Map of Europe, 1715

17th Century European Constitutions

Is t E s ta te2 n d E s ta te3 rd E s ta te

E s ta tes G en era l(F ran ce)

H ou se o f L ord sH ou se o f C om m on s

P arliam en t(G rea t B rita in )

N ob ilityC le rg y

B u rg h ersP easan try

R iksd ag(S w ed en )

P rovin c ia l D ie ts

R e ich s tag(H .R .E )

M on arch

The Ancien Régime Absolutism

16th-17th Century Political Background

Theorists: Bossuet, Hobbes

System of Privilege Clergy, Nobility,

CommonersLouis XIV by H. Rigaud

Chateau de VersaillesA Few Figures

800 hectares (2,000 acres) of grounds 20 kilometres (12 miles) of roads

46 kilometres (27 miles) of trellises 200,000 trees 210,000 flowers planted every year 132 kilometres (80 miles) of rows of trees 23 hectares (55 acres): surface area of the Grand Canal 5.57 kilometres (3.3 miles): perimeter of the Grand Canal 20 kilometres (12 miles) of enclosing walls 50 fountains 620 fountain nozzles 35 kilometres (21 miles) of water conduits 11 hectares (26 acres) of roof 51,210 square meters of floors 2,153 windows 700 rooms 67 staircases 6,000 paintings 1,500 drawings and 15,000 engravings 2,100 sculptures 5,000 items of furniture and objets d'art 150 varieties of apple and peach trees

The Enlightenment The Philosophes

Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)

François Marie Arouet Voltaire (1694-1778)

Denis Diderot (1713-84)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-78)

The Scottish Enlightenment Adam Smith

(1723-90) The Wealth of

Nations, 1776 Laws of Supply

and Demand The ‘Invisible

Hand’ of competition

Laissez-faire

The Origins of the French Revolution: The Noble Revolt Necker’s Budget Taxation Reform Noble Demands Doubling the Third

and Vote by Head Elections and the

Cahiers Abbé Sieyes, What

is the Third Estate?

Jacques Necker (1732-1804)

Necker Gambles with the King

The Two-headed Monster

King Louis XVI and Queen Marie-Antoinette

The People under the Old Régime

The Awakening of the Third Estate

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Aug1788

Nov July1789

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Build. LabFact. LabJny. MasonJny CarpGoldsmith

I. Price of Bread in Sous II. % of Income Spent on Bread, 1789 (@ 9, 14.5, 13.5, 12 sous per loaf)

Workers & the Economy, 1788-9

From Third Estate to National Assembly, 1789 National

Assembly, June 17, 1789

Tennis Court Oath, June 20, 1789

Storming of the Bastille, 14 July 1789

The Great Fear The Night of

August 4th: Abolition of privileges End of “feudalism”

View of the Siege and Storming of the Bastille, Jean-Pierre Houel © Photothèque des musées de la Ville

de Paris

Jacques-Louis David: Painter of the Revolution

The Oath of the Tennis Court

Participants in the Storming of the Bastille, 1789 662 Total Arrests

Joiners (49) Cabinet-Makers

(48) Locksmiths (41) Shoe-makers (28) Shopkeeper

Assistants (22) Gauze Makers (22) Sculptors (20)

The Great Fear, 1789

The Liberal Revolution Declaration of the

Rights of Man and the Citizen:

Written Constitution Equality before the

Law Freedom of Speech,

Press, Association and Religion

Meritocracy Private Property

War and Revolution Legislative Assembly, 1791-2 France declares war on

Austria: 20 April 1792 Brunswick Manifesto: 25 July

1792 Paris Commune: 10 August

1792 The sans-culottes movement

National Convention (Sept. 1792-July 1794)

Girondins v. Mountain Monarchy Abolished Republic Founded King Guillotined, January

1793

J.-L. David, Sketch of Marie Antoinette

Songs of the Revolution It'll Be Okay

Translation

Popular during the early years of the Revolution, this song's lively tune and repetitive chorus expressed revolutionaries' hopefulness about the future.

The Marseillaise (War Song for the Army of the Rhine)

Translation

Joseph Rouget de Lisle, 1792.

Gillaume Guillon Lethière, The Fatherland in Danger

Ca Ira (It’ll be O.K.)“It’ll be O.K., it’ll be O.K., it’ll be O.K."Let's string up the aristocrats on the lampposts!"It’ll be O.K., it’ll be O.K., it’ll be O.K,"We'll string up the aristocrats!

Liberty will triumph“It’ll be O.K., it’ll be O.K., it’ll be O.K,"And we will no longer have nobles or priests"It’ll be O.K., it’ll be O.K., it’ll be O.K,""Equality will reign throughout the landAnd the Austrian slave will follow it."It’ll be O.K., it’ll be O.K., it’ll be O.K,"And their hellish cliquewill be sent to the devil.

The MarseillaiseArise you children of our motherland,

Oh now is here our glorious day ! Over us the bloodstained banner Of tyranny holds sway ! Of tyranny holds sway ! Oh, do you hear there in our fields The roar of those fierce fighting men ? Who came right here into our midst To slaughter sons, wives and kin.

