OLR (1987) 34 (6) 475

The formation and destruction of a gravity current in a turbulent fluid is examined in laboratory experiments. The current has a sharp density front at its leading edge, and a stable density stratification is established behind. The turbulence tends to mix this stable stratification. Once the fluid is vertically mixed the gravity current front is destroyed, and the density varies smoothly with horizontal distance over a zone whose length increases with time owing to the continuing longitudinal turbulent diffusion and buoyancy driving. "['he turbulent dispersion coefficient increases with the latter. When the turbulence level is reduced nonlinearities in the horizontal density gradient can sharpen up to form a front. The implications of these processes to the sea-breeze front and fronts in shallow seas are discussed. Dept. of Appl. Math., Univ. of Cam- bridge, Silver St., Cambridge, CB3 9EW, UK.

87:3159 Marshall, H.G., 1986. A note on the direction of

energy movement in wavenumber of a two-layer model. Dynam. Atmos. Oceans, 10(3):253-257.

An equation on the constrained direction of energy movement in wavenumber is derived for the two- layer, f-plane, quasigeostrophic system. Lab. for Atmos. Res., Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA 99164-2730, USA.

87:3160 Pinardi, Nadia and A.R. Robinson, 1986. Quasi-

geostrophic energetics of open ocean regions. Dynam. Atmos. Oceans, 10(3):185-219.

This paper presents a method for local energy and vorticity analysis (EVA) of open regions of oceanic flow governed by quasigeostrophic dynamics, to infer from real and simulated data sets the physics of synoptic/mesoscale processes and to identify general signatures of such processes. The application of EVA to real data situations which are made self-consistent by quasigeostrophic filtering is intro- duced, and an eddy merger event captured during a successful dynamical forecast in the California Current region is described and interpreted via EVA. Center for Earth and Planetary Phys., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA 02128, USA.

B. MARINE METEOROLOGY

BI0. Apparatus and methods

87:3161 Basu, B.K. and D. Chakrabarti, 1986. Remote

sensing of temperature--a numerical experiment. Mausam, 37(3):361-364. India Meteorol. Dept., New Delhi, India.

87:3162 Chelton, D.B. and F.J. Wentz, 1986. Further devel-

opment of an improved altimeter wind speed algorithm. J. geophys. Res., 91(C12):14,250- 14,260.

A previous altimeter wind speed retrieval algorithm is expanded to give a wind speed model function applicable over the range 0 to 21 ms -~. The method is based on comparing 50-km along-track averages of the altimeter normalized radar cross-section meas- urements with neighboring off-nadir scatterometer wind speed measurements. The new model function

agrees very well with earlier versions up to wind speeds of 14 ms ~ but differs significantly at higher wind speeds. Relevance of these results to the Geosat altimeter (launched March 1985) is discussed. Coll. of Oceanogr., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR, USA.

8"/:3163 Killinger, D.K. and Norman Menyuk, 1987. Laser

remote sensing of the atmosphere. Science, 235(4784):37-45.

Laser beams can be used as long-range spectroscopic probes of the chemical composition and physical state of the atmosphere. The spectroscopic, optical, and laser requirements for atmospheric laser remote sensing are reviewed, and the sensitivity and limi- tations of the technique are described. A sampling of recent measurements includes the detection or urban air pollution and toxic chemicals in the atmosphere, the measurement of global circulation of volcanic

476 B. Marine Meteort~log3 OLR (1987) 34 (6)

ash in the upper atmosphere, and the observation of wind shear near airports. MIT, Lincoln Lab., Lexington, MA 02173-0073, USA.

weather is closely associated with the interannual fluctuation of the convective activity in the western tropical Pacific. Japan Meteorol. Agcy., Otemachi, Chiyodaku, Tokyo, Japan.

B40. Area studies, surveys, weather

87:3164 Zhang, Qingrong, Qinbing Cai and Xigui Lin, 1986.

Preliminary results of [temperature, humidity, wind] gradient observations near the surface of northern South China Sea. Tropic Oceanol., 5(2):73-79. (In Chinese, English abstract.) So. China Sea Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. Sinica, People's Republic of China.

