Maps and Images for McKay 8e A History of Western Society Chapter 14 Reform and Renewal in the...

Maps and Images for McKay 8e

A History of Western Society

Chapter 14

Reform and Renewal in the Christian Church

Cover Slide

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Augsburg ConfessionIn this woodcut of the Augsburg Confession being read to Charles V, the artist has included text and images of the Lutheran teachings on the sacraments and the nature of salvation in the background. In contrast are the images on the left of a papal ceremony and court hierarchy in which, the artist implies, Christ is not present. (Kunstsammlung Veste Coburg)

Augsburg Confession

Copyright ©Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Calvinist worshipThis painting, the Temple of Lyons, was attributed to Jean Perrissin (ca. 1565). The temple was constructed in 1564 on land near the town hall and paid for by the Protestant community of Lyons. This picture of a simple Calvinist service was probably brought to Geneva by a refugee, for the temple disappeared after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Although Calvin's followers believed in equality and elected officials administered the church, here men and women are segregated. Beside the pulpit an hourglass hangs to time the preacher's sermon. (Bibliotheque publique et universitaire, Geneva)

Calvinist worship


Coronation of Charles V in BolognaPope Clement VII's coronation of Charles V as emperor of the Holy Roman empire on February 24, 1530, shown in this painting, added a significant dimension to Charles's formidable stature. Charles grips a sword and an orb, symbols of the political and military power he already holds. The ceremony took place in San Petronio, a church remodeled during the Renaissance to recall the architecture of the Roman Empire. (Scala/Art Resource, NY)

Coronation of Charles V in Bologna


Council of Trent, School of TitianThis sixteenth-century painting by the School of Titian depicts a well-attended meeting of the Council of Trent. Since the early sessions were sparsely attended, this meeting seems to be a later session. Few bishops from northern Europe, however, ever attended. The Swiss guards (forefront) of the Vatican were founded by Pope Julius II in 1505 to defend the papacy. (Louvre/R.M.N./Art Resource, NY)

Council of Trent, School of Titian


Cranach, Luther and the Wittenberg ReformersThe massive figure of John Frederick, Elector of Saxony, who protected and supported Luther, dominates this group portrait of Martin Luther and the Wittenberg Reformers by Lucas Cranach the Younger. Luther is on the far left; his associate Philipp Melanchthon is in the front row on the right. Luther's face shows a quiet determination. (The Toledo Museum of Art, Gift of Edward Drummond Libbey)

Cranach, Luther and the Wittenberg Reformers


Cranach, True Church and FalseThis woodcut by Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472-1553) was designed to make clear the distinction between the evangelical church and the papacy. On one side Christ and his sacrifice are clearly at the center; on the other the pope and innumerable church officials are caught in the flames of hell. (Kunstsammlung, Dresden)

Cranach, True Church and False


Everyday Holy HouseholdOne of the most popular ideas among Protestants was that true religion should be taught and preserved in the Christian family, presided over by the father. The detail in this painting shows not only the interior of a Flemish home but also the role of the father and the symbolic importance of meals eaten together. (The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust)

Everyday Holy Household


Henry VIII on deathbedIn this allegorical painting by an unknown artist, Henry VIII, on his deathbed, points to his heir, Edward, who is surrounded by Protestant worthies, as the wave of the future. The pope collapses, monks flee, and through the window iconoclasts knock down statues, symbolizing terror and superstition. Since the new order lacked broad popular support, propagandistic paintings like this were meant to sway public opinion. (Reproduced by courtesy of the Trustees, National Portrait Gallery, London)

Henry VIII on deathbed


Holbein, portrait of Henry VIIIThis portrait of Henry VIII, painted by Hans Holbein the Younger in 1540, is the best known of all of Henry's portraits. Although the king is painted half-length, Holbein has successfully captured Henry's regal bearing, finely detailed dress, the impact of his 6′2" frame, and his imperturbable, aloof expression. (Scala/Art Resource, NY)

Holbein, portrait of Henry VIII


John CalvinJohn Calvin's theology was in most respects similar to Luther's. Both reformers gave primary importance to the authority of the Bible and to the idea of predestination. This portrait of John Calvin is attributed to the German artist Hans Holbein the Younger (ca. 1497-1543). It was painted around 1538, when the 29-year-old reformer was at the beginning of his career in Geneva, where he stayed to participate in the reform of the city, and then remained for the rest of his life. (H. Henry Meeter Center for Calvin Studies, Calvin College and Calvin Theological Semnary)

