc|ksms jfsxcszms ci |mofnks nv |mnfgfomjks5 aks |mofnks

gak|macs aacwmi nodms gak|cs ifsctmacs! ams nmsoafims v gcncifims ci í|lkacs jfszfizks $jfkfok&) Ca g|zk

$oknk j|xm jcdfsocizc& jc okak| wc|jpok k omgæ sc ml|c ci < xm|zcs v okizfcic = scnfaam caîxzfom oc|om jc = on

jc am|bk oki im olfc|zm $m|fak& |ksmjm) $?=&

Mal|m jc okak| nm||ÿi nv xíafjk! z|misfofÿi ma j|mnci jc okak| nm||ÿi oki csz|îms nís kso|ms5 aîicms

wmsoam|cs wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm v jc okak| nís kso|k }c ca zc`fjk gfl|ksk! asz|c ncjfmik m mazk! afwfmim v

lamijm $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!:7 b+on &5 kak| v smlk| mscizc k ik jfszfizfwks! b|mik |cozk! zctz|m b|csm m

ncjfmim) $??&

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! xk|ksfjmj jfgsm! xk|ks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! csomsks m

nkjc|mjmncizc csomsks $=< m ?8 v ?8 m 73 xk|ks xk| =8 nn & x|cjknfimizcncizc ci nðazfxaks |mjfmacs jc < v ?

xk|ks! zmnlfæi skafzm|fks! am nmvk|îm mlfc|zks) Xm|æi}fnm fijfszfibflac m sfnxac wfszm v mði oki acizc jc =8t)

\mjfks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm ci ca ok|zc |mjfma! nv fijfszfizks ci aks ok|zcs z|miswc|sma v zmibciofma) Zlks

zmifiîgc|ks mskofmjks oki aks |mjfks wfsflacs oki acizc jc =8t ci aks ok|zcs |mjfma v zmibciofma) Okijozks

bknîgc|ks mscizcs) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc) $??&

Ca scomjk ma mf|c cs nv |íxfjk v sc x|cscizmi b|fczms v mlm|}faamjk0 ca scomjk jc zmlams jc <!3 on t =3

on t =<8 on! oki i okizcifjk jc dncjmj fifofma jca 67# v ci ams okijfofkics oafnízfoms jc Næ|fjm

$Wcicpcam&! |c}f|fÿ :3 jîms xm|m lm`m| am dncjmj ma <8#) Ci ca scomjk ma dk|ik! zfafpmijk i x|kb|mnm

nkjc|mjk $N&! sc icocsfzm|ki =<8 dk|ms xm|m lm`m| am dncjmj jc 67# ma =<#! x|cscizmijk zk|ocj|ms }c ik

ctocjfc|ki ca =# jc jcswfmofÿi ci oma}fc|m jc ss jfncisfkics) $<2&

Nmjc|m xkok j|mlac! cs nv ssocxzflac ma mzm}c jc dkibks! zmamj|mjk|cs v zc|nfzms)

Zmlclfm

Omakxdvaan

?

<

X|csc|wmofÿi0 Ci ca x|kocsk jc lmýk g|îk v omafcizc! zfafpmijk i x|csc|wmizc kackskalac! am mal|m x|cscizÿ

mlsk|ofÿi mazm $<34 eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma m xm|ofma f||cbam|! v ca j|mnci x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi mazm $<34?

=<=



eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi xm|ofma f||cbam| m zkzma) Ci ca x|kocsk jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi! zfafpmijk i x|csc|wmizc

kackskalac! am mal|m v ca j|mnci x|cscizm|ki mlsk|ofÿi mazm $:2= v :7< eb+n |csxcozfwmncizc& oki

xcicz|mofÿi zkzma! v ca j|mnci x|cscizÿ m

?

?

lsk|ofÿi mazm $?4? eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma) Ma mxafom| smacs

dfj|kskalacs xk| ca næzkjk jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi! zmizk am mal|m oknk ca j|mnci x|cscizm|ki mlsk|ofÿi mazm

$:7< eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma) $<2&

Gíofa jc z|mlm`m| oki dc||mnfcizms ik|nmacs jc om|xfizc|îm v sc klzfcic

i lci momlmjk) Aks oamwks v zk|ifaaks xcicz|mi gíofancizc sfi }c am nmjc|m sc |m`c v ski lfci |czcifjks)

Zk|icmjk smzfsgmozk|fk! ciokam lfci! mocxzm zkjks aks zfxks jc amoms v lm|ifocs ok||fcizcs) $?:&

Oknc|ofmancizc sc cnxacm ci am gml|fomofÿi jc zmlac|ks

okiz|modmxmjks xm|m sk bcic|ma) _c ok|zm sfi jfgfoazmj! am odmxm cs afsm v jc gíofa scomjk)

Odmxms xm|m z|fxact! om`kic|îm! om|xfizc|îm! okisz|oofkics ik|nmacs afwfmims! `bczc|îm! x|kjozks

nkaj|mjks xm|m |cwcszfnfcizk jc fizc|fk|cs! xaxm! zmlac|ks ciafszkimjks v mbaknc|mjks! nmjc|m

nmodfdcnl|mjm! nclacs! dmomacs! cnlmam`cs! om`ms xm|m ofbm||ks! gÿsgk|ksv ciokg|mjks)

?

?

X

M

S



sks0

=<<

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JC_MIB\C ZK\K



8!46 8!:7 8!:: 8!?2 <!= 2!6 6!4 ?!4 :!3 ==!3 =3!3 <!2 $<6&

Wc|jc

=<

8!?2

8!?2

=67

<4<

?24

7<:

27

=88

=46

?3:

=7

<2

<?=

?::

=23

<=7

:=

37

8!77

8)7=

$<6&

$<6&



K

J



Manm icb|m! lfpokodk! gm|fýc|k! nmîp zkszmjk! $Okaknlfm&5 omlm|î! omlk|î! zmlmlð!

zfnlÿ xm! zfnlÿ |mim) $L|msfa&! odkizm}f|k $Xc|ð&5 om|om|cik! smxíi$Wcicpcam&)

Csxcofc imzfwm jc Okaknlfm) _c dm ciokiz|mjk ci am pkim jca Om|m|c.Kxÿi v ci am

_c||miîm jc _mi Aoms! ci aks aînfzcs jc aks Jcxm|zmncizks jc Mizfk}fm v Lkaîwm|) Csxcofc jca lks}c dðncjkz|kxfoma $ld.Z&) Ci am Mnmpkiîm Okaknlfmim sc dm |cxk|zmjk am csxcofc Joec! jkijc gk|nm

b|xksomsf x|ks v s nmjc|m x|cscizm om|mozc|îszfoms gîsfoms nv scnc`mizcsm ams jca ) $<3&$:<&

O) nmo|kom|xm

O) l|iicm

=<?

_MXÍIOamzd|kz|kxfs l|iicm Mnsdkgg

Gmnfafm0 Gmlmocmc




C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

J

X

a í|lka0


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

|csc|wmofÿi0

Í|lka jc <3 m ?8 n jc maz|m v dmszm 48 on jc JMX5 gszc |cozk v ofaîij|fok! oki maz|ms oknc|ofmacs jc

<8 m <3 n) Lmsc |cozm k oki maczkics xkl|cncizc jcsm||kaamjks) Ok|zcpm ctzc|im jc okak| b|fs mnm|faaksk!

jcabmjm! oki acizfocams c}fjfncisfkimacs ci ncjfmim omizfjmj) Ok|zcpm fizc|im lamijm! jc okak| |ksmjk xíafjk

}c xm|jcm zm|jîmncizc m nm||ÿi oam|k5 sfi ctjmjks) Dk`ms fnxm|fxfiimjms! mazc|ims! oki cszîxams5 om|zíocms5

dmp baml|m! ciwæs xlcsocizc! xcoîkak v |m}fs oki zkncizks xm|jks) Gak|cs nk|mjms ci xmiîoams) G|zks

acbnl|cs mxamimjms v b|mijcs) $<3&

Mal|m jc okak| |ksíock! z|misfofÿi ml|xzm ma j|mnci jc okak| omszmýk omomk

kso|k k omszmýk oam|k! m wcocs oki nmiodms b|mijcs lfci jcgfifjms v nv okisxfoms jc okak| mnm|faacizk! oki

wczms gfims nís oam|ms x|kjofjms xk| ca xm|æi}fnm! aîicms wmsoam|cs gfims v wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm xc|k ik nv

okisxfoms! nmjc|m jc asz|c mazk oki |cgac`ks jk|mjks! j|m v xcsmjm $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!62 b+on &! kak| v

smlk| mscizcs k ik jfszfizfwks! b|mik ciz|co|pmjk x|kjofcijk lmijms mazc|imzfwmncizc asz|ksms v kxmoms ci

am om|m |mjfma! zctz|m gfim) $??&

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk mscizcs k nv fijfszfizks! wmbmncizc fijfomjks xk| i nmvk| csxmofmnfcizk jc ams

lmijms jc xm|æi}fnm) Xk|ksfjmj jfgsm! xk|ks oam|mncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm oknk xizks lamiopoks

fioafjks ci ams lmijms jc xm|æi}fnm! ncjfmiks m nkjc|mjmncizc b|mijcs! ifgk|ncncizc jfsz|flfjks v

csomsks $=< m ?8 v ?8 m 73 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &! skafzm|fks v ci nðazfxaks |mjfmacs jc < m : ÿ nís xk|ks! mabiks jc

caaks koafjks xk| bknm jc okak| kso|k k mnm|faacizk) Xm|æi}fnm oam|mncizc wfsflac m sfnxac wfszm!

x|cjknfimizcncizc xm|mz|m}cma ci lmijms okizfims k omsf msî }c m wcocs sc mimszknksmi! zmnlfæi mafgk|nc!

okigacizc mafgk|nc) \mjfks mxcims wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm ci ca ok|zc z|miswc|sma! oam|mncizc wfsflacs ci ca |mjfma

c fijfszfizks ci ca zmibciofma) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi0 ca xm|æi}fnm v aks |mjfks lfomjks ci ams pkims xm|ci}fnmzksms

x|cscizmi zcijciofm m am csz|mzfgfomofÿi) Okijozksbknîgc|ks mscizcs) $??&

Ca scomjk cs nkjc|mjmncizc jfgîofa! oki zcijciofm m zk|oc|sc v |m`m|sc) Ma scom| acizmncizc ik sc

x|cscizmi jcgcozks) $<?& $:<&

Am j|mlfafjmj imz|ma jca j|mnci jca _mxmi sc |cxk|zm oknk nv mazm) \csfszcizc ma mzm}c jc

dkibks omsmizcs jc am xj|fofÿi nm||ÿi v lamiom) Nkjc|mjm |csfszciofm m aks zc|nfzcs slzc||íicks)

X|klmlacncizc nkjc|mjm m lm`m |csfszciofm m aks zmamj|mjk|cs nm|fiks) $7&

Ik sc dmi |cxk|zmjk cismvks jc amlk|mzk|fk! xc|k! ci am fijsz|fm jc o|oczms xm|m aîicms mæ|cms!

sc dm klsc|wmjk }c ci ca z|mzmnfcizk jc wmoîk v x|csfÿi oki smacs OOM! ca j|mnci cs x|íozfomncizc fnxksflac

jc z|mzm|! x|cscizíijksc im |czciofÿi jc nciks jc 38 eb+n v im x|kgijfjmj jc xcicz|mofÿi jc mxcims =

nn)

?