B50. Common atmospheric properties (temperature, humidity, etc.)

87:3165 Kazadi, S.-N., 1986. An observational study of

tropical large-scale fields. Part I. Statistical analyses of the wind components, geopotential height and temperature. J. met. Soc. Japan, (Ser. 1 I)64(3): 391-408.

A 5-year 1979-1983 tropical upper air data set was used for statistical analyses of the wind components, geopotential height, and temperature over the trop- ical belt between 25°N and 25°S, and 20°E and 140°W. Spectral and cross-spectral analyses show the dominance of four large-scale and long-period oscillations. Short-period oscillations are of small scale in space and do not contribute significantly to the horizontal transport of heat and momentum. Low-pass filtering improves the estimates and reduces observational errors. Lab. for Climatic Change Res., Kyoto Univ., Kyoto 607, Japan.

BII0. Climate, climatology

87:3166 Kurihara, K. and M. Kawahara, 1986. Extremes of

East Asian weather during the post-ENSO years of 1983/84: severe cold winter and hot dry summer. J. met. Soc. Japan, (Ser. II)64(4):493- 503.

A diagnostic study on the features of atmospheric circulation and their association with the convective activity and SST in the western tropical Pacific is made in relation to the extremes of East Asian weather in 1983/84 and compared to those of 1982/83. It is suggested that East Asian winter

B140. Air-sea interactions

87:3167 Anikiyev, V.V., V.I, ll'ichev, A.A. Lobanov and

A.N. Medvedev, 1985. Effect of the ocean on the distribution of heavy metals in the marine atmos- phere. Dokl. Earth Sci. Sect. (a translation of Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR), 281(2):189-192.

Oceanic input of heavy metals to the atmosphere was examined at 19 Pacific Ocean stations, where enrichment coefficients (ratio of dissolved and suspended forms) were determined for the surface microlayer. This allowed estimation of rates of transport to the atmosphere via breaking bubbles at the air-sea interface. Pacific Oceanol. Inst., Acad. of Sci., Vladivostok, USSR. (gsb)

87:3168 Chen, Tegu and Jiexi Li, 1986. The association of

typhoons in the South China Sea with El Nifio. Tropic Oceanol., 5(2):80-83. (In Chinese, English abstract.) South China Sea Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. Sinica, People's Republic of China.

87:3169 Davies, A.M. and G.K. Furnes, 1986. On the

determination of vertical structure functions for time-dependent flow problems. Tellus, (A)38(5): 462-477.

A method of solving the viscous 3-D hydrodynamic equations is developed using an expansion of vertical structure functions (modes). Both slip and no-slip bottom boundary conditions can be incorporated. Vertical structure functions for arbitrary vertical variations of viscosity are computed using either the Runge-Kutta-Merson method or an expansion in terms of spline functions. The accuracy and relative merits of these two methods are compared and contrasted. Inst. of Oceanogr. Sci., Bidston Observ., Birkenhead, Merseyside L43 7RA, UK.

87:3170 Diaz, J.M., C.L. Brenes and Steve Neshyba, 1985.

IManifestatinns of the 1982-1983 El Nifio along the transect Cabo Blaneo-Coeos Island, Gulf of Nicoya.[ Uniciencia, 2(1):53-57. (In Spanish, English abstract.)

A study of seasonal variation in thermal structure off the coast of Central America coincided with the

OLR (1987) 34 (61 B. Marine Meteorology 477

1982-1983 El Nifio. During this time, a temperature increase in the upper 200 m and a heat content rise along the South American coast (associated with the E1 Nifio climax) were observed. Dept. de Fisica, Univ. Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica. (gsb)

87:3171 Foreman, S.J., 1986. Ocean and atmosphere interact!

Met. Mag., Lond., 115(1372):358-361.

A brief description is given on the coupled ocean- atmosphere model developed by the Dynamical Climatology Branch of the Meteorological Office. Some characteristics of the first experiment per- formed with this model are discussed. Meteorol. Ofc., Bracknell, UK.

