124 OLR 0990) 37 (2)

B. MARINE METEOROLOGY

B10. Apparatus and methods

90:0830 Pierson, W.J. Jr., 1989. Probabilities and statistics for

backseatter estimates obtained by a scatterome- ter. J. geophys. Res, 94(C7):9743-9759.

A model relates backscatter to properties of waves on the ocean generated by winds in the atmospheric boundary layer. The effective wind speed and direction at a known height for a neutrally stratified atmosphere are the values to be recovered from the model. The pdf for the backscatter values is a normal probability distribution with the notable feature that the variance is a known function of the expected value. Sources of signal variability and its effects on wind speed estimation, and criteria for the acceptance or rejection of models, are discussed. A modified maximum likelihood method for estimating wind vectors is described, along with error correc- tions. Inst. of Mar. and Atmos. Sci., CUNY, Convent Ave. at 138th St., New York, NY 10031, USA.

B80. Radiation

90:0831 Ellingson, R.G., DJ. Yanuk and Arnold Grnber,

1989. Effects of the choice of meteorological data on a radiation model simulation of the NOAA technique for estimating outgoing Iongwave ra- diation from satellite radiance observations. J. Climate, 2(8):761-765.

The technique used by NOAA to estimate the outgoing longwave flux from 10/Jan window radi- ance observations has been rcexarnlned because the data that result from the application of the empir- ically determined regression equation are system- atically lower than those obtained from regression models based on earlier radiative transfer calcu- lations. A new set of radiation calculations was made from a set of 1600 atmospheric soundings and the resulting regression equation gives flux differences from the empirical modelthat are of the order of _+5 W m -2 over the range of 150 to 300 W m -z, as compared to the + 10 W m -2 systematic d/fferences from previous studies. This type of estimation technique may make errors of _+20 W m -2 or larger for a given radiance observation, leading to biased average flux estimates in regions where temperature and moisture profiles change little over extended

time periods. Coop. Inst. for Climate Studies, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.

90:0832 Frouin, Robert et al., 1989. A simple analytical

formula to compute dear sky total and photo- synthetically available solar irradlance at the ocean surface. J. geophys. Res, 94(C7):9731- 9742.

When compared with the radiative transfer model of Tanr6 et al. (1979), the formula shows excellent agreement (to within 1%) under most atmospheric conditions and solar zenith angles. There is also good agreement with formulas developed by other investigators to estimate total solar irradiance. The proposed formula is unique in its ability to predict surface solar irradiance in the photosynthetically active spectral interval. Furthermore, it may also be used for converting total h-radiance measurements into photosynthetically available irradiance esti- mates. Combining the clear sky irradiance formula with satellite techniques to retrieve cloud effect on solar irradiance, pigment concentration, and SST would provide useful primary productivity estimates over large areas. California Space Inst., Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

Bll0 . Climate, climatology 90:0833

Harvey, L.D.D., 1989. Milankovitch forcing, vege- tation feedback, and North Atlantic deep-water formation. J. Climate, 2(8):800-815.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the response of the Energy Balance Climate Model of Harvey (1988) to Milankovitch orbital variations with and without additional vegetational feedbacks, and to investigate mechanisms which could have caused Southern Hemisphere temperature changes to occur in phase with or ahead of Northern Hemisphere changes at Milankovitch forcing time scales. In particular, ~ we investigate the role of the tundra parameterization of Harvey in enhancing the high latitude NH temperature response to orbital vari- ations; we consider a parameterization of low latitude vegetation feedback which is not dependent on mean annual low latitude cooling; and we investigate the potential effect on SH temperature of changes in the rate of formation of North Atlantic Deep Water coupled to high latitude NH insolation

OLR (1990) 37 (2) B. Marine Meteorology 125

variations. Dept. of Geogr., Univ. of Toronto, 100 St. George St., Toronto, ON MSS 1A1, Canada.

B140. Air-sea interactions

90:0834 Atkinson, L.P. et al., 1989. Hydrographic variability

of sotahea~rn United States shelf and slope waters during the Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment: winter 1986. J. geophys. Res, 94(C8): 10,699-10,713.