To arms, oh citizens ! Form up in serried ranks ! March on, march on ! And drench our fields With their tainted blood !

Supreme devotion to our Motherland, Guides and sustains avenging hands. Liberty, oh dearest Liberty, Come fight with your shielding bands, Come fight with your shielding bands ! Beneath our banner come, oh Victory, Run at your soul-stirring cry. Oh come, come see your foes now die, Witness your pride and our glory.

To arms, etc..

Into the fight we too shall enter, When our fathers are dead and gone, We shall find their bones laid down to rest, With the fame of their glories won, With the fame of their glories won ! Oh, to survive them care we not, Glad are we to share their grave, Great honor is to be our lot To follow or to avenge our brave.

To arms, etc..   

The Reign of Terror, 1793-4

Committee of Public Safety, March 1793-July 1794

Maximilien Robespierre (1758-94)

Threats to Revolutionary France

Invasion: Massed levy

Civil

War: Vendée Rebellion

Terror and the Republic of Virtue

Approx. 40,000 guillotined

De-christianization

New calendar

Metric system

Executions during the Reign of Terror, %

Peasants &Farmers

Working Class

Middle Class

Nobility

Clergy

Classes in France(86, 8, 4, 1.5, 0.5%)

Executions(28, 31, 25, 8, 7%)

J.-L. David, Death of Marat

The Propaganda War

Empire and Restoration: Outline Directory, 1795-9 Consulate, 1799-

1804 Empire, 1804-14

The 100 Days, 1815 Bourbon

Restoration, 1815-30

Congress of Vienna

Napoleon by A.-J. Gros, Chateau de Versailles

Napoleon Bonaparte to 1799 Career to 1799

Born, Corsica, 1769 École Militaire, 1779 Battle of Toulon, 1793 Army of Italy, 1796 Defeat of Austria

(Treaty of Campo Formio, 1797)

Egyptian Expedition, 1798

J.-L. David, Bonaparte Leaping the St. Bernard

French Expansion, 1791-9

The Rosetta Stone

©The British Museum

Bonaparte’s Military Exploits Military Career to

1815 18th Brumaire (9 Nov.

1799) overthrows Directory

Battle of Austerlitz, 1805 Battle of Jena, 1806 Russian Campaign, 1812 Battle of Leipzig, 1813 Abdication, April 1814 100 Days, March-June

1815 Waterloo, June 1815

J.-A.-D. Ingres, Napoleon on his Imperial Throne, 1806

David’s Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon (1804)

Bonaparte and French Society Radical or

Reactionary? State Secondary

Schools, 1802 Restoration of

titles, 1804 Legion of Honor,

1804 Napoleonic Code,

1804

Pierre-Paul Prud’hon, The Empress Josephine (1805)

Congress of Vienna Postwar Settlement

Restoration of France

‘Spheres of influence’ not ‘balance of power’

Pragmatic acceptance of some change

‘Metternich system’ of absolutism

Sir Thomas Lawrence, Robert Stewart, 2nd Marquess of Londonderry (Lord Castlereagh), 1809-1810

Europe after the Congress of Vienna, 1815

The Industrial Revolution: The ‘Putting-out’ System

Th e 'P u tt in g -ou t' o r D om es tic S ys tem

S crib b lin g S p in n in g

F in ish ed W oo lto M arke t

C L O TH IE R

W eavin g F u llin g F in ish in g

C L O TH IE R

R aw W oo l

Who wants to be a Cotton Millionaire?

The Industrial Revolution: New Technology, I

Steam Engines Thomas

Newcomen (1712) James Watt (1781)

Example of a Cornish Beam Engine

Watt steam engine, 1781

Surviving Newcomen engine

The Industrial Revolution: New Technology, II

Cotton Industry: John Kay, Flying

Shuttle, 1722 James Hargreaves,

spinning jenny, 1764

Richard Arkwright, water frame, 1769

Arkwright water frame, 1785

Reproduction of 1770 spinning jenny

The Industrial Revolution: The Factory System The Factory

System A spinning mill

Employment of new technology

Centralization of production

Factory discipline Separation of work

and home

The Industrial Revolution: Factory Employment

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MenWomenChildren

Employment at Quarry Bank Mill, 1844-50 (%)From Mary Rose, The Gregs of Quarry Bank Mill (1986)

Two Early Factories

Lumbhole Mill, ca. 1825 Dane Mill, converted fromwater to steam power,ca. 1780s

The Industrial Revolution: New Technology, III The Railroad

Backward linkages: Employment Iron and coal

production Engineering

Forward linkages: Travel and

transport Prices Markets and

distribution Stephenson’s Rocket, 1829

Industrialization in Europe, c. 1850

Urbanization, 1800-1870

Critics of Capitalism Utopian Socialism

Robert Owen (1771-1858)

New Lanark, 1799-1824

New Harmony, 1824-8

Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, 1832-4

Critics of Capitalism Utopian Socialists, cont.

Charles Fourier (1772-1837)

Phalanstery or phalanx

Claude Saint-Simon (1760-1825)

Charles Fourier

Marx and Engels

The Communist Manifesto, 1848 Materialist

dialectic Bourgeoisie and

proletariat Theory of class

struggle

Karl Marx (1818-1883)