87:3172 Hamilton, Kevin and R.R. Garcia, 1986. El

Nifio/Southern Oscillation events and theft as- sociated midlatitude teleconnections 1531-1841. Bull. Am. met. Soc., 67(11):1354-1361.

This paper reports on an investigation into the chronology of ENSO events from the arrival of Europeans in Peru in 1531 until the year 1841 when conventional barometric data became available. A number of probable ENSO events can be dated from anecdotal reports of significant rainfall in the coastal desert of northern Peru. In many of the years with anomalous Peruvian rainfall it is also possible to use various types of proxy data to identify aspects of the global teleconnection patterns usually associated with tropical ENSO events. Dept. of Meteorol., McGill Univ., 805 Sherbrooke St., W. Montreal, PQ, H3A 2K6, Canada.

87:3173 Kawamura, Ryuichi, 1986. Seasonal dependency of

atmosphere-ocean interaction over the North Pacific. J. met. Soc. Japan, (Ser. II)64(3):363-371.

Seasonal interactions between mid-latitude circu- lation and dominant SST anomaly patterns over the North Pacific were statistically analyzed. The first SST mode contributes to the formation and evolu- tion of the Pacific/North American pattern during wintertime. In contrast, the second SST mode is partly formed by the winter cold surge from East Asia closely associated with the dominance of low index circulation. When this mode is dominant, the Western Pacific pattern is prominent at the 500 mb height field; this mode is also influenced by the outbreak of polar cold air. Inst. of Geosci., Univ. of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan.

87:3174 Kim, B.K. and C.A. Yun, 1986. The yearly variation

and correlation analysis between surface water

temperature and air temperature in the Korean waters. Bull. Fish. Res. Dev. Ag, Busan, 37:19-33. (In Korean, English abstract.) Nat. Fish. Res. and Develop. Agcy., Pusan 606, Korea.

87:3175 Makita, Reiko and Masao Hanzawa, 1986. Satellite

picture studies of oceanic conditions in the Japan Sea when a cold-aft outbreak took place. Umi to Sofa, 62(1):9-17. (In Japanese, English abstract.) Kobe Univ., Kobe, Japan.

87:3176 Philander, S.G.H. and R.C. Pacanowski, 1986. A

model of the seasonal cycle in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. J. geophys. Res., 91(C12): 14,192-14,206.

Results from a multilevel, primitive equation nu- merical model of the tropical Atlantic which is forced with climatological monthly mean winds are described. Comparison of available measurements with the model indicates that the simulation is realistic and provides a more complete picture of the seasonal cycle. The model is used to determine the extent to which the initial value approach is relevant to the seasonal cycle of the tropical Atlantic. GFDL, NOAA, Princeton Univ., Princeton, N J, USA.

87:3177 Servain, Jacques and D.M. Legler, 1986. Empirical

orthogonal function analyses of tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature and wind stress: 1964- 1979. J. geophys. Res., 91(C12):14,181-14,191.

EOF analyses were performed on a 16-year set of monthly SST and wind stress fields, using a scalar method for SST and a vector method for wind stress. Three different analyses were completed for the two variables, which provide diagnostic insight into two types of large spatiotemporal scale episodes. The first type is exemplified by an abnormal relaxation (intensification) of the wind stress in both the northeasterlies and southeasterlies, observed during the spring of 1968; the second by the northeasterlies (stronger) and southeasterlies (weaker) acting out of phase, leading to a more global response of the ocean (observed during 1972 to 1975). Inst. Francais de Rech. Pour l'Exploit, de la Mer, Brest, France.

87:3178 Tokioka, Tatsushi, Akio Kitoh and Akira Kata-

yama, 1986. Atmospheric response to the sea surface temperature anomalies in the mature phase of El Nifio. Numerical experiment under the perpetual January condition. J. met. Soc. Japan, (Ser. I1)64(3):347-362.