Continental shelf waters of the South Atlantic Bight (SAB) are especially responsive to winter storms because they are broad and shallow. Also, the Gulf Stream serves as a continual source of warm water at the outer boundary. Thus the SAB receives strong meteorological (wind stress and heat loss) and oceanographic (advective) forcing. The mean con- ditions show a mixed water column with areas of stratification near the coast and at the shelf break. The nearshore area was stratified only during weak offshore winds, and the shelf break area was stratified during southward winds with accompa- nying onshore Ekman flow. On the inner shelf, advective buoyancy flux was similar in value to heat flux buoyancy and the buoyancy equivalent of wind mixing. Over the shelf break the advective buoyancy flux was 4 times the other forms of buoyancy flux and controlled the observed potential energy vari- ability. Dept. of Oceanogr., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.

90:0835 Bane, J.M. Jr. et al., 1989. Special section. GALE

[Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment] physical oceanographic studies. J. geophys. Res, 94(C8): 10,685-10,772; 4 papers.

The focus of GALE was to investigate oceanic and atmospheric conditions associated with the rapidly developing extratropical winter cyclones that batter the U.S. eastern seaboard in winter, and which involve "some of the most vigorous air-sea exchanges of momentum, heat, and moisture in this part of the world.' The oceanographic component of the exper- iment was to examine oceanic and atmospheric boundary layers, to determine the distributions and fluxes of heat and momentum and to examine the dynamics and thermodynamics of both shelf and Gulf Stream waters. Some of the work is reported here; more is to follow. (fcs)

90:0836 Bane, J.M. Jr. and K.E. Osgood, 1989. Wintertime

~fir--ma interaction processes across the Gulf Stream. J. geophys. Res, 94(C8):10,755-10,772.

Wintertime air-sea interaction processes across the Gulf Stream, and upper layer thermal responses to these interactions are described using aircraft, buoy, and satellite measurements from January 25-30, 1986. During this time, an atmospheric cyclone generated in the northwestern U.S. swept eastward and intensified, producing a progression from pre-storm conditions to a strong cold-air outbreak to a weaker cold-air outbreak, and providing an example of strong atmospheric forcing of the Gulf Stream and the complex air-sea interactions typical of this region. Mar. Sci. Program, Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. (emm)

90:0837 Btanton, J.O. et al., 1989. Wind stress and heat fluxes

observed during winter and spring 1986. J. geophys. Res, 94(C8): 10,686-10,698.

Data collected during winter from the continental shelf of the southeastern United States were ana- lyzed to describe the temporal and spatial variability of wind stress and heat flux over the shelf. The wind field was remarkably uniform. Largest gradients were associated with times immediately preceding outbreaks of cold continental air over the shelf. Maximum heat fluxes occurred during these cold air outbreaks and,the largest wind stress values occurred in the cross-shelf component. The cross-shelf wind was highly correlated with the geostrophic wind, but there were significant ageostrophic deviations in the alongshelf component correlated with fluctuations in sea-air temperature differences. The fluctuations in heat flux are thought to modulate the alongshelf component by inducing added vorticity in the planetary boundary layer over the scale width of the continental shelf. Skidaway Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 13687, Savannah, GA 31416, USA.

90:0838 Gao, Shiying and Jingshu Wang, 1988. El Nifio and

the Southern Oscillation. Acta oceanoL sin. (English version), 7(4):521-532.

Using the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set, wind surface pressure and SST fields in the equatorial eastern Pacific and equatorial South Indian Ocean were analysed. The seesaw between surface pressure in the equatorial South Indian Ocean and the equatorial southeast Pacific causes the seesaw between the wind field in the two areas which results in the seesaw of SST between Indo- nesia and the equatorial eastern Pacific. El Nifio is the response of the ocean to the forcing of the monsoon system in the Indian Ocean and the trade system in the Pacific. Natl. Res. Ctr. for Mar. Environ. Forecasts, Beijing, People's Republic of China.