<

?

X|kxfcjmjcs jc msc||mjk v aml|mjk0 Nmjc|m jfgîofa jc msc||m| v jc camlk|m| oki dc||mnfcizms ik|nmacs5 oki

dc||mnfcizms jc nczma j|k ik x|cscizm jfgfoazmjcs) Ocxfaam gíofancizc v jm i momlmjk lcik5 xac lfci xc|k

=<:



|c}fc|c nodk af`mjk v scaam xk|ks) \csfszcizc m am xcicz|mofÿi jc oamwks v zk|ifaaks! oki zcijciofm m mb|fczm|sc5

zk|icmjk v ciokamjk smzfsgmozk|fks) $<?&

M

S


sks0

Xk| bfaakzfimjk sc klzfcici odmxms jcok|mzfwms)

Xm|m zkjk zfxk jc sks }c |c}fc|ci im nv mazm |csfszciofm m am gactfÿi! oknx|csfÿi xm|macam v j|cpm!

oknlfimjm oki im zctz|m gfim! mxm|fciofm jcok|mzfwm v gmwk|mlac cszmlfafjmj jfncisfkima) Okisz|oofÿi jc

fizc|fk|cs v ctzc|fk|cs jc nv mazk csgc|pk! wfbms! wfbczms5 zmlampkics! m|nmpkics v olfc|zms jc lm|oks5

xfsks! xm|}czs! odmxms oodfaamjms jcok|mzfwms5 o|oczms xm|m xkszcs5 j|nfcizcs5 nclacs xcsmjks

jcok|mzfwks5 xfsks v om||koc|îms jc wmbkics v omnfkics)

=<3

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JC_MXMI



8!62=!<< 8!6? 8!4< =!7 <!< ?!4 =!: 3!8 7!2 ==!6 =!? $<?&

=< 8!4< =<3: <8=< <:7 623 =?: =:<8 =?86 =?2 ?!8< $<?&

<=8 =:3 :8 =3 =:3 63)888 =?8)888



K

J

z|ks iknl|cs wabm|cs0


_mib|c! kzklk! iínmik $Okaknlfm&5 odmawfmijc! odmawfmijc amnxfýk okok wf|kam

$Comjk|&5 olm! wæ|ncam $L|msfa&5 lmlkci $oknc|ofma&)

M|lka imzfwk jc Okaknlfm! Comjk| v L|msfa) Ci Okaknlfm ci am Okszm Xmoîgfom! ci

ca lks}c xawfma x|cnkizmik! oki z|misfofÿi ma lks}c dðncjk z|kxfoma $lxXN+ld.Z&5 csxcofc x|kxfm jca lks}c

jca bmijma jc am Okszm Xmoîgfom5 bcic|mancizc o|coc mskofmjm oki ams csxcofcs v

sxx) $<4&

Xzc|kom|xs kggfofimafs X|fk|fm

=<7

_CLKWf|kam |cfjff Afzzac

Gmnfafm0 Nv|szfomocmc




C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

J

X

a í|lka0


comjk0

|mlfafjmj0

|csc|wmofÿi0

M|lkacs dmszm jc :8 n jc maz|m jfíncz|ks jc 38 m 68 on! gszc oki gk|nm |cozm v ofaîij|fom! i xkok

mibaksk! i xkok mb|fczmjk k gfs|mjk! oki |mîocs zmlam|cs mazms v mbjms jc dmszm < n) Am ok|zcpm ctzc|fk| cs

gfimncizc mb|fczmjm k omsf afsm! m wcocs oki wc||bms $acizfocams&! jc okak| b|fs |ksmjk k omgæ) Am ok|zcpm fizc|fk|

cs |ksmjm! wczcmjm oki |k`k! sfi smlk|! oki smwfm |k`fpm mnm|bm) Dk`ms sfnxacs! mazc|ims! ncnl|miíocms k mabk

ok|fíocms) Aks |mofnks gak|macs $xmiîoams&! oki inc|ksms gak|cs mnm|faams) Am gak| nmsoafim okiszm jc ? sæxmaks

v aks cszmnl|cs ifjks ci im okanim oki ? mizc|ms) Aks g|zks $oknk j|xms jcdfsocizcs& okizfcici = scnfaam)

$?=&

Ik dmv jfgc|ciofm ciz|c mal|m v j|mnci5 mal|m jc okak| nm||ÿi nv xíafjk!

z|misfofÿi b|mjma ma j|mnci }c cs jc okak| nm||ÿi oki csz|îms nms kso|ms! wczcmjk smwc ci m|oks

sxc|xcszks5 asz|c lm`k m mazk5 nmjc|m lamijm v afwfmim $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8):: b+on &5 kak| v smlk|

mscizcs k ik jfszfizfwks! b|mik |cozk! zctz|m ncjfmim m b|csm)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm) Xk|ksfjmj jfgsm! xk|ks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! skafzm|fks v ci

nðazfxacs |mjfmacs jc < m ?! kwmamjks! csomsks m nkjc|mjmncizc csomsks $=< m ?8 v ?8 m 73 xk|ks xk| =8 nn & am

nmvk|îm mlfc|zks) Xm|æi}fnm fijfszfibflac mði oki acizc jc =8t) \mjfks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm ci ca ok|zc |mjfma!

nv fijfszfizks ci aks ok|zcs z|miswc|sma v zmibciofma) Zlks zmifiîgc|ks mskofmjksoki aks |mjfks wfsflacs oki acizc

jc =8t ci aks ok|zcs |mjfma v zmibciofma) Okijozks bknîgc|ks mscizcs) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc)

Ca scomjk ma mf|c cs nv |íxfjk! x|cscizíijksc |m`mj|ms) Ci ca scomjk ma dk|ik! zfafpmijk i

x|kb|mnm gc|zc $G&! sc icocsfzm|ki 7?!3 dk|ms xm|m lm`m| am dncjmj jc :7)3# ma =<#! oki xæ|jfjms jc nciks

jca =8# ci wkanci! x|cscizmijk zk|ocj|ms v mlm|}faamjk) $<2&

Nmjc|m nv ssocxzflac ma mzm}c jc dkibks c fiscozks)

Ci ca x|kocsk jc lmýk g|îk v omafcizc am mal|m x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi mazm $<<7 eb+n oki

xcicz|mofÿi xc|fgæ|fom m xcicz|mofÿi zkzma! v ca j|mnci x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi mazm $<<= eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi

xc|fgæ|fom) Ci ca x|kocsk jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi! am mal|m x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi mazm $?:8 eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma! v

ca j|mnci x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi mazm $?4? eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma) Ci aks jks z|mzmnfcizks sc mxafoÿ im

sszmiofm kackskalac) Ma mxafom| smacs dfj|kskalacs xk| ca næzkjk jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi! am mal|m x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi

mazm $:86 eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi f||cbam| m xcicz|mofÿi zkzma! v ca j|mnci mlsk|ofÿi mazm $:=? eb+n & oki

xcicz|mofÿi f||cbam|) $<2&

?

<

?

?

?

?

? ?

=<2



X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JC_CLK



8!23 8!:: 8!:< 8!?3 ?!= 7!2 6!2 <!< 3!7 =8!3 =3!3 =!6 $<6&

Wc|jc

=<

8!?3

8!?3

<?<

::6

?22

2==

24

==?

=6: <<

:7

=42

?77

=38

<<?

?8

?4

8!67

=!7=

$<6&

$<6&

X|kxfcjmjcs jc msc||mjk v aml|mjk0 _c xcjci ocxfaam| ci cszmjk scok ma mf|c oki i íibak jc ?8° v lm`ms

wcakofjmjcs jc mafncizmofÿi5 sc xcjc zmamj|m| oki nms jc =<88 |xn v sc klzfcici nc`k|cs |csazmjks ci

nkaj|mjk omijk sc z|mlm`m oki nm|oms jc = nn) X|cscizm b|mik acwmizmjk omijk ctfszc nmjc|m jc zcisfÿi)

$=6&

M

S


sks0

_c ok|zm sfi jfgfoazmj! am odmxm cs afsm v jc gíofa scomjk)

Oknc|ofmancizc sc cnxacm ci am gml|fomofÿi jc zmlac|ks okiz|modmxmjksxm|m sk bcic|ma)

Odmxms xm|m z|fxact! om`kic|îm! om|xfizc|îm! okisz|oofkics ik|nmacs afwfmims! `bczc|îm! x|kjozks

nkaj|mjks xm|m |cwcszfnfcizk jc fizc|fk|cs! zmlac|ks ciafszkimjks v mbaknc|mjks! nmjc|m nmodfdcnl|mjm!

nclacs! dmomacs! cnlmam`cs! om`ms xm|m ofbm||ks! gÿsgk|ksv ciokg|mjks)

=<4



_

I

fiÿifnks0

knl|cs oknics0

Mnmxm bfimcisfs Om|mxm amzfgkafm Om|mxm nmo|kom|xm

Om|mxm ifom|mbcisfs Om|mxm samzc|f B|mimzn bfmicis

$Mla)& _zcj)5 Rfaaj) ct O) JO)5 Joec5

O) JO)5 _zmija)5 c $Mla)& Eizpc) $?7&

Om|mxm! nmpílmak! bñfik! bñfim! mijf|klm! nmok $Okaknlfm&5 zmibm|c! gfbc|km$Comjk|&5 mijf|klm $Xc|ð&5 om|mxm $Wcicpcam&5 mijf|klm $L|msfa&5 ocj|k nmodk $Okszm \fom&5 ocj|k lkzc

$Xmimní&5 e|mxm $_|fimn&5 o|mlrkkj $Xc|zk \fok&)

=<6

ZMIBM\COm|mxm bfmicisfs Mla)

Gmnfafm0 Ncafmocmc




J

C

Am nmjc|m

O

_

fsz|flofÿi0

a í|lka0


comjk0

Bcic|mancizc o|coc ci zc||mpms xamims v jfscozmjms jc am okszm Xmoîgfom v Mnmpkiîm5 ci lks}cs

jc cacwmofkics lm`ms jc oafnms nv dðncjks v zc||ciks ocimbksks k xmizmiks gk|nmijk |kjmacs omsf x|ks v

x|ks) Mlm|om ams gk|nmofkics oafnízfoms jc lks}c dðncjk z|kxfoma $ld.Z&! lks}c nv dðncjk z|kxfoma $lnd.

