Maps and Images for McKay 8e A History of Western Society Chapter 15 The Age of Religious Wars and European Expansion Cover Slide Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Armada Portrait of Elizabeth This anonymous painting of the sixteenth century, dubbed The Armada Portrait, depicts the serene and resolute Elizabeth l flanked by "before" and "after" glimpses of the Spanish fleet. Her hand rests on the globe in a gesture of dominion that also memorializes the circumnavigation of the globe by her famous captain, Sir Francis Drake, some years before. (By kind permission of Marquess of Tavistock and Trustees of Bedford Estate) Armada Portrait of Elizabeth Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Baroque: Rubens, Horrors of War With enormous intellectual and physical energy, as well as a large studio of assistants, the great Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens ( ) was incredibly productive, and the most influential figure in baroque art in northern Europe. In this dynamic allegory from Horrors of War--Venus tries to restrain Mars (holding the torch); he is followed by disease and famine. The shrieking lady at left, clad in black, represents miserable Europe. (Palazzo Pitti/The Bridgeman Art Library International ) Baroque: Rubens, Horrors of War Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Cortes greeted by local leaders Hernan Cortes's march in 1519 through the valley of Mexico toward Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital, was recorded not only in the Spaniard's journals by also by local witnesses. In this illustration from an Aztec codex, an elegantly garbed Mexican leader brings food and supplies to Cortes. The woman standing next to Cortes is Malintzin (who later adopted the Spanish name Dona Marina), an Aztec noblewoman traded by her stepfather to the Mayas and eventually given to Cortes. She was a translator and interpreter who became an essential ally during the conquest of Mexico. (American Museum of Natural History) Cortes greeted by local leaders Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. El Greco, Burial of Count Orgaz Born in Crete, Domenikos Theotokopoulos ( ), known as El Greco ("The Greek"), moved to Venice in the 1560s and learned the techniques of the Venetian masters. El Greco brought to his art a deeply religious intensity, and often imbued religious themes with an ecstatic, emotional, and mystical quality. His painting The Burial of Count Orgaz conveys the traditional message that good works will merit the intercession of the saints in the matter of salvation and attaining heaven. The action operates on three levels: death, the funeral, and the arrival of the Count's soul in heaven. (Museo del Prado/Institut Amatller dArt Hispanic) El Greco, Burial of Count Orgaz Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Entry of Henry IV into Paris The prolific Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens ( ), in his grand painting The Triumphal Entry of Henry IV into Paris after the Religious Wars, depicted the king as the magnanimous victor, and the residents of the city as both submissive and grateful. (Louvre/R.M.N./Art Resource, NY) Entry of Henry IV into Paris Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Netherlands' bastioned fortress This sixteenth-century engraving depicts a fortress in the Netherlands protected by five bastions--the five pentagonal projections around the buildings in the center. The bastions enabled defenders to fire from all angles when under attack, and created a smaller expanse of wall on which attackers could direct artillery fire. The walls were also lower than those of a medieval fortress and were reinforced with earth. The Dutch took this fortress from the Spanish in a rare successful attack on a bastioned fortress--by tunneling to the outer wall (lower right) and mining it with huge explosive charges. Netherlands' bastioned fortress Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Page from Titus Andronicus This is a page from an early copy of William Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus. With classical allusions, fifteen murders and executions, a Gothic queen who takes a black lover, and incredible violence, this early tragedy (1594) was a melodramatic thriller that enjoyed enormous popularity with the London audience. Modern critics believe that it foreshadowed King Lear with its emphasis on suffering and madness. (The Folger Shakespeare Library) Page from Titus Andronicus Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Pamphlet of witch trial Printed pamphlets, such as this sixteenth-century example describing the execution of three women in Essex, England, spread the news of local "outbreaks" of witchcraft. One of the women, Joan Prentis, is also depicted surrounded by her animal familiars. The ferret in Joan's lap, the pamphlet relates, was the Devil himself in animal form. (Lambeth Palace Library) Pamphlet of witch trial Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Philip II Alonso Sanchez Coello ( ), a Spanish court painter, portrays Philip II in an unflattering way. He tried to combine truth with respect, showing the king dressed in the austere black that was in fashion at the Spanish court, his hand fingering a rosary, and wearing the Order of the Golden Fleece (an order of knighthood) around his neck. The son of Emperor Charles V, Philip came to the throne at the age of 29, and had control over all Spanish colonial territories, the Netherlands, and a large area of Southern Italy. He was also a force to be reckoned with in England. (Museo del Prado) Philip II Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Portuguese in India In the sixteenth century Portuguese men moved to the Indian Ocean basin to work as administrators and traders. This Indo-Portuguese drawing