478 B. Marine Meteorology OLR (1987) 34 (6)

Responses to the SST anomalies (SSTAs) corn- posited by Rasmusson and Carpenter (1982) are studied with a global general circulation model (a five-layer tropospheric model). Experiments are performed without SSTAs, with SSTAs and with doubled SSTAs, each with a 210 day time integra- tion. Characteristics of long-term variations in each case are studied with the use of the empirical orthogonal function analysis. The warm SSTAs westward of 140°E seem to enhance the Pacif- ic/North American-like standing oscillations in the mature phase of E1 Nifio. Meteorol. Res. Inst., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan.

87:3179 Yamagata, Toshio, 1986. On the recent development

of simple, coupled ocean-atmosphere models of ENSO. J. oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 42(4):299-307.

Based on simple model results, recent progress in understanding physical mechanisms directly asso- ciated with ENSO phenomena are described; two extremes from recent simple coupled models are extracted in order to interpret two complementary phases of interannual ENSO events. Res. Inst. for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu Univ., Kasuga 816, Japan.

87:3180 Yong, P.Z. and G.A. McBean, 1986. Annual and

interannual variability of the North Pacific Ocean-to-atmosphere total heat transfer. A tmos. Ocean, 24(3):265-282.

The annual and interannual total heat transfer (the sum of latent and sensible heat fluxes and back radiation between the ocean and the atmosphere) variations over the North Pacific were calculated and analyzed. The total heat transfer is positive for all seasons and regions, and there is a close relationship with the main ocean currents. Maxi- mum heat transfer occurs in the Kuroshio area with an annual variation determined by the Asian monsoon circulation, with a maximum in January and a minimum in June. The Kuroshio area heat transfer was correlated with variations across the central North Pacific to about 170°W, and the remainder of the basin was correlated with heating variations in both the California and Alaska Current regions. Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. Sinica, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.

87:3181 Zhang, Quiwen and Shaowu Wang, 1986. A com-

parative study of 1982-1983 E! Nifio event. Acta oceanol, sin., 5(4):517-521. Natl. Mar. Environ. Forecasting Center, State Oceanic Admin., Beijing, People's Republic of China.

B170. Circulation

87:3182 Polian, Georges, Gerard Lambert, Benedicte

Ardouin and Alain Jegou, 1986. Long-range transport of continental radon in Subantarctic and Antarctic areas. Tellus, (B)38(3-4): 178-189.

Radon measurements obtained over more than 15 years in remote stations in Antarctic and Subant- arctic areas generally give concentrations as low as 0.1 to 2 pCi m 3 However, we have shown the existence of sharp increases of concentrations reach- ing 3 to 30 pCi m 3 called 'radonic storms.' Such peaks are accounted for by long-range transport from remote continents (mainly South Africa) over southern Indian and Antarctic oceans, with transit times ranging 1.5-7 days and very low dilution factors of the order 3-7. This airmass transport is related to warm sectors of cyclonic systems passing over South Africa and around the Antarctic con- tinent. Centre des Faibles Radioactivites, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France.

87:3183 Roeloffzen, J.C., W.D. Van Den Berg and J.

Oerlemans, 1986. Frictional convergence at coast- lines. Tellus, (A)38(5):397-411.

A calculation of secondary flow patterns forced at a roughness discontinuity, as a function of the geo- strophic wind, is presented. A neutral boundary layer is studied, with homogeneous conditions along the coastline. Upward motion is most pronounced when the geostrophic wind makes a small (~20 °) angle with the coastline. An example of heavy shower activity in the coastal zone of Belgium and The Netherlands, apparently due to frictional uplift and frontogenesis in a maritime polar air mass hitting the coastline at the critical angle referred to above, is presented. Inst. of Meteorol. and Oceanogr., Univ. of Utrecht, Princetonplein 5, Utrecht 2506, Netherlands.

B180. Winds

87:3184 Desai, D.S., 1986. Study of energetics in strong and

break monsoon. Mausam, 37(3):365-367.

Break and strong monsoon periods are characterised by contrasting rainfall distributions and typical synoptic situations. The atmosphere in break mon- soon is barotropically stable as eddies lose energy to the zonal flow; during the strong monsoon the atmosphere is barotropically unstable as eddies gain energy from the zonal flow. Meteorol. Ofc., Pune, India.