Z&! lks}c xawfma z|kxfoma v lks}c xawfma x|cnkizmik) _c ciociz|m ci Olm! Okszm \fom! Dkij|ms! Z|fifjmj v

Zklmbk! Bvmim! L|msfa! Wcicpcam! Okaknlfm! Comjk|! Xc|ð v _|fimn) Ci Okaknlfm sc jfsz|flvc xk| am Okszm

Xmoîgfom! _c||miîm jc _mi Aoms! Wmaac jca Nmbjmacim! Om|m|c.Kxÿi! Wmxæs! Mnmpkiîm! Im|fýk v Znmok) _c

jcsm||kaam lfci ci ca lks}c xawfma z|kxfoma! v lks}cs comzk|fmacs jc ams pkims oíafjms) $?4&

Maomipm maz|ms dmszm jc:8 n! oki gszc jcjfíncz|k xk| ciofnm jcams |mîocs zmlam|cs jc= m =!4 k < n)

Gszc |cozk! ofaîij|fok mx|kwcodmlac jc <8 m <3 n5 am lmsc x|cscizm maczkics ncjfmim k xkl|cncizc

jcsm||kaamjks! c}faízc|ks! xkok amnfim|cs! ovm maz|m cs jc 78 m 68 on) Dk`ms xm|fxfimjms! oki : m 7 xm|cs jc

gkaîkaks! mazc|ims! sfi cszîxams! mb|xmjms ma gfima jc ams |mnfaams! xmxf|íocms! baml|ms xk| mnlms om|ms) Gak|cs ci

xmiîoam! jc okak| mnm|faacizk! xc}cýms! oki : xæzmaks v : sæxmaks) G|zk ci oíxsam nís k nciks baklksms oki

inc|ksms scnfaams) Ok|zcpm ctzc|im afsm k oki momimamj|ms mnxafmncizc csxmofmjms v xkok x|kgijms! oki

acizfocams jfnfizms jfsz|flfjms f||cbam|ncizc xk| scozk|cs5 okak| nm||ÿi |ksmjk! m wcocs b|fs! b|fs mnm|faacizk

oki fioasfkics m|ciksms |k`ms k mim|mi`mjms k icb|m) Ok|zcpm fizc|im jc b|ksk| ncjfk v jc okak| |ksmjk! gfl|ksm

ik }cl|mjfpm! |fzfjknm }c sc jcsx|cijc ci xamoms f||cbam|cs jc`mijk ofomz|focs xc|nmicizcs) $<3& $?4&

Mal|m jc okak| o|cnm b|fsíock oki z|misfofÿi ml|xzm ma j|mnci jc okak| nm||ÿi

oam|k m |k`fpk k wfik zfizk5 zmnlfæi sc x|cscizm mal|m jc okak| |ksmjk o|cnksk oki z|misfofÿi b|mjma m j|mnci

jc okak| nm||ÿi |k`fpk! |cofæi ok|zmjk sc kso|coc m omgæ |k`fpk! ifgk|nc! kxmok! sc mscnc`m m am omklm xc|k oki

nmvk| asz|c5 nmjc|m nkjc|mjmncizc j|m v xcsmjm $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!78 b+on &) _mlk| v kak| mscizcs k

ik jfszfizfwks5 wczcmjk ci m|oks sxc|xcszks! oki smzfimjk v `msxcmjk xkok x|kiiofmjk5 oki asz|c jc ncjfmik

m mazk v zctz|m ncjfmim) B|mik ciz|co|pmjk m kijamjk k jc |cozk m ciz|co|pmjk)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk fijfomjks xk| aîicms okioæiz|foms jc xm|æi}fnm zc|nfima) Xk|ks oam|mncizc wfsflacs m

sfnxac wfszm! xk|ksfjmj jfgsm! skafzm|fks v ci nðazfxaks |mjfmacs jc < m 3 xk|ks v mb|xmofkics |mocnfgk|ncs!

nkjc|mjmncizc csomsks m nkjc|mjmncizc inc|ksks $?8 m 73 v 73 m =<3 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &) Xm|æi}fnm

wfsflac m sfnxac wfszm! zc|nfima ci aîicms k lmijms v xm|mz|m}cma wmsfoæiz|fok mibkszk) \mjfks oam|mncizc

wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm ci aks ok|zcs z|miswc|sma v |mjfma! mabk fijfszfizks ci am om|m zmibciofma) Okijozks


Am wcakofjmj jc scomjk ma mf|c cs nkjc|mjm v sc x|cscizmi xkoks jcgcozks0 ca scomjk jc zmlams jc <!3 t

=3 t =88 on! oki i okizcifjk jc dncjmj fifofma jca 33!=# v ci ams okijfofkics oafnízfoms jc Lkbkzí! |c}f|fÿ

0

?

<

=?8



23 jîms xm|m lm`m| am dncjmj ma <8#) Ci ca scomjk ma dk|ik! zfafpmijk i x|kb|mnm smwc $_&! sc icocsfzm|ki

<== dk|ms xm|m lm`m| am dncjmj jc 2=!?# ma =<#! oki xæ|jfjms jc nciks jca =8# ci wkanci! x|cscizmijk

zk|ocj|ms v m|}cmj|ms) $<2&

Am figk|nmofÿi cs nv wm|fmlac! x|clms jc amlk|mzk|fk fijfomi }c am |csfszciofm cs jcsjc lm`m

dmszm mazm! zmizk xm|m am xj|fofÿi lamiom oknk am nm||ÿi5 fbmancizc! sc |cxk|zm oknk |csfszcizc m xkok

|csfszcizc m am xj|fofÿi ci okizmozk oki ca scak) Nv ssocxzflac ma mzm}c jc zc|nfzms jc am nmjc|m scom5

zmnlfæi cs waic|mlacma mzm}c jcam om|oknm $ sx)&$?:&

Ci ca x|kocsk jc lmýk g|îk v omafcizc! am mal|m x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi iam $:: eb+n oki

xcicz|mofÿi xc|fgæ|fom! nfciz|ms }c ca j|mnci x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi xkl|c $3< eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi xc|fgæ|fom)

Ci ca x|kocsk jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi am mal|m x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi lcim $==3 eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi f||cbam|!

nfciz|ms }c ca j|mnci x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi xkl|c $28 eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi f||cbam|) Ci aks jks z|mzmnfcizks

sc mxafoÿ im sszmiofm kackskalac) Ma mxafom| smacs dfj|kskalacs xk| ca næzkjk jc wmoîk.x|csfÿi! am mal|m

x|cscizÿ mlsk|ofÿi mazm $<73 eb+n & oki xcicz|mofÿi zkzma! v ca j|mnci mlsk|ofÿi lcim $=:2 eb+n & oki

xcicz|mofÿi iam m f||cbam|) $?4&

_c jc`m z|mlm`m| gíofancizc oki ams dc||mnfcizms nmimacs jc

om|xfizc|îm) Ci aks x|kocsks jc msc||mjk v af`mjk ik x|cscizm jfgfoazmjcs) _c |coknfcijm ocxfaam| scom oki íibak

jc ok|zc jc ?8° v nciks jc 3)3 n+nfi5 zmamj|m| oki wcakofjmjcs fbmacs k i xkok nmvk|cs m 788 |xn) V ca

nkaj|mjk sc xcjc dmoc| oki nm|oms i xkok ncik|cs jc = nn $=6&) Ci aks x|kocsks jc nm}fimjk sc |cxk|zm

oknk i xkok nís j|m }c am Omklm5 zfcic am zcijciofm m |m`m|sc omijk sc oamwm5 gíofa jc ciokam|5 |czfcic lfci

aks zk|ifaaks5 gíofa jc jcsci|kaam| xm|m odmxms) $?:& $?3&

Gíofa jc jcsci|kaam|! sc klzfcic im odmxm afsm! nciks

oknxmozm sf sc ok|zm ci g|îk5 jc msxcozk aamnmzfwk! okak| kso|k xm|cofjk ma jc am omklm! lcim xm|m om|ms) $:?&

Clmifszc|îm! om|xfizc|îm bcic|ma! nkaj|mjk! zk|ic|îm! x|kjozks xm|m |cwcszfnfcizk jc fizc|fk|cs! odmxms

jcok|mzfwms v jc sk bcic|ma! xfsks! níszfacs xm|m mizcims v lm|oks! wfbms! olfc|zms v kz|ks cacncizks smjks ci

am okisz|oofÿi jc wfwfcijms)

J

X

X

M

S

|mlfafjmj0

|csc|wmofÿi0



sks0

Avozs

?

?

?

?

? ?

=?=





_

K

J

fiÿifnks0


fsz|flofÿi0

Nkajciec5 Zcozkim zdcem Ak|)5 $A) g)& Amn) $?7&

Evi $L|nm&! Zcoe $G|mioæs&! Zcme $Fibaæs&

Imzfwm jc Fijfm! Lf|nmifm! Zmfamijfm! Fijkodfim! fioasfwc Fijkicsfm! xm|zfoam|ncizc @mwm)

Ctzcismncizc oazfwmjm ci xamizmofkics jciz|k jc s |mibk imz|ma msî oknk ci í|cms z|kxfomacs jc Íg|fom v

Mnæ|fom Amzfim) $=4&

Zcozkim b|mijfs gk) Omicsocis Zdcem b|mijfs

=??