John Calvin


Lieferinxe, Pilgrims at the Tomb of St. SebastianJosse Lieferinxe, a French painter of the Provencal school, was active in Marseilles from 1493 to 1508. This ancon (devotional object), decorated with eight scenes from the life of St. Sebastian, was commissioned in 1497 for the church of Notre Dame des Accoules in Marseilles. Lieferinxe took over the painting when the original artist died before finishing the work. This panel was from the right section of the great ancon. Here we see Christians, especially those who are ill or handicapped, flocking to the Tomb of St. Sebastian. (Scala/Art Resource, NY)

Lieferinxe, Pilgrims at the Tomb of St. Sebastian


Luther and his wife KatherineLucas Cranach the Elder (1472-1553) is known for his portraits. He painted the dual portraits of Martin Luther and his wife Katharine von Bora, who married in 1525 and had an exceptionally happy union. (Scala/Art Resource, NY)

Luther and his wife Katherine


Matthias Gerung, Folly of IndulgencesIn this woodcut by Matthias Gerung (Spottblatt auf die katholische Geistlichkeit) the sale of indulgences is viciously satirized. With one claw in the holy water symbolizing the rite of purification, and the other claw resting on the coins paid for indulgences, the church, in the form of a rapacious eagle with its right hand stretched out for offerings, writes out an indulgence with excrement--which represents its worth. Fools, in a false security, sit in the animal's gaping mouth, representing hell. (Kunstsammlung der Veste Coburg)

Matthias Gerung, Folly of Indulgences


Peasant FreedomThe German peasants believed Martin Luther's call for individual freedom of conscience included economic and political freedom. Their revolt of 1524-1525 struck terror in the hearts of German rulers. This sixteenth-century German woodcut--the title page of an anonymous pamphlet from the Peasants' War, 1525--shows that the peasant army was lightly armed; many peasants carried only tools, pitchforks, flails, and scythes.

Peasant Freedom


Pierre Virer preaching before CalvinAnother great reformer, the Swiss Pierre Viret (1511-71) exercised his ministry at Orbe, Payerne, and Lausanne before taking refuge in Geneva. In this Limoges enamel plaque, Viret preaches before Calvin and others on the fourth petition of the Lord's Prayer, "Give us this day our daily bread." (Louvre/R.M.N./Art Resource, NY)

Pierre Virer preaching before Calvin


Pope approves Jesuit constitutionsJuan de Valdes Leal (Spanish; active mainly in Seville and Cordoba) was famous for grimly moralizing subjects. He also created moving religious paintings and fine portraits. This portrait of Ignatius Loyola is a reasonable likeness and that of Pope Paul III an idealization; in 1540 he was a very old man. When the Jesuit constitutions were read to him, the pope supposedly murmured, "There is the finger of God." (Institut Amatller d’Art Hispanic)

Pope approves Jesuit constitutions


St. Sebastian and the Plague-strickenIn his painting St. Sebastian Interceding for the Plague-Stricken, the Flemish artist Josse Lieferinxe portrays an outbreak of the plague. One dying man seems to be falling terrified to the ground while a female bystander in the background screams in alarm. In the foreground the body of a dead person, carefully shrouded, is attended by a priest and other clerics bearing a cross. In the background is a cart transporting the dead to common graves. At the top of the painting, Christ listens to the prayers of Saint Sebastian (pierced by arrows). (The Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore)

St. Sebastian and the Plague-stricken


Teresa of AvilaBetween 1562 and her death in 1582, Teresa of Avila founded or reformed fourteen houses of nuns--no small feat for a woman in a very sexist society. She was the first spiritual author to provide a scientific description of the life of prayer, from simple meditation to mystical union with God. But for all her mystical experiences, Teresa was a motherly, practical, and down-to-earth woman with a strong sense of humor. In her late thirties Teresa had profound mystical experiences: she heard voices and had visions in which Christ chastised her for her frivolous life and friends. This seventeenth-century cloisonne enamelwork illustrates one of Teresa of Avila's visions, where an angel seems to pierce her heart several times. (By gracious permission of Catherine Hamilton Kappauf)

Teresa of Avila


Map: Reform in Germany, 1517-1555

Reform in Germany, 1517-1555The pattern of religious reform in Germany was complex. Although some territorial princes, such as the dukes of Bavaria, rejected the reform, most free towns, particularly those in the southwest, adopted it. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.)


Map: The Global Empire of Charles V

The Global Empire of Charles VCharles V exercised theoretical jurisdiction over more European territory than anyone since Charlemagne. He also claimed authority over large parts of North and South America. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


Map: The Protestant and Catholic Reformations

The Protestant and Catholic ReformationsThe Reformations shattered the religious unity of Western Christendom. What common cultural traits predominated in regions where a particular branch of the Christian faith was maintained or took root? (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.)


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