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A Brief History ofMarine Science
MAR 104
Outline
!Early voyaging
!Age of exploration
!Voyaging for science
!Current oceanography
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Understanding the Ocean Began with
Voyaging for Trade and Exploration
!Oceanus: Latin word for ocean
!Voyaging: traveling on water for a specific purpose
!Egypt, Crete, Phoenicia
!Cartographersmade charts of details of currents,landmarks, locations
!Library at Alexandria: first systematic study of the ocean
!Eratosthenes of Cyrene calculates Earths
circumference, creates system of latitude and longitude!Principles of celestial navigation
Eratosthenes Calculates the Size
and Shape of Earth
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60N
30N
30S
0
60W
North
Pole
South
Pole
30E
030W60W
0
North
Pole
South
Pole
60N
30N
30S
0
North
Pole
South
Pole
Stepped Art
Latitude
Equator
Longitude
Prime
meridien
p28
The Polynesian Triangle
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Chinese Ship Compared with
Columbus La Nia
Central rudders
Water-tightcompartments
Multiple masts
Chinese Compass
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The Age of DiscoveryHenry the Navigator Explorers under hispatronage compiled detailed charts and exploredthe west coast of Africa.
Christopher Columbus Although he never sawthe mainland of North America, his stories inspiredother explorers to follow.
Ferdinand Magellan Although Magellan died enroute, the small surviving portion of his crewcircumnavigated the globe.
Magellan Expedition
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Voyaging and Science: James
Cook!
Primarily in the Pacific Ocean,1768-1779
!Planetary orbits
!Marine and land life
!Ocean floor
!Geological formations
!
Accurate maps
Voyaging and Science: After
CookLongitude: chronometer 1728
1840s: Matthew Maury studies oceancurrents and wind patterns
HMS Challengerin 1870s:First scientific expedition
50 volumes of data
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Zero Longitude, Greenwich
Benjamin Franklins 1769
Chart of the Gulf Stream
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HMS ChallengerVoyage
Contemporary Oceanography
!Polar exploration explorers reached boththe north and south poles in the earlytwentieth century
!The Meteorexpeditionfirst use ofmodern optical and electronic equipment;echo sounder
!New HMS Challenger, 1951, ocean floor
!Glomar Challenger 1968; drills in oceanfloor and confirms plate tectonics
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Scripps Institution of
Oceanography
Satellite Use
!Wave heights, sea-surface contoursand temperatures
!TOPEX/Poseidon
!
Jason-1!AQUA
!Global Positioning System