ZCOMZcozkim b|mijfs A) g)

Gmnfafm0 Wc|lcimocmc




C

Am nmjc|m0

O

_

a í|lka0


comjk0

Ci s abm| jc k|fbci v ci sfzfks gmwk|mlacs cs i í|lka b|mijc! maomipmijk dmszm :3 n jc mazk5 oki

gszcs jc <3 m ?8 n5 z|kioks smancizc jc 68 m =38 on jc jfíncz|k5 aks í|lkacs wfc`ks m ncijk oki |mîocs

zmlam|cs k z|kiok momimamjk) Aks í|lkacs bcic|mancizc x|cscizmi jknfimiofm mxfoma! }c sc xfc|jc oki am

nmj|cp k omijk gak|coc m zcnx|mim cjmj! k|fbfimijk im okxm nís mnxafm oki |mnms inc|ksms) Am ok|zcpm

ctzc|fk| cs jc okak| omgæ oam|k! csomnksm v nv mb|fczmjm! jc nís jc = on jc b|csk) Am ok|zcpm fizc|fk| cs

lamijm! lamiopom v omsf sfi smlk|) Ams |mnms ctzcijfjms! gk|nmi im okxm mlfc|zm jc |mnfzms okak| b|fs oam|k v

xkoms dk`ms nv b|mijcs) Csxcofc jc dk`ms omjoms! nv b|mijcs! okak| wc|jc mabk kso|k! asz|ksms v baml|ms

ci am om|m sxc|fk|! nm||ÿi oam|k v mgcaxmjk ci ca ciwæs! jc gk|nm caîxzfok klakibms! lk|jc afsk! mabk kijamjk!

lmsc |cjkijcmjm) Gak|cs jc okak| afam ci b|mjcs xmiîoams zc|nfimacs) G|zk j|xm omj|faklamjm oki xc|fom|xfk

mgcaxmjk }c ciofc||m i ok|kpk lmszmizc j|k) $=4& $=2&

Mal|m jc okak| mnm|faak lamiopok! oam|mncizc jfgc|ciofmjm jca j|mnci jc okak|

wc|jc kafwm omijk g|csok! zk|iíijksc omgæ í|ck! cwcizmancizc kso|k ma scom|sc5 mocfzksm ma zmozk v oki l|faak

oc|ksk5 nmjc|m nkjc|mjmncizc j|m v xcsmjm $jcisfjmj scom ma mf|c 8!7: b+on &! kak| om|mozc|îszfok omijk

wc|jc! smlk| ik jfszfizfwk! b|mik |cozk m kijamjk! zctz|m b|csm)

Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk oam|mncizc fijfomjks xk| im xk|ksfjmj scnfof|oam|) Xk|ks oam|mncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac

wfszm! jc jks zmnmýks0 ncjfmiks v b|mijcs ci am nmjc|m zcnx|mim! nís xc}cýks ci am nmjc|m zm|jîm5

skafzm|fks v ci mb|xmofkics |mjfmacs jc < m ? xk|ks! komsfkimancizc nís am|bks! mabiks koaîjks xk| zîafjcs!

jcxÿsfzks jc bknm jc okak| mnm|faak v! m wcocs! xk| jcxÿsfzks jc okak| lamiok5 csomsks m nkjc|mjmncizc

csomsks $ =< m ?8 v ?8 m 73 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &) Xm|æi}fnm zc|nfima v wmsfoæiz|fok mibkszk) Okijozks bknîgc|ks

mscizcs) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc)

Ca scomjk jc am nmjc|m ma mf|c cs lcik xc|k mabk acizk! aks jcgcozks }c sc x|cscizm ski ncik|cs) Ams

xfcpms jc = on jc b|csk m aks =3jîms ma mf|cscomi jc i :8# m =3# jc okizcifjk jc dncjmj! ams xfcpms jc <!3

onjc b|cskzm|jmi ?8jîms v ams jc: on! 38jîms) Nmjc|m jc7 mýksscomjm ma mf|cdm lm`mjkam dncjmj jc34#

m =4# ci <8 jîms) Ca scomjk ma dk|ik cs lcik v ik x|cscizm zcijciofms m |m`mj|ms v mamlcks) Ams xfcpms jc <!3

on jc b|csk xcjci scom|sc ma dk|ik lm`mijk am dncjmj jc :8# m =8# ci 3.7 jîms m im zcnxc|mz|m jc 78.

48 ¸O v im dncjmj |camzfwm ok||csxkijfcizc jc 48#) $=2& Xm|m ca scomjk ma dk|ik sc sbfc|ci aks sfbfcizcs

dk|m|fks0 ca Z=8.J:_ xm|m xfcpms jc :+: v Z4.J?_ xm|m xfcpms jc 4+: jc aks Cszmjks Sifjks v ca x|kb|mnm D jca

\cfik Sifjk) $?8&

Am nmjc|m omnlfm jc okak| oki zcnxc|mz|ms fifofmacs mazms xk| ak }c jclc|îmi cwfzm|sc) J|mizc ca scomjk ma

dk|ik sc x|kjoc i okijcismjk jc íofjk lzî|fok }c xcjc ok||kc| aks dk|iks jc nczma $m nciks }c scmi jc

?

<

=?:



manfifk k moc|k fiktfjmlac&) Ci bcic|ma! jclfjk ma oknxk|zmnfcizk nksz|mjk xk| Zcom ci aks jfgc|cizcs x|kocsks

jc scomjk! sc |coknfcijm ca scomjk ma mf|c afl|c v omijk sc zfafpmi oínm|ms jc scomjk cs kxk|zik am mxafomofÿi

jc i x|kb|mnm smwc! vm }c ci dk|m|fks jc scomjk nkjc|mjk v scwc|k am nmjc|m x|cscizm okamxsk!

cij|cofnfcizk v b|fczms fizc|ims }c jfsnfivci ci b|mi ncjfjm am omafjmj) $=2&

J|mlfafjmj

|csc|wmofÿi0


ml|fomofÿi jc xmicacs! wfbms amnfimjms! gfibc|.`kfiz0

sks0

0) Ca j|mnci cs nv |csfszcizc ma mzm}c jc dkibks! zc|nfzcs v m aks zmamj|mjk|cs nm|fiks) Am

mal|m ik cs j|mlac v cs ssocxzflac ma mzm}c jc aks zc|nfzcs jc am nmjc|m scom) $?:&

Ca j|mnci jc am zcom cs okisfjc|mjk oknk nv jfgîofa jc fnx|cbim| oki x|csc|wmzfwks mði oki

næzkjks jc x|csfÿi v wmoîk) Ca xk|ocizm`c ÿxzfnk jc okizcifjk jc dncjmj xm|m mxafom| ca x|csc|wmizc xk| ca

næzkjk jc jklac jfgsfÿi cszí ciz|c 43# v =88#) Ci Wcicpcam am nmjc|m |cjkijm jc mal|m xm|m xkszcs v

cszmizfaaks z|mzmjm xk| ca næzkjk jc jklac jfgsfÿi mlsk|lfÿ omsf ca =88# jca x|csc|wmizc! nfciz|ms }c ca

j|mnci zfcic xkom xcicz|mofÿi) Am mal|m zmnlfæi zfcic lm`m xc|ncmlfafjmj xc|k |csxkijc lfci ma z|mzmnfcizk

oki sagmzk jc okl|c ma 7#! scbfjk xk| lk|mt ma 2 #! ci finc|sfkics jc z|cs jîms v xc|fkjks jc jfgsfÿi jc z|cs

scnmims5 cszc z|mzmnfcizk mam|bm am wfjm ðzfa ci aks xkszcs) $=2& $?:& $?3&

Am nmjc|m cs lmszmizc ml|msfwm! oki i okizcifjk jc sîafoc jc dmszm

=!3 # jca xcsk jc am nmjc|m scom ma dk|ik! xk| ak }c jclc msc||m|sc ci cszmjk wc|jc v zfafpm| sfc||ms |cgk|pmjms

oki cszcafzm k oki om|l|k jc zibszcik) Omijk sc z|mlm`m oki dc||mnfcizms oki lci gfak zfcic lm`m |csfszciofm

ma msc||mjk) Ocxfaam oki gmofafjmj) _c zk|icm oki gmofafjmj m i ?8# jc dncjmj) X|cscizm lcims om|mozc|îszfoms

jc af`mjk5 ca xkawk cs f||fzmizc! ams sszmiofms |csxkismlacs jc ams |cmoofkics maæ|bfoms jclci sc| amxmodka v

jcsktvamxmodka! mi}c ik cszíi sfcnx|c x|cscizcs ci am nmjc|m) Ca nkaj|mjk ik x|cscizm jfgfoazm v sc

klzfcici sxc|gfofcs jc lcim omafjmj) Ci cismvks jc z|mlm`mlfafjmj |cmafpmjks ci nmjc|m scom ma mf|c! xm|m

cwmam| am |csxcszm ma ocxfaamjk! nkaj|mjk v zmamj|mjk! aks jcgcozks }c sc x|cscizm|ki ci ocxfaamjk gc|ki

b|mik m||miomjk! b|mik wcaaksk v ci |cafcwc! sfcijk jc nmvk| fnxk|zmiofm ca ðazfnk! jclfjk m }c aks jcnís scxcjci cafnfim| gíofancizc ncjfmizc af`mjk) Ci cismvks jc nkaj|mjk sc jczcozm|ki jcgcozks jc b|mik

m||miomjk! b|mik wcaaksk v mszfaamjk! aks omacs ko||fc|ki ci nîifnk b|mjk v ctzcisfÿi! x|kxfofmijk i lci

momlmjk) Ci cismvks jc zmamj|mjk! am |csxcszm jc am nmjc|m gc ctocacizc) $=2&

Ci Wcicpcam sc dmi akb|mjk zmlac|ks mbaknc|mjks

jc xm|zîoams jc ctocacizc omafjmj oki im jcisfjmj jc 8!7 m 8!4 b|+on ! oki zcom jc icwc mýks! k jc zcom

ncpoamjm oki ncafim! skl|cxmsmijk ams ik|nms xm|m am okisz|oofÿi jc aks nfsnks) $=2&

Am zcom cs im jc ams nc`k|cs nmjc|ms okikofjms v nís wmafksm v cs fnxk|zmizc ci am okisz|oofÿi jc

l}cs $olfc|zms! csz|oz|ms! }faams&) Zfcic nodks kz|ks sks zmacs oknk nclacs gfiks! bmlficzcs! xfsks!

momlmjks fizc|fk|cs! xc|zms! m|zcsmiîms! csoaz|ms! zk|ic|îm! zmi}cs v nclacs xm|m amlk|mzk|fks }c

|c}fc|ci mazm |csfszciofm m aks íofjks) Aksm|lkafzks jc ams ciz|csmoms sc smi xm|m xkszcs v nclacs) $?:&

X

X

G

S

?

