Market Revolution(Also called 1st

Industrial Revolution)

• 1820-1860, changing America’s economy from subsistence level to a surplus, national commercial economy. Work and home became separated into distinct spheres.

• Some historians have argued that the economy that emerged after the War of 1812 constituted an industrial revolution.

• Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.

What was What was government’s role?government’s role?

What was What was government’s role?government’s role?

Patents protect inventions

Private Property Rights

Marshall Court decisions

American System

Bank

Internal Improvements-State projects

Tariffs: Protect manufactures

Let Capitalism work: Laissez-Faire Economics

Jefferson’s Vision Jefferson’s Vision of Americaof America

Jefferson’s Vision Jefferson’s Vision of Americaof America

Hamilton’s Vision Hamilton’s Vision of Americaof America

Hamilton’s Vision Hamilton’s Vision of Americaof America

Role ofGovt.

Role ofGovt.

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, Gin, 17911791

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, Gin, 17911791

50x faster than 50x faster than hand, saved hand, saved

slavery, slavery, responsible for responsible for

its growthits growth

I. Inventions: Yankee Ingenuity

Whitney’s Gun Whitney’s Gun FactoryFactory

Whitney’s Gun Whitney’s Gun FactoryFactory

Interchangeable Parts RifleInterchangeable Parts Rifle

Cyrus McCormick- mechanical reaper

• John Deere: steel plow broke the thickly matted soil of the West

• Telegraph -- Samuel F. B. Morse

• Sewing Machine- perfected by Isaac Singer

II. Transportation Revolution

– Between 1825 and 1855, cost of transportation fell 95%, bringing new regions into the market

• Canals, steamboats, better roads, covered wagons, Clipper ships,

First TurnpikeFirst TurnpikeLancaster, PALancaster, PA (1790)(1790)

First TurnpikeFirst TurnpikeLancaster, PALancaster, PA (1790)(1790)

By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.connected most major cities.

CumberlandCumberland“National Road,” “National Road,”

18111811

CumberlandCumberland“National Road,” “National Road,”

18111811

Conestoga Covered Conestoga Covered WagonsWagons

Conestoga Covered Conestoga Covered WagonsWagons

Conestoga Trail, Conestoga Trail, 1820s1820s

Yankee Clipper Yankee Clipper ShipsShips

Yankee Clipper Yankee Clipper ShipsShips

Robert Fulton & the Robert Fulton & the SteamboatSteamboat

Robert Fulton & the Robert Fulton & the SteamboatSteamboat

The Clermont

– Revolutionized transportation in the West, especially on the Miss. River from 1820-60 (Not used on canals!!)

The Canal Age•Erie Canal, “Clinton’s Ditch” completed in 1825, became model for other states to follow•States fund projects•Canal era dramatically lowered costs of transportation•By 1850’s, RR replace canals•Caused NYC to be the Port of the nation, replacing New Orleans

15 Miles on the Erie Canal…

• http://www.epodunk.com/routes/erie-canal/index.html#

The Erie Canal- Bruce Springsteen• I've got a mule, and her name is Sal,

Fifteen miles on the Erie CanalShe's a good old worker and a good old palFifteen miles on the Erie CanalWe haul'd some barges in our dayFilled with lumber, coal, and hayWe know every inch of the wayFrom Albany to Buffalo.

Low bridge, ev'rybody downLow bridge, we're comin' to a townYou'll always know your neighborand you'll always know your palIf ya ever navigated on the Erie Canal.

We'd better look around for a job, old galFifteen miles on the Erie CanalYou can bet your life I'll never part with SalFifteen miles on the Erie Canal

Get up mule, here comes a lockWe'll make Rome 'bout six o'clockOne more trip and back we'll goRight back home to Buffalo

• Low bridge, ev'rybody downLow bridge, we're comin' to a townYou'll always know your neighborand you'll always know your palIf ya ever navigated on the Erie Canal

Where would I be if I lost my pal?Fifteen miles on the Erie CanalI'd like to see a mule as good as my SalFifteen miles on the Erie Canal

A friend of mine once got her soreNow he's got a broken jaw'Cause she let fly with an iron toeand kicked him back to Buffalo

Low bridge, ev'rybody down!Low bridge, we're comin' to a townYou'll always know your neighborYou'll always know your pal,If ya ever navigated on the Erie Canal.

Low bridge, ev'rybody down!Low bridge, we're comin' to a townYou'll always know your neighborYou'll always know your pal,If ya ever navigated on the Erie Canal.

Low bridge, ev'rybody down!Low bridge, we're comin' to a town

• III. John Marshall and the Promotion of Enterprise:– Body of rulings in all, strengthen the

power of the federal government and establish a pro-business atmosphere

• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) (Blow to states' rights)    1. Issue: Maryland tried to destroy its branch of the BUS by taxing its notes.    2. Marshall declared BUS constitutional invoking Hamilton's doctrine of implied powers (elastic clause of the constitution – "necessary & proper").

• Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824 ("steamboat case") (Blow to states' rights)     1. Significance: Only Congress had the right to regulate interstate commerce.     2. Issue: NY tried to grant a monopoly of river commerce between NY & NJ to a private company (owned by Ogden). Gibbons had congressional approval to conduct business on the same river.      3. Court ruled interstate rivers were to regulated by Congress, not individual states.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810) (protection of property rights against popular pressures)     1. Issue: new Georgia legislature canceled a contract which granted 35 million acres in the Yazoo River country (Miss.) to land speculators as a form of graft.         -- Previous legislature had made the grant in what was called "Yazoo Land Controversy” during Jefferson’s presidency.     2. Significance: Court ruled Constitution forbids state from "impairing contracts".