OLR (1987) 34 (6) B. Marine Metet~rology 479

87:3185 Ramanathan, Y., 1986. A short range prediction of

the onset phase of the southwest monsoon (1979). Mausam, 37(3):293-304. Dept. of Phys., Indian Inst. of Tech., Kanpur, India.

87:3186 Sharif, T.A., P.S. Sehra and A.Y. Nashnosh, 1986.

Interactions between the upper tropospheric and stratospheric region and summer monsoon as revealed by satellite observations. J. met. Soc. Japan, (Ser. II)64(3):443-447.

Using the upper tropospheric and stratospheric temperatures and total ozone data, interactions between the 400-300, 100-70, 30-10 and 2-1 mb atmospheric regions and the summer monsoon have been examined. Investigation shows a noticeable decrease of the stratospheric temperatures and total ozone amount at the onset phase, with an increasing trend during active phase. Variations in stratospheric temperature and total ozone amount are consistent with each other, particularly in the 100-70 mb layer. Dept. of Meteorol., Univ. of A1-Fateh, Tripoli, Libya.

B190. Pressure gradients, air masses

87:3187 Takayabu, Izuru, 1986. Roles of the horizontal

advection on the formation of surface fronts and on the occlusion of a cyclone developing in the baroclinic westerly jet. J. met. Soc. Japan, (Set. II)64(3):329-345. Div. of Mar. Meteorol., Ocean Res. Inst., Univ. of Tokyo, Tokyo 164, Japan.

B220. Waves

87:3188 Hayashi, Y.-Y. and Akimasa Sumi, 1986. The 30--40

day oscillations simulated in an 'aqua planet' model. J. met. Soc. Japan, (Ser. II)64(4):451-467.

The possibility of the generation of a long-period oscillation as a collective motion of cumulus activity (wave-CISK) along the equator of an ocean covered globe ( 'aqua planet') was investigated with numerical experiments using a general circulation model. A 90-day integration produced the spontaneous ap- pearance of a collective motion of convective activity together with an east-west wavenumber one circulation (30-day oscillation). Another experiment

without the moist processes resulted in abrupt disintegration into Kelvin and Rossby waves. The slow phase speed, strong mode coupling and double structure in scale indicate that the motion cannot be explained simply as a Kelvin wave mode of the linear equatorial wave-CISK theory. The 30-day oscillation should be regarded as a new type solution of the equatorial wave-CISK problem. Geophys. Inst., Univ. of Tokyo, Tokyo 113, Japan.

87:3189 Tsai, M.-C. and T.N. Krishnamurti, 1986. Numerical

prediction of a surge vortex during winter mon- soon. J. met, Soc. Japan, (Ser. I1)64(4):505-517. Dept. of Meteorol., Florida State Univ., Tal- lahassee, FL 32306, USA.

B250. Clouds

87:3190 Coulmann, S., S. Bakan and H. Hinzpeter, 1986. A

cloud climatology for the South Atlantic derived from METEOSAT I images. Tellus, (A)38(5): 453-461.

Statistics of total and high-level cloud amount over 5 ° × 5 ° areas have been derived for the South Atlantic between 0°~0°S and 10°E-35°W. The main features of the cloudiness over the South Atlantic are the highly persistent boundary layer cloudiness in the eastern regions, the high cloud coverage in connection with the subtropical jet stream and the relatively low cloud coverage in the western regions. A remarkable amount of high level cloud has been found during all months in connec- tion with the subtropical jet stream, and between December and May near the coasts. Meteorol. Inst. der Univ. Hamburg, Bundesstr. 55, 2000 Hamburg 13, FRG.

87:3191 Nitta, Tsuyoshi, 1986. Long-term variations of cloud

amount in the western Pacific region. J. met. Soc. Japan, (Ser. II)64(3):373-390.

Spatial distributions and long-term variations of heat sources in the western Pacific are examined with satellite-observed high-cloud amount data from 1978 to 1983. Two dominant cloud anomaly patterns are found: the east-west oscillation between the equa- torial central Pacific and the western Pacific (El Niho pattern) and the north-south oscillation be- tween northern subtropics and middle latitudes

480 B. Marine Meteorology OLR (1987) 34 (6)

(south Japan pattern). Relationships between vari- ations of cloud amount and SST in the tropical western Pacific are examined. Correlation compu- tations also indicate close relationships between cloud amount and SST. Meteorol. Res. Inst., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan.