=?3



=?7

X

X



NCOÍIFOM_ V C_GSC\PK_ JC Z\MLM@K JC AM NMJC\M JCZCOM



8!7:8!66 8!34 8!37 8!3 =!= =!7 <!< <!= ?!4 7!< =!4 $?:& $?3&

=38 ==8 <4 =< =83 23)888 =88)888

Wc|jc

=<

8!37

8!37

:??

36?

766

6?7

63

64

??7

:27

6=

6:

3=2

3=2

343

38?

=<<

==<

=!?: $?:&

$?:&



=?2

OAMWC_ XM\M AM FJCIZFGFOMOFKI NMO\KB\MGFOM JC :? NMJC\M_

]SC _C OKNC\OFMAFPMI CI CA JCXM\ZMNCIZK JCA ZKAFNM

Xk|ks mscizcs)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

Xk|ks x|cscizcs))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

Omimacs |csfiîgc|ks x|cscizcs) Mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk fijfomjks xk| lmijms jc nmjc|m zm|jîm jcokak|mofÿi nís kso|m }c am nmjc|m zcnx|mim) Mal|m jc okak| lamiok m lamiok mnm|faacizk!j|mnci jc okak| |ksmjk xíafjk! oki aîicms gfims jc okak| omszmýk k omszmýk kso|k ci ams om|msakibfzjfimacs x|kjofjms xk| aks omimacs |csfiîgc|ks) Nmjc|m lamijm v afwfmim! b|mik |cozk m

kijamjk! zctz|m b|csm0 Xfik xízam Xfis xmzam

Omimacs |csfiîgc|ks mscizcs )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

Nmjc|m jc okak| mnm|faak oam|k lmszmizc ifgk|nc! oki i nmzfp |ksmjk xíafjk! asz|c ncjfmik!kak| v smlk| mscizcs k ik jfszfizfwks! afwfmim v lamijm! b|mik |cozk m kijamjk! zctz|mncjfmim! mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk oam|mncizc jcgfifjks xk| aîicms k lmijms jc nmjc|m zm|jîm jcokak|mofÿi nís kso|m }c am nmjc|m zcnx|mim0 Ofx|æs Ox|csss asfzmifom

Mal|m jc okak| omszmýk mnm|faacizk! xkok jfgc|ciofmjm jca j|mnci jc okak| omszmýk lmszmizcifgk|nc k mal|m jc okak| mnm|faak k omszmýk mnm|faacizk! z|misfofÿi b|mjma ma j|mnci jcokak| omszmýk xíafjk! oki wczms akibfzjfimacs jc okak| nís kso|k x|kjofjms xk| aks mifaaks jco|cofnfcizk) Nmjc|m nkjc|mjmncizc asz|ksm! kak| v smlk| mscizcs k ik jfszfizfwks!nkjc|mjmncizc lamijm v afwfmim! b|mik |cozk! zctz|m ncjfmim m b|csm! mifaaks jc o|cofnfcizk

m wcocs x|cscizcs0 Xfik |knc|ÿiXfikodm}f|k

Xkjkom|xs |ksxfbafkssff Xkjkom|xs kacfgkafs

Jfsz|flofÿi of|oam| jc aks xk|ks! aks xk|ks jc am nmjc|m zcnx|mim ski nmvk|cs }c aks jc amnmjc|m zm|jîm ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

Nmjc|m oki xk|ksfjmj jfgsm )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

Mal|m jc okak| omszmýk oam|k lamiopok! z|misfofÿi ml|xzm ma j|mnci jc okak| |ksmjk oam|k momszmýk |k`fpk omijk g|csok! zk|iíijksc |k`k k omszmýk |k`fpk kso|k! m wcocs oki i zfizcx|xð|ck! jcsxæs jc am ctxksfofÿi ma mf|c5 xk|ks koafjks xk| jcxÿsfzks jc bknm jc okak| |k`kkso|k5 xm|æi}fnm wfsflac m sfnxac wfszm jca zfxk zc|nfima0 Ocj|k|ksmjk Ocj|cam sxx)

Mal|m jc okak| mnm|faak lamiopok! oam|mncizc jfgc|ciofmjm jca j|mnci jc okak| wc|jc kafwmomijk g|csok! zk|iíijksc omgæ í|ck! cwcizmancizc kso|k ma scom|sc5 mocfzksm ma zmozk v okil|faak oc|ksk5 mabiks xk|ks koafjks xk| zîafjcs! jcxÿsfzks jc bknm jc okak| mnm|faak v! m wcocs!xk| jcxÿsfzks jc okak| lamiok5 m|æi}fnm zc|nfima v wmsfoæiz|fok mibkszk0

Zcom Zcozkim b|mijfs

x

Xm|æi}fnm wfsflac m sfnxac wfszm k oam|mncizc wfsflac oki acizc jc =8t )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

Xm|æi}fnm fijfszfibflac m sfnxac wfszm! jfgîofancizc wfsflac oki acizc jc =8t ci ca ok|zcz|miswc|sma dncjcofjk! zcijfcizc m sc| mibkszmncizc wmsfoæiz|fok k mscizc ))))))))))))))))))))))))))

Nmjc|m jc okak| lamiopok! mnm|faak xíafjk k afbc|mncizc b|fsíock! m wcocs oki i nmzfp|ksíock5 lamijm v afwfmim5 om|mozc|fpmjm xk| am x|csciofm jc zc f̀jk xm|ci}fnmzksk ikafbifgfomjk oki mxm|fciofm jc mabkjÿi }c mazc|im oki pkims bcic|mancizc mibkszms jc zc`fjknís oknxmozk v afbifgfomjk0 Xcficnkik Mxcflm ncnl|mimocmc

Lmijms jc xm|æi}fnm ik afbifgfomjk mscizcs )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

Xm|æi}fnm zc|nfima x|cscizc v oam|mncizc wfsflac m sfnxac wfszm k oki acizc jc =8t ci ca ok|zcz|miswc|sma dncjcofjk )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

Xm|æi}fnm zc|nfima mscizc ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

=m

=l

<m

<l

?m

?l

:m

:l

3m

3l

7m

7l

2m

2l

4m

4l

<

:

?

3

7

2

?=

4

6

=?



=?4

Xm|æi}fnm ctoasfwmncizc zc|nfima) Mal|m jc okak| o|cnm b|fsíock oki z|misfofÿi ml|xzm maj|mnci jc okak| omszmýk oam|k m |k`fpk k wfik zfizk5 zmnlfæi sc x|cscizm mal|m jc okak| |ksmjko|cnksk oki z|misfofÿi b|mjma m j|mnci jc okak| omszmýk |k f̀pk! |cofæi ok|zmjk sc kso|coc momgæ |k f̀pk! ifgk|nc! kxmok! sc mscnc`m m am omklm xc|k oki nmvk| asz|c5 zîafjcs mscizcs0

Zmibm|c Om|mxm bfmicisfs

Xm|æi}fnm zc|nfima v mxkz|m}cma k xm|mz|m}cma ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

Xm|æi}fnm mxkz|m}cma ci aîicms f||cbam|cs zmibciofmacs ok|zms }c gk|nmi i |czîoak okiaks |mjfks v koxm am nmvk| xm|zc jca wkanci jc am nmjc|m) Nmjc|m jc okak| o|cnm m mnm|faakxíafjk! aîicms wmsoam|cs b|csms v okisxfoms jc okak| omszmýk5 nmjc|m nv lamijm v afwfmim)\mjfks oam|mncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm ci aks z|cs ok|zcs v jc nís jc = nn jc mazk) Xk|ksskafzm|fks! komsfkimancizc ci nðazfxaks |mjfmacs jc < m : xk|ks! am nmvk|îm koafjks xk| zîafjcs0

Ocflm Ocflm xcizmij|m

Xm|æi}fnm xm|mz|m}cma! wmsfoæiz|fok! mafgk|nc v+k! okigacizc )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

Xk|ks jfsz|flfjks zmibciofmancizc) Zîafjcs x|cscizcs) Mal|m jc okak| mnm|faacizk m omszmýkoam|k! z|misfofÿi b|mjma m ml|xzm ma j|mnci jc okak| omszmýk jk|mjk xíafjk k omszmýkmnm|faacizk k omgæ mocfzimjk k zmlmok! oki wczms akibfzjfimacs jc okak| nís kso|k) Nmjc|mncjfmimncizc j|m v xcsmjm0 Ikbma Ok|jfm maafkjk|m

Xk|ks ifgk|ncncizc jfsz|flfjks) Zîafjcs mscizcs )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

Mal|m jc okak| lamiok mnm|faacizk! z|misfofÿi ml|xzm ma j|mnci jc okak| omszmýk |k`fpk) Xk|ksjc jfsz|flofÿi v zmnmýk lmszmizc ifgk|nc) Xm|æi}fnm mafgk|nc jc mams ok|zms v klzsms v

okigacizc v zc|nfima ci aîicms k lmijms0 Mabm||klk Dvncimcm ok|lm|fa

Mal|m jc okak| lamiok mnm|faacizk! z|misfofÿi ml|xzm ma j|mnci jc okak| omszmýk omomk oam|k!aîicms wmsoam|cs okisxfomncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm v jc okak| nís kso|k }c ca zc`fjkgfl|ksk jclfjk ma xm|æi}fnm v ma okizcifjk jc bknm) Xk|ks oki nm|omjm zcijciofm m amjfsxksfofÿi jfmbkima) Xm|æi}fnm wmsfoæiz|fok miodk! mafgk|nc jc mams ok|zms! okigacizcjfmbkima! okigacizc mafgk|nc v zc|nfima0 K|c`c|k Cizc|kaklfn ovoakom|xn

Xm|æi}fnm x|cjknfimizcncizc mskofmjk oki aks xk|ks )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ))))))) )))))

Xm|æi}fnm x|cjknfimizcncizc fijcxcijfcizc jc aks xk|ks ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

Csz|oz|m ci xfsks x|cscizc v |cbam| )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

Csz|oz|m ci xfsks ik lfci jcsm||kaamjm k mscizc ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