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) (protection of property rights from the states)     1. Issue: New Hampshire had changed a charter granted to the college by the British king in 1769. Republicans sought to remove "private" aspect of school & make it a state institution.             -- Dartmouth appealed; defended by Daniel

Webster, an alumnus.     2. Ruling: Charter was a contract; states could not invalidate it.

IV. The Rise of Factories

• Samuel Slater- smuggles industrial technology to America, 1791 Pawtucket, R.I.

• Lowell – 1st workers women, later replaced by immigrants

• Industrial Work

• Textile Industry sparked Industrial Revolution in the U.S. (during War of 1812)

• 1814, Francis Cabot Lowell built first dual-purpose textile plant at Waltham, Mass.            

• Lowell Girls: Local farmers' daughters hired to work in the factories – More independence for

young women– Lowell promised strict

moral supervision and mandatory church attendance.       

• Irish and German immigrants replaced Lowell Girls; worked for very low wages

V. Regional Specialization East • More industrial; made machines and textiles for other

two regions • By 1861, owned 81% of U.S. industrial capacity.• Most populous region; 70% of manufacturing workers

South:• Cotton for export to New England and Britain; slavery• Resisted change to its economy and culture• Some industrial growth but output never exceeded 2%

value of cotton crop          

West: • Became nation’s breadbasket: Grain and livestock• Fastest growing population

Political implications • Two northern sections (East and West) closely

interconnected economically

VI. Social Structures of the Market Society

• Materialism- people valued for their possessions

• The Emerging Middle Class

• The Distribution of Wealth- increased social stratification: Rich vs. Poor

• Women’s new roles– Economic Specialization– Decline of women’s traditional work– New ready-made men’s clothing reduced amount of

sewing women did

• The Federal Land Rush

• Geographic Mobility

• Population Explosion, doubling every 25 years

• New Immigrants: German and Irish

• New Urbanization, West, St. Louis and Cincinnati

• Evaluate the relative importance of domestic and foreign affairs in shaping American politics in the 1790’s.

• To what extent was the election of 1800 aptly named the “Revolution of 1800”? Respond with references to TWO of the following areas:– Economics– Foreign Policy– Judiciary– Politics

– Economics• Overall economy: Yes, barter to market economy shift• Fed gov econ policy, not so much

– TJ cut spending of army and navy, debt in ½, removed excise tax, Embargo 1807 killed foreign trade, kept bank, but his Party promoted later became Federalist like, American System (Bank, Internal improvements, & high protectionist Tariff)

– Foreign Policy• Big switch from loyalty from Federalist of GB (Jay’s Treaty, XYZ, Quasi-War) to

Republican France loyalty (LP, War 1812), but lots of Neutrality mixed in– Judiciary

• Big change, but in Federalist direction, midnight judges Marbury v. Madison, Judicial review, Jefferson wanted state’s to have this power in his Virg. & Kent. Resolutions McCulloch v. Maryland, expand federal implied powers,

– Politics• Big Change, Federalist never Prez again, die of b/c Hartford Convention, Era of

Good Feelings, 1 party rule

• Although the power of the national government increased during the early republic, this development often faced serious opposition. Compare the motives and effectiveness of those opposed to the growing power of the national government in TWO of the following: – Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

– Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798-1799)

– Hartford Convention (1814-1815)

• Analyze the contributions of TWO of the following in helping establish a stable government after the adoption of the Constitution– George Washington– John Adams– Thomas Jefferson

– George Washington• Domestic

– Hamilton’s Financial Program, cabinet and 2 term tradition, Whiskey Rebellion put down, character

• Foreign– Neutrality Proclamation, Pinkney’s Treaty, Jay’s Treaty, Farewell

Adress– John Adams

• Domestic– VP for GW, Alien & Sedition Acts

• Foreign– XYZ Affair, Quasi War w/ France, Convention of 1800

– Thomas Jefferson• Domestic

– Created political parties, opposed Bank, VP for Adams, authored state’s right nullification idea in the Virg. & Kent. Resolutions, Revolution of 1800 election, Tecumseh & Indian assimilation, removed excise tax on whiskey, let Alien & Sedition Acts expire, paid down debt, cut Navy & Army

• Foreign – Lou. Purchase., Embargo 1807, Non-Intercourse Act, Barbary Pirates

• “Developments in transportation, rather than manufacturing and agriculture, sparked American economic growth in the first half of the nineteenth century.”

• Assess the validity of this statement

• Analyze how THREE of the following helped bring about a shift from an agricultural to an industrial economy in the United States in the first half of the 1800’s.– commercial farming– factory system – US government – transportation – labor

– commercial farming

• Cotton Gin, Steel Plows, Mechanical reapers, Cotton, West grain, bread basket, surpluses sold at the market

– factory system –

• NE textiles, water power, Slater smuggles info in, Lowell Girls,

– US government

• American System, Embargo, protectionist tariffs, laissez-faire economics, patents, contracts, LLC

– transportation

• Canals (Erie), steamboats west, clipper ships int. trade, turnpikes, national road, covered wagons, RR

– Labor

• Women- Lowell Girls, replaced by immigrants, people moving from the farms, slaves

• In what ways did developments in transportation bring about economic and social change in the United States in the period 1820 to 1860?

• “The United States experienced an Era of Good Feelings from 1815 to 1825.”

-Assess the validity of this statement.

• Make sure you consider the issues of nationalism and sectionalism