shows a Portuguese man speaking to an Indian woman, perhaps making a proposal of marriage. (Biblioteca Casanatense, Rome) Portuguese in India Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre This detail from Francois Dubois's painting The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre memorializes the grisly events of August 24, On that date a band of Catholic noblemen, accompanied by the personal guard of the king of France, hunted down one hundred Protestant nobles who were asleep in their lodgings in and around the royal palace, and murdered them in cold blood. This massacre was named after the Catholic saint on whose feast day it fell. (Musee Cantonal des Beaux-Arts, Lausanne) Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Siege of Constantinople The siege of Constantinople by the Turks in which only lasted fifty-three days--required the attackers to isolate the city both by sea and by land. This miniature from the fifteenth century shows the Turkish camps, as well as the movements of Turkish boats, completing the isolation of the city. (Bibliotheque nationale de France) Siege of Constantinople Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. The Gesu in Rome This church is the center of the Jesuit order and the burial place of Saint Ignatius Loyola. Its baroque architecture set the tone for many later buildings in Rome and for many new Catholic churches elsewhere. (Scala/Art Resource, NY) The Gesu in Rome Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Tintoretto, Last Supper The foremost painter in Venice during the second half of the sixteenth century was Jacopo Robusti ( ), known as Tintoretto, which means "the little dyer," so named after the profession of his father. In The Last Supper (painted between 1592 and 1594) Tintoretto employs a diagonal perspective that draws the eye toward the focus of the painting--the figure of Christ. The hallmark of the painting is the luminescent light that seems to emerge from within the painting itself. (Scala/Art Resource, NY) Tintoretto, Last Supper Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Wondrous people headless Medieval Christians believed that wondrous peoples lived beyond the borders of Christendom. Images of headless or one-legged men were usually included in travel accounts. This illustration from Marco Polo's Travels shows what many Europeans expected to find when they traveled. (Bibliotheque nationale de France) Wondrous people headless Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Wurzburg (German Baroque) The baroque style brought architects, painters, and sculptors together in harmonious, even playful partnership. This magnificent monumental staircase in the Prince-Bishop's Palace, Wurzburg, designed by Johann Balthasar Neumann ( ) in 1735, merges into the vibrant ceiling frescoes by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo ( ). (Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY) Wurzburg (German Baroque) Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. The Spanish Habsburgs and Europe, ca Philip II's control of territories in northern Italy permitted the overland access of Spanish troops to the Netherlands and heightened the Spanish threat to France. Lands bordering the western Mediterranean made the sea a natural sphere of Spanish influence as well. Habsburg lands in central Europe were controlled after 1556 by Charles V's brother Ferdinand and his descendants. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.) Map: The Spanish Habsburgs and Europe, ca Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Map: Europe During the Thirty Years' War, Europe During the Thirty Years' War, The Thirty Years' War was fought largely within the borders of the Holy Roman Empire. It was the result of conflicts within the empire as well as the meddling of neighbors for their own strategic advantages. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.) Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Map: Mexico and Central America Mexico and Central America The Valley of Mexico was a populous region of scattered towns, most of which were part of the Aztec Empire. As Cortes marched inland from Vera Cruz toward the valley, he passed through lands that for generations had been in an almost constant state of war with the Aztecs. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.) Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Map: The Inca Empire The Inca Empire The Inca Empire was accessible from Spanish strongholds in Mexico only by sea. Spanish exploration and domination brought the destruction of Inca mountain citadels and the transfer of administrative power to the new Spanish city of Lima on the coast. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.) Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Map: The Netherlands, The Netherlands, Some provinces were overwhelmingly agricultural, some involved in manufacturing, others heavily commercial. Each of the seventeen was tied to the Spanish crown in a different way. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.) Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Map: The Worldwide Slave Trade The Worldwide Slave Trade By the mid-seventeenth century, trade in spices, silk, sugar, and slaves linked all parts of the globe. The trans-Atlantic trade in African peoples was one aspect of global commerce, one facet of worldwide slavery. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.) Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Map: World Exploration, World Exploration, The voyages of Columbus, da Gama, and Magellan charted the major sea-lanes that became essential for communication, trade, and warfare for the next three hundred years. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.) Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.