Xk|ks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! nkjc|mjmncizc csomsks m nkjc|mjmncizc inc|ksks $?8 m 73 v73 m =<3 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &! jfsxcszks ci dfac|ms kijamjms zmibciofmacs! am nmvk|îm mlfc|zks)Xm|æi}fnm wfsflac oki acizc jc =8t! xm|mz|m}cma wmsfoæiz|fok! mafgk|nc! okigacizc! gfimncizczc|nfima v x|cjknfimizcncizc ci lmijms kijamjms zmibciofmacs) Mal|m mibkszm! jc okak|lamiok mnm|faacizk m omszmýk xíafjk! z|misfofÿi b|mjma v xkok jfgc|ciofmjm ma j|mnci jc okak|omszmýk! omszmýk jk|mjk k omszmýk kso|k! oki i wczcmjk okisxfok v aamnmzfwk ci am om|mzmibciofma x|kjofjk xk| ca xm|æi}fnm0

<

Gak| nk|mjk Zmlclfm |kscm

Xk|ks oam|mncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm5 nv csomsks m csomsks $nciks jc =< v jc =< m ?8xk|ks xk| =8 nn &! skafzm|fks v ci nðazfxaks jc < v ? xk|ks! komsfkimancizc nís am|bks v cimb|xmofkics |mocnfgk|ncs! am nmvk|îm mlfc|zks) Xm|æi}fnm wfsflac oki acizc jc =8t!x|cjknfimizcncizc xm|mz|m}cma wmsfoæiz|fok! mafgk|nc v mafgk|nc okigacizc) Mal|m jc okak|

omszmýk |ksmjk xíafjk! z|misfofÿi b|mjma ma j|mnci jc okak| omszmýk |k`fpk oki asz|c jk|mjk!okisxfomncizc nm|omjk xk| ams aîicms wmsoam|cs jc okak| |k`k kso|k0

<

Modmxk Ocj|cafibm omzcifgk|nfs

6m

6l

=8m

=8l

==m

==l

=<m

=<l

=?m

=?l

=:m

=:l

=3m

=3l

=8

==

=<

=:

<:

=3

=7



=?6

Xm|æi}fnm x|cjknfimizcncizc xm|mz|m}cma ci lmijms ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

Xm|æi}fnm x|cjknfimizcncizc xm|mz|m}cma ik jca zfxk ci lmijms ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

J|mnci jc okak| |k`fpk k omszmýk |k f̀pk k j|mnci jc okak| omszmýk omomk kso|k ))))))))))))))))))

J|mnci lamiopok k jc okak| mnm|faak o|cnm k j|mnci jc okak| omszmýk oam|k mnm|faacizk!b|fsíock k omszmýk oki msxcozk dm|fiksk ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

Mal|m jc okak| |ksmjk xíafjk! z|misfofÿi b|mjma ma j|mnci jc okak| |k`fpk k omszmýk |k`fpk)Xk|ks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! nkjc|mjmncizc csomsks $?8 m 73 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &) Xm|æi}fnmwfsflac m sfnxac wfszm ci ca ok|zc z|miswc|sma dncjcofjk! mlijmizc! x|cjknfimizcncizcxm|mz|m}cma ci lmijms! zmnlfæi mafgk|nc v mafgk|nc okigacizc) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi mscizc0

<

Ocj|k nmodk Bm|cm z|fodfafkfjcs

Mal|m jc okak| |ksíock! z|misfofÿi ml|xzm ma j|mnci jc okak| omszmýk omomk kso|k k omszmýkoam|k! m wcocs oki nmiodms b|mijcs lfci jcgfifjms v nv okisxfoms jc okak| mnm|faacizk! okiwczms gfims nís oam|ms x|kjofjms xk| ca xm|æi}fnm) Xk|ks wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm oknk xizkslamiopoks fioafjks ci ams lmijms jc xm|æi}fnm! csomsks m nkjc|mjmncizc csomsks $=< m?8 v ?8 m 73 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &) Xm|æi}fnm oam|mncizc wfsflac m sfnxac wfszm!x|cjknfimizcncizc xm|mz|m}cma ci lmijms okizfims k omsf msî }c m wcocs sc mimszknksmi!zmnlfæi mafgk|nc v mafgk|nc okigacizc) Csz|mzfgfomofÿi0 ca xm|æi}fnm v aks |mjfks lfomjks ciams pkims xm|ci}fnmzksms x|cscizmi zcijciofm m am csz|mzfgfomofÿi0

<

_mxíi Oamzd|kz|kxfs l|iicm

J|mnci jc okak| lamiopok k mnm|faak o|cnm g|cocizcncizc oki i nmzfp wc|jksk v nmiodmsb|fsíocms b|mijcs v okisxfoms x|kjofjms xk| cgcozk jc jcokak|mofÿi! oki wczms x|knficizcsjclfjms ma xm|æi}fnm! aîicms wmsoam|cs okisxfomncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm jc okak|omszmýk kso|k) Nmjc|m lamijm v afwfmim) Xk|ks oam|mncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm! nv csomsks$nciks jc =< xk|ks =8 nn &! ci s nmvk|îm mlfc|zks) Xm|æi}fnm okisxfomncizc wfsflac msfnxac wfszm ci ca ok|zc z|miswc|sma dncjcofjk! xm|mz|m}cma ci inc|ksms lmijms okizfimsmiodms v oki im jfszmiofm ciz|c sî jc= ÿ < xk|ks0

<

Dfbc|ki Gfos baml|mzm

Mal|m jc okak| mnm|faak xíafjk m lamiok! z|misfofÿi ml|xzm ma j|mnci jc okak| omszmýk oam|kmnm|faacizk! b|fsíock k omszmýk oki msxcozk dm|fiksk jclfjk m am b|mi mlijmiofm jcxm|æi}fnm5 aîicms wmsoam|cs wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm) Nmjc|m j|m v xcsmjm) Xk|ks wfsflacs msfnxac wfszm! nkjc|mjmncizc csomsks $?3 m 73 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &! am nmvk|îm koafjks xk|zîafjcs) Xm|æi}fnm oam|mncizc wfsflac m sfnxac wfszm! nv mlijmizc! x|cjknfimizcncizc

xm|mz|m}cma ci inc|ksms lmijms miodms! zmnlfæi mafgk|nc jc mams ok|zms0

<

Nmodm|c _vnxdkifm baklafgc|m

Xk|ks ctoasfwmncizc skafzm|fks k omsf msî v jfsxcszks ci dfac|ms |mjfmacs v klafoms! csomsks mnkjc|mjmncizc inc|ksks $?8 m 73 v 73 m =<3 xk|ks xk| =8 nn &) Xm|æi}fnm wfsflac msfnxac wfszm! x|cjknfimizcncizc xm|mz|m}cma wmsfoæiz|fok! wmsfoæiz|fok okigacizc vkomsfkimancizc mafgk|nc jc mams ok|zms) Mal|m jc okak| o|cnm k omszmýk xíafjk! xkokjfgc|ciofmjm jca j|mnci jc okak| omszmýk xíafjk oki i nmzfp b|fs |ksíock0

<

ComafxzkComafxzs baklas

Xk|ks skafzm|fks v ci nðazfxaks |mjfmacs jc < k nís xk|ks )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

=7m

=7l

=2m

=2l

=4m

=4l

=6m

=6l

<8m

<8l

=2

<8

=4

=6

<=



=:8

Xk|ks jfsxcszks ci dfac|ms zmibciofmacs! oki xk|ksfjmj jfgsm! m wcocs xk|ksfjmj scnfof|oam|0aks xk|ks ski afbc|mncizc nís b|mijc ma fifofk jc am pkim jc o|cofnfcizk) Mal|m jc okak| b|fsxíafjk! z|misfofÿi b|mjma ma j|mnci jc okak| mnm|faak xíafjk! zknmijk i nmzfp |ksmjk oki cazfcnxk) Xm|æi}fnm wfsflac m sfnxac wfszm! xm|mz|m}cma wmsfoæiz|fok! okigacizc v m ofc|zksfizc|wmaks gk|nmijk lmijms zmibciofmacs }c |coc|jmi ma xm|æi}fnm zc|nfima0

Ncafim Bncafim m|lk|cm

Xk|ks ifgk|ncncizc jfsz|flfjks ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

Xm|æi}fnm x|cjknfimizcncizc xm|mz|m}cma wmsfoæiz|fok) Nmjc|m jc okak| omszmýk oam|k okiwczms |k`fpms k x|xð|cms omijk wc|jc! mnm|faak afnÿi oki wczms nís kso|ms x|xð|cms komszmýk |k`fpk omijk scom5 aîicms wmsoam|cs okisxfoms v jc okak| omszmýk k |k`k kso|k)

Zîafjcs mlijmizcs0 )Om|mokaî Mimom|jfn ctocasn

Xm|æi}fnm x|cjknfimizcncizc xm|mz|m}cma mafgk|nc v+k mafgk|nc okigacizc ))))))))))))))))))))

Nmjc|m jc okak| lamiok mnm|faacizk! xkom k ifibim jfgc|ciofm jc okak| ciz|c am mal|m v caj|mnci) Xk|ks am nmvk|îm mlfc|zks) Zlks amzfoîgc|ks mscizcs0

Odfibmaæ @mom|mijm okxmfm

Mal|m jc okak| lamiok |ksíock xkok jfgc|ciofmjm jca j|mnci jc okak| omszmýk nv xíafjk)Mabiks xk|ks x|cscizmi zîafjcs) Zlks amzfoîgc|ks komsfkimancizc = xk| |mjfk0

_mijc L|ksfni zfac

Xk|ks ctoasfwmncizc skafzm|fks k omsf msî v jfsxcszks ci dfac|ms |mjfmacs v klafoms ))))))))))))))))

Xk|ks skafzm|fksv+k ci nðazfxaks |mjfmacs )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

\mjfks jc jks miodks0 aks nís miodks okisxfomncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm v jc miodk nodknmvk| }c am nfzmj jca miodk jcaks xk|ks nmvk|cs! dmszm nís jc3 nn jcmazk ma ncjf|aksci amom|m zmibciofma) Xm|æi}fnm x|cjknfimizcncizc mxkz|m}cma ci inc|ksms aîicms gfims jcazfxk |czfoam| k csomam|fgk|nc) Nmjc|m nv j|m v xcsmjm)

\klac ]c|os dnlkajzff

\mjfks mibkszks v omsf ifgk|ncs ci miod|m) Xm|æi}fnm akibfzjfima oam|mncizc wfsflac okiacizc jc =8t ci am scoofÿi z|miswc|sma dncjcofjm! ci lmijms mxkz|m}cmacs okizfims kjfsokizfims) Mal|m jc okak| omszmýk oam|k! z|misfofÿi b|mjma ma j|mnci jc okak| |ksíock komszmýk |k`fpk oki wczms akibfzjfimacs mibkszms v kso|ms x|kjofjms xk| ca xm|æi}fnm)Nmjc|m nkjc|mjmncizc j|m v xcsmjm0 Mocfzc nm|îm Omakxdvaan nm|fmc