126 B. Marine Meteorology OLR (1990) 37 (2)

90:0839 Kumar, M.R.R. and L.V.G. Rao, 1989. Latitudinal

variation of air-sea fluxes in the western Indian Ocean during austral summer and fall. Boundary- layer Met. 48(1-2):99-107.

Daily and zonal averages of heat and momentum fluxes were computed from the meteorological parameters measured from 26th November, 1986 to 22nd March, 1987. Maximum values of sensible and latent heat fluxes were observed over the 30~176 and 10~176 zones during southern summer and fall respectively; minimum values of latent heat flux were observed in the 60~176 zone for both seasons. The sensible heat flux minimum was observed in the 50~176 and 60~176 zones for summer and fall, respectively. Higher momentum flux values over the 40~176 zone in summer shifted to the 50~176 zone during fall. Natl. Inst. of Oceanogr., Dana Paula, Goa 403 004, India.

90:0840 Lee, S.-R., 1989. A numerical experiment of transient

response of the basin with continental shelf-like bottom topography to local wind stress. Bull. Korean Fish. Soc, 22(2):79-85. (In Korean, English abstract.)

The generation and propagation of shelf wave-like oscillations induced by local wind in a basin bounded by continental shelf and slope are studied by a numerical experiment. Three types of vortices are generated and propagate counterclockwise along the western boundary. The first vortex is generated at the early stage of wind stress; its center is located off the continental slope. The second type, centered on the slope, is generated at about the time wind stress terminates. The third, centered on the shelf, decays so soon that its propagation pattern is hard to identify. Dept. of Mar. Sci., Pusan Natl. Univ., Pusan 609-735, Korea.

90:0841 Lee, T.N. et al., 1989. Response of South Carolina

continental shelf waters to wind and Gulf Stream forcing during winter of 1986. J. geophys. Res, 94(C8): 10,715-10,754.

The South Carolina shelf water response to atmos- pheric forcing and Gulf Stream variations is de- scribed as mixed: a primarily barotropic, forced response to coherent, synoptic scale, alongshore winds is observed on the inner and middle shelf (but is also significant at the shelf edge). On the outer shelf, subtidal variability responds largely to the Gulf Stream, which often shifts rapidly between two preferred modes. The onshore mode generates weekly period frontal eddies and meanders, while

the offshore mode produces a persistent southward flow. Details of these responses are discussed. RSMAS, Univ. of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy., Miami, FL 33149, USA. (emm)

90:0842 Mo, Ruping, 1988. The interannual fluctuations of

rainfall and temperature over China and their correlation with E! Nifio. dcta oceanol, sin. (English version), 7(4):533-541.

Analyses of power spectra and correlation coeffi- cients have shown a distinct quasi-3.5-yr periodicity in the fluctuations of rainfall and temperature over most parts of China, which is closely related to the oscillation of SST in the equatorial Pacific. The correlations between El Nifio and precipitation and temperature fields are described, and the causes for some striking responses are explored. Dept. of Grad. Studies, Beijing Inst. of Meteorol., Beijing, People's Republic of China.

90:0843 Roebber, P.J., 1989. The role of surface heat and

moisture fluxes associated with large-scale ocean current meanders in maritime cyciogenesis. Man. Weath. Rev, 117(8): 1676-1694.

A structurally simple analytic quasi-geostrophic model is used to investigate the role of diabatic processes resulting from surface fluxes of heat and moisture associated with ocean current meanders in midlatitude maritime cyclogenesis. Both direct and indirect effects, as well as the role of cooperative processes, are considered. Preliminary observational evidence is given to suggest that propagation of cyclones across positions of mean warm SST anom- alies along the Gulf Stream boundaries may lead to enhanced development of these cyclones. Dept. of Meteorol., McGiU Univ., 805 Sheerbrooke St. West, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada.

90:0844 van de Kxeeke, J. and K. Robaczewska, 1989. Effect

of wind on the vertical circulation and strati- fication in the Volkerak Estuary. Neth. J. Sea Res, 23(3):239-253. RSMAS, Univ. of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy., Miami, FL 33149, USA.