87:3195 Chen, Liqi, 1986. Factor analysis for characterization

of the marine aerosol in Bermuda atmosphere. Acta oceanol, sin., 5(4):522-529. Third Inst. of Oceanogr., State Oceanic Admin., Xiamen, People's Republic of China.

B270. Precipitation 87:3192

Takahashi, Tsutomu, 1986. Wind shear effects on water accumulation and rain duration in Hawaiian warm clouds. J. met. Soc. Japan, (Ser. II)64(4): 575-584. Dept. of Meteorol., Univ. of Hawaii, Hilo, HI 96720, USA.

87:3193 Yoshizaki, Masanori, 1986. Numerical simulations of

tropical squall-line clusters: two-dimensional model. J. met. Soc. Japan, (Ser. II)64(4):469-491.

Numerical simulations of two-dimensional tropical squall-line clusters (TSL) are performed using a nonhydrostatic, anelastic cloud model with ambient winds and stratification, based on the sounding in GATE on Sept. 12, 1974. Quasi-steady convection is attained after two hours of model integration. Dept. of Atmos. Sci., Univ. of Illinois, Urbana-Cham- paign, IL 61801, USA.

B380. Forecasting

87:3196 Kruse, H.A. and H. von Storch, 1986. A step toward

long range weather prediction: the exceptional atmospheric circulation of January 1983 and its relation to El Nifio. Meteorologische Rdsch., 39(5): 152-160.

This paper demonstrates a significant effect of an E1 Nifio SST anomaly on midlatitude atmospheric circulation, using statistical methods for signal detection amidst large natural variability on both observed and model-simulated data. A number of extraordinary events occurred in midlatitudes, and Northern Hemisphere circulation differed signifi- cantly from the norm in winter 1982/83. The hypothesis is tested that these deviations were caused by the remarkably strong 1982/83 E1 Nifio, and a significant impact of tropical SST anomalies on the entire Northern Hemispheric atmosphere is dem- onstrated. Max Planck Inst. fur Meteorol., Bundesstr. 55, D-2000 Hamburg 13, FRG. (jrb)

B 3 2 0 . P a r t i c u l a t e s (dust, aerosols, etc.)

87:3194 Cachier, H61~ne et al., 1986. Long-range transport of

continentally-derived particulate carbon in the marine atmosphere: evidence from stable carbon isotope studies. Tel/us, (B)38(3-4):161-177.

This paper presents data on the concentration and isotopic composition of the total (non-carbonate) atmospheric particulate carbon over various remote oceanic areas covering a wide geographical distri- bution in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The relative contributions of the marine and con- tinental source fractions and their spatiotemporal variability are estimated. The observed interhemi- spheric variability of the concentration and isotopic composition of the atmospheric particulate carbon of continental origin is discussed from considera- tions of both the isotopic signature and the emission rate of the different continental source terms. Centre des Faibles Radioactivities, CNRS-CEA, BP l, ave. de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur Yvette, France.

B440. Books, collections (general)

8"/:3197 Cachier, H. et al., 1986. Long-range transport in

remote regions. IAMAP/IAPSO Joint Assembly, Honolulu, 5-16 August 1985. Special issue. Tellus, (B)38(3-4):159-270; 9 papers.

These papers from the symposium focus on pollutant transport from mid-latitude Northern Hemisphere industrial regions to the polar regions and transport of fine particle dust from subtropical dry regions to remote oceanic areas. Understanding the exchange between the planetary boundary layer and the troposphere is crucial for evaluation of long-range transport, therefore some of the papers deal with vertical exchange processes. Specific substances examined include: continentally-derived particulate carbon, continental radon, aerosols, nitrate, insol- uble microparticles and H202 in polar cores. Centre de Faibles Radioactiv., CNRS-CEA, BP 1, ave. de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France. (jrb)