Xk|ks x|cjknfimizcncizc ci nðazfxaks |mjfmacs)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

Xk|ks skafzm|fksv ci nðazfxaks |mjfmacs)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

Mal|m jc okak| mnm|faak xíafjk! z|misfofÿi b|mjma v xkok jfgc|ciofmjm ma j|mnci jc okak|mnm|faacizk k omszmýk mnm|faacizk) Aîicms wmsoam|cs mxcims wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm) Xk|ksjfsxcszks ci dfac|ms |mjfmacs) Zlks amzfoîgc|ks mscizcs0

Xc|faak lamiok Dfnmzmizds m|zfoamzs

Mal|m jc okak| |ksmjk.mnm|faacizk! z|misfofÿi b|mjma v xkok jfgc|ciofmjm ma j|mnci jc okak|omszmýk nv oam|k! omsf |ksmjk) Aîicms wmsoam|cs oam|mncizc wfsflacs m sfnxac wfszm) Xk|ksjfsxcszks ci dfac|ms |mjfmacs) Zlks amzfoîgc|ks m wcocs x|cscizcs ci aks |mjfks0

Xc|faak icb|k Oknm nmo|kom|xm

<=m

<=l

<<m

<<l

<?m

<?l

<:m

<:l

<3m

<3l

<7m

<7l

<2m

<2l

<<

<?

<3

<7

<2

<4







=:?

LFLAFKB\MGÎM

=) Moc|k J)! A) C) =643) Í|lkacs jc am pkim omgczc|m jc Okaknlfm) Cjfofkics Gkijk Oaz|maOmgczc|k) Lkbkzí) ?=<x)

<) Makisk! O) =672) Cszjfk jc am |cbcic|mofÿi imz|ma ci pkims ctxakzmjms jc aks lks}csxmizmiksks jc am okszm s| jca Xmoîgfok ci Okaknlfm) Zcsfs jc Xkszb|mjk Nmb) _ofcizfmc) FiszfzzkFizc|mnc|fomik jc Ofciofms Mb|îokams jc am K)C)M) Z||fmalm) Okszm \fom)

?) Lmszfjms _)! M)! Bÿncp B)! G)! _maocjk M)! X) @) v Odmxm||k W)! \) =623) X|kxfcjmjcs gîsfoms vncoíifoms jc jkoc csxcofcs jca lks}c nv dðncjk z|kxfoma) $Okszm Xmoîgfok&) Zcsfs fib)Gk|cszma) Sifwc|sfjmj jca Zkafnm! Gmoazmj jc Fibcifc|îm Gk|cszma) Flmbæ) Okaknlfm)

:) Lc|im|jf! A) Am|íocms) Sifwc|sfjmj jc aks Mijcs) Næ|fjm) Wcicpcam) =67<)

3) Lc|ki! O)! \mnî|cp! N) =643) Cwmamofÿi jc |csfszciofm jca Xfik xízam $Xfis xmzam& v Ofx|æs$Ox|csss asfzmifom& ma mzm}c jc zc|nfzcs) Lka) Zco) Nmjc|m) Amlk|mzk|fk jc X|kjozksGk|cszmacs) Sifwc|sfjmj Imofkima) Ncjcaaîi) Okaknlfm) Wka) FW! Ik) =! xíb) ?=)

7) Odjikgg! Nm|zfi) =64:) Z|kxfoma zfnlc|s kg zdc rk|aj) S_JM Gk|csz _c|wfoc) Mb) DmijlkkeIk) 782)

2) OKAKNLFM) FI_ZFZSZK BCKB\ÍGFOK ,MBS_ZÎI OKJMPPF,) =626) X|fiofxmacs xamizms ðzfacsjc am Mnmpkiîm Okaknlfmim) FBMO) Lkbkzí) Okaknlfm)

4) Okic`ks! @) =676) Om|mozc|îszfoms jc x|csc|wmofÿi jc =<2 nmjc|ms jc am Bmvmim Wcicpkamim)Amlk|mzk|fk Imofkima jc X|kjozks Gk|cszmacs! AMLKIMO) Næ|fjm) Wcicpcam)

6) OKIFG! _FIODF! GCJCNMJC\M_! S_MFJ) Csxcofcs gk|cszmacs jc Okaknlfm)) <883)

=8) Nm|fm Mxm|cofjm jc @css5 @ksæ Rcaafibzki jc Nk|mfs5 \) Afæbc _kpm jc Ml|c5 v Nm|fm jcGízfnm O) Om|jfms) =664) J|mlfafjmjc imz|ma jc :7 csxæofcs jc nmjcf|m mnmpúifom cn okizmzkokn k skak cn mnlfcizc gak|cszma) _OFCIZFM GK\C_ZMAF_) F__I =:=?.6?<:) i) 3:! x) 4=.6<!jcp) =664) FXCG C_MA]) SIFWC\_FJMJC JC _ÏK XMSAK)

==) Jc Nmvk|om! A) =62?) J|mlfafjmj Imz|ma jc ==3 nmjc|ms jc am Bmvmim Wcicpkamim)AMLKIMO) Sifwc|sfjmj jc aks Mijcs) Næ|fjm! Wcicpcam)

=<) Jc Pccr! O) =674) Zfnlc|s kg zdc Wcicpcami Bfmim5 zcodifoma miict I¸?) GMK) \knm)

=?) Jca Wmaac! @)F) =62<) Fiz|kjoofÿi m am jcij|kakbîm jc Okaknlfm) Sifwc|sfjmj Imofkima jcOkaknlfm) Ncjcaaîi) Okaknlfm)

=:) COSMJK\) NFIF_ZC\FK JC MB\FOSAZS\M V BMIMJC\ÎM) =64=) Cszjfk x|cafnfim|zcoikaÿbfok jc <8 csxcofcs gk|cszmacs jca Comjk|) Ociz|k jc Omxmofzmofÿi c FiwcszfbmofÿiGk|cszma) Okikokzk) Comjk|)

=3) COSMJK\) X\CJC_S\) =626) Cszjfk Zcoikaÿbfok jc X|kxfcjmjcs v Ssks jc 7: CsxcofcsNmjc|mlacs jca _| Comzk|fmik) Xlafomofÿi Ik) 6:) ]fzk)

dzzx0++rrr)nmjc|msjcokaknlfm)k|b



=::

=7) Csoklm| O) K v \kj|îbcp @)\) =66? Ams nmjc|ms ci Okaknlfm) Gmsoîoaks =6 v <8) _CIM\cbfkima Mizfk}fm . Odkoÿ v Ociz|k Okaknlk Omimjfcisc jc am Nmjc|m) Ncjcaaîi! Okaknlfm)

=2) Gkiscom B) R) <88:) Nmima xm|m x|kjozk|cs jc zcom $Zcozkim b|mijfs A) g& ci Okszm \fom)Dc|cjfm! Okszm \fom)

=4) G|miofs! @dki E) v Akrc! Om|ka M) <888) Lfkcokakbîm jc M|lkacs Imzfwks v Ctÿzfoks jc Xc|zk \fokv ams Fijfms Koofjcizmacs) S)_) Jcxm|znciz kg Mb|foaz|c) Gk|csz _c|wfoc) Fizc|imzfkimaFiszfzzc kg Z|kxfoma Gk|csz|v) \îk Xfcj|ms! Xc|zk \fok) Bcic|ma Zcodifoma \cxk|z FFZG.:3)

=6) Bmawfs! @)! Bm|oîm! O) v \kiomiofk! A) =627) X|kxfcjmjcs jc z|mlm`mlfafjmj jc =3 nmjc|msOkaknlfmims) Zcsfs Fib) Gk|cszma! Sifwc|sfjmj Jfsz|fzma ‑G|miofsok @ksæ jc Omajms„) Lkbkzí)

<8) Bf|majk! G) V \mibca! D) =64?) Om|mozc|îszfoms jca scomjk jca Ofx|æs $Ox|csss asfzmifom& jcXfcj|ms Lamioms) Lka) Zco) Amlk|mzk|fk jc X|kjozks Gk|cszmacs) Sifwc|sfjmj Imofkima) Ncjcaaîi)Okaknlfm) Wka) FF! Ik) =! xíb) ?4)

<=) Bcwm|m! D) v \fom|zc! B) =627) _comjk m|zfgfofma jc =3 nmjc|ms Okaknlfmims v cwmamofÿi jcaks x|kocjfnfcizks x|cso|fzks xk| aks X|kvcozks Mijfiks jc Jcsm||kaak Zcoikaÿbfok) Zcsfs Fib)Gk|cszma) Sifwc|sfjmj Jfsz|fzma ‑G|miofsok @ksæ jc Omajms„) Lkbkzí)

<<) Dc|iíijcp N)! \m}ca M) =64=) Cszjfk zcoikaÿbfok jc z|cs csxcofcs nmjc|mlacs ! gfiom Ca

Xmanm|! @izms! Jcxm|zmncizk jca Zkafnm) Zcsfs Fib) Gk|cszma) Gmo) Fibcifc|îm Gk|cszma)Sifwc|sfjmj jca Zkafnm) Flmbæ)

<?) Dkdcfsca! D)! Em|szcjz! X) v Akijkýk! M) =674) Jczc|nfimofÿi jc aks sks x|klmlacs jc mabimsnmjc|ms jc Okaknlfm ci lmsc m aks cismvks jc x|kxfcjmjcs gîsfoms v ncoíifoms) FiszfzzkGk|cszma Amzfikmnc|fomik jc Fiwcszfbmofÿi v Omxmofzmofÿi! FGAMFO) Næ|fjm! Wcicpcam)

<:) @FOM! OWO) =667) Csxcofcs gk|cszmacs jca Wmaac jca Omom) Ok|xk|mofÿi jca Wmaac jca Omom $OWO&v Mbciofm @mxkicsm xm|m am Okkxc|mofÿi Fizc|imofkima $@FOM&)

<3) @fnæicp _)! D) =628) Aks í|lkacs nís fnxk|zmizcs jc am _c||miîm jc _mi Aoms! Okaknlfm) GMK!FIJC\CIM! SIJX) Lkbkzí) Okaknlfm)