90:0845 Zhang, Huai, 1988. ~ transient response of an

ocean to moving wind field. Acta oceanol, sin. (English version), 7(4):514-521.

The short period response of an unbounded and uniform ocean to a moving wind field involves two kinds of motion, geostrophic and inertial gravity

OLR (1990) 37 (2) B. Marine Meteorology 127

wave. The disturbance source caused by a circular wind field which moves rapidly in a straight path on a horizontal plane is determined mainly by the distribution of the wind stress curl. The disturbance equation is solved with nonhomogeneous term of disturbance source as an impulse; the oceanic response is determined by the disturbance source. By numerically calculating the current velocity and surface elevation in time, it is shown that the intensity, spatial scale and duration of the response are closely related to wind field. Shandong Coll. of Oceanogr., Qingdao, People's Republic of China.

B170. Circulation

90:0846 Chynoweth, S. and M.J. Sewell, 1989. Dual variables

in semlgeostrophic theory. Proc. R. Soc, Lond, (A)424(1866): 155-186.

This paper is a study of the duality structure present in the semi-geostrophic equations of meteorology. A new viewpoint is explored, that of Legendre trans- formations between alternative choices of inde- pendent variables, including space coordinates, geostrophic coordinates and isentropic coordinates. Detailed examples are given, for both uniform and non-uniform potential vorticity, of the modelling of an atmospheric front at a given time in stable flow. In each case the front is a half-line of gradient discontinuity on a continuous convex surface, obtained as the self-intersection on a swallowtail surface, after the latter is convexified so that non-physical multivaluedness is removed. Dept. of Math., Univ. of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 220, Reading RG6 2AX, UK.

90:0847 Zhong, Ron-gen, 1988. Change of atmospheric heat

sources and its structure characteristics before and after the relreat of the southwest monsoon in South China Sea [with particular reference to the SW monsoon and the 1TCZ]. Tropic Oceanol, 7(2):28-36. (In Chinese, English abstract.) Dept. of Atmos. Sci., Zhong Shah Univ., People's Republic of China.

B180. Winds

90:0848 Rhodes, R.C., J.D. Thompson and A.J. Wallcraft,

1989. Buoy-calibrated winds over the Gulf of Mexico. J. atmos, ocean. Technol, 6(4):608-623.

The large variability of the Gulf of Mexico wind field indicates that high-resolution wind data will be required to represent the weather systems affecting ocean circulation. This report presents methods and results of the calculation of a corrected geostrophie wind data set with high temporal and spatial resolution. The magnitude correction was nearly constant (0.675) throughout the year, but the direction correction varied seasonally from 8.5 to 26.5 .degrees. The corrected geostrophic wind was calculated twice daily from 1967-1982 o n a spherical grid over the Gulf, together with the corresponding wind stress and wind stress curl fields. The 12-hourly stress fields show large temporal variations of the wind field for both winter and summer months. NORDA, Dept. of the Navy, Code 323, Bldg. 1103, SSC, MS 39529-5004, USA.

90:0849 Zhou, Changbao, Xingwei Sha and Yunzhen Gong,

1988. A study of remote sensing of sea=surface �9 wind field with 8-12 GHz broad band radar scatlerometer. Acta oceanoL sin. (English ver- sion), 7(4):542-551. Second Inst. of Oceanogr., State Oceanic Admin. , Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.

B220. Waves

90:0850 Hodnett, P.F. and W.M. O'Brien, 1989. On the

non-linear barotroplc instability of Rossby wave motion. Beitr. Phys. Atrnos, 62(2):90-98.

Using fl-plane geometry the non-linear barotropie, non-divergent vorticity equation is solved numeri- cally over a long time period to test Rossby's original solution of the vorticity equation for stability. The initial growth rate of the solution (when unstable) is correctly predicted by the linearized analysis of Lorenz (1972), but eventually the solution settles into a bounded oscillating state (in contrast to the unbounded growth predicted by linear theory) for all values of the basic wave amplitude A, which extends the result of the weakly non-linear analysis of Loesch (1978) and Deininger and Loesch (1982) who showed similar behaviour for values of A slightly in excess of A c (the critical amplitude for instability determined by linear theory). A c is not an accurate indicator of stability/instability for the non-linear solution. Dept. of Math., Natl. Inst. for Higher Education, Limerick, Republic of Ireland.

128 B. Marine Meteorology OLR (1990) 37 (2)

B250. Clouds

90:0851 Duynkerke, P.G., 1989. The diurnal variation of a

marine stratocumulus layer: a model sensitivity study. Mort. Weath. Rev~ 117(8):1710-1725.

A 1-D model which has previously been tested against observational dat~/ is used to study the diurnal variation of a marine stratocumulus layer. The influence of shortwave radiative heating during different seasons on the decoupling of the cloud layer from the subeloud layer is studied. Results for a typical winter and summer situation are presented. The decoupling can strongly affect the surface energy balance, suggesting that it is important to resolve the diurnal variation. Finally, a sensitivity study of the model for initial and boundary condi- tions is presented. Royal Netherlands Meteorol. Inst., de Bilt, Netherlands.

B270. Precipitation 90:0852

Galloway, J.N. ct al., 1989. Processes controlling the concentrations of SOs =, NO3-, NH4 +, H +, HCOOr and CH3COO T in precipitation on Bermuda. Tellus, 41B(4):427-443.

The concentrations of nss SO4" and NO3- in precipitation on Bermuda are about a factor of three greater than in remote marine areas. NH4 +, HCOOr and CH3COO r concentrations more closely resemble remote areas, although there are distinct events where transport from North America is evident. These are higher volume-weighted average concen- trations of nss SO4- and NO 3- in storms associated with the NW airflow sector (from North America) compared to the SE airflow sector. There is at least a factor of two impact of North American anthro- pogenic activities on nss SO4= and NO 3- in precip- itation on Bermuda. Dept. of Environ. Sci., Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.

B280. Storms, disturbances, cyclones, e(c.

90:0853 Lee, C.S., 1989. Obseivational analysis of tropical

cyclogenesis in the western North Pacific. Part I. Structural evolution of cloud clusters. J. atmos. Sci, 46(16):2580-2598.

The first part of the study concerns the structural evolution of the genesis cloud clusters and non- genesis cloud clusters. Nongenesis cloud clusters

have about the same mean vertical motion and cumulus activity as the genesis cloud clusters; however, genesis cloud clusters have much stronger middle- to low-level cyclonic circulation extending over a radius 2*-8* outward from the center. The buildup of this strong precyclogenesis circulation is associated with varying combinations of a stronger than normal monsoon trough and large-scale, low- level tradewind or monsoon wind surges. Corre- sponding author: Dr. William M. Gray, Dept. of Atmos. Sci., Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA.

90:0854 Lee, C.S., 1989. Observational analysis of tropical

cyclogenesls in the western North Pacific. Part II. Budget analysis. J. atmos. Sci~ 46(16):2599-2616.

Part I examined the structural evolution and cir- culation patterns for genesis and nongenesis cloud clusters in the western North Pacific. This paper analyzes moisture, energy and angular (tangential) momentum budgets for both types of cloud clusters.

Results show that both the genesis and nongenesis cloud clusters have similar cumulus activity and similar moisture and energy budgets. An enhanced surface energy flux is found only after the formation of a tropical cyclone with a well-defined center. It is hypothesized that sizable eddy fluxes contribute to the cyclonic circulation buildup. The buildup of strong cyclonic circulation before cyclogenesis ap- pears to be due in part to strong surrounding environment forcing by wind surge-type processes which produce large inward eddy vorticity fluxes. Corresponding author: Dr. William M. Gray, Dept. of Atmos. Sci., Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA.

B310. Chemistry 90:0855

Atldnson, RJ., W.A. Matthews, P.A. Newman and R.A. Plumb, 1989. Evidence of the mid-latitude impact of Antarctic ozone depletion. Nature, Lond~ 340(6231):290-294. Plumb: Ctr. for Meteorol. and Phys. Occanogr., MIT, Cam- bridge, MA 02139, USA.