<7) @SIZM JCA MOSC\JK JC OM\ZMBCIM) =64:) Nmima jc jfscýk xm|m nmjc|ms jca B|xkMijfik) @SIMO XMJZ. \CGK\Z) Afnm! Xc|ð)

<2) @SIZM JCA MOSC\JK JC OM\ZMBCIM) =64?) _comjk v x|csc|wmofÿi jc =83 nmjc|ms jca B|xkMijfik) @SIMO XMJZ. \CGK\Z) Afnm) Xc|ð)

<4) @SIZM JCA MOSC\JK JC OM\ZMBCIM) =64=) Jcso|fxofÿi bcic|ma v mimzÿnfom jc =83 nmjc|msjca B|xk Mijfik) @SIMO XMJZ. \CGK\Z) Afnm! Xc|ð)

<6) @SIZM JCA MOSC\JK JC OM\ZMBCIM) =64=) Zmlams jc X|kxfcjmjcs Gîsfoms v Ncoíifoms jc <:Csxcofcs jc Okaknlfm) @SIMO XMJZ. \CGK\Z) Afnm! Xc|ð)

?8) Eemodem! L) G) a628) X|kxc|zfcs kg fnxk|zcj Z|kxfoma rkkjs) S_JM)! Gk|csz _c|wfoc! GXA $=<3&)

?=) Afzzac @|)! C) A) V Jftki! \) B) =676) Í|lkacs oknics jc am X|kwfiofm jc Csnc|majms! Comjk|)\knm) GMK0GK0_G+COS =?+wka) :)



=:3

?<) Akijkýk M)! M) =64?) Mimzknîm jc 78 csxcofcs nmjc|mlacs jca Comjk|5 oamwc jc fjcizfgfomofÿimimzÿnfom) Nfifszc|fk jc Mb|foaz|m v Bmimjc|îm v @izm jca Moc|jk jc Om|zmbcim) ]fzk)Comjk|)

??) Akijkýk M)! M) =672) Csz|oz|m mimzÿnfom jc <8 nmjc|ms Okaknlfmims v oamwc xm|m sfjcizfgfomofÿi) Zcsfs Fib) Gk|cszma) Sifwc|sfjmj jc aks Mijcs) Gmoazmj jc Fibcifc|îm Gk|cszma)Næ|fjm) Wcicpcam)

?:) Akibrkkj! G) \) =67<) X|csciz mij xkzcizfma oknnc|ofma zfnlc|s kg zdc Om|fllcmi) Mb|foaz|cDmijlkke Ik) <82) S)_) Jcxm|znciz kg Mb|foaz|c)

?3) Akibrkkj! G) \) =67=) Xc|zk \fomi Rkkj0 Zdcf| Nmodfifib! _cmskifib mij \camzcjOdm|mozc|fszfos) Mb|foaz|c Dmijlkke Ik) <83) S)_) Jcxm|znciz kg Mb|foaz|c)

?7) Nfssk|f Lkzmifoma Bm|jci . r?Z\KXFOK_ . Ikncioamz|ma Jmzm Lmsc)) <883

?2) Nkpk N)! Z) =627) Mabims csxcofcs mxzms xm|m am |cgk|cszmofÿi ci Okaknlfm) FIOK\M) Lkbkzí)

?4) KGFOMZFC) _fszcnms jc Figk|nmofÿi Ofcizîgfok Zæoifom) <88:) Jkoncizks jc Fizc|æs)Nmimacs) Csxcofcs Gk|cszmacs) ) <883

?6) K|wc W)! @) v Wmam|cpk B)! W) =64=) Om|mozc|îszfoms jc x|csc|wmofÿi jc ?? csxcofcs nmjc|mlacsjca _|.K|fcizc Comzk|fmik) Ociz|k jc Omxmofzmofÿi c Fiwcszfbmofÿi Gk|cszma) FG) I¸ 7)Okikokzk) Comjk|)

:8) Ksk|fk! J) =64<) _comjk Imz|ma jc =3 Nmjc|ms Okaknlfmims) Zcsfs Fib) Gk|cszma) Sifwc|sfjmjJfsz|fzma ‑G|miofsok @ksm jc Omajms„) Lkbkzí)

:=) Xmcp K)! Om|aks M) v Wm|ÿi O)! Nm|fk M) =64:) Cszjfk jc z|mlm`mlfafjmj jc am nmjc|m jcRcfinmiifm xlcsocs D)L)E) v Xmikxsfs vkaknlk Efaafx) Z|mlm`k jc B|mjk Fib) Gk|cszma)Gmoazmj jc Fibcifc|îm Gk|cszma) Sifwc|sfjmj jca Zkafnm) Flmbæ)

:<) X\KCTXK) =62<) Nmjc|ms Okaknlfmims) Gkijk jc X|knkofÿi jc Ctxk|zmofkics) Cjfzk|csWfaacbms) Lkbkzí)

:?) \fwc|m! M! =676) Nmjc|ms jc Bmvmim0 x|kjoofÿi jc odmxms) Amlk|mzk|fk Imofkima jcX|kjozks Gk|cszmacs! AMLKIMO) Næ|fjm) Wcicpcam)

::) \km Z)! M) =62?) Jcso|fxofÿi jcij|kaÿbfom jc mabims csxcofcs gk|cszmacs jca Om}czí)FIJC\CIM) Lkbkzí) Okaknlfm)

:3) \kj|îbcp L)! C) V Nmizfaam \)! \) =62<) Cszjfk zcoikaÿbfok jc =4 nmjc|ms jca Odkoÿ) Zcsfs Fib)Gk|cszma) Sifwc|sfjmj Jfsz|fzma ,G|miofsok @ksæ jc Omajms,) Gmoazmj jc Fibcifc|îm Gk|cszma)

Lkbkzí) Okaknlfm)

:7) \k`ms \)! G)! M|fms M)! J)! Nkvm \)! \)! Ncpm N)! M)! N|faak B)! K) v M|bcjms N) <88:) Nmimaxm|m x|kjozk|cs jc ncafim Bncafim m|lk|cm ci Okszm \fom) Om|zmbk! Okszm \fom)

dzzx0++nklkz)nklkz)k|b+R?Z+_cm|od+wmsz)dzna

rrr)gmk.sfoz)i)di+nmimacs)dzn



=:7

:2) _fawm! A) D) =643) Cszjfk zcoikaÿbfok k|fcizmzfwk jc : okiîgc|ms jc am Ociom jca \îk _miO|fszklma jc am _mlmim jc Lkbkzí) Zcsfs Fib) Gk|cszma) Sifwc|sfjmj Jfsz|fzma ‑G|miofsok @ksæ jcOmajms„)

:4) _akkzci! D)@) Wmi Jc| v Nm|zîicp C)! X) =636) Jcso|fxofÿi v x|kxfcjmjcs jc mabims nmjc|msWcicpkamims) Fiszfzzk Gk|cszma Amzfikmnc|fomik jc Fiwcszfbmofÿi v Omxmofzmofÿi! FGAMFO)Næ|fjm) Wcicpcam) =636)

:6) _kamik! K) =643) Oknxk|zmnfcizk jc am nmjc|m msc||mjm jc Ofx|æs $Ox|csss asfzmifom Nfaa&v Xfik$Xfis _od. Odmn& m : næzkjks jc finifpmofÿi) Lka) Zæo) Nmjc|m) Amlk|mzk|fk jcX|kjozks Gk|cszmacs) Sifwc|sfjmj Imofkima) Ncjcaaîi) Okaknlfm) Wka) FW! Ik) =! xíb) ?=)

38) SIFWC\_FJMJ IMOFKIMA JC OKAKNLFM) =64:) Cszjfk Fizcb|ma jc am Nmjc|m xm|m amOkisz|oofÿi $scbijm gmsc&) X|kxfcjmjcs Gîsfok.Ncoíifoms) Gmoazmj jc Mb|kiknîm!Amlk|mzk|fk jc X|kjozks Gk|cszmacs) X|kvcozk XMJZ.\CGK\Z) Ncjcaaîi

3=) Wcfaaki! @mi X) =67<) Okiîgc|ms mzÿozkims jc Wcicpcam0 AK_ XKJKOM\XS_) Sifwc|sfjmj jcaks Mijcs! Gmoazmj jc Ofciofms Gk|cszmacs) Næ|fjm! Wcicpcam)

3<) WCICPSCAM) AMLK\MZK\FK IMOFKIMA JC X\KJSOZK_ GK\C_ZMAC_) =62:) Om|mozc|îszfoms!x|kxfcjmjcs v sks jc =8: nmjc|ms jc aks Mazks Aamiks Koofjcizmacs) AMLKIMO) Sifwc|sfjmj jc

aks Mijcs) Næ|fjm! Wcicpcam)3?) WCICPSCAM) AMLK\MZK\FK IMOFKIMA JC X\KJSOZK_ GK\C_ZMAC_) =628) Cszjfk

Zcoikaÿbfok jc ams Nmjc|ms jc aks Aamiks Koofjcizmacs) AMLKIMO) Sifwc|sfjmj jc aks Mijcs)Næ|fjm! Wcicpcam)

3:) Wfacam! @)C) =676) X|kxfcjmjcs gîsfoms v ncoíifoms jc =?2 nmjc|ms jc am Bmvmim Wcicpkamim)Amlk|mzk|fk Imofkima jc X|kjozks Gk|cszmacs) Næ|fjm) Wcicpcam)

33) Wfacam! @)C) =676) Cismvk jc aml|mjk jc mabims nmjc|ms jc am Bmvmim Wcicpkamim Amlk|mzk|fkImofkima jc X|kjozks Gk|cszmacs) Næ|fjm) Wcicpcam)

37) Wfacam! @)C) =676) Cismvks jc m||miomnfcizk jc oamwks v zk|ifaaks jc mabims nmjc|ms jc amBmvmim Wcicpkamim) Amlk|mzk|fk Imofkima jc X|kjozks Gk|cszmacs) Næ|fjm) Wcicpcam)

32) Wfie! M) Z) =673) _|fimn Zfnlc|s) _|fimn Gk|csz _c|wfoc) Xm|mnm|flk)

xmzam



OAMWC_ XM\M AM FJCIZFGFOMOFKI NMO\KB\MGFOM JC :? NMJC\M_

]SC _C OKNC\OFMAFPMI CI CA JCXM\ZMNCIZK JCA ZKAFNM











Date post:	30-May-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	caliper2
View:	236 times
Download:	0 times

Manual de la Identificación de Maderas

Documents