90:0856 Chameides, W.L. et al., 1989. Ozone precursors and

ozone photochemistry over eastern North Pacific during the spring of 1984 based on the NASA GTE/CITE 1 airborne observations. J. geophys. Res, 94(D7):9799-9808. School of Geophys. Sci., Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.

OLR (1990) 37 (2) B. Marine Meteorology 129

90:0857 Kawa, S.R. and R. Pearson Jr., 1989. Ozone budgets

from the dynamics and chemistry of marine stratocumulus experiment. J. geophys. Res, 94(D7):9809-9817.

Flux and mean measurements throughout the ma- rine boundary layer are used to estimate the net rate of in-situ photochemical production/destruction of ozone. Averaged over the flights, ozone concentra- tion is found to be near steady state, and a net photochemical destruction of 0.02-0.07 ng m -3 s -~ is diagnosed. This is an important confirmation of photochemical model results for the remote marine boundary layer. Ozone vertical distributions above the boundary layer show a strongly layered structure with very sharp gradients. These distributions are possibly related to the stratospheric ozone source, but the processes creating and maintaining them are not clearly discernible. NOAA Aeronomy Lab R/E/AL6, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.

90:0858 Sander, S.P., R.R. Friedl and Y.L. Yung, 1989. Rate

of formation of the CIO dimer in the polar stratosphere: implications for ozone loss. Science, 245 (4922): 1095-1098.

The gas-phase recombination of chlorine monoxide (CIO) has been investigated under the conditions of pressure and temperature that prevail in the Ant- arctic stratosphere during the period of maximum ozone (03) disappearance. Measured rate constants are less than one-half as great as the previously accepted values. Model calculations based on the new rate data indicate that currently accepted chemical mechanisms can quantitatively account for the observed O 3 losses in late spring. A qualitative assessment indicates that the existing mechanisms can only account for at most one-half of the measured Oa depletion in the early spring, indicating that there may be additional catalytic cycles, besides those currently reco~niTod, that destroy O a. �9 by AAAS. Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.

Increases in aerosol concentrations over the oceans may increase the amount of low-level cloudiness through a reduction in drizzle--a process that regulated the liquid-water content and the energetics of shallow marine clouds. The resulting increase in the global albedo would be in addition to the increase due to enhancement in reflectivity asso- ciated with a decrease in droplet size and would contribute to a cooling of the earth's surface. �9 by AAAS. Dept. of Meteorol., Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA 16802, USA.

90:0860 Fitzgerald, J.W., 1989. Model of the aerosol extinc-

tion profile in a well-mixed marine boundary layer. Appl. Opt, 28(15):3534-3538. U.S. Naval Res. Lab., Atmos. Phys. Br., Washington, DC 20375-5(100, USA.

90:0861 Menzies, R.T. et al., 1989. Altitude and seasonal

characteristics of aerosol backscatter at thermal infrared wavelengths using lidar observations from coastal California. J. geophys. Res, 94(D7): 9897-9908. JPL, Calif. Inst. of Tech., 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.

90:0862 Wu, Jin, 1989. Contributions of f'dm and jet drops to

marine aerosols produced at the sea surface. Tel/us, 41 B(4):469-473.

Bubble populations at the surface were deduced from oceanic measurements; drop production through the bursting of artificially-generated bubbles was also observed. Taking these results together, contributions of film and jet drops to marine aerosols under various wind velocities are estimated; they appear to consist mainly of jet drops. Air-Sea Interaction Lab., Coll. of Mar. Studies, Univ. of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, USA.

B 3 2 0 . P a r t i c u l a t e s (dust, aerosols, etc.)

90:0859 Albrecht, B.A., 1989. Aerosols, cloud microphysics,

and fractional cloudiness. Science, 245(4923): 1227-1230.

B380. Forecasting 90:0863

Shi, Jiuen, Xiaoming Chen and Jingtian Xiang, 1988. Using dh'ectionai data method for analysis on typhoon movement and its probability distribution features. Aeta oceanoL sin. (English version), 70):496-501. Beijing Inst. of Meteorol., Beijing, People's Republic of China.